Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Borna (duke)

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Infobox royalty 
| name=Borna
| title = [[Duke of Croatia]]
| reign={{circa|810}}–821
| coronation=
| predecessor=[[Višeslav of Croatia|Višeslav]]
| successor=[[Vladislav (Dalmatian duke)|Vladislav]]
| royal house=
| birth_date=|
| birth_place=|
| death_date = between January and October 821{{sfn|Živković|2011|p=390}}
| death_place=|
| place of burial=|
| father=
| mother=|
|religion=[[Christianity]]}}

'''Borna''' was the duke of [[Duchy of Croatia|Croatia]] from {{Circa|810}} to 821 and [[vassal]] of the [[Frankish Empire]]. He resided in [[Nin, Croatia|Nin]] and was the ruler of most of the [[Croats]] in northern [[Dalmatia]].<ref name=Fine255>John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 255</ref>

Borna's predecessor was [[Višeslav of Croatia|Višeslav]], probably his father. After his death in 821, he was succeeded by his nephew [[Vladislav of Croatia|Vladislav]].

He is mentioned in the [[Royal Frankish Annals]] (''Annales regni Francorum'') in entries regarding 818–821. His titles were "[[Duke]] of the [[Guduscani]]" (a Croatian tribe from [[Lika]] and northern [[Dalmatia]])<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Gačani | encyclopedia = [[Croatian Encyclopedia]] |url=http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=20960|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=GAČANI (Guduscani) | encyclopedia = [[Croatian Biographical Lexicon]] |url=http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=6525 | first = Pejo | last = Ćošković | year = 1998 |access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref> in 818; "Duke of Dalmatia" in 819; "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia" in 821. Historiography treats him as a ruler of ''[[Dalmatian Croatia]]''.

== History ==
[[File:Europe 814.svg|thumb|right|Map showing imperial boundaries in 814, with ''Croatia'' as tributary to Charlemagne.]]
Borna is documented in the "[[Royal Frankish Annals]]" (''Annales regni Francorum''). He is first mentioned regarding an 818 meeting at [[Herstal]] of [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish Emperor]] [[Louis the Pious]] with envoys of the [[Obotrites]], Borna (duke of the Guduscani), and of the [[Timociani]], who had recently revolted against the Bulgars and switched sides to the Franks, and also [[Ljudevit (Lower Pannonia)|Ljudevit]], duke of the [[Slavs in Lower Pannonia]], the commander of the [[March of Friuli]].{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=104}} Historiography predominantly treats the [[Guduscani]] as a tribe in [[Lika]], along the river [[Gacka]].

In July 819, another Frankish assembly was held at [[Ingelheim]], and because of Ljudevit's rebellion against the Franks, Frankish troops were sent from Italy to Pannonia, but returned without accomplishment.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=105}} Ljudevit sent envoys to the Franks with conditions that were not accepted by the Frankish emperor; Ljudevit continued the rebellion and sent envoys to neighbouring tribes to join him, managing to win over the Timociani who had initially submitted to the Franks.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=105}} A small Frankish army clashed with Ljudevit's army in Carinthia, destroyed much of it and drove it out.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|pp=105–106}} Borna, now the "Duke of Dalmatia", with a large army [[battle of Kupa|met Ljudevit's advancing army]] on the [[Kupa]] river.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=106}} The Guduscani deserted Borna at the first encounter, but he fled safely with his bodyguard.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=106}} During this battle, Dragomuž (''Dragomosus''), Ljudevit's father-in-law who had joined Borna with the outbreak of the rebellion, fell.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=106}} Borna conquered the Guduscani again after they had returned home.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=106}} In December, Ljudevit used the opportunity to attack Dalmatia with a large army, ravaging the country.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=106}} Borna attacked Ljudevit with crack troops, after storing as much as he could in his castles, seeing that he was no match for him.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=106}} Worn down, attacked in the rear and flank, with heavy losses, Ljudevit was forced to retreat from Borna's territory.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=106}} Ljudevit had 3,000 lost soldiers, and Borna seized more than 300 horses, and spoils of all kinds, then informed the Frankish emperor through his envoys of this.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=106}}

In January 820 another Frankish assembly was held in Aachen.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=106}} It was decided that Ljudevit's rebellion be quelled with three armies from three directions.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=106}} Borna offered his opinions on the operation, first through envoys and then in person.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=107}} In [[Spring (season)|springtime]], the three armies were dispatched, the first from Italy through the [[Noric Alps]], the second through [[Carantania|Carinthia]], the third from [[Bavaria]] through [[March of Pannonia|Upper Pannonia]].{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=107}} The first and third moved slowly, one hindered by enemies and the other by the long route, while the second crossed the [[Drava]], successfully overcoming three enemy encounters, moving fast.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=107}} The armies united and ravaged the land, and returned home without significant losses, while Ljudevit had stayed safe in a mountainous castle.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=107}} [[Carniola]], on the border with Friuli, and the Carinthians that had defected from the Franks to Ljudevit, surrendered to the Franks.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=107}}

In February 821 another Frankish assembly was held in Aachen.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=108}} War against Ljudevit was planned, with three armies to ravage lands of traitors.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=108}} Meanwhile, Borna, now mentioned as the "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia", died, and was succeeded by his nephew (by his sister),{{sfn|Živković|2011|p=394}} [[Vladislav (Dalmatian duke)|Vladislav]], by the people's will and emperor's approval.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=109}} Ljudevit's lands were ravaged, the armies returning home by October.{{sfn|Scholz|1970|p=109}}

==Historiography==
[[File:Knez Borna (Croatia).JPG|thumb|Monument to Borna in [[Otočac]]]]
There are differing views over Borna's tribal belonging and regnal title in historiography.

[[Andrija Kačić Miošić|A. K. Miošić]] (1801) called him a "Dalmatian king" (''kragl Dalmatinski'') and then "Slavic king" (''kragl Slovinskii'').<ref name="Miošić1801">{{cite book|author=Andrija Kačić Miošić|title=Razgovor ugodni naroda Slovinskoga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lY_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA6|year=1801|publisher=Czesar|page=6}}</ref> [[August Dimitz|A. Dimitz]] called him "Duke of the Dalmatian Slavs".<ref name="Dimitz2013">{{cite book|author=August Dimitz|title=History of Carniola: From Ancient Times to the Year 1813 With Special Consideration of Cultural Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_pj2npQsrHsC&pg=PA85|date=11 June 2013|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4836-0409-1|pages=85–}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}

Croatian historiography treats him as a ruler of "Dalmatian Croatia": [[Vjekoslav Klaić|V. Klaić]] (1886) called him a "White Croatian duke" that later became the "Duke of Dalmatian Croats".<ref name="Klaić1886">{{cite book|author=Vjekoslav Klaić|title=Pripoviesti iz hrvatske poviesti|url=https://archive.org/details/pripoviestiizhr02klaigoog|year=1886|publisher=Društvo Sv. Jeronima|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pripoviestiizhr02klaigoog/page/n38 34]–37}}</ref> [[Ferdo Šišić|F. Šišić]] (1920) deemed him a "Dalmatian-Croatian duke".<ref name="Šišić1920">{{cite book|author=Ferdo Šišić|title=Pregled povijesti hrvatskoga naroda: od najstarijih dana do l. decembra 1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jF4_AQAAMAAJ|year=1920|publisher=S. Kugli, knjižara kr. Sveučilišta i Jogoslav. akademije|page=73}}</ref> [[A. P. Vlasto]] (1970) called him a "Dalmatian Croat" ruler, and believed he was at least nominally Christian.<ref name="Vlasto1970">{{cite book|author=A. P. Vlasto|title=The Entry of the Slavs Into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA190|year=1970|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-07459-9|pages=190–191}}</ref> [[Trpimir Macan|T. Macan]] (1971) called him a "duke of the southern Croatian duchy".<ref name="Macan1971">{{cite book|author=Trpimir Macan|title=Povijest hrvatskog naroda: Karte izradila Nela Krstić|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2QxAQAAIAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Skolska knjiga|page=20}}</ref> [[Ivo Perić|I. Perić]] (1997) called him a "Croatian-Dalmatian duke".<ref name="Perić1997">{{cite book|author=Ivo Perić|title=Povijest Hrvata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YXiAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Centar za transfer tehnologije|isbn=978-953-97327-0-5}}</ref> Similarly, Croatian historian [[Neven Budak]] also mentions him as "first known Croatian duke".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Budak|first1=Neven|title=PRVA STOLJEĆA HRVATSKE|date=1994|publisher=Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada|location=Zagreb|isbn=953-169-032-4|page=55|url=http://www.hercegbosna.org/STARO/download-hr/Budak_prva_stoljeca.pdf|access-date=8 November 2017}}</ref>

[[Relja Novaković|R. Novaković]] (1973) does not support that he was a duke of Dalmatian Croatia, as no contemporary sources name him as such.{{sfn|Novaković|1973|p=14}} According to him, Borna could only be the duke of that area that was at the time under Frankish supreme rule, and that he was active only in the area included in the rebellion against Frankish rule, that is, only west of the [[Una (Sava)|Una river]].{{sfn|Novaković|1973|p=14}} It is possible that Borna was the duke of an archonty not yet part of Croatia in the beginning of the 9th century, neither was Croatia at all included in the events of Ljudevit's rebellion.{{sfn|Novaković|1973|p=13}} The war was fought only in the area under Frankish rule, while Dalmatian Croatia was outside those events, as it at that time was under Byzantine supreme rule.{{sfn|Novaković|1973|p=13}} [[Marko Atlagić|M. Atlagić]] and B. Milutinović (2002) treat him as a Dalmatian Slavic ruler.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Marko Atlagić|author2=Branislav Milutinović|title=Извори за историју Срба до XV века|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z9pAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Faculty of Philosophy, [[University of Priština]]|pages=131–132|isbn=9788680273037}}</ref> Another view is that it seems that after the Timociani did not receive aid, a part of them settled in [[Slavonia]], it seems also that Borna moved with them; [[Svetislav Prvanović|S. Prvanović]] (1962) viewed him as a duke from [[Timok (river)|Timok]]-[[Kučevo]] that founded the first Croatian state,<ref>{{cite book|title=Contributions onomatologiques|volume=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5BiAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Akademija{{which?|date=June 2022}}|page=14}}{{author missing|date=June 2022}}{{ISBN missing|date=June 2022}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=June 2022}} while [[Miloš S. Milojević|M. S. Milojević]] (1872) treated him as a Frankish vassal in "Littoral Croatia" that originally held three counties in the Timok region.<ref>{{cite book|author=Miloš S. Milojević|title=Odlomci Istorije Srba i srpskih jugoslavenskih zemalja u Turskoj i Austriji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuxEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA89|year=1872|publisher=U državnoj štampariji|pages=73–89}}</ref> Prvanović claimed that [[Franjo Racki|F. Racki]] had falsified the RFA, that Borna actually was the duke of Guduscani and Timociani, combined, and that Racki had put a comma after Guduscani, based on the identification with Gacka in Lika and presumption that due to the geographical distance between the two meant that the two could not have had nearer contact nor a joint duke.{{sfn|Jarčević|1998}} Prvanović was not the first to put the Guduscani in the Timok region; 19th-century [[Pavel Jozef Šafárik|P. J. Šafárik]] and [[Vladimir Karić|V. Karić]] located them around the Timok and Danube.{{sfn|Jarčević|1998}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Arkiv za povjestnicu jugoslavensku ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJ5OAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA274|year=1857|publisher=Tiskom L. Gaja|pages=274–}}{{author missing|date=June 2022}}{{ISBN missing|date=June 2022}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=June 2022}}

[[John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr.|Fine Jr.]] first (1983, 1991) called him a ruler of "Dalmatian Croatia", in c. 810–821,{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=296}} having succeeded [[Višeslav of Croatia|Višeslav]] and "who resided at [[Nin, Croatia|Nin]] and seems to have been the ruler of most of the Croatians in northern Dalmatia, was also a Frankish Vassal."{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=255}} then (2010) called him simply a Slavic prince, and also noted that the Franks did not use the term "Croats", suggesting that those usually called Croats in scholarship did not actually use that name.<ref name="Fine2010">{{cite book|author=John V. A. Fine|title=When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA35|year=2010|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-02560-2|page=35}}</ref> [[Bernhard Walter Scholz|B. W. Scholz]] (1970) uses the original titles found in the primary source, and in the index uses "duke of Dalmatia".{{sfn|Scholz|1970}} [[Rosamond McKitterick|R. McKitterick]] (1983) called him a "leader of the Dalmatian Croats".<ref name="McKitterick1983">{{cite book|author=Rosamond McKitterick|title=The Frankish Kingdoms Under the Carolingians, 751-987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtNnAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-49005-5|page=129}}</ref> [[Charles R. Bowlus|C. R. Bowlus]] (1995) treated him as the "''dux'' of the Guduscani and Timocian Slavs" and a "Dalmatian prince".<ref name="Bowlus1995">{{cite book|author=Charles R. Bowlus|title=Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788-907|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5x0BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|year=1995|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-3276-9|pages=61–63, 69}}</ref> [[Florin Curta|F. Curta]] (2006) treats him as a Slavic ruler, of the Guduscani, a Slavic tribe in the [[Gacka]] region (modern Croatia).<ref name="Curta2006">{{cite book|author=Florin Curta|title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250|url=https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81539-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt/page/135 135]}}</ref> Garipzanov, Geary and Urbańczyk (2008) call him "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia".<ref name="GaripzanovGeary2008">{{cite book|author1=Ildar H. Garipzanov|author2=Patrick J. Geary|author3=Przemysław Urbańczyk|title=Franks, Northmen, and Slavs: Identities and State Formation in Early Medieval Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dUWAQAAIAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Isd|isbn=978-2-503-52615-7|page=232}}</ref>

=== Identification with other rulers ===
Marquart, in ''Osteuropäische u. ostasiatische Streifzöge'' (1903), identified ''[[De Administrando Imperio|De Administrando Imperio's]]'' ''Porinos'' and [[Porga of Croatia|Porga]] with Borna.<ref name=BZBNM-Porga>{{cite book|title=Byzantinische Zeitschrift: Bibliographische Notizen und kleinere Mitteilungen, Volume 15|author=Karl Krumbacher|publisher=B.G. Teubner|year=1906|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qRJAAAAYAAJ|page=560|quote=5) Marquart, Osteuropäische u. ostasiatische Streifzöge (1903) p. XVIII, is right in identifying Porinos with Borna (Ann. r. Franc, s. a. 819). But he does not convince me that Porga is also the same, or that there was no actual foundation for the significance of the reign of Heraclius in Croatian history.}}</ref> [[Karl Krumbacher|Krumbacher]] (1906) supported that Porinos and Borna were the same, but not Porga.<ref name=BZBNM-Porga/> However, on the mere basis of the chronology of arrival and baptism in the 7th century, as well the non-Slavic origin of personal names of early Croatian rulers in the 7th century, Porga could not be Borna or [[Branimir of Croatia|Branimir]] (r. 879–892), with whom some scholars tried to identify him with.{{sfn|Živković|2012|pp=54, 142–143}}

== Titles ==
In the [[Royal Frankish Annals]] Borna is named "Duke of the Guduscani" ({{lang-la|ducis Guduscanorum}}) in 818.<ref>''Annales regni Francorum'' DCCCXVIII (year 818)</ref> In 819 he is the "Duke of Dalmatia" ({{lang-la|dux Dalmatiae}}),<ref>{{harvnb|Katičić|1998|p=184}}; Ann. Reg. Fr. MGH, SS, I, 206</ref> while in 821 he is the "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia" ({{lang-la|dux Dalmatiae atque Liburniae}}).<ref>{{harvnb|Katičić|1998|p=184}}; Ann. Reg. Fr. MGH, SS, I, 207</ref>

The gradual ascent of his title should be due to his growing importance during the Frankish conflict with Ljudevit.{{sfn|Živković|2011|p=388}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Moravcsik|editor-first=Gyula|editor-link=Gyula Moravcsik|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio|year=1967|orig-year=1949|edition=2nd revised|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|isbn=9780884020219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Scholz|editor-first=Bernhard Walter|title=Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories|year=1970|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0472061860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTzl6wFjehMC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|title=The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century|year=1991|orig-year=1983|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0472081497|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|title=When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods|year=2005|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0472025600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C}}
* {{cite journal|last=Jarčević|first=Slobodan|year=1998|title=АВАРИ? ХУНИ? ХУ-УР-ВАТХИ?|journal=Српско наслеђе – Историјске свеске|issue=12|publisher=Glas}}
* {{cite book|last=Katičić|first=Radoslav |title=Litterarum studia: književnost i naobrazba ranoga hrvatskog srednjovjekovlja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pblAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Matica hrvatska|isbn=978-953-150-177-4|pages=184, 209, 320}}
* {{cite book|last=Klaić|first=Nada|title=Povijest Hrvata u srednjem vijeku|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDodAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Globus|location=Zagreb|isbn=9788634304725|language=hr}}
* {{cite journal|last=Novaković|first=Relja|title=Tragom starih povelja i drugih izvora|journal=Историјски часопис|issue=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXpwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|year=1973|publisher=Istorijski institut|pages=9–14|id=GGKEY:PC0Y08JZTZC|language=sr}}
* {{Cite book|last=Živković|first=Tibor|author-link=Tibor Živković|title=De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source|year=2012|location=Belgrade|publisher=The Institute of History|url=https://www.academia.edu/1231887}}
* {{Cite book|last=Živković|first=Tibor|author-link=Tibor Živković|chapter=The Origin of the Royal Frankish Annalist's Information about the Serbs in Dalmatia|title=Homage to Academician Sima Ćirković|year=2011|location=Belgrade|publisher=The Institute for History|pages=381–398|isbn=9788677430917|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_ZCCwAAQBAJ}}
{{refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Višeslav of Croatia]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Duke of Croatia]]|years=c. 810 – 821}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Vladislav of Croatia]]}}
{{s-new|first|reason=Oldest and only known}}
{{s-ttl|title=Duke of the Guduscani|years=818}}
{{s-non|reason=Elevation}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-non|reason=Elevation}}
{{s-ttl|title=Duke of Dalmatia|years=819}}
{{s-non|reason=Elevation}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-non|reason=Elevation}}
{{s-ttl|title=Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia|years=821}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vladislav (Dalmatian duke)|Vladislav]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Dukes of Croatia (dux Croatorum)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borna)}}
[[Category:Dukes of Croatia]]
[[Category:9th-century Croatian people]]
[[Category:9th-century dukes in Europe]]
[[Category:Christian monarchs]]
[[Category:Nobility of the Carolingian Empire]]
[[Category:History of Dalmatia]]
[[Category:History of Lika]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:821 deaths]]
[[Category:9th-century Slavs]]
[[Category:Slavic warriors]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]