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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Greeting ceremony in European and Middle-Eastern cultures}}
{{other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2008}}
[[File:Russian bread and salt.jpg|thumb|Bread and salt, a traditional greeting in some Slavic, Nordic, Baltic, Balkan, and Middle Eastern countries]]
'''Bread and salt'''  are offered to guests in a ceremony of welcome in cultures around the world. This pair of foods is particularly significant in [[Slavs|Slavic]] countries, but is also notable in [[Nordic race|Nordic]], [[Balts|Baltic]], [[Balkan]] and other European cultures as well as in [[Middle East]]ern cultures.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hayward |first=Tim  |date=2020 |title=Loaf Story |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrP1DwAAQBAJ |publisher=Hardie Grant Publishing |language=English |access-date=25 January 2021 |isbn=9781787134782}}</ref>  Bread and salt as a traditional greeting remains common in [[Albania]], [[Armenia]], and among the [[Jewish diaspora]]. This tradition has been extended to [[human spaceflight|spaceflight]].<ref name=TDC>{{cite news|last1=Dunn|first1=Marcia|title=NASA astronaut welcomed to Mir, Russians greet American with traditional bread, salt, and bear hugs|publisher=The Daily Courier (Yavapai, AZ)|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=894&dat=19950317&id=gyYOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mn0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6611,2108414|work=news.google.com|date=March 17, 1995}}</ref><ref name=Kosmonavtika>{{cite web|last1=McHale|first1=Suzy|title=Ceremonies {{!}} RuSpace|url=http://suzymchale.com/ruspace/ceremonies.html|website=suzymchale.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-22|archive-date=2010-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228174930/http://suzymchale.com/ruspace/ceremonies.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{See also|History of bread|History of salt|Bread in culture}}
[[Salt]] is an essential [[nutrient]], and has long held an important place in religion and culture. For example, [[Salt in the Bible|it is mentioned in the Bible]] dozens of times, including as a [[covenant of salt]]. [[Bread]] is a [[staple food]],  [[Leavening agent|leavened]] or unleavened. It is usually made of wheat, but other grains can be used. In many cultures, bread is a [[metaphor]] for basic necessities and living conditions in general.

==Etymology==
The tradition is known locally by its [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] names, all literal variants of "bread and salt": {{lang-be|Хлеб і соль}}, {{lang-bg|Хляб и сол}}, {{lang-cz|Chléb a sůl}}, {{lang-mk|Леб и сол}}, {{lang-pl|Chleb i Sól}}, {{lang-ru|Хлеб-соль}}, {{lang-sh-Cyrl-Latn|Хлеб и со|Hlȅb i so}}, {{lang-sk|Chlieb a soľ}}, {{lang-sl|Kruh in sol}}, {{lang-ua|Хліб і сіль}}. It is shared with some of the neighbouring non-Slavic peoples—the [[Latvians]] and [[Lithuanians]] (both Baltic nations), [[Romanians]] (Romance) as well as some Finno-Ugric peoples like the [[Karelians]]—all of whom are culturally and historically close to their Slavic neighbours: {{lang-krl|leipä-šuola}}, {{lang-et|soolaleivapidu}}, {{lang-lv|Sālsmaize}}, {{lang-lt|Duona ir druska}}, {{lang-ro|Pâine și sare}}. It is also common in Albania ({{lang-sq|bukë, kripë e zemër}}), Armenia ({{lang-hy|աղ ու հաց}}, ''agh u hats''), among the [[Jewish diaspora]], and within parts of the [[Middle East]] under different names.

==Cultural associations==
[[File:Buka e misrit dhe buka pogaçe.jpg|thumb]]Bread and salt as a traditional greeting is shared with some non-Slavic nations—[[Lithuanians]], [[Latvians]] (both Baltic), [[Romanians]] (Romance) as well as some Finno-Ugric peoples like the [[Karelians]]—all of which are culturally and historically close to their Slavic neighbours.

=== Albania ===
Bread, salt and heart ({{lang-sq|bukë, kripë e zemër}}) is a traditional [[Albania]]n way of honoring guests, it dates back from the [[Kanun (Albania)|Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini]], chapter 18 - para. 608: "The Guest shall be welcomed with Bread, salt and heart". Heart in the context is related with hospitality, the concept is based on giving the most expensive thing of that time which was salt to the awaited guest. Nowadays it is not commonly practiced in daily life.
[[File:Wilhelm Amandus Beer Bread and salt 1874.jpg|left|thumb|Old painting by Wilhelm Amandus Beer "''Russian Well-Wishers''" portrays the [[Russia]]n tradition of bread and salt, 1874.]]

===Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine===
[[File:Biden Kyiv Bread.jpg|thumb|[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Joe Biden]] dips a piece of bread in salt as part of a welcoming ceremony upon his arrival in [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]], July 20, 2009.]]
[[File:US Navy 060703-N-2468S-001 Vice Adm. Jonathan Greenert, commander, U.S. Seventh Fleet, takes part in a cultural exchange ceremony during a routine port visit to Vladivostok, Russia.jpg|thumb|left|[[United States Navy|US Naval officer]] [[Jonathan Greenert]] takes part in a bread and salt ceremony after arriving in [[Vladivostok]], Russia, July 3, 2006.]]
When important, respected, or admired guests arrive, they are presented with a [[loaf]] of [[bread]] (usually a [[korovai]]) placed on a ''[[rushnyk]]'' ([[embroidery|embroidered]] ritual cloth). A salt holder or a [[salt cellar]] is placed on top of the bread loaf or secured in a hole on the top of the loaf. On official occasions, the "bread and salt" is usually presented by young women dressed in national costumes (e.g., [[sarafan]] and [[kokoshnik]]).

The tradition gave rise to the Russian word that expresses a person's hospitality: {{Transliteration|ru|khlebosolny}} (literally: "bready-salty"). In general, the word "bread" is associated in [[Russian culture]] with hospitality, with bread being the most respected food, whereas salt is associated with long friendship, as expressed in a Russian [[saying]] "to eat a [[pood]] of salt (together with someone)". Also historically the [[Russian Empire]] had a high [[salt tax]] that made salt a very expensive and prized commodity (see also the [[Moscow uprising of 1648]]).

There also is a traditional Russian greeting "{{Transliteration|ru|Khleb da sol!}}" ({{Lang-ru|Хлеб да соль!|lit=Bread and salt!|label=none}}). The phrase is to be uttered by an arriving guest as an expression of good wish towards the host's household. It was often used by beggars as an implicit hint to be fed, therefore a mocking rhymed response is known:  "Khleb da sol!" — "Yem da svoy!" (''Хлеб да соль'' — ''ем да свой!'' "Bread and salt!" — "I am eating and it is my own!").

[[File:Southgate bread and salt.jpg|thumb|Football team manager [[Gareth Southgate]] and football player [[Harry Kane]] taking part in a bread and salt ceremony after arriving in [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia, 13 June 2018]]
In Russian weddings, it is a traditional custom for the bride and groom to be greeted after the ceremony by family, usually the matriarch, with bread and salt in an embroidered cloth. This confers good health and fortune unto the newlyweds. In the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], it is customary to greet the [[bishop]] at the steps of the church when he arrives for a pastoral visit to a church or [[monastery]] with bread and salt.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sorokina |first1=Anna |title=Why Russians greet guests with bread and salt |url=https://www.rbth.com/russian-kitchen/328522-why-russians-greet-bread-salt |website=Russia Beyond |publisher=Russian Republic |access-date=12 August 2022 |date=July 19, 2022}}</ref>

===Bulgaria===
Bread and salt ({{lang-bg|хляб и сол|translit=hlyab i sol}}) is a traditional Bulgarian custom expressing hospitality, showing that the guest is welcomed. The bread and salt is commonly presented to guests by a woman.  Bulgarians usually make a certain type of bread for this occasion called ''[[Pogača|pogacha]]'', which is flat, fancy, and decorated. Regular bread is not usually used, although it may have been historically, but ''pogacha'' is much more common in this custom.

Usually, guests are presented with the ''pogacha'', and the guest is supposed to take a small piece, dip into the salt and eat it. This custom is common for official visits regardless of whether the guest is foreign or Bulgarian. One notable example of this custom is when the Russians came to liberate Bulgaria from the Ottomans at the end of the 19th century. A common scene from that period was of a Bulgarian village woman welcoming Russian soldiers with bread and salt as a sign of gratitude.

===Poland===
In Poland, welcoming with bread and salt ("{{Lang|pl|chlebem i solą}}") is often associated with the traditional hospitality ("''{{Lang|pl|staropolska gościnność}}''") of the Polish nobility (''[[szlachta]]''), who prided themselves on their hospitality. A 17th-century [[Polish poet]], [[Wespazjan Kochowski]], wrote in 1674: "O good bread, when it is given to guests with salt and good will!"<!--"O dobryż chleb, gdy jest z solą dany gościom z dobrą wolą"--> Another poet who mentioned the custom was [[Wacław Potocki]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Wacław Potocki - 'Chlebem, czapką, solą'|url = http://www.republika.pl/o_chlebie/potocki.html|access-date = 2015-06-13|publisher = republika.pl|archive-date = March 4, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080304214957/http://www.o_chlebie.republika.pl/potocki.html|language = pl}}</ref> The custom was, however, not limited to the nobility, as Polish people of all classes observed this tradition, reflected in old Polish [[proverb]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title='Chlebem i solą. Dawne uczty polskie' - Wydarzenie |url=http://www.culture.pl/kalendarz-pelna-tresc/-/eo_event_asset_publisher/L6vx/content/chlebem-i-sola-dawne-uczty-polskie |access-date=2015-06-13 |publisher=culture.pl |language=pl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517011924/http://www.culture.pl/kalendarz-pelna-tresc/-/eo_event_asset_publisher/L6vx/content/chlebem-i-sola-dawne-uczty-polskie |archive-date=2013-05-17 }}</ref> Nowadays, the tradition is mainly observed on wedding days, when newlyweds are greeted with bread and salt by their parents on returning from the church [[wedding]].

===North Macedonia===
In the [[North Macedonia]], this tradition still is practiced occasionally as a custom expressing hospitality. A certain type of bread, similar to that in Bulgaria and also by the same name—''[[pogača]]'' (from {{Lang-la|panis focacius}}) is prepared.

The notable Macedonian and ex-[[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] ethno-jazz-rock group of the world music guitarist [[Vlatko Stefanovski]] had the name "[[Leb i Sol]]", which means "bread and salt" and speaks itself about this term of hospitality as something basic and traditional.

===Romania and Moldova===
As in the neighbouring Slavic countries, bread and salt is a traditional Romanian custom expressing hospitality, showing that the guest is welcomed.{{cn|date=April 2022}} In Transylvania bread and salt are served to protect against weather demons.

===Serbia===
Bread and salt ({{Lang-sr|хлеб и со}}) is a traditional welcoming of guests,<ref name="Albala2011">{{cite book|author=Ken Albala|title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&pg=RA3-PA329|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-37626-9|pages=3–}}</ref> being customary to offer it before anything else,<ref name="ZamurovićSlani2002">{{cite book|author1=Dragoljub Zamurović|author2=Ilja Slani|author3=Madge Phillips-Tomašević|title=Serbia: life and customs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXAMAQAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=ULUPUDS|page=30|isbn=9788682893059}}</ref> with bread having an important place in Serbian tradition, used in rituals.<ref name="GallHobby2009">{{cite book|author1=Timothy L. Gall|author2=Jeneen Hobby|title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLhZAAAAYAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Gale|isbn=978-1-4144-6430-5|page=448}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hleb u narodnoj magiji Balkanskih Slovena|publisher=Rastko|url=https://www.rastko.rs/antropologija/ljradenkovic/ljradenkovic-hleb.html}}</ref> The traditional bread, ''[[pogača]]'', is a symbol of family unity and goodness, and salt prosperity and security for the guest.  It is part of the state protocol, in use since the [[Principality of Serbia]], often used when welcoming foreign representatives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/reportaze/aktuelno.293.html:559524-Pogaca-i-so-kroz-vekove-cuvaju-goste|title=Pogača i so kroz vekove čuvaju goste|website=NOVOSTI}}</ref>

=== Slovakia and Czechia ===
The long-tradition of the [[Slovakia]] and the [[Czech Republic]] as [[Slavs|Slavic]] countries is to welcome important visits with bread and salt. An example is the welcome of [[Pope Francis]] in Bratislava 2021 by president [[Zuzana Čaputová]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=a.s |first=Petit Press |date=2021-09-13 |title=Coalition puts its quarrels on hold while the Pope visits |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/22741314/coalition-puts-its-quarrels-on-hold-while-the-pope-visits.html |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=spectator.sme.sk |language=en}}</ref>

===Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania===
In Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, bread and salt were traditionally given as a symbol of blessing for a new home. Instead of white bread, dark fiber-rich rye bread was used. The tradition is still kept alive in [[Eastern Karelia]] and in [[Ingria]] by the minor [[Baltic Finnic peoples]].{{cn|date=April 2022}}

===Germany===
Bread and salt are given away for different reasons:
* to the wedding for a lasting alliance between spouses<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chiemgauer Genussmanufaktur |date=2022-06-03 |title=Hochzeitsbräuche: Deshalb schenkt man Brot und Salz |url=https://www.chiemgau-genuss.de/genussblog/hochzeitsbraeuche-deshalb-schenkt-man-brot-und-salz/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Chiemgauer Genussmanufaktur |language=de-DE}}</ref>
* to move into a house to wish prosperity and fertility<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berlinghof |first=Christina |date=2022-11-24 |title=Brot und Salz zum Einzug: Das steckt wirklich hinter dem Brauch |url=https://www.ad-magazin.de/artikel/brot-und-salz-zum-einzug |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=AD Magazin |language=de-DE}}</ref>

In northern Germany and Bohemia (Czech Republic) bread and salt are traditionally put into the [[diaper]] of a newborn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Snieguolė Wachter |first=Denise |date=2018-10-23 |title=Aus diesem Grund schenkt man Brot und Salz zum Einzug |url=https://www.stern.de/genuss/essen/brot-und-salz--warum-schenkt-man-es-zum-einzug--8413958.html |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=stern.de}}</ref>

=== Turkish culture ===
According to some Turkic legends, the bread and salt were discovered by grandsons of [[Japheth]], the Islamic [[Japhetites|ancestor]] of the Turks. In Turkish language sometimes salt is used as a synonym to the word sugar and flavor. Saying "they added salt to their words" had the meaning of "they say sweet words." Newborns were bathed in salt water so they wouldn't smell, salt was believed to remove [[Bad energy|bad eye]] and there is a salt saint in Turkish folklore called ''Tuz Baba''. Bread is considered to be holy and is strongly respected. Toghether salt and bread create the concept of ''"tuz-ekmek hakkı"'' meaning ''"salt-bread right"'' in which if two people (or more) eat bread and salt together they become friends, there is an alliance between them. The concept was widely popular in [[Turkish literature|Ottoman literature]] and [[Turkish folk literature]].<ref>[https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/158168 Samsakçı, Mehmet. The salt and "the sake of salt-bread" in the Turkish culture and literature]</ref>

There are various folkloric beliefs related to salt and bread, most often affecting children; to make the birth easier, bread, salt and a knife are placed next to the mother. In [[Samsun]], it is believed that if two mothers who have given birth 40 days ago meet on the street, their children will not be able to walk. To prevent this, one of the mothers must give salt and bread to another mother who has a daughter. In Turkish folklore, there is a demon called [[Al Basty|Albastı]], which harms the mothers. In [[Adana]] mothers walk around with a bag containing salt, bread and a nail until the 40th day of giving a birth.

Bread and salt are used for rain magic as well. When it rains heavily, parents give to their firstborn child bread in one hand and salt in the other hand. Then the child says "until this salt melts, let the rain stop". In [[Muş]] it is believed that a girl who eats salted bread during [[Hıdırellez|Hıdrellez]] and does not drink water before going to bed will dream of her soulmate. Salt and bread are used in love magic too.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Talinova Eren |first=Mariia |year=2022 |title=Türk ve Slav Halk İnanışlarında Tuz Simgeciliği |trans-title=The Symbolism of Salt in Turkic and Slavic Folk Beliefs |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2208668 |journal=KORKUT ATA TÜRKİYAT ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ}}</ref>

===Arab culture===
Arab culture also has a concept of "bread and salt" ({{Lang|ar|خبز وملح}} or {{Lang|ar|عيش وملح}}), not in the context of welcoming, but as an expression of alliance by eating together, symbolizing the rapprochement between two persons. Eating bread and salt with a friend is considered to create a moral obligation which requires gratitude. This attitude is also expressed by Arab phrases such as "there are bread and salt between us" ({{Lang|ar|بيننا خبز وملح}} or {{Lang|ar|بيننا عيش وملح}}), and "salt between them" ({{Lang|ar|بينهما ملح}}) which are terms of alliance.{{cn|date=April 2022}}

===Jewish culture===
A similar practice also exists among Jews in the [[Jewish diaspora|Diaspora]] and in Israel. After the ceremony of [[kiddush]], a piece of [[challah]] is dipped in salt and eaten. The challah is a staple food eaten on special occasions, like holidays and weddings, as well as every [[shabbat]]. Bread and salt were also used in the past at welcoming ceremonies, given to respected persons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thezephyr.com/litvin/breadrev.htm|title=Bread & Salt Review|website=www.thezephyr.com}}</ref>
[[File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Pres. Chaim Herzog Welcomed By the Samaritan Community.jpg|thumb|President of Israel Chaim Herzog welcomed by the Samaritan Community with bread and salt]]

===Iranian culture===
In the [[Iranian culture]] when a guest is welcomed into the home, it is said that they have eaten bread and salt, and this leads to loyalty of the guest.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vajehyab.com/dehkhoda/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%88+%D9%86%D9%85%DA%A9 | title=نان و نمک | publisher=Dehkhoda Dictionary | access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref>

===In space===
With the advent of the [[Soviet space program]], this tradition has spread into space, where appropriately small packages of bread and salt are used nowadays.<ref name=TDC/><ref name=Kosmonavtika/> It was observed at the [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]] and the [[Salyut programme]], when [[Cracker (food)|crackers]] and salt tablets were used in the spaceship. <!--as described in [[Soyus 27]] article--> Bread chunks and salt were used as a welcome at the [[Mir]] space station,<ref name=TDC/><ref name=Kosmonavtika/> a tradition that was extended on the [[International Space Station]].<ref name=Kosmonavtika/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Feast-of-bread-and-salt-awaits-space-station-crew/2005/04/17/1113676650147.html |title=Feast of bread and salt awaits space station crew - World |publisher=Smh.com.au |date=2003-02-01 |access-date=2015-07-22}}</ref> Bread and salt are also used to welcome cosmonauts returning to Earth.<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/general/146225/capsule_brings_3_astronauts_back_to_earth/]{{dead link|date=July 2015|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==In fiction==

{{in popular culture|date=August 2018}}
The custom of serving bread and salt to guests is a recurring reference in [[George R. R. Martin]]'s ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' novels, where the welcome ritual serves not only as a [[Westeros]]i tradition of hospitality, but also a formal assurance of "guest right", a sacred bond of trust and honor guaranteeing that nobody in attendance, hosts and guests alike, shall be harmed.  Violating the guest right is widely considered among the highest moral crimes, an affront worthy of the worst [[damnation]], rivaled only by kinslaying. ''[[Game of Thrones]]'', the associated television series, prominently features the tradition in season three, episode 9, "[[The Rains of Castamere]]".

In Season 2, Episode 4 of ''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]'', [[Alfie Solomons]] offers [[Charles Sabini]] bread and salt as Sabini offers a white flag of truce.

[[Rudyard Kipling]] referenced bread and salt in a number of works. In ''[[The Ballad of East and West]]'', leavened bread and salt is mentioned as binding an oath of [[blood brother]]<nowiki/>ship.  At the beginning of ''[[Puck of Pook's Hill]]'' Puck establishes his credentials with the child protagonists by asking them to sprinkle plenty of salt on their shared meal. ""That'll show you the sort of person I am."

In [[Rosemary Sutcliff]]'s historical novel ''[[Outcast (Sutcliff novel)|Outcast]]'', bread and salt is referred to as a sign of belonging to a tribe: "You are my people, my own people, by hearth fire and bread and salt".

In ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]'' by [[Alexandre Dumas]], Chapter 72 is titled "Bread and Salt". The character Mercedes attempts to coax the main character into eating fruit, as part of an Arabian custom to ensure that those who have shared food and drink together under one roof would be eternal friends.

Bread and salt are given as a housewarming gift in one scene of the 1946 film ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]''.

In ''The Solar War'', the first book belonging to [[Black Library|Black Library's]] ''The Siege of Terra'' series, the character Malcador the Sigillite offers bread and salt to a weary Emperor of Mankind.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|first1=R. E. F. |last1=Smith |first2=David |last2=Christian |title=Bread and Salt: A Social and Economic History of Food and Drink in Russia |year=1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-25812-X}}

==External links==
* {{Commonscat-inline|Bread and salt}}

{{bread}}

[[Category:Culture of Albania]]
[[Category:Slavic culture]]
[[Category:Greetings]]
[[Category:Traditions]]
[[Category:Religious food and drink]]
[[Category:National symbols of Belarus]]
[[Category:National symbols of Russia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Serbia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Guest greeting food and drink]]
[[Category:Albanian traditions]]
[[Category:Lithuanian traditions]]
[[Category:Serbian traditions]]
[[Category:Edible salt]]
[[Category:Bread in culture]]
[[Category:Food combinations]]
[[Category:Turkish folklore]]
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