Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Burkina Faso

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Country in West Africa}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Burkina Faso
| native_name            = {{native name|ff|𞤄𞤵𞤪𞤳𞤭𞤲𞤢 𞤊𞤢𞤧𞤮|italic=no}}<br/> {{native name|mos|Burkĩna Faso |italic=no}} <br/> {{native name|dyu|ߓߎߙߞߌߣߊ ߝߊߛߏ|italic=no}}
| common_name            = Burkina Faso
| image_flag             = Flag of Burkina Faso.svg
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of Burkina Faso.svg
| national_motto         = {{native phrase|fr|"Unité–Progrès–Justice"|italics=off}}<br />("Unity–Progress–Justice")
| national_anthem        = {{nowrap|{{native phrase|fr|"[[Une Seule Nuit]]" / "Ditanyè"|italics=off|nolink=yes}}<br />("One Single Night" / "Hymn of Victory")}}{{parabr}}{{center|}} [[File:Burkina faso anthem.ogg]]
| image_map              = {{Switcher
| [[File:Burkina Faso (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]
| Show globe
| [[File:Location Burkina Faso AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]
| Show map of Africa
}}
| map_caption            = 
| image_map2             = 
| capital                = [[Ouagadougou]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|12|22|N|1|32|W|type:city_region:BF}}
| largest_city           = capital
| official_languages     = Mooré, Bissa, Dyula, Fula
| languages_type         = [[Working language]]s
| languages              = French, English
| ethnic_groups          = {{vunblist
|52% [[Mossi people|Mossi]]
|8.4% [[Fula people|Fula]]
|7% [[Gurma people|Gurma]]
|4.9% [[Bobo people|Bobo]]
|4.6% [[Gurunsi people|Gurunsi]]
|4.5% [[Senufo people|Senufo]]
|2.4% [[Lobi people|Lobi]]
|1.9% [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]]
|0.8% [[Dyula people|Dyula]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2010 est.
| ethnic_groups_ref      = <ref name="CIAFactbook2019uv">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Burkina Faso|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>
| religion               = 
| religion_year          = 2019 Census
| religion_ref           = <ref name=":1" />
| demonym                = Burkinabè
| government_type        = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[republic]] under a [[military junta]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ndiaga |first1=Thiam |last2=Mimault |first2=Anne |title=Burkina Faso soldiers announce overthrow of military government |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-burkina-faso-capital-reuters-witnesses-2022-09-30/ |access-date=1 October 2022 |date=30 September 2022 |location=[[Ouagadougou]] |quote=Traore appeared on television surrounded by soldiers and announced the government was dissolved, the constitution suspended and the borders closed.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thomassankara.net/appolinaire-jean-kyelem-de-tembela-jai-toujours-voulu-faire-un-livre-sur-la-revolution/ |title=Appolinaire Jean Kyelem de Tembela : "j'ai toujours voulu faire un livre sur la révolution" |website=thomassankara.net |date=4 April 2014 |language=fr |access-date=25 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/253271/burkina-faso-apollinaire-kyelem-de-tambela-captain-traores-surprise-prime-minister/ |title=Burkina Faso: Apollinaire Kyélem de Tambèla, Captain Traoré's surprise prime minister |work=The Africa Report |first1=Anna |last1=Sylvestre-Treiner |first2=Michel |last2=Wendpouiré Nana |date=25 October 2022 |access-date=25 December 2023 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
| leader_title1          = [[List of heads of state of Burkina Faso|Interim President]] and [[Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration|MPSR President]]
| leader_name1           = [[Ibrahim Traoré]]
| leader_title2          = [[List of prime ministers of Burkina Faso|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2           = [[Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla]]
| legislature            = [[National Assembly of Burkina Faso|Transitional Legislative Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type       = [[History of Burkina Faso|History]]
| established_event1     = [[Republic of Upper Volta]] proclaimed
| established_date1      = 11 December 1958
| established_event2     = Independence from France
| established_date2      = 5 August 1960
| established_event3     = [[1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état]]
| established_date3      = 3 January 1966
| established_event4     = [[2014 Burkina Faso uprising]]
| established_date4      = 28 October – 3 November 2014
| established_event5     = [[January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|Jan 2022 Burkinabè coup d'état]]
| established_date5      = 23–24 January 2022
| established_event6     = [[September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|Sep 2022 Burkinabè coup d'état]]
| established_date6      = 30 September 2022
| area_km2               = 274,223<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Burkina Faso|access-date=25 December 2023|year=2023}}</ref>
| area_rank              = 74th
| area_sq_mi             = 105,869 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| percent_water          = 0.146%
| population_estimate    = 22,489,126<ref name="worldfactbook"/>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 60th
| population_density_km2 = 64
| population_density_sq_mi = 163,63 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $62.788 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.BF">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=748,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (BF) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 114th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $2,682<ref name="IMFWEO.BF" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 171st
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $20.785 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.BF" />
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 124th
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2023
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $888<ref name="IMFWEO.BF" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 180th
| Gini                   = 38.9 <!-- number only -->
| Gini_year              = 2020
| Gini_change            = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> steady
| Gini_ref               = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=Distribution of family income – Gini index|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|access-date=1 September 2009|archive-date=13 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html}}</ref>
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.449 <!--number only-->
| HDI_year               = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year -->
| HDI_change             = decrease <!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| HDI_ref                = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>
| HDI_rank               = 184th
| currency               = [[West African CFA franc]]<ref name="auto4">CFA Franc BCEAO. Codes: XOF / 952 [http://www.currency-iso.org/dam/downloads/table_a1.xml ISO 4217 currency names and code elements] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090907/http://www.currency-iso.org/dam/downloads/table_a1.xml|date=7 April 2014 }}. ISO.</ref>
| currency_code          = XOF
| utc_offset             = 
| time_zone              = [[UTC%2B00:00]]
| date_format            = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on              = right
| calling_code           = [[+226]]
| iso3166code            = BF
| cctld                  = [[.bf]]
| footnotes              = 
| today                  = 
}}

'''Burkina Faso''' ({{IPAc-en|uk|b|ər|ˌ|k|iː|n|ə|_|ˈ|f|æ|s|oʊ}} {{respell|bər|KEE|nə|_|FASS|oh}}, {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Burkina Faso.ogg|us|-|ˈ|f|ɑː|s|oʊ}} {{respell|-|FAH|soh}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/burkina-faso|title=burkina-faso noun – Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes {{!}} Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com|website=www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref> {{lang-mos|Burkĩna Faso}} {{IPA-mos|bùɾkĩná fà.só|}}, {{lang-ff|𞤄𞤵𞤪𞤳𞤭𞤲𞤢 𞤊𞤢𞤧𞤮|italic=no}}, {{lang-dyu|ߓߎߙߞߌߣߊ ߝߊߛߏ|italic=no}}) is a [[landlocked country]] in [[West Africa]] with an area of {{cvt|274223|km2}},<ref name="worldfactbook"/> bordered by [[Mali]] to the northwest, [[Niger]] to the northeast, [[Benin]] to the southeast, [[Togo]] and [[Ghana]] to the south, and [[Ivory Coast]] to the southwest. As of 2021, the country had an estimated population of 20,321,378.<ref name="worldpopulationreview.com">{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/burkina-faso-population|title=Burkina Faso Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)|website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref> Previously called [[Republic of Upper Volta]] (1958–1984), it was [[Geographical renaming|renamed]] Burkina Faso by [[President of Burkina Faso|President]] [[Thomas Sankara]]. Its citizens are known as ''Burkinabè'' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɜːr|ˈ|k|iː|n|ə|b|eɪ}} {{respell|bur|KEE|nə|bay}}), and its [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city is [[Ouagadougou]].

The largest [[ethnic group]] in Burkina Faso is the [[Mossi people]], who settled the area in the 11th and 13th centuries. They established powerful [[Mossi Kingdoms|kingdoms]] such as the Ouagadougou, Tenkodogo, and Yatenga. In 1896, it was [[colonize]]d by the [[French colonial empire|French]] as part of [[French West Africa]]; in 1958, Upper Volta became a [[self-governing colony]] within the [[French Community]]. In 1960, it gained full independence with [[Maurice Yaméogo]] as [[List of heads of state of Burkina Faso|president]]. Since it gained its independence, the country was subject to instability, [[Sahel drought|droughts]], famines and corruption. Various coups have also taken place in the country, in [[1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état|1966]], [[1980 Upper Voltan coup d'état|1980]], [[1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état|1982]], [[1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état|1983]], [[1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état|1987]], and twice in 2022, in [[January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|January]] and [[September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|September]], as well as [[1989 Burkina Faso coup d'état attempt|an attempt in 1989]] and another in [[2015 Burkina Faso coup d'état|2015]].

[[Thomas Sankara]] came to power following a successful coup in 1983. As president, Sankara embarked on a series of ambitious [[socioeconomic]] reforms which included a nationwide [[literacy]] campaign, [[land redistribution]] to [[peasant]]s, providing vaccinations to over 2 million children, railway and road construction, equalized access to education, and the outlawing of [[female genital mutilation]], [[forced marriage]]s, and [[polygamy]]. He served as the country's president until 1987 when he was deposed and assassinated in a coup led by [[Blaise Compaoré]], who became president and ruled the country until [[2014 Burkinabè uprising|his removal on 31 October 2014]]. 

Burkina Faso has been severely affected by the rise of [[Islamist terrorism in the Sahel]] since the mid-2010s. Several [[militia]]s, partly allied with the [[Islamic State]] (IS) or [[al-Qaeda]], [[Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso|operate in Burkina Faso]] and across the border in [[Mali]] and [[Niger]]. More than one million of the country's 21 million inhabitants are [[internally displaced person]]s. [[Burkina Faso Armed Forces|Burkina Faso's military]] seized power in a [[January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|coup d'état on 23–24 January 2022]], overthrowing President [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré|Roch Marc Kaboré]]. On 31 January, the military junta restored the constitution and appointed [[Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba]] as interim president, who was himself overthrown in a [[September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|second coup on 30 September]] and replaced by military captain [[Ibrahim Traoré]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burkina Faso restores constitution, names coup leader president|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/31/burkina-faso-restores-constitution-names-coup-leader-president|access-date=31 January 2022|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>

Burkina Faso is one of the [[least developed countries]] in the world, with a GDP of $16.226 billion. Approximately 63.8 percent of its population practices [[Islam in Burkina Faso|Islam]], while 26.3 percent practice Christianity.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Aib |first=Az |date=2022-07-01 |title=Burkina: 48,1% de la population du Sud-ouest pratique l'Animisme (officiel) |url=https://www.aib.media/2022/07/01/burkina-481-de-la-population-du-sud-ouest-pratique-lanimisme-officiel/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=AIB - Agence d'Information du Burkina |language=fr-FR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030716/https://www.aib.media/2022/07/01/burkina-481-de-la-population-du-sud-ouest-pratique-lanimisme-officiel/ |archive-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> The country's official language of government and business was formerly [[French language|French]]; its status was relegated by a constitutional amendment ratified in January 2024, turning French into a "working language" of the country, alongside [[English language|English]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toe |first=Olivier |date=2024-01-26 |title=Burkina Faso: Captain Ibrahim Traoré formalises constitutional amendment in line with national realities |url=https://afriktimes.info/burkina-faso-captain-ibrahim-traore-formalises-constitutional-amendment-in-line-with-national-realities/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=AfrikTimes |language=en-GB}}</ref> There are 60 indigenous languages officially recognized by the Burkinabè government, with the most common language, [[Mossi language|Mooré]], spoken by over half the population.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brion |first1=Corinne |title=Global voices Burkina Faso: Two languages are better than one |url=https://kappanonline.org/global-voices-burkina-faso-two-languages-brion/ |website=Phi Delta Kappan |date=November 2014 |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="CIAWorldFactBook2020">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Burkina Faso|section=People and Society|access-date=11 March 2020|year=2020}}</ref> The country has a strong culture and is geographically biodiverse, with plentiful reserves of [[gold]], [[manganese]], [[copper]] and [[limestone]]. [[Art of Burkina Faso|Burkinabè art]] has a rich and long history, and is globally renowned for its orthodox style.<ref>Roy, Christopher D. "Countries of Africa: Burkina Faso," Art and Life in Africa, {{cite web |title=Countries Resources |url=http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/countries.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115211048/http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/countries.html |archive-date=2014-01-15 |access-date=2014-04-14}}</ref> The country is governed as a [[semi-presidential system|semi-presidential republic]] with executive, legislative and judicial powers. Burkina Faso is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[La Francophonie]] and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]. It is currently suspended from [[ECOWAS]] and the [[African Union]].

==Etymology==
Formerly the [[Republic of Upper Volta]], the country was renamed "Burkina Faso" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. The words "Burkina" and "Faso" stem from different languages spoken in the country: "Burkina" comes from [[Mooré]] and means "upright", showing how the people are proud of their integrity, while "Faso" comes from the [[Dioula language]] (as written in [[N'Ko script|N'Ko]]: {{lang|dyu|ߝߊ߬ߛߏ߫}} ''faso'') and means "fatherland" (literally, "father's house"). The "-bè" suffix added onto "Burkina" to form the demonym "Burkinabè" comes from the [[Fula language]] and means "women or men".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://afrolegends.com/2013/09/12/why-the-name-burkina-faso/ |title=Why the name: Burkina Faso? |work=afrolegends.com |date=12 September 2013}}</ref> The CIA summarizes the etymology as "land of the honest (incorruptible) men".<ref name="auto1">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Burkina Faso|date=21 December 2018|access-date=16 January 2019|year=2018}}</ref>

The French colony of Upper Volta was named for its location on the upper courses of the [[Volta River]] (the [[Black Volta|Black]], [[Red Volta|Red]] and [[White Volta]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=by3eqBwNRyIC&pg=PA21|title=iAfrica – Ancient History UNTOLD|publisher=Forbidden Fruit Books LLC|page=21|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Burkina Faso}}

===Early history===
The northwestern part of present-day Burkina Faso was populated by [[hunter-gatherer]]s from 14,000 BCE to 5000 BCE. Their tools, including [[scraper (archaeology)|scrapers]], [[chisel]]s and [[arrowhead]]s, were discovered in 1973 through [[Excavation (archaeology)|archaeological excavations]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Burkina Faso|url=https://www.smoketreemanor.com/burkina-faso/|date=23 October 2019|website=Smoke Tree Manor|language=en-US|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> Agricultural settlements were established between 3600 and 2600&nbsp;BCE.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Bura culture]] was an [[Iron Age|Iron-Age]] [[civilization]] centred in the southwest portion of modern-day Niger and in the southeast part of contemporary Burkina Faso.<ref name="whc.unesco.org">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5045/ "Site archéologique de Bura"]. UNESCO.</ref> [[Iron industry]], in [[smelting]] and [[forging]] for tools and weapons, had developed in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] by 1200&nbsp;BCE.<ref>{{Cite journal
|doi = 10.1017/S0021853700025949|jstor=182719
|title = Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research.
|journal = The Journal of African History
|volume = 35
|issue=1
|pages = 1–36
|year = 2009
|last1 = Miller|first1 = D. E.
|last2 = Van Der Merwe|first2 = N. J.
|s2cid=162330270
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa|last1=Stuiver |first1= Minze|last2=van der Merwe |first2= Nicolaas J.|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=9|issue=1|year=1968|pages=54–58|jstor=2740446|doi=10.1086/200878|s2cid=145379030}}</ref> To date, the oldest evidence of iron smelting found in Burkina Faso dates from 800 to 700 BC and form part of the [[Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy Sites of Burkina Faso|Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy]] World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1602 |title = Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy Sites of Burkina Faso |website = UNESCO World Heritage List |publisher = UNESCO |access-date = 21 March 2021}}</ref> From the 3rd to the 13th centuries CE, the [[Iron Age]] [[Bura culture]] existed in the territory of present-day southeastern Burkina Faso and southwestern Niger. Various ethnic groups of present-day Burkina Faso, such as the [[Mossi people|Mossi]], [[Fula people|Fula]] and [[Dyula people|Dioula]], arrived in successive waves between the 8th and 15th centuries. From the 11th century, the Mossi people established [[Mossi Kingdoms|several separate kingdoms]].
[[File:Africa de l'Oèst en 1875-es.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|West Africa circa 1875]]

===8th century to 18th century===
There is debate about the exact dates when Burkina Faso's many ethnic groups arrived to the area. The [[Moosei people|Proto-Mossi]] arrived in the far Eastern part of what is today Burkina Faso sometime between the 8th and 11th centuries,<ref>[[#Rupley|Rupley]], p.&nbsp;27</ref> the [[Samo language (Burkina)|Samo]] arrived around the 15th century,<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Rupley|Rupley]], p.&nbsp;28</ref> the [[Dogon people|Dogon]] lived in Burkina Faso's north and northwest regions until sometime in the 15th or 16th centuries<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shoup |first=John A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&q=the+dogon+lived+in+burkina+faso+in+15th+century&pg=PA86 |title=Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011|isbn=978-1-59884-362-0}}</ref> and many of the other ethnic groups that make up the country's population arrived in the region during this time.

[[File:MossiCavalry.jpg|thumb|The cavalry of the [[Mossi Kingdoms]] were experts at raiding deep into enemy territory, even against the formidable [[Mali Empire]].]]
[[File:Pg381 Des hommes sur les toits s'opposent.jpg|thumb|Armed men prevent the French explorer [[Louis-Gustave Binger]] from entering Sia (Bobo-Dioulasso) during his stay in April 1892.]]

During the [[Middle Ages]], the Mossi established several separate kingdoms including those of Tenkodogo, Yatenga, Zandoma, and Ouagadougou.<ref name="Nations 2014">"Encyclopedia of the Nations." History. Advameg, Inc., n.d. Web. 8 October 2014.</ref> Sometime between 1328 and 1338 Mossi warriors raided [[Timbuktu]] but the Mossi were defeated by [[Sonni Ali]] of [[Songhai Empire|Songhai]] at the Battle of Kobi in Mali in 1483.<ref>[[#Rupley|Rupley]], p. xxvioi</ref>

During the early 16th century the Songhai conducted many slave raids into what is today Burkina Faso.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> During the 18th century the [[Gwiriko|Gwiriko Empire]] was established at [[Bobo Dioulasso]] and ethnic groups such as the Dyan, Lobi, and Birifor settled along the [[Black Volta]].<ref>[[#Rupley|Rupley]], p. xxvix</ref>

===From colony to independence (1890s–1958)===
{{Main|Upper Senegal and Niger|French Upper Volta}}
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2017}}

Starting in the early 1890s during the European [[Scramble for Africa]], a series of European military officers made attempts to claim parts of what is today Burkina Faso. At times these [[Colonialism|colonialists]] and their armies fought the local peoples; at times they forged alliances with them and made treaties. The colonialist officers and their home governments also made treaties among themselves. The territory of Burkina Faso was invaded by [[French Third Republic|France]], becoming a [[French colonial empire|French protectorate]] in 1896.<ref>[[#Rupley|Rupley]], pp.&nbsp;30–33</ref>

[[File:French West Africa 1913 map.png|thumb|[[French West Africa]] c. 1913]]

The eastern and western regions, where a standoff against the forces of the powerful ruler [[Samori Ture]] complicated the situation, came under French occupation in 1897. By 1898, the majority of the territory corresponding to Burkina Faso was nominally conquered; however, French control of many parts remained uncertain.<ref name=":0"/>

The [[Anglo-French Convention of 1898|Franco-British Convention of 14 June 1898]] created the country's modern borders. In the French territory, a war of conquest against local communities and political powers continued for about five years. In 1904, the largely pacified territories of the [[Volta River|Volta basin]] were integrated into the [[Upper Senegal and Niger]] colony of [[French West Africa]] as part of the reorganization of the French West African colonial empire. The colony had its capital in [[Bamako]].

The language of colonial administration and schooling became French. The public education system started from humble origins. Advanced education was provided for many years during the colonial period in Dakar.

The indigenous population was highly discriminated against. For example, African children were not allowed to ride bicycles or pick fruit from trees, "privileges" reserved for the children of colonists. Violating these regulations could land parents in jail.<ref>Figures de la révolution africaine, de Kenyatta à Sankara, La Découverte, 2014, pp. 271–288.</ref>

[[Conscription|Draftees]] from the territory participated in the European fronts of [[World War I]] in the battalions of the [[Tirailleurs sénégalais|Senegalese Rifles]]. Between 1915 and 1916, the districts in the western part of what is now Burkina Faso and the bordering eastern fringe of Mali became the stage of one of the most important armed oppositions to colonial government: the [[Volta-Bani War]].<ref>Mahir Saul and Patrick Royer, ''West African Challenge to Empire'', 2001</ref>

The French government finally suppressed the movement but only after suffering defeats. It also had to organize its largest expeditionary force of its colonial history to send into the country to suppress the insurrection. Armed opposition wracked the Sahelian north when the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] and allied groups of the Dori region ended their truce with the government.

[[File:Mittelholzer-ouagadougou.jpg|thumb|The capital, [[Ouagadougou]], in 1930]]

[[French Upper Volta]] was established on 1 March 1919. The French feared a recurrence of armed uprising and had related economic considerations. To bolster its administration, the colonial government separated the present territory of Burkina Faso from Upper Senegal and Niger.

The new colony was named ''Haute Volta'' for its location on the upper courses of the [[Volta River]] (the [[Black Volta|Black]], [[Red Volta|Red]] and [[White Volta]]), and François Charles Alexis Édouard Hesling became its first [[List of governors of Upper Volta|governor]]. Hesling initiated an ambitious road-making program to improve infrastructure and promoted the growth of cotton for export. The cotton policy – based on [[coercion]] – failed, and revenue generated by the colony stagnated. The colony was dismantled on 5 September 1932, being split between the French colonies of [[Ivory Coast]], [[French Sudan]] and [[Niger]]. Ivory Coast received the largest share, which contained most of the population as well as the cities of Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso.

France reversed this change during the period of intense anti-colonial agitation that followed the end of [[World War II]]. On 4 September 1947, it revived the colony of Upper Volta, with its previous boundaries, as a part of the [[French Union]]. The French designated its colonies as departments of [[metropolitan France]] on the European continent.

On 11 December 1958 the colony achieved [[Self-governance|self-government]] as the [[Republic of Upper Volta]]; it joined the Franco-African Community. A revision in the organization of French Overseas Territories had begun with the passage of the Basic Law (Loi Cadre) of 23 July 1956. This act was followed by reorganization measures approved by the French parliament early in 1957 to ensure a large degree of self-government for individual territories. Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on 11 December 1958. Full independence from France was received in 1960.<ref name=WDL1>{{cite web|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/635|title=More (Language of the Moose people) Phrase Book|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]|access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>

===Upper Volta (1958–1984)===
{{main|Republic of Upper Volta}}
[[File:Maurice Yaméogo and Louis Jacquinot exchanging instruments of ratification for the independence of the Upper Volta.jpg|thumb|[[Maurice Yaméogo]], the first president of Upper Volta, examines documents pertaining to the ratification of the country's independence in 1960]]

The Republic of Upper Volta ({{lang-fr|link=no|République de Haute-Volta}}) was established on 11 December 1958 as a [[self-governing colony]] within the [[French Community]]. The name ''Upper Volta'' related to the nation's location along the upper reaches of the [[Volta River]]. The river's three [[Tributary|tributaries]] are called the [[Black Volta|Black]], [[White Volta|White]] and [[Red Volta]]. These were expressed in the three colors of the [[Flag of Upper Volta|former national flag]].

Before attaining autonomy, it had been French Upper Volta and part of the French Union. On 5 August 1960, it attained full independence from [[French Fourth Republic|France]]. The first president, [[Maurice Yaméogo]], was the leader of the [[Voltaic Democratic Union]] (UDV). The 1960 constitution provided for election by [[universal suffrage]] of a president and a national assembly for five-year terms. Soon after coming to power, Yaméogo banned all political parties other than the UDV. The government lasted until 1966. After much unrest, including mass demonstrations and strikes by students, labor unions, and civil servants, the military intervened.

==== Lamizana's rule and multiple coups ====

The [[1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état|1966 military coup]] deposed Yaméogo, suspended the constitution, dissolved the National Assembly, and placed Lt. Col. [[Sangoulé Lamizana]] at the head of a government of senior army officers. The army remained in power for four years. On 14 June 1976, the Voltans ratified a new constitution that established a four-year transition period toward complete civilian rule. Lamizana remained in power throughout the 1970s as president of military or mixed civil-military governments. Lamizana's rule coincided with the beginning of the [[Sahel drought]] and famine which had a devastating impact on Upper Volta and neighboring countries. After conflict over the 1976 constitution, a new constitution was written and approved in 1977. Lamizana was re-elected by open elections in 1978.

Lamizana's government faced problems with the country's traditionally powerful trade unions, and on 25 November 1980, Col. [[Saye Zerbo]] overthrew President Lamizana in a [[1980 Upper Voltan coup d'état|bloodless coup]]. Colonel Zerbo established the Military Committee of Recovery for National Progress as the supreme governmental authority, thus eradicating the 1977 constitution.

Colonel Zerbo also encountered resistance from trade unions and was overthrown two years later by Maj. Dr. [[Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo]] and the Council of Popular Salvation (CSP) in the [[1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état]]. The CSP continued to ban political parties and organizations, yet promised a transition to civilian rule and a new constitution.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqEHU3iW2i0C&pg=PA137 |title=Revolutionary Overthrow of Constitutional Orders in Africa |last=Anyangwe|first=Carlson|date=2012|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9956-727-78-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Burkina Faso's history, also called Upper Volta, endured between 1960 and 1987, 6 military coups and the establishment of 3 republics.|url=https://www.blaisecompaore.com/en/political-and-military-career/1960-1983-engagement/|access-date=5 November 2020|website=Blaise Compaore |language=en-GB}}</ref>

====1983 coup d'état====

Infighting developed between the right and left factions of the CSP. The leader of the leftists, Capt. [[Thomas Sankara]], was appointed prime minister in January 1983, but was subsequently arrested. Efforts to free him, directed by Capt. [[Blaise Compaoré]], resulted in a military coup d'état on 4 August 1983.

The coup brought Sankara to power and his government began to implement a series of revolutionary programs which included mass-vaccinations, infrastructure improvements, the expansion of women's rights, encouragement of domestic agricultural consumption, and anti-desertification projects.<ref name="UprightDVD">''[[Thomas Sankara: the Upright Man]]'' by ''[[California Newsreel]]''</ref>

===Burkina Faso (since 1984)===
On 2 August 1984, on President Sankara's initiative, the country's name changed from "Upper Volta" to "Burkina Faso", or ''land of the honest men''; (the literal translation is ''land of the upright men''.)<ref>
[https://www.wdl.org/en/item/635/ More (Language of the Mossi Tribe) Phrase Book] – "Burkina Faso is a former French colony, which became the independent state of Upper Volta in 1960. In 1984 the country adopted its present name, meaning 'Land of Incorruptible People.'"
</ref><ref>Kingfisher Geography Encyclopedia. {{ISBN|1-85613-582-9}}. Page 170</ref>{{request quotation|date=March 2020}}<ref>{{cite book|last= Manning|first= Patrick|title= Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa: 1880–1995|year= 1998|publisher= Cambridge University Press |location= Cambridge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i4bPWSPutYcC
| isbn = 978-0-521-64519-5
| page = 126
| quote = The name of the country was changed to Burkina Faso, and Sankara launched it on an aggressive, populist program of self-help.
}}</ref><ref>The name is an [[Amalgamation (linguistics)|amalgam]] of [[More language|More]] ''burkina'' ("honest", "upright", or "incorruptible men") and [[Dioula language|Jula]] ''faso'' ("homeland"; literally "father's house"). The "-be" suffix in the name for the people – Burkinabe – comes from the Fula plural suffix for people, ''-ɓe''.</ref> The presidential decree was confirmed by the National Assembly on 4 August. The demonym for people of Burkina Faso, "Burkinabè", includes expatriates or descendants of people of Burkinabè origin.

Sankara's government comprised the National Council for the Revolution (CNR – {{lang-fr | Conseil national révolutionnaire}}), with Sankara as its president, and established popular [[Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (Burkina Faso)|Committees for the Defense of the Revolution]] (CDRs). The [[Pioneers of the Revolution]] youth programme was also established.

Sankara launched an ambitious socioeconomic programme for change, one of the largest ever undertaken on the African continent.<ref name="UprightDVD" /> His foreign policies centred on [[anti-imperialism]], with his government rejecting all [[foreign aid]], pushing for [[odious debt]] reduction, nationalising all land and mineral wealth and averting the power and influence of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and [[World Bank]]. His domestic policies included a nationwide literacy campaign, land redistribution to peasants, railway and road construction and the outlawing of [[female genital mutilation]], [[forced marriage]]s and [[polygamy]].<ref name="UprightDVD" /><ref name="Grila2">{{Cite web |url=https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/commemorating-thomas-sankara-by-farid-omar |title=Commemorating Thomas Sankara |author=Farid Omar |work=Group for Research and Initiative for the Liberation of Africa (GRILA) |date=28 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124093433/http://www.znetwork.org/commemorating-thomas-sankara-by-farid-omar |archive-date=24 January 2012}}</ref>

Sankara pushed for agrarian self-sufficiency and promoted public health by vaccinating 2,500,000 children against [[meningitis]], [[yellow fever]], and [[measles]].<ref name="Grila2"/> His national agenda also included planting over 10,000,000 trees to halt the growing [[desertification]] of the [[Sahel]]. Sankara called on every village to build a medical dispensary and had over 350 communities build schools with their own labour.<ref name="UprightDVD" /><ref>{{Cite news|url= http://thomassankara.net/resurrecting-thomas-sankara/?lang=en|title= Resurrecting Thomas Sankara – My Blog|last= X|first= Mr|date= 28 October 2015|work= My Blog|access-date= 25 April 2017}}</ref>

In the 1980s, when ecological awareness was still very low, Thomas Sankara was one of the few African leaders to consider environmental protection a priority. He engaged in three major battles: against bush fires "which will be considered as crimes and will be punished as such"; against cattle roaming "which infringes on the rights of peoples because unattended animals destroy nature"; and against the anarchic cutting of firewood "whose profession will have to be organized and regulated". As part of a development program involving a large part of the population, ten million trees were planted in Burkina Faso in fifteen months during the revolution. To face the advancing desert and recurrent droughts, Thomas Sankara also proposed the planting of wooded strips of about fifty kilometers, crossing the country from east to west. He then thought of extending this vegetation belt to other countries. Cereal production, close to 1.1 billion tons before 1983, was predicted to rise to 1.6 billion tons in 1987. Jean Ziegler, former UN special rapporteur for the right to food, said that the country "had become food self-sufficient."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/01/03/thomas-sankara-l-ecologiste_6024742_3212.html |title=Thomas Sankara, l'écologiste |language=fr |first=Pierre |last=Lepidi |date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=[[Le Monde]] |location=Paris}}</ref>

==== Compaoré presidency ====
[[File:Blaise_Compaoré_2014-08-05.jpg|thumb|[[Blaise Compaoré]], President 1987–2014.]]
On 15 October 1987, Sankara and twelve other government officials were assassinated in a coup d'état organized by Blaise Compaoré, Sankara's former colleague, who would go on to serve as Burkina Faso's president from October 1987 until October 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/06/reviving-thomas-sankara-spirit-150603104633020.html|title= Reviving Thomas Sankara's spirit|publisher= Al Jazeera|access-date= 25 April 2017|last1= Aidi|first1= Hisham}}</ref> After the coup and although Sankara was known to be dead, some CDRs mounted an armed resistance to the [[Army of Burkina Faso|army]] for several days.{{citation needed|date= July 2014}} A majority{{quantify|date=March 2020}} of Burkinabè citizens hold that [[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)|France's foreign ministry]], the Quai d'Orsay, was behind Compaoré in organizing the coup.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} There is some evidence for France's support of the coup.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thomassankara.net/assassination-of-thomas-sankara-evidence-of-a-documentary-by-rai-3-involve-france-cia-and-blaise-compaore/?lang=en |title=Assassination of Thomas Sankara: evidence of a documentary by RAI 3 involve France, CIA and Blaise Compaoré |work=www.thomassankara.net |first=Bruno |last=Jaffré |date=9 September 2009 }}</ref>

Compaoré gave as one of the reasons for the coup the deterioration in relations with neighbouring countries.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1= Kasuka |editor-first1=Bridgette|title= African Leaders|date= 2011|publisher= Bankole Kamara Taylor |isbn= 978-1-4681-1436-2|page= 13|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=80SvCmSTxGoC&pg=PA128}}{{unreliable source?|date=June 2023|reason=source is an edited compilation of wikipedia articles;}}</ref> Compaoré argued that Sankara had jeopardised foreign relations with the former colonial power (France) and with neighbouring [[Ivory Coast]].<ref name="ReutersChe2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USL17577712 |title=Burkina Faso Salutes "Africa's Che" Thomas Sankara |author=Mathieu Bonkoungou |work=[[Reuters]] |date=17 October 2007}}</ref> Following the coup Compaoré immediately reversed the nationalizations, overturned nearly all of Sankara's policies, returned the country back into the IMF fold, and ultimately spurned most of Sankara's legacy. Following an alleged [[1989 Burkinabè coup d'état attempt|coup-attempt in 1989]], Compaoré introduced limited democratic reforms in 1990. Under the new (1991) [[Constitution of Burkina Faso|constitution]], Compaoré was [[1991 Burkinabè presidential election|re-elected]] without opposition in December 1991. In 1998 Compaoré won [[1998 Burkinabè presidential election|election]] in a landslide. In 2004, 13 people were tried for plotting a coup against President Compaoré and the coup's alleged mastermind was sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref>"Burkina Faso Profile." Burkina Faso Profile. BBC NEWS AFRICA, 21 March 2014. Web. 24 September 2014.</ref> {{As of| 2014}}, Burkina Faso remained one of the [[Least developed country|least-developed countries]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/ldc/ldc_list.pdf|title= List of Least Developed Countries|last= United Nation|year= 2016|publisher= United Nations|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110301020225/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/ldc/ldc_list.pdf|archive-date= 1 March 2011}}</ref>

In 2000, the constitution was amended to reduce the presidential term to five years and set term limits to two, preventing successive re-election. The amendment took effect during the 2005 elections. If passed beforehand, it would have prevented Compaoré from being reelected. Other presidential candidates challenged the election results. But in October 2005, the constitutional council ruled that, because Compaoré was the sitting president in 2000, the amendment would not apply to him until the end of his second term in office. This cleared the way for his candidacy in [[Burkina Faso presidential elections, 2005|the 2005 election]]. On 13 November 2005, Compaoré was reelected in a landslide, because of a divided political opposition.

In the [[2010 Burkinabé presidential election|2010 presidential election]], President Compaoré was re-elected. Only 1.6&nbsp;million Burkinabè voted, out of a total population 10&nbsp;times that size. In February 2011, the death of a schoolboy provoked the [[2011 Burkinabè protests]], a series of popular protests, coupled with a military mutiny and a magistrates' strike, that called for the resignation of Compaoré, democratic reforms, higher wages for troops and public servants and economic freedom.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=182823|work=The Daily Star|date=23 April 2011|access-date=24 April 2011|title=Burkina opposition calls anti-president demo}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/28/world/africa/28burkina.html|work=The New York Times|title=Mayor's Home Burned as Burkina Faso Protests Continue|date=27 April 2011|access-date=30 April 2011|first1=Hervé|last1=Taoko|first2=Adam|last2=Nossiter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430114102/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/28/world/africa/28burkina.html|archive-date=30 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-28/burkina-faso-riot-police-join-wave-of-protests-after-government-dissolved.html|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=28 April 2011|access-date=30 April 2011|title=Burkina Faso Riot Police Join Wave of Protests After Government Dissolved|first=Simon|last=Gongo}}</ref> As a result, governors were replaced and wages for public servants were raised.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13542959|date=25 May 2011|access-date=28 May 2011|title=Burkina Faso teachers' strike: Union agrees deal|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110527020543/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13542959|archive-date= 27 May 2011|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1623195|work=Taiwan News|date=9 June 2011|access-date=11 June 2011|title=Burkina Faso government replaces its governors|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115622/http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1623195}}</ref> In April 2011, there was an [[2011 Burkina Faso mutiny|army mutiny]]; the president named new chiefs of staff, and a curfew was imposed in [[Ouagadougou]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13107109|access-date=17 April 2011|title=Burkina Faso capital under curfew after army mutiny|work=BBC News|date=16 April 2011}}</ref>

Compaoré's government played the role of negotiator in several West-African disputes, including the [[2010–11 Ivorian crisis]], the Inter-Togolese Dialogue (2007), and the [[2012 Malian coup d'état|2012 Malian Crisis]].

====Kafando presidency====
{{Main|2014 Burkinabè uprising}}
[[File:Burkina Faso Protests.png|thumb|Thousands of protesters march through Ouagadougou]]
Starting on 28 October 2014 protesters began to march and demonstrate in Ouagadougou against President Compaoré, who appeared{{request quotation|date=March 2020}} ready to amend the constitution and extend his 27-year rule. On 30 October some protesters set fire to the parliament building<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29831262|title=Burkina Faso parliament set ablaze|newspaper= BBC News|access-date= 30 October 2014|date= 30 October 2014}}</ref> and took over the national TV headquarters.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.smh.com.au/world/burkina-faso-protesters-set-parliament-on-fire-take-over-state-tv-and-march-on-presidency-20141031-11emg3.html|title= Burkina Faso protesters set parliament on fire, take over state TV and march on presidency|work= The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date= 30 October 2014|date= 30 October 2014}}</ref> [[Ouagadougou Airport|Ouagadougou International Airport]] closed and MPs suspended the vote on changing the constitution (the change would have allowed Compaoré to stand for re-election in 2015). Later in the day, the military dissolved all government institutions and imposed a [[curfew]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-30/burkina-faso-president-dissolves-government-as-protests-escalate|title= Burkina Faso General Takes Power After President Resigns|last1=Gongo |first1= Simon|last2=Bax |first2= Pauline|name-list-style= amp|work= Bloomberg BusinessWeek|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150102122055/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-30/burkina-faso-president-dissolves-government-as-protests-escalate|archive-date= 2 January 2015 }}</ref>

On 31 October 2014, President Compaoré, facing mounting pressure, resigned after 27&nbsp;years in office.<ref>Herve, Taoko and Cowelloct, Alan (31 October 2014) [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/01/world/africa/burkina-faso-unrest-blaise-compaore.html?_r=0 Burkina Faso's President Resigns, and General Takes Reins]. ''The New York Times''.</ref> [[Yacouba Isaac Zida|Lt. Col. Isaac Zida]] said that he would lead the country during its transitional period before the planned [[Burkinabè presidential election, 2015|2015 presidential election]], but there were concerns{{by whom|date=March 2020}} over his close ties to the former president.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29863004|title=Army backs new Burkina Faso leader Isaac Zida|newspaper= BBC News|date= November 2014}}</ref> In November 2014 opposition parties, [[civil society|civil-society]] groups and religious leaders adopted a plan for a transitional authority to guide Burkina Faso to elections.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-burkina-politics-idUSKCN0IT0U320141109|title= Burkina Faso talks agree on plan for return to civilian rule|work= Reuters|access-date= 9 November 2014|archive-date= 10 November 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141110231047/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/09/us-burkina-politics-idUSKCN0IT0U320141109|url-status= live}}</ref> Under the plan [[Michel Kafando]] became the transitional [[President of Burkina Faso]] and Lt. Col. Zida became the acting Prime Minister and Defense Minister.

On 16 September 2015, the [[Regiment of Presidential Security]] (RSP) carried out a [[2015 Burkina Faso coup d'état|coup d'état]], seizing the president and prime minister and then declaring the [[National Council for Democracy]] the new national government.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/burkinafaso/11870962/Burkina-Faso-coup-military-says-it-now-controls-country-after-arresting-leaders-live.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/burkinafaso/11870962/Burkina-Faso-coup-military-says-it-now-controls-country-after-arresting-leaders-live.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title= Burkina Faso coup: military says it now controls country after arresting leaders: live|newspaper= The Daily Telegraph|date= 17 September 2015 |author= Raziye Akkoc |others= agencies}}{{cbignore}}</ref> However, on 22 September 2015, the coup leader, [[Gilbert Diendéré]], apologized and promised to restore civilian government.<ref>{{Cite news |title = Burkina Faso Leader Apologizes To Nation For Seizing Power in a Coup |newspaper = NPR |date = 22 September 2015 |url = https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/09/22/442441403/burkina-faso-leader-apologizes-to-nation-for-seizing-power-in-a-coup |access-date = 23 September 2015|last1 = Andrusewicz |first1 = Marie }}</ref> On 23 September 2015 the prime minister and interim president were restored to power.<ref>{{Cite news |title = A Week After Coup, Burkina Faso's Interim President Back in Power|newspaper = NPR |date = 23 September 2015 |url = https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/09/23/442826830/1-week-after-coup-burkina-fasos-interim-president-back-in-power |access-date = 23 September 2015|last1 = Wagner |first1 = Laura }}</ref>

====Kaboré presidency and Jihadist insurgency (2015-2023)====
{{main|Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso|Terrorism in Burkina Faso}}
[[2015 Burkinabè general election|General elections]] took place on 29 November 2015. [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré]] won the election in the first round with 53.5% of the vote, defeating businessman [[Zéphirin Diabré]], who took 29.7%.<ref name="Kabore wins">Mathieu Bonkoungou and Nadoun Coulibaly, [https://news.yahoo.com/kabore-wins-burkina-faso-presidential-vote-electoral-commission-003634457.html "Kabore wins Burkina Faso presidential election"], Reuters, 1 December 2015.</ref> Kaboré was sworn in as president on 29 December 2015.<ref name="swears in new president">{{Cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/burkina-faso-swears-president-capping-transition-161614791.html |title=Burkina Faso swears in new president, capping transition |work=Agence France-Presse |date=29 December 2015}}</ref> Kaboré was re-elected in the [[2020 Burkinabè general election|general election of 22 November 2020]], but his party Mouvement du Peuple pour le Progrès (MPP), failed to reach absolute parliamentary majority. It secured 56 seats out of a total of 127. The Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP), the party of former President Blaise Compaoré, was distant second with 20 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/11/30/burkina-faso-elections-kabore-s-party-fails-to-win-majority-parliamentary-seats/|title = Burkina Faso elections: Kabore's party fails to clinch majority parliamentary seats|date = 30 November 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Smoke rises from Embassy of France in Burkina Faso, March 2, 2018.jpg|thumb|Smoke rising from French Embassy in Ouagadougou, 2 March 2018, during the [[2018 Ouagadougou attacks]].]]
A [[Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso|Jihadist insurgency]] began in August 2015, part of the [[Islamist insurgency in the Sahel]]. Between August 2015 and October 2016, seven different posts were attacked across the country.<ref name="Croix191016">Ludivine Laniepce, [http://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Au-Burkina-Faso-frontieres-peur-2016-10-19-1200797429 Au Burkina Faso, les frontières de la peur], ''La Croix'', 19 octobre 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 October 2016|title=Le Burkina Faso va renforcer la sécurité de ses postes de police frontaliers|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20161027-le-burkina-faso-va-renforcer-securite-postes-police-frontaliers|access-date=21 December 2021|website=RFI|language=fr|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211029/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20161027-le-burkina-faso-va-renforcer-securite-postes-police-frontaliers|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 January 2016, terrorists [[2016 Ouagadougou attacks|attacked the capital city]] of [[Ouagadougou]], killing 30 people. [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]] and [[Al-Mourabitoun (militant group)|Al-Mourabitoune]], which until then had mostly operated in neighbouring [[Mali]], claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burkina : le bilan de l'attentat s'élève à 30 morts après le décès de la photographe Leïla Alaoui – Jeune Afrique|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/294932/politique/burkina-bilan-de-lattentat-seleve-a-30-morts-apres-deces-de-photographe-leila-alaoui/|access-date=21 December 2021|website=JeuneAfrique.com|date=19 January 2016 |language=fr-FR|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211009/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/294932/politique/burkina-bilan-de-lattentat-seleve-a-30-morts-apres-deces-de-photographe-leila-alaoui/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fig160116">{{cite web|date=15 January 2016|title=Une vingtaine de morts après l'attaque djihadiste de Ouagadougou|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/01/15/01003-20160115ARTFIG00370-burkina-faso-tirs-et-detonations-dans-le-centre-de-ouagadougou.php|access-date=16 January 2016|website=[[Le Figaro]]|language=fr|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211042/https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/01/15/01003-20160115ARTFIG00370-burkina-faso-tirs-et-detonations-dans-le-centre-de-ouagadougou.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, attacks increased after a new group [[Ansar ul Islam (Western Africa)|Ansarul Islam]], led by imam [[Ibrahim Malam Dicko]], was founded.<ref name="RFI100217">[http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170210-groupe-jihadiste-Ansaroul-Islam-Ibrahim-Malam-Dicko-burkina-faso?ref=tw_i Un groupe jihadiste tente de s'implanter au Burkina Faso] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329041626/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170210-groupe-jihadiste-Ansaroul-Islam-Ibrahim-Malam-Dicko-burkina-faso?ref=tw_i |date=29 March 2019 }}, ''RFI'', 10 février 2017.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 2017|title=Comment est né Ansaroul Islam, premier groupe djihadiste de l'Histoire du Burkina Faso|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/04/11/comment-est-ne-ansaroul-islam-premier-groupe-djihadiste-de-l-histoire-du-burkina-faso_5109520_3212.html|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211011/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/04/11/comment-est-ne-ansaroul-islam-premier-groupe-djihadiste-de-l-histoire-du-burkina-faso_5109520_3212.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Its attacks focused particularly on [[Soum Province|Soum province]]<ref name="RFI100217" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Qui est l'imam Ibrahim Dicko, la nouvelle terreur du nord du Burkina ? – Jeune Afrique|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/390558/politique/limam-ibrahim-dicko-nouvelle-terreur-nord-burkina/|access-date=21 December 2021|website=JeuneAfrique.com|date=9 January 2017 |language=fr-FR|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211016/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/390558/politique/limam-ibrahim-dicko-nouvelle-terreur-nord-burkina/|url-status=live}}</ref> and it killed dozens of people in the [[Nassoumbou attack|attack on Nassoumbou]] on 16 December.<ref name="JA090117">Benjamin Roger, [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/390558/politique/limam-ibrahim-dicko-nouvelle-terreur-nord-burkina/ Qui est l’imam Ibrahim Dicko, la nouvelle terreur du nord du Burkina ?], ''Jeune Afrique'', 9 janvier 2016.</ref>

Between 27 March – 10 April 2017, the governments of Mali, France, and Burkina Faso launched a joint operation named "[[Operation Panga (Burkina Faso)|Operation Panga]]," composed of 1,300 soldiers from the three countries, in Fhero forest, near the [[Burkina Faso-Mali border]], considered a sanctuary for Ansarul Islam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Barkhane : opération transfrontalière Panga dans la boucle du Niger élargie|url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/afrique/bande-sahelo-saharienne/operation-barkhane/breves/barkhane-operation-transfrontaliere-panga-dans-la-boucle-du-niger-elargie|url-status=live|access-date=21 December 2021|website=www.defense.gouv.fr|language=fr|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211011/https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/afrique/bande-sahelo-saharienne/operation-barkhane/breves/barkhane-operation-transfrontaliere-panga-dans-la-boucle-du-niger-elargie}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=6 April 2017|title=Mali: opération anti-terroriste d'envergure à la frontière avec le Burkina Faso|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170406-mali-operation-anti-terroriste-envergure-frontiere-le-burkina-faso|access-date=21 December 2021|website=RFI|language=fr|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211034/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170406-mali-operation-anti-terroriste-envergure-frontiere-le-burkina-faso|url-status=live}}</ref> The head of Ansarul Islam, Ibrahim Malam Dicko, was killed in June 2017 and [[Jafar Dicko]] became leader.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 July 2017|title=Meurtres dans le nord du Burkina: Ansarul Islam victime d'une guerre intestine?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170726-burkina-faso-assassinats-autorites-suspectent-reglements-ansarul-islam|access-date=21 December 2021|website=RFI|language=fr|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211027/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170726-burkina-faso-assassinats-autorites-suspectent-reglements-ansarul-islam|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 2 March 2018, [[Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin]] [[2018 Ouagadougou attacks|attacked the French embassy]] in [[Ouagadougou]] as well as the general staff of the Burkinabè army. Eight soldiers and eight attackers were killed, and a further 61 soldiers and 24 civilians were injured.<ref name="Monde070318">[https://lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/03/07/attaques-de-ouagadougou-un-nouveau-bilan-fait-etat-de-huit-militaires-burkinabes-tues_5267019_3212.html Attaques de Ouagadougou : un nouveau bilan fait état de huit militaires burkinabés tués] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211010/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/03/07/attaques-de-ouagadougou-un-nouveau-bilan-fait-etat-de-huit-militaires-burkinabes-tues_5267019_3212.html |date=21 December 2021 }}, ''[[Le Monde]]''-AFP, 7 mars 2018.</ref> The insurgency expanded to the east of the country<ref>{{cite web|title=Burkina : les autorités confrontées à un nouveau défi sécuritaire dans l'Est – Jeune Afrique|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/631985/politique/burkina-les-autorites-confrontees-a-un-nouveau-defi-securitaire-dans-lest/|access-date=21 December 2021|website=JeuneAfrique.com|date=19 September 2018 |language=fr-FR|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211022/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/631985/politique/burkina-les-autorites-confrontees-a-un-nouveau-defi-securitaire-dans-lest/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 October 2018|title=Le Burkina Faso désormais sur la carte du djihadisme|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/10/18/le-burkina-faso-desormais-sur-la-carte-du-djihadisme_5371448_3212.html|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211021/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/10/18/le-burkina-faso-desormais-sur-la-carte-du-djihadisme_5371448_3212.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Macé|first=Célian|title=Dans l'est du Burkina Faso, un nouveau foyer pour le jihad ?|url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/12/03/dans-l-est-du-burkina-faso-un-nouveau-foyer-pour-le-jihad_1695777/|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Libération|language=fr|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211021/https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/12/03/dans-l-est-du-burkina-faso-un-nouveau-foyer-pour-le-jihad_1695777/|url-status=live}}</ref> and, in early October, the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso launched a major military operation in the country's East, supported by French forces.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 October 2018|title=Burkina Faso: vaste opération de sécurité dans les forêts de l'Est|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20181008-burkina-faso-operation-nettoyage-forets-est-barkhane|access-date=21 December 2021|website=RFI|language=fr|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211025/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20181008-burkina-faso-operation-nettoyage-forets-est-barkhane|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=10 October 2018|title=Barkhane en opération au Burkina Faso|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20181010-barkhane-operation-burkina-faso|access-date=21 December 2021|website=RFI|language=fr|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211029/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20181010-barkhane-operation-burkina-faso|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=10 October 2018|title=La France " disposée " à apporter au Burkina le même soutien militaire qu'au Mali|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/10/10/la-france-disposee-a-apporter-au-burkina-le-meme-soutien-militaire-qu-au-mali_5367342_3212.html|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211012/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/10/10/la-france-disposee-a-apporter-au-burkina-le-meme-soutien-militaire-qu-au-mali_5367342_3212.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Human Rights Watch]], between mid-2018 to February 2019, at least 42 people were murdered by jihadists and a minimum of 116 mostly Fulani civilians were killed by military forces without trial.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|date=22 March 2019|title=Burkina Faso: Atrocities by Armed Islamists, Security Forces|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/22/burkina-faso-atrocities-armed-islamists-security-forces|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211008/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/22/burkina-faso-atrocities-armed-islamists-security-forces|url-status=live}}</ref> The attacks [[2019 attacks in Burkina Faso|increased significantly in 2019]]. According to the [[ACLED]], armed violence in Burkina Faso jumped by 174% in 2019, with nearly 1,300 civilians dead and 860,000 displaced.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 June 2020|title=Au moins cinquante morts dans une série d'attaques au Burkina Faso|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/06/02/au-moins-cinquante-morts-dans-une-serie-d-attaques-au-burkina-faso_6041511_3212.html|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211007/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/06/02/au-moins-cinquante-morts-dans-une-serie-d-attaques-au-burkina-faso_6041511_3212.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jihadist groups also began to specifically target [[Christianity in Burkina Faso|Christians]].<ref>{{cite web|date=29 April 2019|title=Six morts dans l'attaque d'un temple protestant au Burkina Faso|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20190429-burkina-faso-soum-temple-protestant-silgadji-pasteur|access-date=21 December 2021|website=RFI|language=fr|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211018/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20190429-burkina-faso-soum-temple-protestant-silgadji-pasteur|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=6 January 2020|title=Burkina Faso: Armed Islamist Atrocities Surge|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/01/06/burkina-faso-armed-islamist-atrocities-surge|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211008/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/01/06/burkina-faso-armed-islamist-atrocities-surge|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 May 2019|title=Six personnes tuées dans une église dans le nord du Burkina Faso|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/05/12/six-personnes-tuees-dans-une-eglise-dans-le-nord-du-burkina-faso_5461148_3212.html|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211027/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/05/12/six-personnes-tuees-dans-une-eglise-dans-le-nord-du-burkina-faso_5461148_3212.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-10 |title=Terrorism gains ground in Burkina Faso |url=https://acninternational.org/terrorism-gains-ground-in-burkina-faso/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 8 July 2020, the United States raised concerns after a [[Human Rights Watch]] report revealed mass graves with at least 180 bodies, which were found in northern Burkina Faso where soldiers were fighting jihadists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bf.usembassy.gov/u-s-embassy-ouagadougou-statement-on-human-rights-watch-report-july-8-burkina-faso-allegations-of-extrajudicial-killings/|title= U.S. Embassy Ouagadougou Statement on Human Rights Watch Report (July 8): Burkina Faso Allegations of Extrajudicial Killings |access-date=8 July 2020|website=U.S. Embassy in Burkina Faso|date= 8 July 2020 }}</ref> On 4 June 2021, the Associated Press reported that according to the government of Burkina Faso, gunmen killed at least 100 people in Solhan village in northern Burkina Faso near the Niger border. A local market and several homes were also burned down. A government spokesman blamed jihadists. Heni Nsaibia, senior researcher at the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project said it was the deadliest attack recorded in Burkina Faso since the beginning of the jihadist insurgency.<ref>Portland Press Herald, 5 June 2021</ref>

From 4–5 June 2021, unknown militants [[Solhan and Tadaryat massacres|massacred over 170 people in the villages of Solhan and Tadaryat]]. Jihadists killed 80 people in [[Gorgadji Department|Gorgadji]] on 20 August.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ouagadougou|first=Agence France-Presse in|date=19 August 2021|title=Jihadist attack in Burkina Faso kills 80 people|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/19/killed-burkina-faso-jihadist-attack|access-date=21 December 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221213423/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/19/killed-burkina-faso-jihadist-attack|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 November, the [[Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin]] attacked a gendarmerie in [[Inata, Burkina Faso|Inata]], killing 53 soldiers, the heaviest loss of life by the Burkinabe military during the insurgency, and a major [[morale]] loss in the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/01/28/burkina-fasos-coup-makers-capitalized-wider-grievances-within-ranks/ |title=Burkina Faso's coup makers capitalized on wider grievances within the ranks |date=2022-01-28 |author1=Maggie Dwyer |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |place=Washington, D.C. |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=1330888409}}</ref> In December Islamists killed 41 people in an ambush, including the popular vigilante leader Ladji Yoro. Yoro was a central figure in the [[Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland]] (VDP) a pro-government militia that had taken a leading role in the struggle against Islamists.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burkina Faso mourns 41 killed in 'insurgent' attack|url=https://www.dw.com/en/burkina-faso-mourns-41-killed-in-insurgent-attack/a-60261256|access-date=2 February 2022|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2023, shortly after the murder of a Catholic priest at the hands of insurgents, the bishop of Dori, Laurent Dabiré, claimed in an interview with Catholic charity [[Aid to the Church in Need]] that around 50% of the country was in the hands of Islamists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=Terrorism increases in Burkina Faso |url=https://acninternational.org/terrorism-increases-in-burkina-faso/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}}</ref>

====2022 coups d'état====
{{Main|January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état}}

In a successful coup on 24 January 2022, mutinying soldiers arrested and deposed President [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré]] following gunfire.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ndiaga|first1=Thiam|last2=Mimault|first2=Anne|date=24 January 2022|title=Burkina Faso President Kabore detained at military camp, security sources say|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burkina-faso-president-kabore-detained-military-camp-sources-tell-reuters-2022-01-24/|access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref> The [[Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration]] (MPSR) supported by the military declared itself to be in power,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl.|url=https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2F2022-01%2Fburkina-faso-militaerputsch-machtuebernahme-soldaten-praesident-kabore|access-date=25 January 2022|website=www.zeit.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=24 January 2022|title=Burkina Faso military says it has seized power|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60118993|access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> led by Lieutenant Colonel [[Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 January 2022|title=Burkina Faso coup: New leader Damiba gives first speech|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60164531|access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref> On 31 January, the military junta restored the constitution and appointed Damiba interim president. In the aftermath of the coup, [[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]] and the [[African Union]] suspended Burkina Faso's membership.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ECOWAS suspends Burkina Faso over military coup|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/28/ecowas-suspends-burkina-faso-after-coup|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128173758/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/28/ecowas-suspends-burkina-faso-after-coup|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=28 January 2022|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AU suspends Burkina Faso after coup as envoys head for talks|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/31/africa-union-suspends-burkina-faso-after-coup-as-envoys-head-for-talks|access-date=31 January 2022|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> On 10 February, the Constitutional Council declared Damiba president of Burkina Faso.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=10 February 2022 |title=Burkina Faso: Lt Col Damiba declared president by the Constitutional Council |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/02/10/burkina-faso-lt-col-damiba-declared-president-by-the-constitutional-council/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> He was sworn in as president on 16 February.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=16 February 2022 |title=Burkina Faso's junta sworn in as president |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/02/16/burkina-faso-s-junta-sworn-in-as-president/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> On 1 March 2022, the junta approved a charter allowing a military-led transition of 3 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Burkina Faso approves charter for 3-year transition |url=https://www.dw.com/en/burkina-faso-approves-charter-for-3-year-transition/a-60954556 |date=1 March 2022 |access-date=6 October 2022 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en-GB}}</ref> The charter provides for the transition process to be followed by the holding of elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burkina Faso approves three-year transition before elections |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/1/three-year-transition-before-elections-approved-in-burkina-faso |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré|President Kaboré]], who had been detained since the military junta took power, was released on 6 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2022 |title=Burkina Faso: l'ex-président Roch Marc Christian Kaboré libéré |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20220406-burkina-faso-l-ex-pr%C3%A9sident-roch-marc-christian-kabor%C3%A9-lib%C3%A9r%C3%A9 |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref>

The insurgency continued following the coup, with about 60% of the country under government control.<ref>{{cite web |title=State controls just 60 percent of Burkina Faso: ECOWAS mediator |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/18/state-controls-only-60-percent-of-burkina-faso-mediator |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[Siege of Djibo]] began in February 2022<ref name="Douce">{{Cite web |title=Burkina Faso attempts difficult talks with jihadist groups |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2022/05/06/burkina-faso-launches-difficult-talks-with-jihadist-groups_5982555_124.html |author=Sophie Douce |website=LeMonde |date=6 May 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Sankara">{{Cite web |title=Burkina Faso: les populations de Djibo appellent le MPSR de toute urgence,le récit d'une ville qui souffre le martyr entre les mains des terroristes |url=https://libreinfo.net/djibo-3/ |author=Inoussa Sankara |website=libreinfo.net |language=French |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> and continues as of June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burkina Faso - Escalation of violence and increased fighting (DG ECHO, Burkinabe press release, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 28 June 2023) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/burkina-faso-escalation-violence-and-increased-fighting-dg-echo-burkinabe-press-release-media-echo-daily-flash-28-june-2023 |work=ECHO |date=28 June 2023 |access-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Burkina: at least 34 soldiers and army auxiliaries killed in an attack |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/06/28/burkina-at-least-34-soldiers-and-army-auxiliaries-killed-in-an-attack/ |website=Africanews |date=28 June 2023 |access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Between 100 and 165 people [[2022 Seytenga massacre|were killed]] in [[Seytenga Department]], [[Séno Province]] on 12–13 June and around 16,000 people fled their homes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-13 |title=Armed men kill at least 100 in Burkina Faso border zone - security source |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/least-100-killed-burkina-faso-attack-over-weekend-sources-2022-06-13/ |access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=UNHCR calls for urgent support to assist almost 16,000 newly displaced in Burkina Faso who fled massacre |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2022/6/62ac2d714/unhcr-calls-urgent-support-assist-16000-newly-displaced-burkina-faso-fled.html |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=UNHCR |language=en}}</ref> In June, the Government announced the creation of "military zones", which civilians were required to vacate so that the country's Armed and Security Forces could fight insurgents without any "hindrances".<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-06-22 |title=Burkina Faso to create military zones to fight jihadi rebels |url=https://apnews.com/article/islamic-state-group-ouagadougou-politics-west-africa-bb1e3e3c77cc14fbebde288d2ca207bf |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-25 |title=Burkina Faso gives civilians 14 days to evacuate ahead of military operations |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burkina-faso-gives-civilians-14-days-evacuate-ahead-military-operations-2022-06-24/ |access-date=2022-06-25}}</ref>

On 30 September, Damiba was ousted in a military coup led by Capt. [[Ibrahim Traoré]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2022 |title=Burkina Faso army captain announces overthrow of military government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burkina-faso-army-captain-announces-overthrow-military-government-2022-09-30/ |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ouagadougou |first=Staff and agencies in |date=30 September 2022 |title=Burkina Faso's military leader ousted in second coup this year |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/30/burkina-fasos-military-leader-ousted-in-second-coup-this-year |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> This came eight months after Damiba seized power.  The rationale given by Traore for the coup d'état was the purported inability of Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba to deal with an Islamist insurgency.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wright |first=George |date=30 September 2022 |title=Burkina Faso unrest: Military officers remove leader Damiba |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63098217}}</ref> Damiba resigned and left the country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ndiaga |first1=Thiam |last2=Mimault |first2=Anne |title=Burkina Faso president resigns on condition coup leader guarantees his safety |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burkina-fasos-self-declared-military-leader-says-situation-is-under-control-2022-10-02/ |work=Reuters |date=3 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> On 6 October 2022, Captain Ibrahim Traore was officially appointed as president of Burkina Faso.<ref>{{cite news |title=Traore officially appointed as transitional president of Burkina Faso after coup |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20221006-traore-officially-appointed-as-president-of-burkina-faso-after-coup |work=France 24 |date=6 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> [[Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla]] was appointed interim Prime Minister on 21 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-24 |title=Com Kyélem de Tambèla, Burkina Faso está se voltando para a França? |url=https://lejournaldelafrique.com/pt/com-kyelem-de-tambela-o-burkina-faso-se-volta-para-a-fran%C3%A7a/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Le Journal de l'Afrique |language=pt}}</ref>

On 13 April 2023, authorities in Burkina Faso declared a mobilisation in order to give the nation all means necessary to combat terrorism and create a "legal framework for all the actions to be taken" against the insurgents in recapturing 40 percent of the national territory from Islamist insurgents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Burkina Faso declares a general mobilization in the face of increasing jihadist attacks |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/04/13/burkina-faso-declares-a-general-mobilisation-in-the-face-of-increasing-jihadist-attacks_6022874_4.html |work=Le Monde.fr |date=13 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On 20 April, the Rapid Intervention Brigade committed the [[Karma massacre]], rounding up and executing civilians ''en masse''. Between 60 and 156 civilians were killed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-05-01 |title=Survivors of Karma massacre recount ordeal |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/01/survivors-of-karma-massacre-recount-ordeal/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Au moins 150 civils massacrés dans le nord du Burkina Faso |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/au-moins-150-civils-massacres-dans-le-nord-du-burkina-20230423_LG4TT2XLW5ETZO6OGH3I36JPKM/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Libération |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="HRW">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso: Army Linked to Massacre of 156 Civilians |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/04/burkina-faso-army-linked-massacre-156-civilians |website=Human Rights Watch |date=4 May 2023 |access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso: Killing of Civilians |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2023/04/burkina-faso-killing-civilians |website=OHCHR |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref>

==Government==
{{main|Politics of Burkina Faso}}
[[File:Assemblee Nationale Burkina Faso.jpg|thumb|The [[National Assembly of Burkina Faso|National Assembly]] building in downtown [[Ouagadougou]]]]
The [[Constitution of Burkina Faso|constitution]] of 2 June 1991 established a [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential government]]: its parliament could be dissolved by the [[List of heads of state of Burkina Faso|President of the Republic]], who was to be [[Elections in Burkina Faso|elected]] for a term of seven years. In 2000, the constitution was amended to reduce the presidential term to five years and set term limits to two, preventing successive re-election. The amendment took effect during the 2005 elections.

The parliament consisted of [[unicameralism|one chamber]] known as the [[National Assembly (Burkina Faso)|National Assembly]], which had 111&nbsp;seats with members elected to serve five-year terms. There was also a constitutional chamber, composed of ten members, and an economic and social council whose roles were purely consultative. The 1991 constitution created a [[bicameralism|bicameral]] parliament, but the upper house (Chamber of Representatives) was abolished in 2002.

The Compaoré administration had worked to [[Decentralization#Government decentralization|decentralize power]] by devolving some of its powers to regions and municipal authorities. But the widespread distrust of politicians and lack of political involvement by many residents complicated this process. Critics described this as a hybrid decentralisation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Failure Likely|author=Tiendrebeongo, Aristide|publisher=dandc.eu|date=March 2013|url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/decentralisation-burkina-faso-coming-against-obstacles-because-local-people-are-distrustful}}</ref>

[[Political freedom]]s are severely restricted in Burkina Faso. [[Political freedom|Human rights organizations]] had criticised the Compaoré administration for numerous acts of state-sponsored violence against journalists and other politically active members of society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/talktojazeera/2017/01/africa-human-rights-court-limits-justice-170107092107153.html|title=Africa's human rights court and the limits of justice|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=27 October 2017|archive-date=27 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027232853/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/talktojazeera/2017/01/africa-human-rights-court-limits-justice-170107092107153.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/252867.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/252867.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Burkina Faso 2015 Human Rights Report|access-date=3 June 2018|year=2015|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref>

The prime minister is head of government and is appointed by the president with the approval of the National Assembly. He is responsible for recommending a cabinet for appointment by the president.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/burkina-faso| title=Burkina Faso| date=4 January 2018| access-date=6 January 2019| archive-date=7 January 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107072317/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/burkina-faso}}</ref>

=== Constitution ===
{{Further|Constitution of Burkina Faso}}

In 2015, Kaboré promised to revise the 1991 constitution. The revision was completed in 2018. One condition prevents any individual from serving as president for more than ten years either consecutively or intermittently and provides a method for impeaching a president. A referendum on the constitution for the Fifth Republic was scheduled for 24 March 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apanews.net/en/news/burkina-faso-referendum-new-constitutional-set-for-march-2019|website=Danube Travel|date=28 August 2018|title=Burkina Faso: Referendum on new constitution set for March 2019|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107015849/http://apanews.net/en/news/burkina-faso-referendum-new-constitutional-set-for-march-2019}}</ref>

Certain rights are also enshrined in the revised wording: access to drinking water, access to decent housing and a recognition of the right to civil disobedience, for example. The referendum was required because the opposition parties in Parliament refused to sanction the proposed text.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180827-burkina-faso-le-referendum-constitutionnel-prevu-le-24-mars-2019 | title=Burkina Faso: Le référendum constitutionnel prévu le 24 mars 2019 – Radio France Internationale| date=27 August 2018}}</ref>

Following the [[January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|January 2022 coup d'état]], the military dissolved the parliament, government and constitution.<ref name=":12">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60118993|title=Burkina Faso military says it has seized power|work=BBC News|date=24 January 2022|access-date=24 January 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> On 31 January, the military junta restored the constitution,<ref>{{cite web|title=Burkina Faso restores constitution, names coup leader president|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/31/burkina-faso-restores-constitution-names-coup-leader-president|work=Al Jazeera|date=31 January 2022|access-date=2022-01-31|language=en}}</ref> but it was suspended again following the [[September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|September 2022 coup d'état]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2022 |title=Burkina: des militaires annoncent la dissolution du gouvernement, le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré prend la tête du pays |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20220930-burkina-faso-des-militaires-annoncent-la-dissolution-du-gouvernement-et-la-fermeture-des-fronti%C3%A8res |access-date=30 September 2022 |publisher=Radio France Internationale |language=fr |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001221352/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20220930-burkina-faso-des-militaires-annoncent-la-dissolution-du-gouvernement-et-la-fermeture-des-fronti%C3%A8res |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Foreign relations===
{{Further|Foreign relations of Burkina Faso}}

Burkina Faso is a member of the [[G5 Sahel]], [[Community of Sahel–Saharan States]], [[La Francophonie]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], and United Nations. It is currently suspended from [[ECOWAS]] and the [[African Union]].

===Military===
{{main|Military of Burkina Faso}}

The [[Army of Burkina Faso|army]] consists of some 6,000&nbsp;men in voluntary service, augmented by a part-time national People's Militia composed of civilians between 25 and 35&nbsp;years of age who are trained in both military and civil duties. According to ''Jane's Sentinel Country Risk Assessment'', Burkina Faso's Army is undermanned for its force structure and poorly equipped, but has wheeled light-armour vehicles, and may have developed useful combat expertise through interventions in Liberia and elsewhere in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Coup Underway In Burkina Faso, President Detained By Military|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202201/459323.php|access-date=24 January 2022|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news}}</ref>

In terms of training and equipment, the regular Army is believed to be neglected in relation to the élite Regiment of Presidential Security ({{lang-fr|link=no|Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle}} – RSP). Reports have emerged in recent years of disputes over pay and conditions.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20100827071950/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Sentinel-Security-Assessment-West-Africa/Army-Burkina-Faso.html Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment – West Africa]'', 15 April 2009</ref> There is an air force with some 19&nbsp;operational aircraft, but no navy, as the country is landlocked. Military expenses constitute approximately 1.2% of the nation's GDP.

===Law enforcement===
{{main|Law enforcement in Burkina Faso}}
Burkina Faso employs numerous police and security forces, generally modeled after organizations used by [[French police]]. France continues to provide significant support and training to police forces. The ''Gendarmerie Nationale'' is organized along military lines, with most police services delivered at the brigade level. The [[Gendarmerie]] operates under the authority of the Minister of Defence, and its members are employed chiefly in the rural areas and along borders.<ref name="Das, pp.&nbsp;139–141">Das, Dilip K. and Palmiotto, Michael J. (2005) ''World Police Encyclopedia'', Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-94250-0}}. pp.&nbsp;139–141</ref>

There is a municipal police force controlled by the [[Ministry of Territorial Administration]]; a national police force controlled by the Ministry of Security; and an autonomous [[Regiment of Presidential Security]] (''Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle'', or RSP), a 'palace guard' devoted to the protection of the President of the Republic. Both the gendarmerie and the national police are subdivided into both administrative and judicial police functions; the former are detailed to protect public order and provide security, the latter are charged with criminal investigations.<ref name="Das, pp.&nbsp;139–141"/>

All foreigners and citizens are required to carry photo ID passports, or other forms of identification or risk a fine, and police spot identity checks are commonplace for persons traveling by auto, [[Share taxi|bush-taxi]], or bus.<ref>U.S. Dept. of State, [https://web.archive.org/web/20131114034455/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1075.html Burkina Faso: Country Specific Information]</ref><ref>Foreign and Commonwealth Office,{{cite web|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/burkina-faso|title=Sub-Saharan Africa: Burkina Faso|access-date=13 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827125629/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/burkina-faso|archive-date=27 August 2009 }} . Government of the United Kingdom</ref>

===Administrative divisions===
{{main|Regions of Burkina Faso|Provinces of Burkina Faso|Departments of Burkina Faso}}
The country is divided into [[Regions of Burkina Faso|13&nbsp;administrative regions]]. These regions encompass [[Provinces of Burkina Faso|45&nbsp;provinces]] and [[Departments of Burkina Faso|301&nbsp;departments]]. Each region is administered by a governor.

==Geography==
[[File:Burkina sat.png|thumb|Satellite image of Burkina Faso]]
{{main|Geography of Burkina Faso}}

[[File:Burkina Faso Map.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|Map of Burkina Faso]]
Burkina Faso lies mostly between latitudes [[9th parallel north|9°]] and [[15th parallel north|15°&nbsp;N]] (a small area is north of 15°), and longitudes [[6th meridian west|6°&nbsp;W]] and [[3rd meridian east|3°&nbsp;E]].

It is made up of two major types of countryside. The larger part of the country is covered by a [[peneplain]], which forms a gently undulating landscape with, in some areas, a few isolated hills, the last vestiges of a [[Precambrian]] [[massif]]. The southwest of the country, on the other hand, forms a [[sandstone]] massif, where the highest peak, [[Ténakourou]], is found at an elevation of {{convert|749|m|ft|0|sp=us}}. The massif is bordered by sheer cliffs up to {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=on|sp=us}} high. The average altitude of Burkina Faso is {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|sp=us}} and the difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than {{convert|600|m|ft|0|abbr=on|sp=us}}. Burkina Faso is therefore a relatively flat country.

The country owes its former name of Upper Volta to three rivers which cross it: the [[Black Volta]] (or ''Mouhoun''), the [[White Volta]] (''Nakambé'') and the [[Red Volta]] (''Nazinon''). The Black Volta is one of the country's only two rivers which flow year-round, the other being the [[Komoé River|Komoé]], which flows to the southwest. The basin of the [[Niger River]] also [[drainage basin|drains]] 27% of the country's surface.

The Niger's [[tributary|tributaries]] – the Béli, Gorouol, Goudébo, and Dargol – are [[Torrent (stream)|seasonal streams]] and flow for only four to six months a year. They still can flood and overflow, however. The country also contains numerous lakes – the principal ones are Tingrela, [[Lake Bam|Bam]], and Dem. The country contains large ponds, as well, such as Oursi, Béli, Yomboli, and Markoye. [[Drought|Water shortages]] are often a problem, especially in the north of the country.
[[File:WP 35, SDr9776.JPG|right|thumb|[[Savanna]]h near the [[Gbomblora Department]], on the road from [[Gaoua]] to [[Batié, Burkina Faso|Batié]]]]

Burkina Faso lies within two terrestrial ecoregions: [[Sahelian Acacia savanna]] and [[West Sudanian savanna]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Climate===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map BFA present.svg|thumb|Map of [[Köppen climate classification]]]]

Burkina Faso has a primarily tropical climate with two very distinct seasons. In the rainy season, the country receives between {{convert|600|and|900|mm|in|1|abbr=on|sp=us}} of rainfall; in the dry season, the [[harmattan]] – a hot dry wind from the Sahara – blows. The rainy season lasts approximately four months, May/June to September, and is shorter in the north of the country. Three climatic zones can be defined: the Sahel, the Sudan-Sahel, and the Sudan-Guinea. The [[Sahel]] in the north typically receives less than {{convert|600|mm|in|1|abbr=on|sp=us}}<ref name=relationship>{{cite web|url=http://www.sim.org/country.asp?fun=1&CID=18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309142111/http://www.sim.org/country.asp?CID=18&fun=1|archive-date=9 March 2008|title=SIM Country Profile: Burkina Faso|access-date=5 August 2006}}</ref> of rainfall per&nbsp;year and has high temperatures, {{convert|5|–|47|°C|°F|0|lk=on}}.

A relatively dry [[tropical savanna]], the Sahel extends beyond the borders of Burkina Faso, from the [[Horn of Africa]] to the Atlantic Ocean, and borders the [[Sahara]] to its north and the fertile region of the [[Sudan (region)|Sudan]] to the south. Situated between 11° 3′ and 13° 5′ north [[latitude]], the Sudan-Sahel region is a transitional zone with regards to rainfall and temperature. Further to the south, the Sudan-Guinea zone receives more than {{convert|900|mm|in|1|abbr=on|sp=us}}<ref name=relationship/> of rain each year and has cooler average temperatures.

[[File:Wreckage of a dam (Dourtenga, 2008).jpg|thumb|Damage caused by the Dourtenga floods in 2007]]

Geographic and environmental causes can also play a significant role in contributing to Burkina Faso's food insecurity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Agroclimatic Shock, Income Inequality, and Poverty: Evidence from Burkina Faso|last = Reardon|first = Thomas|year = 1996|journal = World Development|doi = 10.1016/0305-750x(96)00009-5|volume=24|issue = 5|pages=901–914}}</ref> As the country is situated in the [[Sahel]] region, Burkina Faso experiences some of the most radical climatic variation in the world, ranging from severe flooding to extreme drought.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Cultural barriers to climate change adaptation: A case study from Northern Burkina Faso|last = Ostergaard Nielsen|first = Jonas|date = February 2010|journal = Global Environmental Change|doi = 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.10.002|volume=20|pages=142–152}}</ref> The unpredictable climatic shock that Burkina Faso citizens often face results in strong difficulties in being able to rely on and accumulate wealth through agricultural means.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Human Vulnerability to Climate Variability in the Sahel: Farmers' Adaptation Strategies in Northern Burkina Faso|author = Barbier|year = 2009|journal = Environmental Management|doi = 10.1007/s00267-008-9237-9|pmid = 19037691|display-authors=etal|volume=43|issue = 5|pages=790–803|bibcode = 2009EnMan..43..790B|s2cid = 9634833}}</ref>

Burkina Faso's climate also renders its crops vulnerable to insect attacks, including attacks from [[locust]]s and [[Cricket (insect)|crickets]], which destroy crops and further inhibit food production.<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Groten|first1 = S. M. E.|year = 1993|title = NDVI—crop monitoring and early yield assessment of Burkina Faso|journal = International Journal of Remote Sensing|volume = 14|issue = 8|pages = 1495–1515|doi=10.1080/01431169308953983|bibcode = 1993IJRS...14.1495G }}</ref> Not only is most of the population of Burkina Faso dependent on agriculture as a source of income, but they also rely on the agricultural sector for food that will directly feed the household.<ref name="Coping"/> Due to the vulnerability of agriculture, more and more families are having to look for other sources of non-farm income,<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The costs and risks of coping with drought: livelihood impacts and farmers' responses in Burkina Faso |author=Carla Roncoli |author2=Keith Ingram |author3=Paul Kirshen|year = 2001|journal = Climate Research|doi = 10.3354/cr019119 |doi-access=free |volume = 19|pages = 119–132|bibcode = 2001ClRes..19..119R}}</ref> and often have to travel outside of their regional zone to find work.<ref name="Coping">{{Cite journal|title = Coping with household-level food insecurity in drought-affected areas of Burkina Faso|issue = 9|pages = 1065–1074|journal = World Development|volume = 16|doi = 10.1016/0305-750X(88)90109-X|date = September 1988|last1 = Reardon|first1 = Thomas|last2 = Matlon|first2 = Peter|last3 = Delgado|first3 = Christopher|url = http://oar.icrisat.org/7395/1/WorldDev_16_9_1065-1074_1988.pdf}}</ref>

=== Natural resources ===
[[Natural resources of Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso's natural resources]] include gold, [[manganese]], [[limestone]], [[marble]], [[phosphate]]s, [[pumice]], and [[Salt mining|salt]].

===Wildlife===
{{Further|Wildlife of Burkina Faso}}

Burkina Faso has a larger number of [[elephant]]s than many countries in West Africa. Lions, leopards and buffalo can also be found here, including the dwarf or red buffalo, a smaller reddish-brown animal which looks like a fierce kind of short-legged cow. Other large predators live in Burkina Faso, such as the cheetah, the caracal or African lynx, the spotted hyena and the African wild dog, one of the continent's most endangered species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.our-africa.org/burkina-faso/geography-wildlife?ref=nf |title=Geography & Wildlife |work=www.our-africa.org |access-date=15 October 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903210757/http://www.our-africa.org/burkina-faso/geography-wildlife?ref=nf }}. our-africa.org</ref>

Burkina Faso's [[Wildlife in Burkina Faso|fauna and flora]] are protected in four national parks:
* The [[W National Park]] in the east which passes Burkina Faso, Benin, and Niger
* The Arly Wildlife Reserve ([[Arly National Park]] in the east)
* The Léraba-Comoé Classified Forest and Partial Reserve of Wildlife in the west
* The [[Mare aux Hippopotames]] in the west

and several reserves: see [[List of national parks in Africa]] and [[Nature reserves of Burkina Faso]].

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Burkina Faso}}
[[File:Burkina Faso Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Burkina Faso exports, 2019]]
[[File:GDP per capita development of Burkina Faso.svg|thumb|GDP per capita in Burkina Faso, since 1950]]
The value of Burkina Faso's exports fell from $2.77&nbsp;billion in 2011 to $754&nbsp;million in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atlas.media.mit.edu/explore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029104824/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/explore|archive-date=29 October 2012|title=OEC: Products exported by Bulgaria (2012)|work=The Observatory of Economic Complexity|access-date=30 October 2014 }}</ref> Agriculture represents 32% of its gross domestic product and occupies 80% of the working population. It consists mostly of rearing livestock. Especially in the south and southwest, the people grow crops of [[sorghum]], [[pearl millet]], maize (corn), peanuts, rice and cotton, with surpluses to be sold. A large part of the economic activity of the country is funded by international aid, despite having gold ores in abundance.

The top five export commodities in 2017 were, in order of importance: gems and precious metals, US$1.9&nbsp;billion (78.5% of total exports), cotton, $198.7&nbsp;million (8.3%), ores, slag, ash, $137.6&nbsp;million (5.8%), fruits, nuts: $76.6&nbsp;million (3.2%) and oil seeds: $59.5&nbsp;million (2.5%).<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/burkina-fasos-top-10-exports/ | title=Burkina Faso's Top 10 Exports| date=17 January 2019}}</ref>

A December 2018 report from the World Bank indicates that in 2017, economic growth increased to 6.4% in 2017 (vs. 5.9% in 2016) primarily due to gold production and increased investment in infrastructure. The increase in consumption linked to growth of the wage bill also supported economic growth. Inflation remained low, 0.4% that year but the public deficit grew to 7.7% of GDP (vs. 3.5% in 2016). The government was continuing to get financial aid and loans to finance the debt. To finance the public deficit, the Government combined concessional aid and borrowing on the regional market. The World Bank said that the economic outlook remained favorable in the short and medium term, although that could be negatively impacted. Risks included high oil prices (imports), lower prices of gold and cotton (exports) as well as terrorist threat and labour strikes.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/burkinafaso/overview|website=Danube Travel|date=26 November 2017|title=Burkina Faso |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref>

Burkina Faso is part of the [[West African Monetary and Economic Union]] (UMEOA) and has adopted the [[West African CFA franc|CFA franc]]. This is issued by the [[Central Bank of the West African States]] (BCEAO), situated in [[Dakar]], Senegal. The BCEAO manages the monetary and reserve policy of the member states, and provides regulation and oversight of financial sector and banking activity. A legal framework regarding licensing, bank activities, organizational and capital requirements, inspections and sanctions (all applicable to all countries of the Union) is in place, having been reformed significantly in 1999. [[Microfinance]] institutions are governed by a separate law, which regulates microfinance activities in all WAEMU countries. The insurance sector is regulated through the Inter-African Conference on Insurance Markets (CIMA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfw4a.org/burkina-faso/burkina-faso-financial-sector-profile.html|title=Burkina Faso Financial Sector Profile|access-date=11 June 2015|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210114640/https://www.mfw4a.org/burkina-faso/burkina-faso-financial-sector-profile.html|archive-date=10 December 2014 }}, MFW4A</ref>

[[File:Essakane Mill in Burkina Faso.jpg|thumb|Processing facilities at the Essakane Mine in Burkina Faso]]

In 2018, tourism was almost non-existent in large parts of the country. The U.S. government (and others) warn their citizens not to travel into large parts of Burkina Faso: "The northern Sahel border region shared with Mali and Niger due to crime and terrorism. The provinces of Kmoandjari, Tapoa, Kompienga, and Gourma in East Region due to crime and terrorism".<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/burkina-faso-travel-advisory.html|title=Burkina Faso Travel Advisory|date=11 October 2016|website=Government of USA|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref>

The 2018 CIA World Factbook provides this updated summary. "Burkina Faso is a poor, landlocked country that depends on adequate rainfall. Irregular patterns of rainfall, poor soil, and the lack of adequate communications and other infrastructure contribute to the economy's vulnerability to external shocks. About 80% of the population is engaged in subsistence farming and cotton is the main cash crop. The country has few natural resources and a weak industrial base. Cotton and gold are Burkina Faso's key exports ...The country has seen an upswing in gold exploration, production, and exports.

While the end of the political crisis has allowed Burkina Faso's economy to resume positive growth, the country's fragile security situation could put these gains at risk. Political insecurity in neighboring Mali, unreliable energy supplies, and poor transportation links pose long-term challenges." The report also highlights the 2018–2020 International Monetary Fund program, including the government's plan to "reduce the budget deficit and preserve critical spending on social services and priority public investments".<ref name="auto1"/>

A 2018 report by the African Development Bank Group discussed a macroeconomic evolution: "higher investment and continued spending on social services and security that will add to the budget deficit". This group's prediction for 2018 indicated that the budget deficit would be reduced to 4.8% of GDP in 2018 and to 2.9% in 2019. Public debt associated with the National Economic and Social Development Plan was estimated at 36.9% of GDP in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/west-africa/burkina-faso/burkina-faso-economic-outlook/ | title=Burkina Faso Economic Outlook| date=27 March 2019}}</ref>

Burkina Faso is a member of the [[Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa]] (OHADA).<ref>{{cite web|title=OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa|url=http://www.ohada.com/index.php|access-date=22 March 2009}}</ref> The country also belongs to the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2834.htm | title=Burkina Faso |work=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref>

=== Mining ===
{{main|Mining in Burkina Faso}}
There is mining of [[copper]], [[iron]], [[manganese]], [[gold]], [[cassiterite]] (tin ore), and phosphates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inadev.org/profile_-_burkina_faso.htm |title=Profile – Burkina Faso |work=www.inadev.org |access-date=7 May 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426083538/http://www.inadev.org/profile_-_burkina_faso.htm }}. Inadev.org. Retrieved 5 April 2014.</ref> These operations provide employment and generate international aid. Gold production increased 32% in 2011 at six gold mine sites, making Burkina Faso the fourth-largest gold producer in Africa, after South Africa, Mali and Ghana.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/iamgolds-growing-investment-in-burkina-faso/article4103071/|location=Toronto|work=The Globe and Mail|title=Iamgold's growing investment in Burkina Faso|last=York |first= Jeoffrey|date=15 April 2012}}</ref>

A 2018 report indicated that the country expected record 55 tonnes of gold in that year, a two-thirds increase over 2013. According to Oumarou Idani, there is a more important issue. "We have to diversify production. We mostly only produce gold, but we have huge potential in manganese, zinc, lead, copper, nickel and limestone".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/business-and-economy/2018-02-17-shiny-future-for-burkina-fasos-gold-mining-industry/ | title=Shiny future for Burkina Faso's gold-mining industry |work= www.businesslive.co.za}}</ref>

==Food insecurity <span class="anchor" id="Food insecurity in Burkina Faso"></span>==
According to the [[Global Hunger Index]], a multidimensional tool used to measure and track a country's hunger levels,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Global Hunger Index {{!}} IFPRI|url = http://www.ifpri.org/topic/global-hunger-index|website = ifpri.org|access-date = 20 November 2015}}</ref> Burkina Faso ranked 65 out of 78&nbsp;countries in 2013.<ref name="Know About Hunger">{{Cite web|title = UN World Food Program|url = https://www.wfp.org/stories/10-things-know-about-hunger-burkina-faso|website = wfp.org|access-date = 19 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151012201025/http://www.wfp.org/stories/10-things-know-about-hunger-burkina-faso|archive-date = 12 October 2015}}</ref> It is estimated that there are currently over 1.5&nbsp;million children who are at risk of food insecurity in Burkina Faso, with around 350,000&nbsp;children who are in need of emergency medical assistance.<ref name="Know About Hunger"/> However, only about a third of these children will actually receive adequate medical attention.<ref name="Cost of Hunger">{{Cite web|url = http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/newsroom/wfp275851.pdf|title = The Cost of Hunger in Africa: Burkina Faso 2015|publisher = African Union Commission}}</ref> Only 11.4&nbsp;percent of children under the age of two receive the daily recommended number of meals.<ref name="Know About Hunger"/> Stunted growth as a result of food insecurity is a severe problem in Burkina Faso, affecting at least a third of the population from 2008 to 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Statistics|url = http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/burkinafaso_statistics.html|website = UNICEF|access-date = 19 October 2015|archive-date = 21 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151121150726/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/burkinafaso_statistics.html}}</ref> Additionally, stunted children, on average, tend to complete less school than children with normal growth development,<ref name="Cost of Hunger"/> further contributing to the low levels of education of the Burkina Faso population.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2014/education-in-burkina-faso.aspx|title = Education of Marginalized Populations in Burkina Faso|access-date = 20 November 2015|archive-date = 21 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151121081936/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2014/education-in-burkina-faso.aspx}}</ref>

The [[European Commission]] expects that approximately 500,000&nbsp;children under age&nbsp;5 in Burkina Faso will suffer from acute malnutrition in 2015, including around 149,000 who will suffer from its most life-threatening form.<ref name="ECHO Factsheet">{{Cite web|url =http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/burkina_faso_en.pdf|title = ECHO Factsheet – Burkina Faso|date =3 October 2013|publisher = European Commission}}</ref> Rates of micronutrient deficiencies are also high.<ref name="DHS Program"/> According to the [[Demographic and Health Surveys|Demographic and Health Survey]] (DHS&nbsp;2010), 49&nbsp;percent of women and 88&nbsp;percent of children under the age of five suffer from anemia.<ref name="DHS Program">{{Cite journal|title = The DHS Program – Burkina Faso: DHS, 2010 – Final Report (French)|url = http://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-FR256-DHS-Final-Reports.cfm|website = dhsprogram.com|access-date = 19 October 2015|date = April 2012}}</ref> Forty percent of infant deaths can be attributed to [[malnutrition]], and in turn, these infant mortality rates have decreased Burkina Faso's total work force by 13.6&nbsp;percent, demonstrating how food security affects more aspects of life beyond health.<ref name="Know About Hunger"/>

These high rates of food insecurity and the accompanying effects are even more prevalent in rural populations compared to urban ones, as access to health services in rural areas is much more limited and awareness and education of children's nutritional needs is lower.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Gains and losses as Burkina Faso fights child hunger|url = http://www.irinnews.org/report/99767/gains-and-losses-as-burkina-faso-fights-child-hunger|agency = IRIN|access-date = 19 October 2015|date = 11 March 2014}}</ref>

An October 2018 report by [[USAid]] stated that droughts and floods remained problematic, and that "violence and insecurity are disrupting markets, trade and livelihoods activities in some of Burkina Faso's northern and eastern areas". The report estimated that over 954,300 people needed food security support, and that, according to [[UNICEF]], an "estimated 187,200 children under 5 years of age will experience severe acute malnutrition". Agencies providing assistance at the time included USAID's Office of Food for Peace (FFP) working with the UN [[World Food Programme]], the NGO [[Oxfam Intermón]] and [[ACDI/VOCA]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.usaid.gov/burkina-faso/food-assistance| title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Burkina Faso &#124; U.S. Agency for International Development| date=19 October 2018| access-date=6 January 2019| archive-date=7 January 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107072124/https://www.usaid.gov/burkina-faso/food-assistance| url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Approaches to improving food security===

====World Food Programme====
The United Nations' [[World Food Programme]] has worked on programs that are geared towards increasing food security in Burkina Faso.
The Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation&nbsp;200509 (PRRO) was formed to respond to the high levels of malnutrition in Burkina Faso, following the food and nutrition crisis in 2012.<ref name="World Food Programme">{{Cite web|title = Burkina Faso {{!}} WFP {{!}} United Nations World Food Programme – Fighting Hunger Worldwide|url = https://www.wfp.org/countries/burkina-faso/overview|website = wfp.org|access-date = 19 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150910072256/http://www.wfp.org/countries/burkina-faso/overview|archive-date = 10 September 2015}}</ref> The efforts of this project are mostly geared towards the treatment and prevention of malnutrition and include take home rations for the caretakers of those children who are being treated for malnutrition.<ref name="World Food Programme"/> Additionally, the activities of this operation contribute to families' abilities to withstand future food crises. Better nutrition among the two most vulnerable groups, young children and pregnant women, prepares them to be able to respond better in times when food security is compromised, such as in droughts.<ref name="World Food Programme"/>

The Country Programme (CP) has two parts: food and nutritional assistance to people with HIV/AIDS, and a school feeding program for all primary schools in the Sahel region.<ref name="Brief">{{Cite web|url = http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ep/wfp272247.pdf|title = Burkina Faso Brief|publisher = World Food Programme}}</ref> The HIV/AIDS nutrition program aims to better the nutritional recovery of those who are living with HIV/AIDS and to protect at-risk children and orphans from malnutrition and food security.<ref name="Brief"/> As part of the school feeding component, the Country Programme's goals are to increase enrollment and attendance in schools in the Sahel region, where enrollment rates are below the national average.<ref name="World Food Programme"/> Furthermore, the program aims at improving gender parity rates in these schools, by providing girls with high attendance in the last two years of primary school with take-home rations of cereals as an incentive to households, encouraging them to send their girls to school.<ref name="World Food Programme"/>

The WFP concluded the formation of a subsequently approved plan in August 2018 "to support the Government's vision of 'a democratic, unified and united nation, transforming the structure of its economy and achieving a strong and inclusive growth through patterns of sustainable consumption and production.' It will take important steps in WFP's new strategic direction for strengthened national and local capacities to enable the Government and communities to own, manage, and implement food and nutrition security programmes by 2030".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www1.wfp.org/operations/bf01-burkina-faso-transitional-icsp-january-december-2018 | title=Burkina Faso Transitional ICSP (January – December 2018) &#124; World Food Programme |work=www1.wfp.org}}</ref>

====World Bank====
The [[World Bank Group|World Bank]] was established in 1944, and comprises five institutions whose shared goals are to end extreme poverty by 2030 and to promote shared prosperity by fostering income growth of the lower forty percent of every country.<ref>{{Cite web|title = What We Do |url = http://www.worldbank.org/en/about/what-we-do |publisher = World Bank |access-date = 2 November 2015}}</ref> One of the main projects the World Bank is working on to reduce food insecurity in Burkina Faso is the Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project.<ref name="AgProdFSP">{{Cite web |title = Projects: Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project {{!}} The World Bank |url = http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P114236/agricultural-productivity-food-security-project?lang=en |publisher = World Bank |access-date = 2 November 2015}}</ref> According to the World Bank, the objective of this project is to "improve the capacity of poor producers to increase food production and to ensure improved availability of food products in rural markets."<ref name="AgProdFSP"/> The Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project has three main parts. Its first component is to work towards the improvement of food production, including financing grants and providing 'voucher for work' programs for households who cannot pay their contribution in cash.<ref name="AgProdFSP"/> The project's next component involves improving the ability of food products, particularly in rural areas.<ref name="AgProdFSP"/> This includes supporting the marketing of food products, and aims to strengthen the capabilities of stakeholders to control the variability of food products and supplies at local and national levels.<ref name="AgProdFSP"/> Lastly, the third component of this project focuses on institutional development and capacity building. Its goal is to reinforce the capacities of service providers and institutions who are specifically involved in project implementation.<ref name="AgProdFSP"/> The project's activities aim to build capacities of service providers, strengthen the capacity of food producer organizations, strengthen agricultural input supply delivery methods, and manage and evaluate project activities.<ref name="AgProdFSP"/>

The December 2018 report by the World Bank indicated that the poverty rate fell slightly between 2009 and 2014, from 46% to a still high 40.1%. The report provided this updated summary of the country's development challenges: "Burkina Faso remains vulnerable to climatic shocks related to changes in rainfall patterns and to fluctuations in the prices of its export commodities on world markets. Its economic and social development will, to some extent, be contingent on political stability in the country and the subregion, its openness to international trade, and export diversification".<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/burkinafaso/overview | title=Overview |work=www.worldbank.org}}</ref>

==Infrastructure and services==
=== Water ===
[[File:Grand marché de Koudougou.jpg|thumb|The ''Grand marché'' in [[Koudougou]], Burkina Faso]]
While [[Tertiary sector of the economy|services]] remain underdeveloped, the National Office for Water and Sanitation (ONEA), a [[state-owned]] [[utility company]] run along commercial lines, is emerging as one of the best-performing utility companies in Africa.<ref name=ODI1>Peter Newborne 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120526073427/http://www.odi.org.uk/work/regions-countries/details.asp?id=222&title=burkina-faso ''Pipes and People: Progress in Water Supply in Burkina Faso's Cities''], London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> High levels of autonomy and a skilled and dedicated management have driven ONEA's ability to improve production of and access to clean water.<ref name=ODI1/>

Since 2000, nearly 2&nbsp;million more people have access to water in the four principal urban centres in the country; the company has kept the quality of [[Water infrastructure|infrastructure]] high (less than 18% of the water is lost through leaks – one of the lowest in [[sub-Saharan Africa]]), improved financial reporting, and increased its annual revenue by an average of 12% (well above inflation).<ref name=ODI1/> Challenges remain, including difficulties among some customers in paying for services, with the need to rely on international aid to expand its infrastructure.<ref name=ODI1/> The state-owned, commercially run venture has helped the nation reach its [[Millennium Development Goal]] (MDG) targets in water-related areas, and has grown as a viable company.<ref name=ODI1/>

However, access to drinking water has improved over the last 28 years. According to UNICEF, access to drinking water has increased from 39 to 76% in rural areas between 1990 and 2015. In this same time span, access to drinking water increased from 75 to 97% in urban areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/bfa/english/bfa_wsh_programme-overview2016.pdf|website=UNICEF|access-date=1 May 2018|title=Burkina Faso: Programme Overview: Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH)|archive-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503041104/https://www.unicef.org/bfa/english/bfa_wsh_programme-overview2016.pdf}}</ref>

=== Electricity ===
A 33-megawatt solar power plant in Zagtouli, near Ouagadougou, came online in late November 2017. At the time of its construction, it was the largest solar power facility in West Africa.<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Burkina Faso launches Sahel region's largest solar power plant|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/development-policy/news/burkina-faso-launches-sahel-regions-largest-solar-power-plant/|work=EURACTIV|date=27 November 2017|access-date=6 March 2018 }}</ref>

=== Other ===
The growth rate in Burkina Faso is high although it continues to be plagued by corruption and incursions from terrorist groups from Mali and Niger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worlddiplomacy.org/Countries/BurkinaFaso/InfoBur.html|title=Burkina Faso|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140324/http://www.worlddiplomacy.org/Countries/BurkinaFaso/InfoBur.html|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

===Transport===
[[File:Sudanese Style Railway Station Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso.jpg|thumb|The railway station in [[Bobo Dioulasso]] was built during the colonial era and remains in operation.]]
{{main|Transport in Burkina Faso}}
Transport in Burkina Faso is limited by relatively underdeveloped infrastructure.

As of June 2014 the main international airport, [[Ouagadougou Airport]], had regularly scheduled flights to many destinations in West Africa as well as Paris, [[Brussels]] and [[Istanbul]]. The other international airport, [[Bobo Dioulasso Airport]], has flights to Ouagadougou and [[Port Bouet Airport|Abidjan]].

[[Rail transport in Burkina Faso]] consists of a single line which runs from [[Kaya, Burkina Faso|Kaya]] to [[Abidjan]] in Ivory Coast via [[Ouagadougou]], [[Koudougou]], Bobo Dioulasso and [[Banfora]]. ''Sitarail'' operates a passenger train three times a week along the route.<ref>European Rail Timetable, Summer&nbsp;2014 Edition</ref>

There are 15,000&nbsp;kilometres of roads in Burkina Faso, of which 2,500&nbsp;kilometres are paved.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burkina Faso Road Network|url=https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.3+Burkina+Faso+Road+Network|website=Logistics Capacity Assessments (LCAs)|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805203137/https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.3+Burkina+Faso+Road+Network|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Science and technology==
{{Main|Science and technology in Burkina Faso}}

In 2009, Burkina Faso spent 0.20% of GDP on research and development (R&D), one of the lowest ratios in West Africa. There were 48 researchers (in full-time equivalents) per million inhabitants in 2010, which is more than twice the average for sub-Saharan Africa (20 per million population in 2013) and higher than the ratio for [[Ghana]] and [[Nigeria]] (39). It is, however, much lower than the ratio for [[Senegal]] (361 per million inhabitants). In Burkina Faso in 2010, 46% of researchers were working in the health sector, 16% in engineering, 13% in natural sciences, 9% in agricultural sciences, 7% in the humanities and 4% in social sciences.<ref name="UNESCO Science Report">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|pages=472–497}}</ref> Burkina Faso was ranked 124th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-30 |date=30 October 2023 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |last3=Wunsch-Vincent |first3=Sacha |last4=León |first4=Lorena Rivera |last5=World Intellectual Property Organization }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930}}</ref>

In January 2011, the government created the Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation. Up until then, management of science, technology and innovation had fallen under the Department of Secondary and Higher Education and Scientific Research. Within this ministry, the Directorate General for Research and Sector Statistics is responsible for planning. A separate body, the Directorate General of Scientific Research, Technology and Innovation, co-ordinates research. This is a departure from the pattern in many other West African countries where a single body fulfils both functions. The move signals the government's intention to make science and technology a development priority.<ref name="UNESCO Science Report" />

In 2012, Burkina Faso adopted a ''National Policy for Scientific and Technical Research'', the strategic objectives of which are to develop R&D and the application and commercialization of research results. The policy also makes provisions for strengthening the ministry's strategic and operational capacities. One of the key priorities is to improve food security and self-sufficiency by boosting capacity in agricultural and environmental sciences. The creation of a centre of excellence in 2014 at the International Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering in Ouagadougou within the World Bank project provides essential funding for capacity-building in these priority areas.<ref name="UNESCO Science Report" />

A dual priority is to promote innovative, effective and accessible health systems. The government wishes to develop, in parallel, applied sciences and technology and social and human sciences. To complement the national research policy, the government has prepared a ''National Strategy to Popularize Technologies, Inventions and Innovations'' (2012) and a ''National Innovation Strategy'' (2014). Other policies also incorporate science and technology, such as that on ''Secondary and Higher Education and Scientific Research'' (2010), the ''National Policy on Food and Nutrition Security'' (2014) and the ''National Programme for the Rural Sector'' (2011).<ref name="UNESCO Science Report" />

In 2013, Burkina Faso passed the Science, Technology and Innovation Act establishing three mechanisms for financing research and innovation, a clear indication of high-level commitment. These mechanisms are the National Fund for Education and Research, the National Fund for Research and Innovation for Development and the Forum of Scientific Research and Technological Innovation.<ref name="UNESCO Science Report" />

==Demographics==
[[File:Ouagadougou (3839513403).jpg|thumb|upright|A Burkinabè [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] man in [[Ouagadougou]]]]
{{main|Demographics of Burkina Faso}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}}
|-
! style="background:#cfb;"|Year
! style="background:#cfb;"|Million
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1950||style="text-align:right;"|4.3
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2000||style="text-align:right;"|11.6
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Burkina Faso}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}}
|}
Burkina Faso is an ethnically integrated, secular state where most people are concentrated in the south and centre, where their density sometimes exceeds {{convert|48|PD/km2}}. Hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè migrate regularly to Ivory Coast and Ghana, mainly for seasonal agricultural work. These flows of workers are affected by external events; the September 2002 coup attempt in Ivory Coast and the ensuing fighting meant that hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè returned to Burkina Faso. The regional economy suffered when they were unable to work.<ref name=bn/>

In 2015, most of the population belonged to "one of two West African ethnic cultural groups: the Voltaic and the Mandé. Voltaic Mossi make up about 50% of the population and are descended from warriors who moved to the area from Ghana around 1100, establishing an empire that lasted over 800 years".<ref name="worldpopulationreview.com"/>

The [[total fertility rate]] of Burkina Faso is 5.93&nbsp;children born per woman (2014 estimates), the sixth highest in the world.<ref name=cia/>

In 2009 the [[U.S. Department of State]]'s ''Trafficking in Persons Report'' reported that [[Slavery in modern Africa|slavery]] in Burkina Faso continued to exist and that Burkinabè children were often the victims.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/BurkinaFaso-2.htm |title=Country Narrative – Burkina Faso |website=gvnet.com}}</ref> Slavery in the [[Sahel]] states in general, is an entrenched institution with a long history that dates back to the [[trans-Saharan slave trade]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7693397.stm "West Africa slavery still widespread]". BBC News. 27 October 2008.</ref> In 2018, an estimated 82,000 people in the country were living under "modern slavery" according to the Global Slavery Index.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/data/country-data/burkina-faso/ | title=Country Data |website=www.globalslaveryindex.org}}</ref>
{{Largest cities
| country      = Burkina Faso
| stat_ref     = According to the 2006 Census<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/burkinafaso/cities/|title=Burkina Faso: Regions, Cities & Urban Localities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>
| list_by_pop  =
| div_name     = Region
| div_link     =

| city_1 = Ouagadougou
| div_1 = Centre Region (Burkina Faso){{!}}Centre
| pop_1 = 1,475,223
| img_1 = LAICO QUAGA 2000 HOTEL.2 - panoramio.jpg

| city_2 = Bobo-Dioulasso
| div_2 = Hauts-Bassins
| pop_2 = 489,967
| img_2 = Bobo-Dioulasso Mosque.jpg

| city_3 = Koudougou
| div_3 = Centre-Ouest
| pop_3 = 88,184
| img_3 = Marché de koudougou.jpg

| city_4 = Banfora
| div_4 = Cascades Region{{!}}Cascades
| pop_4 = 75,917
| img_4 = Maarten van der Bent Banfora.jpg

| city_5 = Ouahigouya
| div_5 = Nord Region (Burkina Faso){{!}}Nord
| pop_5 = 73,153

| city_6 = Pouytenga
| div_6 = Centre-Est
| pop_6 = 60,618

| city_7 = Kaya, Burkina Faso{{!}}Kaya
| div_7 = Centre-Nord
| pop_7 = 54,365

| city_8 = Tenkodogo
| div_8 = Centre-Est Region{{!}}Centre-Est
| pop_8 = 44,491

| city_9 = Fada N'gourma
| div_9 = Est Region (Burkina Faso){{!}}Est
| pop_9 = 41,785

| city_10 = Houndé
| div_10 = Hauts-Bassins
| pop_10 = 39,458

}}

===Ethnic groups===
{{Main|Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso}}
Burkina Faso's 17.3 million people belong to two major West African ethnic cultural groups: the [[Gur languages|Voltaic]] and the [[Mandé peoples|Mandé]] (whose common language is [[Dioula language|Dioula]]). The Voltaic [[Mossi people|Mossi]] make up about one-half of the population. The Mossi claim descent from warriors who migrated to present-day Burkina Faso from [[Northern Region (Ghana)|northern Ghana]] around 1100&nbsp;AD. They established an empire that lasted more than 800&nbsp;years. Predominantly farmers, the Mossi kingdom is led by the ''[[Mogho Naba]],'' whose court is in Ouagadougou.<ref name="bn">{{citation-attribution|1=[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2834.htm "Burkina Faso"], U.S. Department of State, June 2008.}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{bar box
|title=Native Languages in Burkina Faso
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Languages
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Mossi|darkgreen|40.5}}
{{bar percent|Fula|purple|9.3}}
{{bar percent|Gourmanche|red|6.1}}
{{bar percent|Bambara|black|4.9}}
{{bar percent|Bissa|orange|3.2}}
{{bar percent|Bwamu|green|2.1}}
{{bar percent|Dagara|darkblue|2}}
{{bar percent|San|black|1.9}}
{{bar percent|Lobiri|darkred|1.8}}
{{bar percent|Lyele|gray|1.7}}
{{bar percent|Bobo|tan|1.4}}
{{bar percent|Senoufo|lime|1.4}}
{{bar percent|Nuni|violet|1.2}}
{{bar percent|Dafing|darkblue|1.1}}
{{bar percent|Tamasheq|yellow|1}}
{{bar percent|Kassem|brown|0.7}}
{{bar percent|Gouin|darkbrown|0.4}}
{{bar percent|Dogon|amber|0.3}}
{{bar percent|Songhai|bronze|0.3}}
{{bar percent|Gourounsi|corn|0.3}}
{{bar percent|Ko|maroon|0.1}}
{{bar percent|Koussasse|charcoal|0.1}}
{{bar percent|Sembla|wheat|0.1}}
{{bar percent|Siamou|crimson|0.1}}
{{bar percent|Other National|khaki|5}}
{{bar percent|Other African|Magenta|0.2}}
{{bar percent|French|cyan|1.3}}
{{bar percent|Other non-indigenous|olive|0.1}}
}}
{{Further|Languages of Burkina Faso}}

Burkina Faso is a [[multilingual]] country. The [[Working language|working languages]] are [[French language|French]], which was introduced during the colonial period, and [[English language|English]]. Altogether, an estimated 69 languages are spoken in the country,<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=BF Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th&nbsp;edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.] (Page on "Languages of Burkina Faso.")</ref> of which about 60 languages are [[indigenous language|indigenous]]. The Mooré language is the most spoken language in Burkina Faso, spoken by about half the population, mainly in the central region around the capital, Ouagadougou.

According to the 2006 census, the languages spoken natively in Burkina Faso were [[Mossi language|Mooré]] by 40.5% of the population, [[Fula language|Fula]] by 9.3%, [[Gourmanché language|Gourmanché]] by 6.1%, [[Bambara language|Bambara]] by 4.9%, [[Bissa language|Bissa]] by 3.2%, [[Bwamu language|Bwamu]] by 2.1%, [[Dagara language|Dagara]] by 2%, [[San language|San]] by 1.9%, [[Lobiri language|Lobiri]] with 1.8%, [[Lyélé language|Lyélé]] with 1.7%, [[Bobo language|Bobo]] and [[Sénoufo language|Sénoufo]] with 1.4% each, [[Nuni language|Nuni]] by 1.2%, [[Dafing language|Dafing]] by 1.1%, [[Tamasheq language|Tamasheq]] by 1%, [[Kasena language|Kassem]] by 0.7%, [[Gouin language|Gouin]] by 0.4%, [[Dogon language|Dogon]], [[Songhai language|Songhai]], and [[Gourounsi language|Gourounsi]] by 0.3% each, Ko, [[Koussassé language|Koussassé]], [[Sembla language|Sembla]], and [[Siamou language|Siamou]] by 0.1% each, other national languages by 5%, other African languages by 0.2%, French (the official language) by 1.3%, and other non-indigenous languages by 0.1%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insd.bf/n/contenu/enquetes-recensements/rgph_bf/themes_en_demographie/Theme2-Etat_et_structure_de_la_population.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20131113161626/http://www.insd.bf/n/contenu/enquetes-recensements/rgph_bf/themes_en_demographie/Theme2-Etat_et_structure_de_la_population.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 |title=Recensement General de la Population et de L'Habitation (RGPH) de 2006. Analyse des Resultats Definitifs. Theme 2: Etat et Structure de la Population |first1=Mathieu |last1=Ouedraogo |first2=Toubou |last2=Ripama |publisher=Ministère de L'Économie et des Finances, Burkina Faso}}</ref>

In the west, [[Mande languages|Mandé languages]] are widely spoken, the most predominant being [[Dioula language|Dioula]] (also known as Jula or Dyula), others including [[Bobo language|Bobo]], [[Samo language (Burkina)|Samo]], and [[Marka language|Marka]]. [[Fula language|Fula]] is widespread, particularly in the north. [[Gourmanché language|Gourmanché]] is spoken in the east, while [[Bissa language|Bissa]] is spoken in the south.

===Health===
{{main|Health in Burkina Faso}}
In 2016, the average life expectancy was estimated at 60 for males and 61 for females. In 2018, the under-five mortality rate and the infant mortality rate was 76&nbsp;per&nbsp;1000 live births.<ref name="WHO">{{cite web|title=Statistics in Burkina Faso|url=https://www.who.int/countries/bfa/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> In 2014, the median age of its inhabitants was 17 and the estimated population growth rate was 3.05%.<ref name=cia>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/ Burkina Faso]. ''The World Factbook''</ref>

In 2011, health expenditures was 6.5% of GDP; the maternal mortality ratio was estimated at 300&nbsp;deaths per&nbsp;100000 live births and the physician density at 0.05&nbsp;per&nbsp;1000 population in 2010. In 2012, it was estimated that the adult HIV [[prevalence]] rate (ages&nbsp;15–49) was 1.0%.<ref>[http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/burkinafaso/ UN AIDS: HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate]. Retrieved 25 July 2014.</ref> According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, HIV prevalence is declining among pregnant women who attend antenatal clinics.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf|title=UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report 2011|publisher=UNAIDS|access-date=29 March 2012|archive-date=1 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601011732/http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf}}</ref> According to a 2005&nbsp;World Health Organization report, an estimated 72.5% of Burkina Faso's girls and women have had [[female genital mutilation]], administered according to traditional rituals.<ref>[https://swap.stanford.edu/20091018142724/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/index.html Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices], WHI.int</ref>

Central government spending on health was 3% in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?IndicatorID=142&Country=BF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516041014/http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?IndicatorID=142&Country=BF|archive-date=16 May 2011|title=Globalis – an interactive world map – Burkina Faso – Central government expenditures on health|publisher=Globalis.gvu.unu.edu|access-date=1 October 2009}}</ref> {{As of|2009}}, studies estimated there were as few as 10&nbsp;physicians per 100,000&nbsp;people.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1018&Itemid=2045&lang=en|title=WHO Country Offices in the WHO African Region – WHO &#124; Regional Office for Africa|publisher=Afro.who.int|access-date=20 June 2010}}</ref> In addition, there were 41&nbsp;nurses and 13&nbsp;midwives per 100,000&nbsp;people.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> [[Demographic and Health Surveys]] has completed three surveys in Burkina Faso since 1993, and had another in 2009.<ref name="Burkina Surveys">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110816011006/http://www.measuredhs.com/countries/country_main.cfm?ctry_id=50&c=Burkina%20Faso Burkina Faso DHS Surveys], measuredhs.com</ref>

A [[Dengue fever]] outbreak in 2016 killed 20 patients. Cases of the disease were reported from all 12 districts of Ouagadougou.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38078754|title=Dengue fever kills 20 in Burkina Faso|work=BBC News|date=23 November 2016}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{main|Religion in Burkina Faso}}
[[File:Cathedrale_Ouagadougou.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ouagadougou Cathedral|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of Ouagadougou]]]]

The [[government of Burkina Faso]]'s 2019 census reported that 63.8% of the population practice Islam, and that the majority of this group belong to the [[Sunni]] branch,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=report2010>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148665.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2010: Burkina Faso]. United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (17 November 2010). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> while a small minority adheres to [[Shia Islam]].<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2009/10/Shiarange.pdf Mapping the Global Muslim Population. Estimate Range of Shia by Country] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215111357/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2009/10/Shiarange.pdf |date=15 December 2016 }}. Pew Forum, 2010</ref> A significant number of Sunni Muslims identify with the [[Tijaniyah]] [[Sufi]] order.

The 2019 census also found that 26.3% of the population are Christians (20.1% being Roman Catholics and 6.2% members of Protestant denominations) and 9.0% follow [[African traditional religion|traditional indigenous beliefs]] such as the [[Dogon religion]], 0.2% have other religions, and 0.7% have none.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=report2010/>

[[Animism|Animists]] are the largest religious group in the country's [[Sud-Ouest Region (Burkina Faso)|Sud-Ouest]] region, forming 48.1% of its total population.<ref name=":1" />

===Education===
{{main|Education in Burkina Faso}}
[[File:Gando-School-Burkina-Faso.JPG|thumb|The [[Gando, Burkina Faso|Gando]] primary school. Its architect, [[Diébédo Francis Kéré]], received the [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]] in 2004.]]
Education in Burkina Faso is divided into primary, secondary and higher education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Burkina-Faso-EDUCATION.html|title=Education – Burkina Faso|publisher=Nationsencyclopedia.com|access-date=1 October 2009}}</ref> High school costs approximately CFA&nbsp;25,000 (US$50) per year, which is far above the means of most Burkinabè families. Boys receive preference in schooling; as such, girls' education and literacy rates are far lower than their male counterparts. An increase in girls' schooling has been observed because of the government's policy of making school cheaper for girls and granting them more scholarships.

To proceed from primary to middle school, middle to high school or high school to college, national exams must be passed. Institutions of higher education include the [[University of Ouagadougou]], [[The Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso]], and the [[University of Koudougou]], which is also a teacher training institution. There are some small private colleges in the capital city of [[Ouagadougou]] but these are affordable to only a small portion of the population.

There is also the [[International School of Ouagadougou]] (ISO), an American-based private school located in Ouagadougou.

The 2008&nbsp;UN Development Program Report ranked Burkina Faso as the country with the lowest level of literacy in the world, despite a concerted effort to double its literacy rate from 12.8% in 1990 to 25.3% in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf|title=UNDP Human Development Report 2007/2008|date=January 2008 |access-date=13 January 2016|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429033726/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2011 }}. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{main|Culture of Burkina Faso}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een Nunuma of Winiama maskerdanser TMnr 20031569.jpg|thumb|A masked Winiama dancer, {{Circa|1970}}]]

[[Literature in Burkina Faso]] is based on the [[oral tradition]], which remains important. In 1934, during French occupation, Dim-Dolobsom Ouedraogo published his ''Maximes, pensées et devinettes mossi'' (''Maxims, Thoughts and Riddles of the Mossi''), a record of the oral history of the [[Mossi people]].<ref name="KS">{{cite book|last=Salhi|first=Kamal|title=Francophone Voices|publisher=Intellect Books|year=1999|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9u9TeDegXMC|isbn=978-1-902454-03-0|access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>

The oral tradition continued to have an influence on Burkinabè writers in the post-independence Burkina Faso of the 1960s, such as [[Nazi Boni]] and Roger Nikiema.<ref name="TJA">{{cite book|last=Allan|first=Tuzyline Jita|title=Women's Studies Quarterly: Teaching African Literatures in a Global Literary|publisher=[[Feminist Press]]|year=1997|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QD8TgZVWugYC|isbn=978-1-55861-169-6|access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> The 1960s saw a growth in the number of playwrights being published.<ref name="KS"/> Since the 1970s, literature has developed in Burkina Faso with many more writers being published.<ref name="JM">{{cite book|last=Marchais|first=Julien|title=Burkina Faso|publisher=Petit Futé|pages=91–92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jsBLSzJWYsC|language=fr|isbn=978-2-7469-1601-2|year=2006|access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>

The [[theatre of Burkina Faso]] combines traditional Burkinabè performance with the colonial influences and post-colonial efforts to educate rural people to produce a distinctive national theatre. Traditional ritual ceremonies of the many ethnic groups in Burkina Faso have long involved dancing with [[mask]]s. Western-style theatre became common during colonial times, heavily influenced by [[French theatre]]. With independence came a new style of theatre inspired by [[Theatre of the Oppressed|forum theatre]] aimed at educating and entertaining Burkina Faso's rural people.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}
[[File:Malika slameuse.jpg|thumb|Malika Outtara, poet]]
[[Poetry slam|Slam poetry]] is increasing in popularity in the country, in part due to the efforts of slam poet [[Malika Ouattara|Malika Outtara]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burkina Faso: On The Frontline Of The Struggle For Sexual Health And Rights In Burkina Faso |url=https://www.mewc.org/index.php/gender-issues/human-rights-of-women/9578-burkina-faso-on-the-frontline-of-the-struggle-for-sexual-health-and-rights-in-burkina-faso |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=www.mewc.org}}</ref> She uses her skills to raise awareness around issues such as blood donation, albinism and the impact of COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |last=laguineenne |date=23 June 2019 |title=Malika La Slameuse, la reine des mots forts |url=https://www.laguineenne.net/malika-la-slameuse-la-reine-des-mots-forts/ |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=La Guinéenne |language=fr-FR |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003083830/https://www.laguineenne.net/malika-la-slameuse-la-reine-des-mots-forts/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Don de sang: Malika la Slameuse et ses fans se mobilisent pour sauver des vies - leFaso.net |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article99236 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=lefaso.net |language=fr}}</ref>

===Arts and crafts===
{{Main|Art of Burkina Faso}}
[[File:Burkina faso artisan painted gourds.jpg|thumb|Artisan garland of decorative painted [[gourd]]s in [[Ouagadougou]]]]

In addition to several rich traditional artistic heritages among the peoples, there is a large artist community in Burkina Faso, especially in [[Ouagadougou]]. Much of the crafts produced are for the country's growing tourist industry.

Burkina Faso also hosts the International Art and Craft Fair, Ouagadougou. It is better known by its French name as [[SIAO]], ''Le Salon International de l' Artisanat de Ouagadougou'', and is one of the most important African handicraft fairs.

===Cuisine===
{{main|Cuisine of Burkina Faso}}
[[File:Fufu.jpg|thumb|A plate of [[fufu]] (right) accompanied with [[peanut soup]]]]

Typical of West African cuisine, Burkina Faso's cuisine is based on [[staple food]]s of [[sorghum]], [[millet]], rice, maize, peanuts, potatoes, [[bean]]s, [[yam (vegetable)|yam]]s and [[okra]].<ref name="ox">{{cite web|title=Oxfam's Cool Planet – Food in Burkina Faso|publisher=[[Oxfam]]|url=http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/ontheline/explore/journey/burkina/food.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517115414/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/ontheline/explore/journey/burkina/food.htm|archive-date=17 May 2012|access-date=21 May 2008}}</ref> The most common sources of animal protein are chicken, chicken eggs and freshwater fish. A typical Burkinabè beverage is Banji or Palm Wine, which is fermented [[Palm wine|palm sap]]; and Zoom-kom, or "grain water" purportedly the national drink of Burkina Faso. Zoom-kom is milky-looking and whitish, having a water and cereal base, best drunk with ice cubes. In the more rural regions, in the outskirts of Burkina, you would find Dolo, which is drink made from fermented millet.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://sinotables.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1217:lhumeur-de-dom-zoom-kom-la-boisson-star-des-burkinabes&catid=48:encontinu-secondtwo-droite| title = article in French on Burkinabe Zoom-kom}}</ref> In times of crisis, one legume native to Burkina, ''Zamnè,'' can be served as a main dish or in a sauce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drabo |first1=Moustapha Soungalo |last2=Shumoy |first2=Habtu |last3=Cissé |first3=Hama |last4=Parkouda |first4=Charles |last5=Nikiéma |first5=Fulbert |last6=Odetokun |first6=Ismail |last7=Traoré |first7=Yves |last8=Savadogo |first8=Aly |last9=Raes |first9=Katleen |date=December 2020 |title=Mapping the variability in physical, cooking, and nutritional properties of Zamnè, a wild food in Burkina Faso |journal=[[Food Research International]] |language=en |publication-date=2020 |volume=138 |issue=B |pages=109810 |doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109810 |pmc=7575534 |pmid=33288185 }}</ref>

===Cinema===
{{main|Cinema of Burkina Faso}}
The [[cinema of Burkina Faso]] is an important part of the West African film industry and African film as a whole.<ref>Spaas, Lieve (2000) "Burkina Faso," in ''The Francophone Film: A Struggle for Identity,'' pp.&nbsp;232–246. Manchester: Manchester University Press, {{ISBN|0-7190-5861-9}}.</ref> Burkina's contribution to [[African cinema]] started with the establishment of the film festival [[FESPACO]] (Festival Panafricain du Cinéma et de la Télévision de Ouagadougou), which was launched as a film week in 1969. Many of the nation's filmmakers are known internationally and have won international prizes.

For many years the headquarters of the Federation of Panafrican Filmmakers (FEPACI) was in Ouagadougou, rescued in 1983 from a period of moribund inactivity by the enthusiastic support and funding of President Sankara. (In 2006 the Secretariat of FEPACI moved to South Africa, but the headquarters of the organization is still in Ouagadougou.) Among the best known directors from Burkina Faso are [[Gaston Kaboré]], [[Idrissa Ouedraogo]] and [[Dani Kouyate]].<ref>Turégano, Teresa Hoefert (2005) ''African Cinema and Europe: Close-Up on Burkina Faso'', Florence: European Press Academic, {{ISBN|88-8398-031-X}}.</ref> Burkina produces popular television series such as ''Les Bobodiouf''. Internationally known filmmakers such as Ouedraogo, Kabore, Yameogo, and Kouyate make popular television series.

===Sports===
[[File:Burkina team.png|thumb|right|[[Burkina Faso national football team]] in white during a match]]
{{main|Sport in Burkina Faso}}
Sport in Burkina Faso is widespread and includes football, basketball, cycling, rugby union, handball, tennis, boxing and martial arts. Football is the most popular sport in Burkina Faso, played both professionally, and informally in towns and villages across the country. The national team is nicknamed "Les Etalons" ("the Stallions") in reference to the legendary horse of Princess [[Yennenga]].

In 1998, Burkina Faso hosted the [[Africa Cup of Nations]] for which the Omnisport Stadium in Bobo-Dioulasso was built. Burkina Faso qualified for the [[2013 Africa Cup of Nations|2013 African Cup of Nations]] in South Africa and reached the final, but then lost to Nigeria 0–1. The country has never qualified for a [[FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldranking/rankingtable/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007050949/http://www.fifa.com/worldranking/rankingtable/index.html|archive-date=7 October 2011|access-date=4 February 2017|title=The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking|publisher=FIFA}}</ref>

Basketball is another sport which enjoys much popularity for both men and women.<ref>{{cite book|last=Keim|first=Marion|title=Sport and Development Policy in Africa – Results of collaborative study of selected country cases|publisher=SUN PRESS|date= 2014|orig-date=1st pub. 2014|page=206|chapter=Country Profile of Sport and Development – Sport and Popularity|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8jsrAwAAQBAJ&q=burkina+faso+most+popular+sport&pg=PA57|isbn=978-1-920689-20-9}}</ref> The country's [[Burkina Faso national basketball team|men's national team]] had its most successful year in 2013 when it qualified for the [[AfroBasket]], the continent's prime basketball event.

At the [[2020 Summer Olympics]], the athlete [[Hugues Fabrice Zango]] won Burkina Faso's first Olympic medal, winning bronze in the [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's triple jump|men's triple jump]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Culpepper |first1=Chuck |title=The thing about poignant triple-jump moments? They sneak up on you. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2021/08/05/hugues-fabrice-zango-burkina-faso-triple-jump-medal/ |access-date=10 August 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=5 August 2021}}</ref> Cricket is also picking up in Burkina Faso with Cricket Burkina Faso running a 10 club league.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 December 2021|title=Cricket in Francophone Africa: Report from Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire|url=https://emergingcricket.com/insight/cricket-in-francophone-africa-report-from-burkina-faso-and-cote-divoire/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=Emerging Cricket|language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Music===

{{main|Music of Burkina Faso}}The '''music of Burkina Faso''' includes the [[folk music]] of 60 different [[ethnic group]]s. The [[Mossi people]], centrally located around the capital, [[Ouagadougou]], account for 40% of the population while, to the south, [[Gurunsi people|Gurunsi]], [[Gurma people|Gurma]], [[Dagaaba people|Dagaaba]] and [[Lobi people|Lobi]] populations, speaking [[Gur languages]] closely related to the [[Mossi language]], extend into the coastal states. In the north and east the [[Fulani]] of the [[Sahel]] preponderate, while in the south and west the [[Mande languages]] are common; [[Samo language (Burkina)|Samo]], [[Bissa people|Bissa]], [[Bobo people|Bobo]], [[Senufo people|Senufo]] and [[Marka people|Marka]]. Burkinabé traditional music has continued to thrive and musical output remains quite diverse. Popular music is mostly in French: Burkina Faso has yet to produce a major pan-African success.

===Media===
[[File:Burkina Faso media 2010.jpg|thumb|A cameraman in [[Ouagadougou]], Burkina Faso in 2010]]
{{main|Media of Burkina Faso|Communications in Burkina Faso}}

The nation's principal media outlet is its state-sponsored combined television and radio service, ''[[Radio Télévision du Burkina]]'' (RTB).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtb.bf/|title=Radiodiffusion-Télévision Burkina|publisher=Rtb.bf|access-date=1 October 2009}}</ref> ''RTB'' broadcasts on two [[medium-wave]] ([[Amplitude modulation|AM]]) and several [[Frequency modulation|FM]] frequencies. Besides RTB, there are privately owned sports, cultural, music, and religious FM radio stations. ''RTB'' maintains a worldwide short-wave news broadcast (''Radio Nationale Burkina'') in the French language from the capital at Ouagadougou using a 100&nbsp;kW transmitter on 4.815 and 5.030&nbsp;MHz.<ref>Radio Station World, ''[http://radiostationworld.com/locations/burkina_faso/ Burkina Faso: Governmental Broadcasting Agencies]''</ref>

Attempts to develop an independent press and media in Burkina Faso have been intermittent. In 1998, investigative journalist [[Norbert Zongo]], his brother Ernest, his driver, and another man were assassinated by unknown assailants, and the bodies burned. The crime was never solved.<ref name="autogenerated2">Committee to Protect Journalists, [http://www.cpj.org/africa/burkina-faso/ ''Burkina Faso'']</ref> However, an independent Commission of Inquiry later concluded that Norbert Zongo was killed for political reasons because of his investigative work into the death of David Ouedraogo, a chauffeur who worked for François Compaoré, President Blaise Compaoré's brother.<ref name="en.rsf.org">Reporters Sans Frontieres, ''[http://en.rsf.org/predator-what-s-happening-about-the-inquiry-into-norbert-zongo-s-death,2485.html What's Happening About The Inquiry Into Norbert Zongo's Death?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421082231/http://en.rsf.org/predator-what-s-happening-about-the-inquiry-into-norbert-zongo-s-death%2C2485.html|date=21 April 2014 }}''</ref><ref name="Outrageous Denial of Justice">Reporters Sans Frontieres, ''[http://www.ifex.org/burkina_faso/2006/07/21/outrageous_denial_of_justice_in/ Outrageous Denial Of Justice]'' 21 July 2006</ref>

In January 1999, François Compaoré was charged with the murder of David Ouedraogo, who had died as a result of torture in January 1998. The charges were later dropped by a military tribunal after an appeal. In August 2000, five members of the President's personal security guard detail (''Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle'', or RSP) were charged with the murder of Ouedraogo. RSP members Marcel Kafando, Edmond Koama, and Ousseini Yaro, investigated as suspects in the Norbert Zongo assassination, were convicted in the Ouedraogo case and sentenced to lengthy prison terms.<ref name="en.rsf.org"/><ref name="Outrageous Denial of Justice"/>

Since the death of Norbert Zongo, several protests regarding the Zongo investigation and treatment of journalists have been prevented or dispersed by government police and security forces. In April 2007, popular radio reggae host [[Sams'K Le Jah|Karim Sama]], whose programs feature reggae songs interspersed with critical commentary on alleged government injustice and corruption, received several death threats.<ref>IFEX, ''[http://www.ifex.org/burkina_faso/2007/04/30/radio_station_temporarily_pulls/ Radio Station Temporarily Pulls Programme After Host Receives Death Threats]'', 26 April 2007</ref>

Sama's personal car was later burned outside the private radio station ''Ouaga FM'' by unknown vandals.<ref>FreeMuse.org, ''[http://freemuse.org/archives/928 Death threat against Reggae Radio Host] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215002/http://freemuse.org/archives/928|date=26 April 2014 }}'', 3 May 2007</ref> In response, the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] (CPJ) wrote to President Compaoré to request his government investigate the sending of e-mailed death threats to journalists and radio commentators in Burkina Faso who were critical of the government.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> In December 2008, police in Ouagadougou questioned leaders of a protest march that called for a renewed investigation into the unsolved Zongo assassination. Among the marchers was Jean-Claude Meda, the president of the Association of Journalists of Burkina Faso.<ref>Keita, Mohamed, ''[http://cpj.org/blog/2008/12/burkina-faso-police-question-zongo-protesters.php#more Burkina Faso Police Question Zongo Protesters]'', Committee to Protect Journalists, 15 December 2008</ref>

===Cultural festivals and events===
Every two years, Ouagadougou hosts the [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou]] (FESPACO), the largest African cinema festival on the continent (February, odd years).

Held every two years since 1988, the [[International Art and Craft Fair, Ouagadougou]] (SIAO), is one of Africa's most important trade shows for art and handicrafts (late October-early November, even years).

Also every two years, the [[Symposium de sculpture sur granit de Laongo]] takes place on a site located about {{convert|35|km|abbr=off}} from [[Ouagadougou]], in the province of [[Oubritenga]].

The [[National Culture Week of Burkina Faso]], better known by its French name La Semaine Nationale de la culture (SNC), is one of the most important cultural activities of Burkina Faso. It is a biennial event which takes place every two years in Bobo Dioulasso, the second-largest city in the country.

The [[Festival International des Masques et des Arts]] (FESTIMA), celebrating [[Traditional African masks|traditional masks]], is held every two years in [[Dédougou]].

==See also==
{{portal|Africa}}
* [[Index of Burkina Faso-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Burkina Faso]]
* [[2023 in Burkina Faso]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|ref=Rupley|title=Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso|last1=Rupley |first1= Lawrence|last2=Bangali |first2= Lamissa|last3=Diamitani |first3= Boureima|name-list-style=amp|publisher= The Scarecrow Press|year= 2013|isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Engberg-Perderson, Lars, ''Endangering Development: Politics, Projects, and Environment in Burkina Faso'' (Praeger Publishers, 2003).
* Englebert, Pierre, ''Burkina Faso: Unsteady Statehood in West Africa'' (Perseus, 1999).
* Howorth, Chris, ''Rebuilding the Local Landscape: Environmental Management in Burkina Faso'' (Ashgate, 1999).
* McFarland, Daniel Miles and Rupley, Lawrence A, ''Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso'' (Scarecrow Press, 1998).
* Manson, Katrina and Knight, James, ''Burkina Faso'' (Bradt Travel Guides, 2011).
* Roy, Christopher D and Wheelock, Thomas G B, ''Land of the Flying Masks: Art and Culture in Burkina Faso: The Thomas G.B. Wheelock Collection'' (Prestel Publishing, 2007).
* Sankara, Thomas, ''Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution 1983–1987'' (Pathfinder Press, 2007).
* Sankara, Thomas, ''We are the Heirs of the World's Revolutions: Speeches from the Burkina Faso Revolution 1983–1987'' (Pathfinder Press, 2007).
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100915153509/http://www.gouvernement.gov.bf/ Premier Ministère], official government portal. {{in lang|fr}} (archived 15 September 2010)
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/ Burkina Faso]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080507010159/http://www.lefaso.net/ LeFaso.net], a news information site (archived 7 May 2008)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821140152/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/burkinafaso.htm Burkina Faso] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' (archived 21 August 2008)
* {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Burkina_Faso}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13072774 Burkina Faso profile] from the [[BBC News]].
* {{wikiatlas|Burkina Faso}}
* [http://allafrica.com/burkinafaso/ News headline links] from [[AllAfrica.com]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120526073427/http://www.odi.org.uk/work/regions-countries/details.asp?id=222&title=burkina-faso Overseas Development Institute] (archived 26 May 2012)
* [http://www.newint.org/columns/country/2011/07/01/burkina-faso-profile/ Country profile] at [[New Internationalist]].
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BF Key Development Forecasts for Burkina Faso] from [[International Futures]].
* [https://bizpages.org/countries--BF--Burkina-Faso Burkina Faso Business Facts] from [https://bizpages.org Bizpages]

===Trade===
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/BFA/Year/2011/Summary World Bank 2011 Trade Summary for Burkiana Faso]

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