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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Roman consort to Emperor Maximinus Thrax}}
{{Infobox royalty
| embed          = 
| name           = Caecilia Paulina
| title          = [[Augusta (honorific)|Augusta]]
| titletext      = 
| more           = 
| type           = 
| image          = RIC 0001.jpg
| image_size     = 
| alt            = 
| caption        = [[Denarius]] of Diva Paulina.

| succession     = [[List of Roman empresses|Empress of the Roman Empire]]
| moretext       = 
| reign          = 235
| coronation     = 
| cor-type       = 

| birth_name     = 
| birth_date     = <!-- For Gregorian dates: {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} -->
| birth_place    = 
| death_date     = 235/236
| death_place    = 
| burial_date    = 
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| spouse         = Emperor [[Maximinus Thrax]]
| consort        = yes
| issue          = Caesar [[Gaius Julius Verus Maximus]]
| issue-link     = 
| issue-pipe     = 
| issue-type     = 
| full name      =Caecilia Paulina Pia 
| era name       = 
| era dates      = 
| regnal name    = Caecilia Paulina Pia Augusta
| posthumous name= Diva Caecilia Paulina Pia Augusta
| temple name    = 
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}}

'''Caecilia Paulina''' (died in 235/236) was a Roman [[Emperor|Empress]] and consort to Emperor [[Maximinus Thrax]], who ruled in 235–238.

==Name==
Her full titulature, ''Diva Caecilia Paulina Pia [[Augusta (honorific)|Augusta]]'', is preserved on an inscription ({{CIL|10|5054}}).<ref>An Epigraphik-Datenbank  Clauss/Slaby
EDCS, [http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epigraphikoi_en Latin Inscription Database]{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} search for 'Caecilia Paulina' also returns two results: {{CIL|06|25148}}, and {{CIL|08|02038}}. Accessed 2012-5-30.</ref> On her coins she is termed simply Diva Paulina. The coins with her inscription were not struck during her life, but some time later, probably after she was [[Apotheosis|deified]]. No sculptural likenesses of her survive.<ref>Knippschild, Silke, Center for Hellenic Studies, review of Eric R. Varner, [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2005/2005-04-10.html Mutilation and Transformation, Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Imperial Portraiture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621060518/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2005/2005-04-10.html |date=2008-06-21 }}, Leiden: Brill, 2004, pp. 340, {{ISBN|90-04-13577-4}}, ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review'', 2005-4-10. Accessed 2012-5-30.</ref>

==Life==

Almost nothing is known about her life, as ancient writers rarely mentioned her by name. Her husband never set foot in Rome,<ref name="Meckler">Meckler, Michael, [http://www.roman-emperors.org/maxthrax.htm Maximinus Thrax (235-238 A.D.)], roman-emperors.org. Accessed 2012-5-29.</ref> thus it is likely that neither did she, at least in her time married to the Emperor. She lived during the [[Crisis of the Third Century]], a time of the crumbling and near collapse of the [[Roman Empire]], caused by three simultaneous crises: external invasion, internal civil war, and economic collapse.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} While the 4th century historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] wrote about Paulina in his book on the [[Gordian I|Gordian]] emperors, this part of his work was lost, only the sections of his ''History'' covering the period 353–378 are extant. In a later passage, however, Marcellinus refers to the Empress as the good wife of the difficult husband who had:
{{Quote|... led him back into the paths of truth and mercy, by feminine gentleness, as, in recounting the acts of the Gordiani, we have related to have been done by the wife of that truculent emperor Maximinus|Ammianus Marcellinus|''Roman History''<ref>Marcellinus, Ammianus, [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_14_book14.htm Roman History], London: Bohn (1862) Book 14. pp.1-45.</ref>}}

Paulina had one son, [[Gaius Julius Verus Maximus]], appointed Caesar in 236 by his father, but both men were murdered by the soldiers in May 238.<ref name="Meckler"/> Paulina probably died around late 235 or early 236, as Maximus had her deified in 236.<ref name="Meckler" />

The city of [[Anazarbus]] in [[Cilicia]] struck coins in the name of "Thea Paulina" (the Greek equivalent of "Diva Paulina"), and dated them to the year 254 of that city's era which converts to 235/236 of the modern calendar. That Paulina is referred to as divine on the coins indicates that she was dead when the coins were produced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ansmagazine.com/spring05/provincial.html |title=Roman {{sic|Provin|icial|nolink=y}} Coins and Imperial Chronology from Elagabalus to Valerian |date=2007-11-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124221131/http://ansmagazine.com/spring05/provincial.html |archive-date=2007-11-24 |access-date=2007-12-08 }}</ref>

[[Joannes Zonaras]] claims that Maximinus executed his wife, but that accusation is unproven, and improbable if she was deified by her husband.

==See also==
* [[Year of the Six Emperors]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Caecilia Paulina}}
* Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, III. p.&nbsp;1236.
{{Wikisource|Roman_History/Book_XIV|Roman History, Book XIV, 1(8)}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-roy}}
{{succession box | title=[[Empress of Rome]] | before=[[Sallustia Orbiana]] | after=[[Tranquillina]] |years = c. 235}}
{{s-end}}

{{Roman empresses|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caecilia Paulina}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:230s deaths]]
[[Category:Crisis of the Third Century]]
[[Category:Deified Roman empresses]]
[[Category:3rd-century Roman empresses]]
[[Category:Caecilii|Paulina]]
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