Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Caen Hill Locks

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Flight of locks on the Kennet and Avon Canal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
[[File:caen.hill.locks.in.devizes.arp.jpg|alt=A series of approximately 20 black lock gates with white ends to the paddle arms and wooden railings, each slightly higher than the one below. On the right is a path and on both sides grass and vegetation.|thumb|right|The main flight of 16 locks at Caen Hill on the [[Kennet and Avon Canal]]]]
[[File:top.of.caen.hill.locks.in.devizes.arp.jpg|thumb|right|Caen Hill Locks, looking downwards from near the top of the flight]]
[[File:CaenHillLocks Phantom3 rmckenzi.jpg|thumb|Caen Hill Locks from 400 feet, looking west|alt=]]
'''Caen Hill Locks''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|eɪ|n|_|ˈ|h|ɪ|l}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Country Life magazine, vol 180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0iAQAAMAAJ&q=pronounced+cane|website=Google Books search result|access-date=6 November 2015|page=8|date=1986}}</ref>) are a flight of 29 [[Canal lock|locks]] on the [[Kennet and Avon Canal]], between [[Rowde]] and [[Devizes]] in [[Wiltshire]], England.

== Description ==
The 29 locks have a rise of 237 feet in 2 miles ({{cvt|237|ft|m|disp=out}} in {{cvt|2|mi|km|disp=out}}) or a 1 in 44 [[gradient]]. The locks come in three groups: the lower seven locks, Foxhangers Wharf Lock to Foxhangers Bridge Lock, are spread over {{convert|3/4|mi|km|1}}; the next sixteen locks form a steep flight in a straight line up the hillside and are designated as a scheduled monument<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1004694|desc=Caen Hill locks|access-date=6 November 2015}}</ref> and are also known as one of the Seven Wonders of the Waterways.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-history/history-features-and-articles/the-seven-wonders-of-the-waterways|website=Canal & River Trust|language=en|access-date=30 October 2021|title=The seven wonders of the waterways &#124; Canal & River Trust }}</ref> Because of the steepness of the terrain, the [[Canal pound|pounds]] between these locks are very short. As a result, fifteen of them have unusually large sideways-extended pounds, to store the water needed to operate them. A final six locks take the canal into Devizes.<ref>{{cite web | title=Devizes Branch – Locks | website=The Kennet and Avon Canal Trust | url=http://www.katrust.org/devizes/locks.html | access-date=2007-10-02}}</ref> The locks take 5–6 hours to traverse in a boat.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Kennet & Avon Canal|last=Allsop|first=Niall|publisher=Millstream Book|year=1987|isbn=0-948975-15-6|location=Bath|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/kennetavoncanalu0000alls}}</ref>

The side pounds, the areas around them and adjoining fields to the north, are managed as nature habitat by the [[Canal & River Trust]]. Over 30,000 trees were planted in 2012–13 to mark the [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/places-to-visit/caen-hill-locks/wildlife-at-caen-hill|title=Wildlife at Caen Hill|website=Canal & River Trust|language=en|access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
This flight was [[John Rennie the Elder]]'s solution to climbing a steep hill and, in 1810, was the last part of the {{Convert|87|mi|adj=on}} route of the Kennet and Avon navigation, commenced in 1796, between Bristol and Reading, to be opened.  A brickyard had been established to the south of the site for the manufacture of bricks for the lock chambers. This remained in viable commercial use until the middle of the 20th century.  [[John Blackwell (engineer)|John Blackwell]] oversaw the locks' construction as Rennie's [[site agent]]. <ref name="HVM Blackwell">{{cite web |title=John Blackwell |url=https://www.hungerfordvirtualmuseum.co.uk/index.php/people/2-uncategorised/973-john-blackwell |website=www.hungerfordvirtualmuseum.co.uk |publisher=Hungeford Virtual Museum |access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref> Between 1801 and 1810, a [[Tramway (industrial)|tramway]] had provided a trade link between Foxhangers at the bottom and Devizes at the top, the remains of which can be seen in the towpath arches of the road bridges over the canal.<ref>{{cite web | title=Devizes Branch - Local History | work=The Kennet and Avon Canal Trust website | url=http://www.katrust.org/devizes/local_history.html | access-date=2007-10-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070907001011/http://www.katrust.org/devizes/local_history.html |archive-date = 2007-09-07}}</ref>

In the early 19th century, between 1829 and 1843, the flight was lit by [[Gas lighting|gas lights]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Caen Hill Locks | work=Kennet and Avon Scrapbook | url=http://www.envf.port.ac.uk/kacanal/html/kac0043.htm | access-date=2006-09-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525034719/http://www.envf.port.ac.uk/kacanal/html/KAC0043.HTM | archive-date=25 May 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

After the coming of the railways, the canal fell into disuse and was closed.  The last cargo through the flight was a consignment of grain conveyed from Avonmouth to Newbury in October 1948.<ref name="clew145">{{cite book|last=Clew|first=Kenneth|title=The Kennet and Avon Canal|publisher=David and Charles|location=Newton Abbot, England|year=1968|edition=2|pages=145–147|isbn=0-7153-5939-8}}</ref> From the 1960s there was a major clearing and rebuilding operation, culminating in a visit by [[Elizabeth II]] in 1990 to open the new locks officially,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-33807507|title=Canal restoration anniversary marked|date=7 August 2015|work=BBC News: England|access-date=20 September 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> although the flight had been navigable for a number of years before then.

Because a large volume of water is needed for the locks to operate, a back pump was installed at Foxhangers in 1996 capable of returning {{Convert|7|e6impgal|e6l e6usgal|abbr=off}} of water per day to the top of the flight, which is equivalent to one lockful every eleven minutes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kennet & Avon Middle Thames:Pearson's Canal Companion|last=Pearson|first=Michael|publisher=Central Waterways Supplies|year=2003|isbn=0-907864-97-X|location=Rugby}}</ref>

In 2010 [[British Waterways]] planned to install sixteen new locks gates in twelve weeks as part of its winter maintenance programme, in an attempt to reduce the amount of water lost.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/8474265.stm|title=New locks for the Kennet & Avon Canal in Wiltshire|date=2010-01-22|publisher=BBC|access-date=22 January 2010}}</ref> The exceptionally cold weather delayed work, and when the section was re-opened at Easter 2010 only twelve pairs of gates had been dealt with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishwaterways.co.uk/newsroom/all-press-releases/display/id/2669|title=Caen Hill open for Easter|last=Owen|first=Gill|date=22 March 2010|publisher=British Waterways|access-date=17 June 2010|location=Paddington, England}}</ref> The wood from the old gates was donated to [[Glastonbury Festival]] and used to build a new bridge which was named in honour of [[Arabella Churchill (charity founder)|Arabella Churchill]], one of the festival's founders.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Owen|first=Julian|title=Heart of Glasto|journal=Venue|date=2010-06-18|volume=924|pages=14–15}}</ref>

== Locks ==
A number of the locks in the flight are named.  These include Lock 42 (Monument Lock), Lock 43 ([[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth]] Lock), Lock 44 (Sir [[Hugh Stockwell]] Lock), Lock 45 (Cave Lock), Lock 46 ([[A. P. Herbert]] Lock), Lock 47 (Manifold Lock), Lock 48 ([[Kennet and Avon Canal Trust|Trust]] Lock), Lock 49 (Maton Lock) and Lock 50 (Kennet Lock).<ref name="BW Assets">{{cite web|title=Dec 2008 Assets|url=http://www.britishwaterways.co.uk/media/documents/meetings/bwaf/Dec_2008_Assets.xls|publisher=British Waterways|access-date=18 August 2015}}</ref>

==Restoration==
<div class='left'>
<gallery>
File:Devizes locks plan.png|Plan from 1949, when still completely watered (Contour lines at 25 feet)
File:Devizeslockspreresotoration.jpg|Prior to restoration, early 1970s
File:Caen_Hill_repair1.jpg|1977, looking west
</gallery>
<gallery>
File:Caen_Hill_repair2.jpg|1977, looking uphill
File:Caen_Hill_repair3.jpg|1977, from the bottom
File:Devizeslock during restoration.png|1985 — rewatered
</gallery>
</div>

==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|Transport}}
* [[List of locks on the Kennet and Avon Canal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{commons category}}

{{Start box}}
{{River lock start|River=[[Kennet and Avon Canal]]}}
{{River lock line|upstream=[[Wootton Rivers Bottom Lock]]|downstream=[[Seend Locks]]|location=ST978614}}
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{{Kennet and Avon Canal}}

{{Coord|51.35253|N|2.02559|W|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:GB-WIL_source:enwiki-osgb36(ST978614)|display=title}}<!-- Note: WGS84 lat/long, converted from OSGB36 grid ref -->

[[Category:Locks on the Kennet and Avon Canal]]
[[Category:Canals in Wiltshire]]
[[Category:Hills of Wiltshire]]
[[Category:Lock flights of England]]
[[Category:Scheduled monuments in Wiltshire]]
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