Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Capture of Muscat (1552)

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Coord|23|36|31|N|58|35|31|E|type:event|display=title}}
{{infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Capture of Muscat
| partof            = [[Ottoman campaign against Hormuz]]<br /> and [[Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)]]
| image             = [[File:Piris Reis expedition map-fr.svg|300px|Piri Reis expedition against Ormuz.]]
| caption           = Map of the [[Ottoman campaign against Hormuz]].
| date              = August 1552
| place             = [[Old Muscat|Muscat]], [[Oman]]
| coordinates       = {{coord|23.608611|58.591944|type:event|display=inline}}
| map_type          = Oman
| map_size          = 300px
| map_caption       = 
| map_label         = Capture of Muscat (1552)
| territory         = 
| result            = Ottoman victory
| status            = 
| combatant1        = [[File:Flag of Portugal (1521).svg|24px|border]] [[Portuguese Empire]]
| combatant2        = [[File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg|24px]] [[Ottoman Empire]]
| commander1        = [[File:Flag of Portugal (1521).svg|24px|border]] [[João de Lisboa]]
| commander2        = [[File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg|24px]] [[Piri Reis]]<br />[[File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg|24px]] [[Seydi Ali Reis]]
| units1            = 
| units2            = 
| units3            = 
| strength1         = 60 troops<ref name="Diogo do Couto">[https://books.google.com/books?id=9qA2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 ''Décadas da Ásia, Década Sexta, Livro X, Capítulo 1'' by Diogo do Couto]</ref>
| strength2         = 25 galleys<br />1,200 troops<ref name="Diogo do Couto">[https://books.google.com/books?id=9qA2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 ''Décadas da Ásia, Década Sexta, Livro X, Capítulo 1'' by Diogo do Couto]</ref> <br /> (4 galleons<br />25 galleys<br />850 troops<ref name="Malekandathil 117">[https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC&pg=PA117 ''Maritime India-Trade, Religion and Polity In the Indian Ocean'' by Pius Malekandathil p.117]</ref>)
| casualties1       = Unknown
| casualties2       = Unknown
| casualties3       = 
| notes             = 
}}

{{Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean}}
{{Campaignbox Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)}}
[[File:Seydi Ali-Ambush.png|thumb|right|[[Seydi Ali Reis]] and his galleys taken in an ambush by Portuguese forces while trying to bring back his fleet from [[Basra]] to [[Suez]] in August 1554.]]

The '''capture of Muscat''' occurred in 1552, when an [[Ottoman fleet]] under [[Piri Reis]] attacked [[Old Muscat]], in modern [[Oman]], and plundered the town from the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]].<ref>Saturnino Monteiro (1992) ''Portuguese Sea Battles Volume III - From Brazil to Japan 1539-1579'' pp.129140</ref> These events followed the important [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] defeat in the [[Siege of Diu (1546)|third siege of Diu]] in 1546, which put a stop to their attempts in India, but also the successful [[Capture of Aden (1548)|capture of Aden]] in 1548, which allowed the Ottomans to resist the Portuguese in the northwestern part of the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="Malekandathil 117">[https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC&pg=PA117 ''Maritime India-Trade, Religion and Polity In the Indian Ocean'' by Pius Malekandathil p.117]</ref>

== Background ==
The city, once part of the Kingdom of [[Ormus|Hormuz]], had been in Portuguese hands since 1507, when a Portuguese fleet under [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] attacked the city, destroyed it, and then came back soon after to [[Portuguese conquest of Ormuz|occupy]] it.<ref name="Peterson 118"/>

The Ottomans attempted to intervene against the Portuguese presence, and four Ottoman ships bombarded the city in 1546.<ref name="Peterson 118">[https://books.google.com/books?id=gNu4_uHo7CQC&pg=PA118 ''Historical Muscat: an illustrated guide and gazetteer'' John Peterson p.118]</ref>

The city was again attacked by the Ottomans in 1552 as part of a broader conflict over the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean. This time they attacked with a larger fleet under [[Piri Reis]] and [[Seydi Ali Reis]].<ref name="Peterson 118"/> Their ultimate objective was to seize the islands of [[Hormuz Island|Hormuz]] and [[Bahrain]], in order to block Portuguese access to the [[Persian Gulf]] and thus reestablish Ottoman control of the [[Indian Ocean trade]].<ref name="Malekandathil 117"/>

== The battle ==
The Ottoman force consisted in 4 [[galleons]], 25 [[galleys]], and 850 troops<ref name="Malekandathil 117"/> (according to [[Diogo do Couto]], the Ottomans had 15 galleys and 1200 troops <ref name="Diogo do Couto">[https://books.google.com/books?id=9qA2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 ''Décadas da Ásia, Década Sexta, Livro X, Capítulo 1'' by Diogo do Couto]</ref>). The recently built [[Fort Al-Mirani]] was besieged for 18 days with one piece of Ottoman artillery brought on top of a ridge. Lacking food and water, the 60 Portuguese garrison and its commander, [[João de Lisboa]], agreed to surrender, only to be taken as captives. The fort was captured and its fortifications destroyed.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gNu4_uHo7CQC&pg=PA48 ''Historical Muscat: an illustrated guide and gazetteer'' John Peterson p.48''ff'']</ref>

Soon however the Ottomans departed. Ultimately, they managed to occupy and control the coasts of [[Yemen]], [[Aden]], and [[Arabia]], as far north as [[Basra]], so as to facilitate their trade with [[India]] and block the Portuguese from attacking the [[Hijaz]].<ref name="Malekandathil 117"/>

== Aftermath ==
The Ottomans again attacked the Portuguese possessions of the coast of India in 1553, with a raid on the [[Pearl Fishery Coast]] of South India around [[Tuticorin]]. They were assisted by the [[Marakkar]] [[Muslims]] of [[Zamorin|Malabar]], and had the tacit agreement of Vittula Nayak of [[Madurai]].<ref name="Malekandathil 117"/> 52 Portuguese were captured at [[Punnaikayal]], and churches were burnt down.<ref name="Malekandathil 117"/> The Ottomans failed however in 1553 against a Portuguese fleet at sea near [[Mina al Fahal|al-Fahl]].<ref name="Peterson 118"/>

[[Seydi Ali Reis]] and his galleys would be attacked in an [[Battle of the Gulf of Oman|ambush]] by Portuguese forces while he was trying to bring back his float from [[Basra]] to [[Suez]] in August 1554.

Three Ottoman galleys would again occupy Muscat in 1581, letting the population escape, before the city again fell to the Portuguese in 1588.<ref name="Peterson 118"/>

==See also==
* [[Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Major Ottoman sieges}}

[[Category:Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire|Muscat]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1552|Muscat]]
[[Category:Sieges involving Portugal|Muscat]]
[[Category:Suleiman the Magnificent]]
[[Category:Piri Reis]]
[[Category:Sieges of the Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts|Muscat]]
[[Category:1552 in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:1552 in Asia]]
[[Category:History of Muscat, Oman]]
[[Category:Old Muscat]]
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