Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Car

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Motorized passenger road vehicle}}
{{for multi|the country|Central African Republic|other uses|Car (disambiguation)|and|CARS (disambiguation)|and|Automobile (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Passenger car|the railroad car that carries passengers|Passenger railroad car|other uses}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox machine
| name = Car
| image = 2019 Toyota Corolla Icon Tech VVT-i Hybrid 1.8.jpg
| image_upright = 1.15
| caption = The [[Toyota Corolla]] has been in production since 1966 and is recognized as the world's best-selling automobile. Japan currently holds the position of the third-largest automobile manufacturer globally.
| classification = [[Vehicle]]
| industry = Various
| application = [[:Transportation]]
| fuel_source = [[Petrol]], [[Electric car|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]], [[vegetable oil]]
| powered = Yes
| self-propelled = Yes
| wheels = 3–4
| axles = 2
| invented = {{start date and age|1886||}}
| inventor = [[Carl Benz]]
}}

A '''car''', or an '''automobile''', is a [[motor vehicle]] with [[wheel]]s. Most definitions of cars state that they run primarily on [[road]]s, [[Car seat|seat]] one to eight people, have four [[wheels]], and mainly transport [[private transport#Personal transport|people]], not [[cargo]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Pocket Oxford Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/australianpocket00john|url-access=registration|year=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198611134|editor-last=Fowler|editor-first=H.W.|editor-last2=Fowler|editor-first2=F.G.}}</ref><ref name="OEDmotrcar"/> French inventor [[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]] built the first steam-powered road vehicle in 1769, while French-born Swiss inventor [[François Isaac de Rivaz]] designed and constructed the first internal combustion-powered automobile in 1808.

The modern car—a practical, marketable automobile for everyday use—was invented in 1886, when German inventor [[Carl Benz]] patented his [[Benz Patent-Motorwagen]]. Commercial cars became widely available during the 20th century. One of the first cars affordable by the masses was the 1908 [[Ford Model T|Model T]], an American car manufactured by the [[Ford Motor Company]]. Cars were rapidly adopted in the US, where they replaced [[carriage|horse-drawn carriage]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Motor Vehicle, 1917|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-motor-vehicle-1917-slide-show/|website=[[Scientific American]]|date=January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2023|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026010646/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-motor-vehicle-1917-slide-show/|url-status=live}}</ref> In Europe and other parts of the world, demand for automobiles did not increase until after [[World War II]].<ref name="history.com">{{Cite web|title=Automobile History|url=https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/inventions/automobiles|url-status=live|access-date=29 August 2021|website=[[history.com|www.history.com]]|date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127171255/https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/inventions/automobiles|archive-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> The car is considered an essential part of the [[Developed country|developed economy]].

Cars have controls for [[driving]], [[parking]], [[passenger]] comfort, and a variety of [[electric lamp|lamp]]s. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, making them progressively more complex. These include [[rear view camera|rear-reversing cameras]], [[Automobile air conditioning|air conditioning]], [[Automotive navigation system|navigation systems]], and [[in-car entertainment]]. Most cars in use in the early 2020s are propelled by an [[internal combustion engine]], fueled by the [[combustion]] of [[fossil fuel]]s. [[Electric car]]s, which were invented early in the [[History of the automobile|history of the car]], became commercially available in the 2000s and are predicted to cost less to buy than petrol-driven cars before 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/08/09/ev-price-parity-coming-soon-claims-vw-executive/|title=EV Price Parity Coming Soon, Claims VW Executive|date=9 August 2019|website=[[CleanTechnica]]|language=en-US|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-date=14 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914140203/https://cleantechnica.com/2019/08/09/ev-price-parity-coming-soon-claims-vw-executive/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishgas.co.uk/the-source/our-world-of-energy/energys-grand-journey/Electric-v-Petrol|title=Electric V Petrol|publisher=British Gas|access-date=18 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018123644/https://www.britishgas.co.uk/the-source/our-world-of-energy/energys-grand-journey/Electric-v-Petrol|archive-date=18 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The transition from fossil fuel-powered cars to electric cars features prominently in most [[climate change mitigation scenarios]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 May 2019|title=Factcheck: How electric vehicles help to tackle climate change|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/factcheck-how-electric-vehicles-help-to-tackle-climate-change|access-date=28 July 2020|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825135817/https://www.carbonbrief.org/factcheck-how-electric-vehicles-help-to-tackle-climate-change|url-status=live}}</ref> such as [[Project Drawdown]]'s 100 actionable solutions for climate change.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 February 2020|title=Electric Cars @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions|url=https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/electric-cars|access-date=20 November 2020|website=Project Drawdown|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127115601/https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/electric-cars|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are costs and benefits to car use. The costs to the individual include acquiring the vehicle, interest payments (if the car is financed), repairs and [[Service (motor vehicle)|maintenance]], fuel, [[depreciation]], driving time, parking fees, taxes, and [[Vehicle insurance|insurance]].<ref name="racv">{{cite web|url=http://www.racv.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/racv/Internet/Primary/my+car/advice+_+information/vehicle+operating+costs/|title=Car Operating Costs|publisher=RACV|access-date=22 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007121101/http://www.racv.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/racv/Internet/Primary/my%2Bcar/advice%2B_%2Binformation/vehicle%2Boperating%2Bcosts/|archive-date=7 October 2009}}</ref> The costs to society include maintaining roads, [[land use]], [[road congestion]], [[air pollution]], [[noise pollution]], [[public health]], and [[Vehicle recycling|disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life]]. [[Traffic collisions]] are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide.<ref name="who_stats">{{cite book|url=http://who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/en/|access-date=24 June 2008|editor1-last=Peden|editor1-first=Margie|editor2-last=Scurfield|editor2-first=Richard|editor3-last=Sleet|editor3-first=David|editor4-last=Mohan|editor4-first=Dinesh|editor5-last=Hyder|editor5-first=Adnan A.|editor6-last=Jarawan|editor6-first=Eva|editor7-last=Mathers|editor7-first=Colin|title=World report on road traffic injury prevention|year=2004|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=92-4-156260-9|archive-date=4 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504041955/http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Personal benefits include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence, and convenience.<ref name="setright"/> Societal benefits include economic benefits, such as job and wealth creation from the [[automotive industry]], transportation provision, societal well-being from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from [[:Category:Vehicle taxes|taxes]]. People's ability to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies.<ref name="parking">{{cite book|title=Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture|first1=John A.|last1=Jakle|first2=Keith A.|last2=Sculle|year=2004|isbn=0-8139-2266-6|publisher=University of Virginia Press}}</ref> There are around one billion cars in use worldwide. Car usage is increasing rapidly, especially in [[Automotive industry in China|China]], [[Automotive industry in India|India]], and other [[newly industrialized country|newly industrialized countries]].<ref name="plunkettresearch.com">{{cite web|publisher=Plunkett Research|url=http://www.plunkettresearch.com/Industries/AutomobilesTrucks/AutomobileTrends/tabid/89/Default.aspx|title=Automobile Industry Introduction|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722031051/http://www.plunkettresearch.com/automobiles%20trucks%20market%20research/industry%20overview|archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>

==Etymology==
<!-- The derivation below has been revised to agree with the information on the Wiktionary page. -->
The [[English language|English]] word ''car'' is believed to originate from [[Latin]] {{wiktla|carrus}}/{{wiktla|carrum}} "wheeled vehicle" or (via [[Old Norman|Old North French]]) [[Middle English]] ''{{Lang|enm|carre}}'' "two-wheeled cart", both of which in turn derive from [[Gaulish]] ''{{Lang|xtg|karros}}'' "[[chariot]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Car|work=(etymology)|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=car|access-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306042326/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=car|archive-date=6 March 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Carrus">{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.wayne.edu/resources/special_collections/local/cfai/index.php|title=Wayne State University and The Detroit Public Library Present "Changing Face of the Auto Industry"|publisher=Wayne State University|date=28 June 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030628171058/http://www.lib.wayne.edu/resources/special_collections/local/cfai/index.php|archive-date=28 June 2003}}</ref> It originally referred to any wheeled [[horse-drawn vehicle]], such as a [[cart]], [[carriage]], or [[wagon]].<ref name="OEDcar">{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/27674?rskey=Bp4Ib4&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid|title=car, n.1|publisher=Oxford University Press|work=OED Online|date=September 2014|access-date=29 September 2014|archive-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208001003/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/27674?rskey=Bp4Ib4&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wales.ac.uk/geiriadur/pdf/GPC0018-02.pdf|title=A dictionary of the Welsh language|publisher=University of Wales|access-date=15 June 2016|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071719/http://www.wales.ac.uk/geiriadur/pdf/GPC0018-02.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

"Motor car", attested from 1895, is the usual formal term in [[British English]].<ref name="OEDmotrcar">{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/122742#eid35698343|title=motor car, n.|publisher=Oxford University Press|work=OED Online|date=September 2014|access-date=29 September 2014|archive-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208000946/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/122742#eid35698343|url-status=live}}</ref> "Autocar", a variant likewise attested from 1895 and literally meaning "[[wikt:self-propelled|self-propelled]] car", is now considered archaic.<ref name="OEDautocar">{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/13368?redirectedFrom=autocar#eid32737946|title=auto-, comb. form2|publisher=Oxford University Press|work=OED Online|date=September 2014|access-date=29 September 2014|archive-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208000942/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/13368?redirectedFrom=autocar#eid32737946|url-status=live}}</ref> "[[Horseless carriage]]" is attested from 1895.<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of horseless carriage|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/horseless+carriage|access-date=23 November 2015|publisher=Merriam-Webster|archive-date=13 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613031330/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/horseless+carriage|url-status=live}}</ref>

"Automobile", a [[classical compound]] derived from [[Ancient Greek]] ''{{Lang|grc-latn|autós}}'' ({{Lang|grc-Grek|αὐτός|italic=no}}) "self" and Latin ''{{Lang|la|mobilis}}'' "movable", entered English from [[French language|French]] and was first adopted by the [[Royal Automobile Club|Automobile Club of Great Britain]] in 1897.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prospective Arrangements|periodical=The Times|date=4 December 1897|page=13}}</ref> It fell out of favour in Britain and is now used chiefly in [[American English|North America]],<ref name="OEDautomob">{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/13480?rskey=9jBC3i&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid|title=automobile, adj. and n.|publisher=Oxford University Press|work=OED Online|date=September 2014|access-date=29 September 2014|archive-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208001009/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/13480?rskey=9jBC3i&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid|url-status=live}}</ref> where the abbreviated form "auto" commonly appears as an adjective in compound formations like "[[auto industry]]" and "[[auto mechanic]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/auto|title=Definition of "auto"|work=Cambridge Dictionary|access-date=19 August 2015|archive-date=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915173557/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/auto|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of auto|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/auto|access-date=23 November 2015|publisher=Merriam-Webster|archive-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910031842/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/auto|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of the automobile}}{{Overly detailed|section|details=detail should be moved to main article and summarized here|date=September 2022}}[[File:SteamMachineOfVerbiestIn1678.jpg|thumb|Steam machine of Verbiest, in 1678 ([[Ferdinand Verbiest]])]]
[[File:FardierdeCugnot20050111.jpg|thumb|Cugnot's 1771 ''fardier à vapeur'', as preserved at the [[Musée des Arts et Métiers]], Paris]]
[[File:Carl-Benz coloriert.jpg|150px|thumb|[[Carl Benz]], the inventor of the modern car]]
[[File:1885Benz.jpg|thumb|The original [[Benz Patent-Motorwagen]], the first modern car, built in 1885 and awarded the patent for the concept]]
[[File:Berthabenzportrait.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bertha Benz]], the first long distance driver]]
[[File:1888 Flocken Elektrowagen.jpg|thumb|The [[Flocken Elektrowagen]] was the first four-wheeled electric car]]
[[File:20210808 Panorama Stuttgart-West.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Stuttgart]], a cradle of the car<ref>{{cite web|url=https://goeasyberlin.de/en/blog/trips/stuttgart-automobile-empire/|title=Dimitris' Diary: Stuttgart, cradle of the automobile and the imperial family|author=Dimitris|website=Go Easy Berlin|location=Germany|date=16 July 2016|access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://installations.militaryonesource.mil/in-depth-overview/usag-stuttgart|title=USAG Stuttgart|website=Military One Source|location=US|date=17 August 2023|access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref> with [[Gottlieb Daimler]] and [[Wilhelm Maybach]] working there at the [[Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft|Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft]] and place of the modern day headquarters of [[Mercedes-Benz Group]] and [[Porsche]]]]

The first steam-powered vehicle was designed by [[Ferdinand Verbiest]], a [[Flemish people|Flemish]] member of a [[Jesuit China missions|Jesuit mission in China]] around 1672. It was a {{convert|65|cm|in|-long|adj=mid}} scale-model toy for the [[Kangxi Emperor]] that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger.<ref name="setright">{{cite book|last=Setright|first=L. J. K.|title=Drive On!: A Social History of the Motor Car|publisher=Granta Books|year=2004|isbn=1-86207-698-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1679-1681–R P Verbiest's Steam Chariot|work=History of the Automobile: origin to 1900|publisher=Hergé|url=http://users.skynet.be/tintinpassion/VOIRSAVOIR/Auto/Pages_auto/Auto_001.html|access-date=8 May 2009|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185735/http://users.skynet.be/tintinpassion/VOIRSAVOIR/Auto/Pages_auto/Auto_001.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CuriousExp">{{cite web|title=A brief note on Ferdinand Verbiest|publisher=Curious Expeditions|date=2 July 2007|url=http://curiousexpeditions.org/?p=52|access-date=18 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310071024/http://www.curiousexpeditions.org/?p=52|archive-date=10 March 2013}}&nbsp;– The vehicle pictured is the 20th century diecast model made by Brumm, of a later vehicle, not a model based on Verbiest's plans.</ref> It is not known with certainty if Verbiest's model was successfully built or run.<ref name="CuriousExp"/>

[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]] is widely credited with building the first full-scale, self-propelled mechanical vehicle in about 1769; he created a steam-powered tricycle.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145966/Nicolas-Joseph-Cugnot|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 June 2022|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429131542/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145966/Nicolas-Joseph-Cugnot|url-status=live}}</ref> He also constructed two steam tractors for the French Army, one of which is preserved in the [[Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers|French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> His inventions were limited by problems with water supply and maintaining steam pressure.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> In 1801, [[Richard Trevithick]] built and demonstrated his [[The Puffing Devil|Puffing Devil]] road locomotive, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle. It was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods and was of little practical use.

The development of external combustion (steam) engines is detailed as part of the history of the car but often treated separately from the development of true cars. A variety of steam-powered road vehicles were used during the first part of the 19th century, including [[steam car]]s, [[steam bus]]es, [[phaeton (carriage)|phaetons]], and [[steam roller]]s. In the United Kingdom, sentiment against them led to the [[Locomotive Acts]] of 1865.

In 1807, [[Nicéphore Niépce]] and his brother Claude created what was probably the world's first [[internal combustion engine]] (which they called a [[Pyréolophore]]), but installed it in a boat on the river [[Saone]] in France.<ref name="NieMus">{{cite web|author=speos.fr|url=http://niepce.house.museum/pagus/pagus-other.html|title=Niepce Museum, Other Inventions|publisher=Niepce.house.museum|access-date=26 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220092838/http://niepce.house.museum/pagus/pagus-other.html|archive-date=20 December 2005}}</ref> Coincidentally, in 1807, the Swiss inventor [[François Isaac de Rivaz]] designed his own "[[De Rivaz engine|de Rivaz internal combustion engine]]", and used it to develop the world's first vehicle to be powered by such an engine. The Niépces' Pyréolophore was fuelled by a mixture of [[Lycopodium powder]] (dried spores of the [[Lycopodium]] plant), finely crushed coal dust and resin that were mixed with oil, whereas de Rivaz used a mixture of [[hydrogen]] and [[oxygen]].<ref name="NieMus"/> Neither design was successful, as was the case with others, such as [[Samuel Brown (engineer)|Samuel Brown]], [[Samuel Morey]], and [[Etienne Lenoir]],<ref name="Ford-Lenoir">{{cite web|url=https://digitalcollections.detroitpubliclibrary.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A248374/|title=Henry Ford posing in Ford-Lenoir automobile|last=Lazarnick|first=Nick|publisher=detroit public library|date=30 July 1907|access-date=20 February 2023|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220131139/https://digitalcollections.detroitpubliclibrary.org/islandora/object/islandora:248374/|url-status=live}}</ref> who each built vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered by internal combustion engines.<ref name="stein">{{cite book|title=The Automobile Book|publisher=Paul Hamlyn|year=1967|first=Ralph|last=Stein}}</ref>

In November 1881, French inventor [[Gustave Trouvé]] demonstrated a three-wheeled car powered by electricity at the [[International Exposition of Electricity]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wakefield|first=Ernest H.|title=History of the Electric Automobile|publisher=Society of Automotive Engineers|year=1994|isbn=1-56091-299-5|pages=2–3}}</ref> Although several other German engineers (including [[Gottlieb Daimler]], [[Wilhelm Maybach]], and [[Siegfried Marcus]]) were working on cars at about the same time, the year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car—a practical, marketable automobile for everyday use—when the German [[Carl Benz]] patented his [[Benz Patent-Motorwagen]]; he is generally acknowledged as the inventor of the car.<ref name="stein"/><ref name="Daimler8586">{{Cite web|title=1885–1886. The first automobile|url=https://www.daimler.com/company/tradition/company-history/1885-1886.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021003344/https://www.daimler.com/company/tradition/company-history/1885-1886.html|archive-date=21 October 2018|access-date=30 July 2021|publisher=Daimler}}</ref><ref name="GarrisonEG">{{Cite book|last=Garrison|first=Ervan G.|title=History of Engineering and Technology: Artful Methods|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=978-1351440486|pages=272}}</ref>

In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle. His first ''Motorwagen'' was built in 1885 in [[Mannheim]], Germany. He was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on 29 January 1886 (under the auspices of his major company, [[Benz & Cie.]], which was founded in 1883). Benz began promotion of the vehicle on 3 July 1886, and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a cheaper model. They also were powered with [[Four-stroke cycle|four-stroke]] engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing Benz engines under license, now added the Benz car to his line of products. Because France was more open to the early cars, initially more were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in Germany. In August 1888, [[Bertha Benz]], the wife of Carl Benz, undertook the first [[road trip]] by car, to prove the road-worthiness of her husband's invention.

In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion [[flat engine]], called ''boxermotor''. During the last years of the 19th century, Benz was the largest car company in the world with 572 units produced in 1899 and, because of its size, Benz & Cie., became a [[joint-stock company]]. The first motor car in central Europe and one of the first factory-made cars in the world, was produced by Czech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed to [[Tatra (company)|Tatra]]) in 1897, the [[Präsident]] automobil.

Daimler and Maybach founded [[Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft]] (DMG) in [[Cannstatt]] in 1890, and sold their first car in 1892 under the brand name ''Daimler''. It was a horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer, which they retrofitted with an engine of their design. By 1895, about 30&nbsp;vehicles had been built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel Hermann, where they set up shop after disputes with their backers. Benz, Maybach, and the Daimler team seem to have been unaware of each other's early work. They never worked together; by the time of the merger of the two companies, Daimler and Maybach were no longer part of DMG. Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach designed an engine named ''Daimler-Mercedes'' that was placed in a specially ordered model built to specifications set by [[Emil Jellinek]]. This was a production of a small number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his country. Two years later, in 1902, a new model DMG car was produced and the model was named Mercedes after the Maybach engine, which generated 35 hp. Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a business of his own. Rights to the ''Daimler'' brand name were sold to other manufacturers.

In 1890, [[Émile Levassor]] and [[Armand Peugeot]] of France began producing vehicles with Daimler engines, and so laid the foundation of the [[Automotive industry in France#1900 to 1950|automotive industry in France]]. In 1891, [[Auguste Doriot]] and his Peugeot colleague Louis Rigoulot completed the longest trip by a petrol-driven vehicle when their self-designed and built Daimler powered [[Peugeot Type 3]] completed {{convert|2100|km|mi}} from [[Valentigney]] to Paris and Brest and back again. They were attached to the first [[Paris–Brest–Paris]] bicycle race, but finished six days after the winning cyclist, [[Charles Terront]].

The first design for an American car with a petrol internal combustion engine was made in 1877 by [[George Baldwin Selden|George Selden]] of [[Rochester, New York]]. Selden applied for a patent for a car in 1879, but the patent application expired because the vehicle was never built. After a delay of 16 years and a series of attachments to his application, on 5 November 1895, Selden was granted a US patent ({{US patent|549160}}) for a [[two-stroke cycle|two-stroke]] car engine, [[George B. Selden#The Selden patent|which hindered, more than encouraged]], development of cars in the United States. His patent was challenged by [[Henry Ford]] and others, and overturned in 1911.

In 1893, the first running, petrol-driven [[Automotive industry in the United States|American car]] was built and road-tested by the [[Duryea brothers]] of [[Springfield, Massachusetts]]. The first public run of the [[Duryea Motor Wagon]] took place on 21 September 1893, on Taylor Street in [[Metro Center, Springfield, Massachusetts|Metro Center]] Springfield.<ref name="ausbcomp.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ausbcomp.com/~bbott/cars/carhist.htm|title=The First Car – A History of the Automobile|publisher=Ausbcomp.com|access-date=17 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716152705/http://www.ausbcomp.com/~bbott/cars/carhist.htm|archive-date=16 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/dstartinventors/a/DuryeaBrothers.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710163343/http://inventors.about.com/od/dstartinventors/a/DuryeaBrothers.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2012|title=The Duryea Brothers – Automobile History|publisher=Inventors.about.com|date=16 September 2010|access-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> [[Studebaker]], subsidiary of a long-established wagon and coach manufacturer, started to build cars in 1897<ref name="Longst">{{cite book|title=A Century on Wheels: The Story of Studebaker|last=Longstreet|first=Stephen|publisher=Henry Holt|location=New York|page=121|id=1st edn., 1952}}</ref>{{rp||page=66}} and commenced sales of electric vehicles in 1902 and petrol vehicles in 1904.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clymer|first=Floyd|title=Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925|location=New York|publisher=Bonanza Books|year=1950|page=178}}</ref>

In Britain, there had been several attempts to build steam cars with varying degrees of success, with [[Rickett (car)|Thomas Rickett]] even attempting a production run in 1860.<ref name="V&VCars">{{cite book|last=Burgess Wise|first=D.|title=Veteran and Vintage Cars|year=1970|publisher=Hamlyn|location=London|isbn=0-600-00283-7}}</ref> [[Santler (car)|Santler]] from Malvern is recognized by the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first petrol-driven car in the country in 1894,<ref name="Beaulieu">{{cite book|last=Georgano|first=N.|title=Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile|year=2000|publisher=HMSO|location=London|isbn=1-57958-293-1}}</ref> followed by [[Frederick William Lanchester]] in 1895, but these were both one-offs.<ref name="Beaulieu"/> The first production vehicles in Great Britain came from the [[Daimler Company]], a company founded by [[Harry J. Lawson]] in 1896, after purchasing the right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's company made its first car in 1897, and they bore the name Daimler.<ref name="Beaulieu"/>

In 1892, German engineer [[Rudolf Diesel]] was granted a patent for a "New Rational Combustion Engine". In 1897, he built the first [[diesel engine]].<ref name="stein"/> Steam-, electric-, and petrol-driven vehicles competed for a few decades, with petrol internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. Although various [[pistonless rotary engine]] designs have attempted to compete with the conventional [[piston]] and [[crankshaft]] design, only [[Mazda Wankel engine|Mazda]]'s version of the [[Wankel engine]] has had more than very limited success.

All in all, it is estimated that over 100,000&nbsp;patents created the modern automobile and motorcycle.<ref name="TICCIHturin">{{cite web|url=http://ticcih.org/turin-charter-ratified-by-fiva-federation-internationale-des-vehicules-anciens/|title=Turin Charter ratified by FIVA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311151521/http://ticcih.org/turin-charter-ratified-by-fiva-federation-internationale-des-vehicules-anciens/|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live|last=Jerina|first=Nataša G.|date=May 2014|publisher=TICCIH|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref>

==Mass production==
{{See also|Automotive industry}}
[[File:Olds2.jpg|thumb|[[Ransom E. Olds]] founded [[Olds Motor Vehicle Company]] (Oldsmobile) in 1897.]]
[[File:Ford Motor Company assembly line.jpg|thumb|Ford Motor Company automobile assembly line in the 1920s]]
[[File:2011 Toyota Corolla -- NHTSA.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Toyota Corolla]] is the [[List of best-selling automobiles|best-selling car of all-time]].]]

Large-scale, [[production-line]] manufacturing of affordable cars was started by [[Ransom Olds]] in 1901 at his [[Oldsmobile]] factory in [[Lansing, Michigan]], and based upon stationary [[assembly line]] techniques pioneered by [[Marc Isambard Brunel]] at the [[Portsmouth Block Mills]], England, in 1802. The assembly line style of mass production and interchangeable parts had been pioneered in the US by [[Thomas Blanchard (inventor)|Thomas Blanchard]] in 1821, at the [[Springfield Armory]] in [[Springfield, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/industrial.htm|title=Industrialization of American Society|publisher=Engr.sjsu.edu|access-date=17 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919085515/http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/industrial.htm|archive-date=19 September 2010}}</ref> This concept was greatly expanded by [[Henry Ford]], beginning in 1913 with the world's first ''moving'' assembly line for cars at the [[Highland Park Ford Plant]].

As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in 15-minute intervals, much faster than previous methods, increasing productivity eightfold, while using less manpower (from 12.5&nbsp;manhours to 1&nbsp;hour 33&nbsp;minutes).<ref name="Georgano">{{cite book|last=Georgano|first=G. N.|title=Vintage Cars 1886 to 1930|year=2000|publisher=AB Nordbok|location=Sweden|isbn=1-85501-926-4}}</ref> It was so successful, [[paint]] became a bottleneck. Only [[Japan black]] would dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the variety of colors available before 1913, until fast-drying [[Duco]] [[lacquer]] was developed in 1926. This is the source of Ford's [[apocryphal]] remark, "any color as long as it's black".<ref name="Georgano"/> In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four months' pay.<ref name="Georgano"/>

Ford's complex safety procedures—especially assigning each worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam about—dramatically reduced the rate of injury.<ref>{{Cite book|url=|title=The encyclopedia of the industrial revolution in world history|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2014|isbn=978-0-8108-8888-3|editor-last=Hendrickson|editor-first=Kenneth E.|location=Lanham|oclc=913956423}}</ref> The combination of high wages and high efficiency is called "[[Fordism]]" and was copied by most major industries. The efficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided with the economic rise of the US. The assembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace with very repetitive motions which led to more output per worker while other countries were using less productive methods.

In the automotive industry, its success was dominating, and quickly spread worldwide seeing the founding of Ford France and Ford Britain in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany 1925; in 1921, [[Citroën]] was the first native European manufacturer to adopt the production method. Soon, companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going broke; by 1930, 250 companies which did not, had disappeared.<ref name="Georgano"/>

Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to the hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included electric [[ignition system|ignition]] and the electric self-starter (both by [[Charles Kettering]], for the [[Cadillac]] Motor Company in 1910–1911), independent [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspension]], and four-wheel brakes.

Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced to meet market needs, so marketing plans often have heavily influenced car design. It was [[Alfred P. Sloan]] who established the idea of different makes of cars produced by one company, called the [[General Motors Companion Make Program]], so that buyers could "move up" as their fortunes improved.

Reflecting the rapid pace of change, makes shared parts with one another so larger production volume resulted in lower costs for each price range. For example, in the 1930s, [[LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]]s, sold by [[Cadillac]], used cheaper mechanical parts made by [[Oldsmobile]]; in the 1950s, [[Chevrolet]] shared bonnet, doors, roof, and windows with [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]; by the 1990s, corporate [[powertrain]]s and shared [[Automobile platform|platforms]] (with interchangeable [[brake]]s, suspension, and other parts) were common. Even so, only major makers could afford high costs, and even companies with decades of production, such as [[Apperson]], [[Cole Motor Car Company|Cole]], [[Dorris Motors Corporation|Dorris]], [[Haynes Automobile Company|Haynes]], or Premier, could not manage: of some two hundred American car makers in existence in 1920, only 43 survived in 1930, and with the [[Great Depression]], by 1940, only 17 of those were left.<ref name="Georgano"/>

In Europe, much the same would happen. [[Morris Motors|Morris]] set up its production line at [[Cowley, Oxford|Cowley]] in 1924, and soon outsold Ford, while beginning in 1923 to follow Ford's practice of [[vertical integration]], buying [[Hotchkiss (car)|Hotchkiss]] (engines), [[EG Wrigley and Company|Wrigley]] (gearboxes), and Osberton (radiators), for instance, as well as competitors, such as [[Wolseley Motors|Wolseley]]: in 1925, Morris had 41&nbsp;per cent of total British car production. Most British small-car assemblers, from [[Abbey (1922 automobile)|Abbey]] to [[Xtra (automobile)|Xtra]], had gone under. Citroën did the same in France, coming to cars in 1919; between them and other cheap cars in reply such as [[Renault]]'s 10CV and [[Peugeot]]'s [[Peugeot 5CV|5CV]], they produced 550,000 cars in 1925, and [[Mors (automobile)|Mors]], [[Hurtu]], and others could not compete.<ref name="Georgano"/> Germany's first mass-manufactured car, the [[Opel Laubfrosch|Opel 4PS ''Laubfrosch'']] (Tree Frog), came off the line at [[Rüsselsheim]] in 1924, soon making Opel the top car builder in Germany, with 37.5&nbsp;per cent of the market.<ref name="Georgano"/>

In Japan, car production was very limited before World War II. Only a handful of companies were producing vehicles in limited numbers, and these were small, three-wheeled for commercial uses, like [[Daihatsu]], or were the result of partnering with European companies, like [[Isuzu Motors|Isuzu]] building the [[Wolseley Motors|Wolseley A-9]] in 1922. [[Mitsubishi]] was also partnered with [[Fiat S.p.A.|Fiat]] and built the [[Mitsubishi Model A]] based on a Fiat vehicle. [[Toyota]], [[Nissan]], [[Suzuki]], [[Mazda]], and [[Honda]] began as companies producing non-automotive products before the war, switching to car production during the 1950s. Kiichiro Toyoda's decision to take [[Toyoda Loom Works]] into automobile manufacturing would create what would eventually become [[Toyota Motor Corporation]], the largest automobile manufacturer in the world. [[Subaru]], meanwhile, was formed from a conglomerate of six companies who banded together as [[Fuji Heavy Industries]], as a result of having been broken up under ''[[keiretsu]]'' legislation.

== Components and design ==

=== Propulsion and fuels ===
{{See also|Alternative fuel vehicle}}
[[File:2011 Nissan Leaf SL -- 10-28-2011.jpg|thumb|2011 [[Nissan Leaf]] [[electric car]]]]
[[File:Electric car diagram.svg|thumb|right|The weight of the low battery stabilises the car.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Are Electric Vehicles Safe? |url=https://www.recurrentauto.com/research/are-electric-vehicles-safe |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.recurrentauto.com |quote=EVs are mostly all built like a skateboard, with the battery pack on the bottom of the car. This gives them amazing cornering and handling, and makes them very hard to flip.}}</ref> This is a [[dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout]] but many cars only have one motor.]]

==== Fossil fuels ====
The transport sector is a major contributor to [[air pollution]], [[noise pollution]] and [[climate change]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Transport greenhouse gas emissions|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/airs/2018/resource-efficiency-and-low-carbon-economy/transport-ghg-emissions|publisher=[[European Environment Agency]]|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331090035/https://www.eea.europa.eu/airs/2018/resource-efficiency-and-low-carbon-economy/transport-ghg-emissions|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most cars in use in the early 2020s run on [[petrol]] burnt in an [[internal combustion engine]] (ICE). The [[Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles|International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers]] says that, in countries that mandate low sulphur motor spirit, petrol-fuelled cars built to late 2010s standards (such as Euro-6) emit very little local air pollution.<ref>{{cite news|title=14 Countries and Territory State Move Up in Top 100 Ranking on Gasoline Sulfur Limits|url=https://stratasadvisors.com/insights/073118-top-100-gasoline-sulfur-ranking|publisher=Stratas Advisors|date=30 July 2018|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215224633/https://stratasadvisors.com/insights/073118-top-100-gasoline-sulfur-ranking|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Among the worst in OECD': Australia's addiction to cheap, dirty petrol|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/05/among-the-worst-in-oecd-australias-addiction-to-cheap-dirty-petrol|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 February 2019|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322135818/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/05/among-the-worst-in-oecd-australias-addiction-to-cheap-dirty-petrol|url-status=live}}</ref> Some cities ban older petrol-driven cars and some countries plan to ban sales in future. However, some environmental groups say this [[phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles]] must be brought forwards to limit climate change. Production of petrol-fuelled cars peaked in 2017.<ref name="IEA2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2019/october/growing-preference-for-suvs-challenges-emissions-reductions-in-passenger-car-mark.html|title=October: Growing preference for SUVs challenges emissions reductions in passenger car mark|website=IEA|access-date=18 October 2019|archive-date=18 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018134053/https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2019/october/growing-preference-for-suvs-challenges-emissions-reductions-in-passenger-car-mark.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bloomberg NEF Electric Vehicle Outlook 2019|url=https://about.bnef.com/electric-vehicle-outlook//|agency=Bloomberg NEF|date=15 May 2019|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603211619/https://about.bnef.com/electric-vehicle-outlook//|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other hydrocarbon fossil fuels also burnt by [[deflagration]] (rather than [[detonation]]) in ICE cars include [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[autogas]], and [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]]. Removal of [[fossil fuel subsidies]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt to completely lift fuel subsidies in 2020: minister|url=https://ww.egyptindependent.com/govt-to-completely-lift-fuel-subsidies-in-2020-minister/|work=Egypt Independent|date=8 January 2019|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202215550/https://ww.egyptindependent.com/govt-to-completely-lift-fuel-subsidies-in-2020-minister/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Why the Rouhani administration must eliminate energy subsidies|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=9 December 2018}}</ref> concerns about [[energy security|oil dependence]], tightening [[environmental law]]s and restrictions on [[greenhouse gas emissions]] are propelling work on alternative power systems for cars. This includes [[hybrid vehicle]]s, [[plug-in electric vehicle]]s and [[hydrogen vehicle]]s. Out of all cars sold in 2021, nine per cent were electric, and by the end of that year there were more than 16&nbsp;million [[plug-in electric car|electric car]]s on the world's roads.<ref name="IEA2022">{{Cite web|title=Trends in electric light-duty vehicles – Global EV Outlook 2022 – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2022/trends-in-electric-light-duty-vehicles|access-date=7 July 2022|website=IEA|language=en-GB|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710075202/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2022/trends-in-electric-light-duty-vehicles|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite rapid growth, less than two per cent of cars on the world's roads were [[Battery electric vehicle|fully electric]] and [[plug-in hybrid]] cars by the end of 2021.<ref name="IEA2022"/> Cars for racing or [[land speed record|speed records]] have sometimes employed [[jet car|jet]] or [[rocket car|rocket]] engines, but these are impractical for common use.

[[Oil consumption]] has increased rapidly in the 20th and 21st centuries because there are more cars; the [[1980s oil glut]] even fuelled the sales of low-economy vehicles in [[OECD]] countries. The [[BRIC]] countries are adding to this consumption.

{{As of|2023}} few production cars use [[wheel hub motor]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elaphe & McLaren team up on powertrain development|url=https://www.electrive.com/2023/01/05/elaphe-mclaren-team-up-on-powertrain-development/|access-date=16 January 2023|website=Electrive|language=en-US|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116075924/https://www.electrive.com/2023/01/05/elaphe-mclaren-team-up-on-powertrain-development/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Muller|first=Joann|date=11 January 2023|title=Axios auto expert's picks for best vehicles of the year|url=https://www.axios.com/2023/01/11/best-car-truck-year|access-date=16 January 2023|website=Axios|language=en|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116080324/https://www.axios.com/2023/01/11/best-car-truck-year|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Batteries ====
{{Main|Electric vehicle battery}}
{{See also|Electric car#Batteries|Automotive battery}}
In almost all hybrid (even [[mild hybrid]]) and pure electric cars [[regenerative braking]] recovers and returns to a battery some energy which would otherwise be wasted by friction brakes getting hot.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cline|first=Amanda|date=25 December 2021|title=What Is a Mild Hybrid Vehicle?|url=https://www.motorbiscuit.com/what-mild-hybrid-vehicle/|access-date=16 January 2023|website=MotorBiscuit|language=en-US|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116082921/https://www.motorbiscuit.com/what-mild-hybrid-vehicle/|url-status=live}}</ref> Although all cars must have friction brakes (front [[disc brake]]s and either disc or [[Drum brake|drum rear brakes]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Why Drum Brakes Works on EVs|url=https://www.news.benevelli-group.com/index.php/en/110-why-drum-brakes-works-on-evs.html|access-date=16 January 2023|website=Benevelli|language=en-gb|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116085512/https://www.news.benevelli-group.com/index.php/en/110-why-drum-brakes-works-on-evs.html|url-status=live}}</ref>) for emergency stops, regenerative braking improves efficiency, particularly in city driving.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=31 May 2022|title=Regenerative Braking: Benefits and Limitations|url=https://thebrakereport.com/regenerative-braking-benefits-and-limitations/|access-date=16 January 2023|website=The Brake Report|language=en-US|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116085744/https://thebrakereport.com/regenerative-braking-benefits-and-limitations/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== User interface ===
{{Main|Car controls}}
[[File:1923 Ford Model T UPS interior.jpg|thumb|In the [[Ford Model T]] the left-side hand lever sets the rear wheel parking brakes and puts the transmission in neutral. The lever to the right controls the throttle. The lever on the left of the steering column is for ignition timing. The left foot pedal changes the two forward gears while the centre pedal controls reverse. The right pedal is the brake.]]

Cars are equipped with controls used for driving, passenger comfort, and safety, normally operated by a combination of the use of feet and hands, and occasionally by voice on 21st-century cars. These controls include a [[steering wheel]], pedals for operating the brakes and controlling the car's speed (and, in a manual transmission car, a clutch pedal), a shift lever or stick for changing gears, and a number of buttons and dials for turning on lights, ventilation, and other functions. Modern cars' controls are now standardized, such as the location for the accelerator and brake, but this was not always the case. Controls are evolving in response to new technologies, for example, the [[electric car]] and the integration of mobile communications.

Some of the original controls are no longer required. For example, all cars once had controls for the choke valve, clutch, [[ignition timing]], and a crank instead of an electric [[Starter (engine)|starter]]. However, new controls have also been added to vehicles, making them more complex. These include [[Automobile air conditioning|air conditioning]], [[Automotive navigation system|navigation systems]], and [[in-car entertainment]]. Another trend is the replacement of physical knobs and switches by secondary controls with touchscreen controls such as [[BMW]]'s ''[[iDrive]]'' and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]'s ''[[MyFord Touch]]''. Another change is that while early cars' pedals were physically linked to the brake mechanism and throttle, in the early 2020s, cars have increasingly replaced these physical linkages with electronic controls.

=== Electronics and interior ===
[[File:Blade fuses on Citroen Jumper.JPG|thumb| [[Fuse (automotive)#Mount|Panel]] for fuses and circuit breakers ]]

Cars are typically equipped with interior lighting which can be toggled manually or be set to light up automatically with doors open, an [[in-car entertainment|entertainment system]] which originated from [[car radio]]s, sideways [[car window|windows]] which can be lowered or raised electrically (manually on earlier cars), and one or multiple [[automobile auxiliary power outlet|auxiliary power outlets]] for supplying portable appliances such as [[mobile phone charger|mobile phones]], portable fridges, [[power inverter]]s, and electrical air pumps from the on-board electrical system.<ref>{{cite web|title=VW Golf: Innenleuchten|url=https://www.cautos.org/innenleuchten-915.html|access-date=26 October 2021|language=de|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025210416/https://www.cautos.org/innenleuchten-915.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=[…] Kühlboxen im Test […]|url=https://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/verkehr/kuehlboxen/|website=auto motor und sport|access-date=26 October 2021|language=de|date=24 May 2017|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026192622/https://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/verkehr/kuehlboxen/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Auxiliary power outlets may be supplied continuously or only when the ignition is active depending on electrical wiring.}} More costly upper-class and [[luxury car]]s are equipped with features earlier such as massage seats and [[collision avoidance system]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alle Infos von der neuen Mercedes S-Klasse 2013 (W222)|url=https://auto.oe24.at/neuvorstellung/alle-infos-von-der-neuen-mercedes-s-klasse-2013-w222/104195226|website=auto.oe24.at|access-date=26 October 2021|language=de|date=16 May 2013|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026192620/https://auto.oe24.at/neuvorstellung/alle-infos-von-der-neuen-mercedes-s-klasse-2013-w222/104195226|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mercedes-Benz S-Klasse 2013: Alle Details und Fotos des neuen Alphatiers|url=https://www.speedheads.de/auto-news/mercedes-benz-s-klasse-2013-alle-details-und-fotos-des-neuen-alphatiers-0007467.html|website=Speed Heads|access-date=26 October 2021|language=de|date=2013|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026184511/https://www.speedheads.de/auto-news/mercedes-benz-s-klasse-2013-alle-details-und-fotos-des-neuen-alphatiers-0007467.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Fuse (automotive)|Dedicated automotive fuses and circuit breakers]] prevent damage from [[electrical overload]].

=== Lighting ===
{{main|Automotive lighting}}
[[File:LED DaytimeRunningLights.jpg|thumb|[[Audi A4]] daytime running lights]]

Cars are typically fitted with multiple types of lights. These include [[headlight]]s, which are used to illuminate the way ahead and make the car visible to other users, so that the vehicle can be used at night; in some jurisdictions, [[daytime running lights]]; red brake lights to indicate when the brakes are applied; amber turn signal lights to indicate the turn intentions of the driver; white-colored reverse lights to illuminate the area behind the car (and indicate that the driver will be or is reversing); and on some vehicles, additional lights (e.g., side marker lights) to increase the visibility of the car. Interior lights on the ceiling of the car are usually fitted for the driver and passengers. Some vehicles also have a boot light and, more rarely, an engine compartment light.

=== Weight and size ===
[[File:07-08 Chevrolet Suburban LT.jpg|thumb|A [[Chevrolet Suburban]] extended-length SUV weighs {{convert|7200|lb|kg|order=flip}} (gross weight).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/chevrolet/suburban/2008/features-specs/|title=Used 2008 Chevrolet Suburban Features & Specs|work=Edmunds|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125172157/http://www.edmunds.com/chevrolet/suburban/2008/features-specs/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

During the late 20th and early 21st century, cars increased in weight due to batteries,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://evarchive.com/how-much-do-electric-cars-weigh/|title=How much do electric cars weigh?|website=EV Archive|language=en-US|access-date=1 December 2019|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716013628/https://evarchive.com/how-much-do-electric-cars-weigh/|url-status=live}}</ref> modern steel safety cages, anti-lock brakes, airbags, and "more-powerful—if more efficient—engines"<ref name="killing">{{cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2011/06/your_big_car_is_killing_me.html|title=Your Big Car Is Killing Me|first=Annie|last=Lowrey|work=Slate|date=27 June 2011|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125112043/http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2011/06/your_big_car_is_killing_me.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and, {{As of|2019||df=|lc=y}}, typically weigh between {{convert|1|and|3|t|ST LT}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mechanicbase.com/cars/car-weight/|title=How much does a Car Weigh? – [Weight List by Car Model & Type]|last=Sellén|first=Magnus|date=2 August 2019|website=Mechanic Base|language=en-US|access-date=1 December 2019|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222211237/https://mechanicbase.com/cars/car-weight/|url-status=live}}</ref> Heavier cars are safer for the driver from a crash perspective, but more dangerous for other vehicles and road users.<ref name="killing"/> The weight of a car influences fuel consumption and performance, with more weight resulting in increased fuel consumption and decreased performance. The [[Wuling Hongguang Mini EV]], a typical [[city car]], weighs about {{convert|700|kg|lb}}. Heavier cars include SUVs and extended-length SUVs like the [[Chevrolet Suburban|Suburban]]. Cars have also become wider.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Niranjan |first=Ajit |date=2024-01-22 |title=SUVs drive trend for new cars to grow 1cm wider in UK and EU every two years, says report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2024/jan/22/cars-growing-wider-europe-report |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Some places tax heavier cars more:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Niranjan |first=Ajit |date=2024-01-22 |title=SUVs drive trend for new cars to grow 1cm wider in UK and EU every two years, says report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2024/jan/22/cars-growing-wider-europe-report |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |quote=France has …. penalties that cover the weight of a car.}}</ref> as well as improving pedestrian safety this can encourage manufacturers to use materials such as recycled [[aluminium]] instead of steel.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Blake|last2=Auffhammer|first2=Maximilian|last3=Samaras|first3=Constantine|date=October 2021|title=Make electric vehicles lighter to maximize climate and safety benefits|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02760-8|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|language=en|volume=598|issue=7880|pages=254–256|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02760-8|pmid=34642477|bibcode=2021Natur.598..254S|s2cid=238747321|access-date=15 October 2021|archive-date=14 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014133906/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02760-8|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been suggested that one benefit of subsidizing [[Electric vehicle charging network|charging infrastructure]] is that cars can use lighter batteries.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 April 2022|title=How big a battery should you insist on for your electric car?|url=https://www.thestar.com/autos/2022/04/09/how-big-a-battery-should-you-insist-on-for-your-electric-car.html|access-date=2 October 2022|website=thestar.com|language=en|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002182830/https://www.thestar.com/autos/2022/04/09/how-big-a-battery-should-you-insist-on-for-your-electric-car.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Seating and body style ===
{{See also|Car body style|Car classification|Truck classification|Vehicle size class}}

Most cars are designed to carry multiple occupants, often with four or five seats. Cars with five seats typically seat two passengers in the front and three in the rear. [[Full-size car]]s and large [[sport utility vehicle]]s can often carry six, seven, or more occupants depending on the arrangement of the seats. On the other hand, [[sports car]]s are most often designed with only two seats. Utility vehicles like [[pickup truck]]s, combine seating with extra cargo or utility functionality. The differing needs for passenger capacity and their luggage or cargo space has resulted in the availability of a large variety of body styles to meet individual consumer requirements that include, among others, the [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan/saloon]], [[hatchback]], [[station wagon|station wagon/estate]], [[coupe]], and [[minivan]].

==Safety==
{{Main|Car safety|Traffic collision|Low speed vehicle|Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions}}
[[File:Car crash 2.jpg|thumb|Result of a serious car collision]]

Traffic collisions are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide.<ref name="who_stats"/> [[Mary Ward (scientist)|Mary Ward]] became one of the first documented car fatalities in 1869 in [[Birr, County Offaly|Parsonstown]], Ireland,<ref name="ward">{{cite web|url=http://www.universityscience.ie/pages/scientists/sci_mary_ward.php|title=Mary Ward 1827–1869|publisher=Universityscience.ie|access-date=27 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311122721/http://www.universityscience.ie/pages/scientists/sci_mary_ward.php|archive-date=11 March 2008}}</ref> and [[Henry Bliss (road accident victim)|Henry Bliss]] one of the US's first pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in New York City.<ref name="bliss">{{cite web|url=http://www.citystreets.org/plaque.html|website=CityStreets|title=Bliss plaque|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826231629/http://citystreets.org/plaque.html|archive-date=26 August 2006}}</ref> There are now standard tests for safety in new cars, such as the [[Euro NCAP|Euro]] and [[US NCAP|US]] NCAP tests,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/testing/ncap/|title=SaferCar.gov|publisher=NHTSA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040727074610/http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/testing/ncap/|archive-date=27 July 2004}}</ref> and insurance-industry-backed tests by the [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] (IIHS).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iihs.org/|title=IIHS-HLDI|website=IIHS-HLDI crash testing and highway safety|access-date=1 December 2022|archive-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123104825/https://www.iihs.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Costs and benefits==
{{Main|Economics of car usage|Car costs|Effects of the car on societies}}
[[File:Chang'an avenue in Beijing.jpg|thumb|[[Road congestion]] is an issue in many major cities (pictured is [[Chang'an Avenue]] in [[Beijing]]).<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|author=Fran Tonkiss|title=Space, the city and social theory: social relations and urban forms|publisher=Polity|year=2005}}</ref>]]

The costs of car usage, which may include the cost of: acquiring the vehicle, repairs and [[auto maintenance]], fuel, [[depreciation]], driving time, [[parking fee]]s, taxes, and insurance,<ref name="racv"/> are weighed against the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benefits—perceived and real—of vehicle usage. The benefits may include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence, and convenience,<ref name="setright"/> and [[Emergency power system|emergency power]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ford's Affordable EV Charger Will Let an F-150 Power Your Home|url=https://www.reviewgeek.com/111145/fords-affordable-ev-charger-will-let-an-f-150-power-your-home/|access-date=7 March 2022|website=Review Geek|date=March 2022|language=en-US|archive-date=7 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307141336/https://www.reviewgeek.com/111145/fords-affordable-ev-charger-will-let-an-f-150-power-your-home/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 1920s, cars had another benefit: "[c]ouples finally had a way to head off on unchaperoned dates, plus they had a private space to snuggle up close at the end of the night."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/howaboutwe/dating-in-the-1920s_b_3239978.html|title=Dating in the 1920s: Lipstick, Booze and the Origins of Slut-Shaming &#124; HowAboutWe|first=Ariana|last=Anthony|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=9 May 2013|access-date=23 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120002829/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/howaboutwe/dating-in-the-1920s_b_3239978.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Similarly the costs to society of car use may include; [[maintaining road]]s, [[land use]], [[air pollution]], [[noise pollution]], [[road congestion]], [[public health]], health care, and of disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life; and can be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that car use generates. Societal benefits may include: economy benefits, such as job and wealth creation, of car production and maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from the [[:Category:Vehicle taxes|tax]] opportunities. The ability of humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies.<ref name="parking"/>

==Environmental effects==
{{See also|Exhaust gas|Waste tires|Environmental effects of transport|Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy|Noise pollution|Environmental aspects of the electric car|Vehicle recycling|Externalities of automobiles}}
[[File:1975- US vehicle production share, by vehicle type.svg|thumb|Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reductions in pollution and carbon dioxide emissions.<ref name="EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212">{{cite web|title=Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report|url=https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report|website=EPA.gov|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902145941/https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report|archive-date=2 September 2023|date=12 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.<ref name="GlobalFuelEfficInit_202311">{{cite web|last1=Cazzola|first1=Pierpaolo|last2=Paoli|first2=Leonardo|last3=Teter|first3=Jacob|title=Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition|url=https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/792523/gfei-trends-in-the-global-vehicle-fleet-2023-spreads.pdf|publisher=Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126092826/https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/792523/gfei-trends-in-the-global-vehicle-fleet-2023-spreads.pdf|archive-date=26 November 2023|page=3|doi=10.7922/G2HM56SV|date=November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Automobile exhaust gas.jpg|thumb|Car exhaust gas is one type of pollution|alt=close-up of 2 exhaust pipes with whitish smoke]]

Cars are a major cause of urban [[air pollution]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/14/climate/car-ban-air-pollution.html|title=Cities Worldwide Are Reimagining Their Relationship With Cars|last1=Sengupta|first1=Somini|date=14 November 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=1 December 2019|last2=Popovich|first2=Nadja|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204155827/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/14/climate/car-ban-air-pollution.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with all types of cars producing [[Non-exhaust emissions|dust from brakes, tyres, and road wear]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carroll|first=Sean Goulding|date=9 May 2022|title=Switch to EVs won't solve 'road dust' pollution – in fact, it could make it worse|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/transport/news/switch-to-evs-wont-solve-road-dust-pollution-in-fact-it-could-make-it-worse/|access-date=17 November 2022|website=www.euractiv.com|language=en-GB|archive-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117130708/https://www.euractiv.com/section/transport/news/switch-to-evs-wont-solve-road-dust-pollution-in-fact-it-could-make-it-worse/|url-status=live}}</ref> although these may be limited by [[vehicle emission standard]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 October 2022|title=Tough Euro 7 pollution rules planned for adoption this month|url=https://europe.autonews.com/environmentemissions/tough-euro-7-pollution-rules-planned-adoption-month|access-date=24 October 2022|website=Automotive News Europe|language=en|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024162130/https://europe.autonews.com/environmentemissions/tough-euro-7-pollution-rules-planned-adoption-month|url-status=live}}</ref> While there are different ways to power cars, most rely on [[petrol]] or [[diesel fuel|diesel]], and they consume almost a quarter of world oil production {{as of|2019|lc=y}}.<ref name="IEA2019"/> Both petrol and diesel cars pollute more than electric cars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/eea-report-confirms-electric-cars|title=EEA report confirms: electric cars are better for climate and air quality|website=European Environment Agency|language=en|access-date=1 December 2019|archive-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203160712/https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/eea-report-confirms-electric-cars|url-status=live}}</ref> Cars and vans caused 8% of direct carbon dioxide emissions in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cars and Vans – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/cars-and-vans|access-date=17 November 2022|website=IEA|language=en-GB|archive-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117133249/https://www.iea.org/reports/cars-and-vans|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2021||df=US}}, due to greenhouse gases emitted during battery production, electric cars must be driven tens of thousands of kilometers before their lifecycle carbon emissions are less than fossil fuel cars;<ref>{{Cite journal|title= Estimation of CO2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA|journal=Sustainability|year=2019|doi=10.3390/su11092690|doi-access=free|last1=Kawamoto|first1=Ryuji|last2=Mochizuki|first2=Hideo|last3=Moriguchi|first3=Yoshihisa|last4=Nakano|first4=Takahiro|last5=Motohashi|first5=Masayuki|last6=Sakai|first6=Yuji|last7=Inaba|first7=Atsushi|volume=11|issue=9|page=2690}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.volvocars.com/images/v/-/media/Market-Assets/INTL/Applications/DotCom/PDF/C40/Volvo-C40-Recharge-LCA-report.pdf|title=Carbon footprint report: Volvo C40 Recharge|access-date=24 October 2022|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713110017/https://www.volvocars.com/images/v/-/media/Market-Assets/INTL/Applications/DotCom/PDF/C40/Volvo-C40-Recharge-LCA-report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> however this varies considerably<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 May 2022|title=How much CO2 can electric cars really save?|url=https://www.transportenvironment.org/discover/how-clean-are-electric-cars/|access-date=24 October 2022|website=Transport & Environment|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915201227/https://www.transportenvironment.org/discover/how-clean-are-electric-cars/|url-status=live}}</ref> and is expected to improve in future due to [[Low-carbon power|lower carbon electricity]], and longer lasting batteries<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carbonfootprint.com/electric_vehicles.html|title=Electric Vehicles|website=carbonfootprint.com|access-date=1 December 2019|archive-date=21 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421180607/https://www.carbonfootprint.com/electric_vehicles.html|url-status=live}}</ref> produced in larger factories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://innovationorigins.com/tomorrow-is-why-german-automobile-club-study-is-the-anti-electric-lobby-at-its-finest/|title=Tomorrow is Good: why German automobile club study is the anti-electric lobby at its finest|date=3 November 2019|website=Innovation Origins|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2019|first=Auke|last=Hoekstra|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214142532/https://innovationorigins.com/tomorrow-is-why-german-automobile-club-study-is-the-anti-electric-lobby-at-its-finest/|url-status=live}}</ref> Many governments use fiscal policies, such as [[road tax]], to discourage the purchase and use of more polluting cars;<ref>{{cite web|title=A Review and Comparative Analysis of Fiscal Policies Associated with New Passenger Vehicle CO2 Emissions|url=http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_fiscalpolicies_feb2011.pdf|work=International Council on Clean Transportation|access-date=15 October 2013|date=February 2011|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308122512/https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_fiscalpolicies_feb2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and many cities are doing the same with [[low-emission zone]]s.<ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jan/26/city-entres-end-of-road-for-cars-brighton-bristol-york|title=Brighton, Bristol, York ... city centres signal the end of the road for cars|last=Sherwood|first=Harriet|date=26 January 2020|work=The Observer|access-date=26 January 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0029-7712|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126173710/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jan/26/city-entres-end-of-road-for-cars-brighton-bristol-york|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Fuel tax]]es may act as an incentive for the production of more efficient, hence less polluting, car designs (e.g., [[hybrid vehicles]]) and the development of [[alternative fuel]]s.{{Cn|date=October 2022}} High fuel taxes or cultural change may provide a strong incentive for consumers to purchase lighter, smaller, more [[fuel-efficient]] cars,{{Cn|date=October 2022}} or to [[Car-free movement|not drive]].<ref name="Sherwood"/>

The [[Car longevity|lifetime of a car]] built in the 2020s is expected to be about 16&nbsp;years, or about {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=in|1|disp=preunit|million|million}} if driven a lot.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 June 2020|title=Tesla supplier ready to make million-mile battery|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52966178|access-date=9 June 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609212801/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52966178|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[International Energy Agency]] the average rated fuel consumption of new light-duty vehicles fell by only 0.9% between 2017 and 2019, far smaller than the 1.8% annual average reduction between 2010 and 2015. Given slow progress to date, the IEA estimates fuel consumption will have to decrease by 4.3% per year on average from 2019 to 2030.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-fuel-economy-initiative-2021|title=Global Fuel Economy Initiative 2021|website=International Energy Agency|location=Paris|access-date=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306085418/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-fuel-economy-initiative-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The increase in sales of SUVs is bad for fuel economy.<ref name="IEA2019"/> Many cities in Europe have [[Low-emission zone|banned older fossil fuel cars]] and all fossil fuel vehicles will be banned in [[Amsterdam]] from 2030.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/03/amsterdam-ban-petrol-diesel-cars-bikes-2030|title=Amsterdam to ban petrol and diesel cars and motorbikes by 2030|last=Boffey|first=Daniel|date=3 May 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=18 May 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=7 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907130427/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/03/amsterdam-ban-petrol-diesel-cars-bikes-2030|url-status=live}}</ref> Many Chinese cities limit licensing of fossil fuel cars,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://electrek.co/2019/06/06/china-boost-ev-sales-license-plate-quotas/|title=China boosts electric car sales by removing license plate quotas|last=Lambert|first=Fred|date=6 June 2019|website=Electrek|language=en-US|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108135117/https://electrek.co/2019/06/06/china-boost-ev-sales-license-plate-quotas/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles|many countries plan to stop selling them]] between 2025 and 2050.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carroll|first=Sean Goulding|date=5 July 2022|title=A seismic shift: Support for ICE melts as Europe warms to EVs|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/transport/news/a-seismic-shift-support-for-ice-melts-as-europe-warms-to-evs/|access-date=7 July 2022|website=www.euractiv.com|language=en-GB|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707101129/https://www.euractiv.com/section/transport/news/a-seismic-shift-support-for-ice-melts-as-europe-warms-to-evs/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The manufacture of vehicles is resource intensive, and many manufacturers now report on the environmental performance of their factories, including energy usage, [[waste]] and [[water consumption]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Volvo's carbon-free car factory|url=http://www.endsreport.com/14568/volvos-carbon-free-car-factory|work=Ends Report|access-date=15 October 2013|date=October 2005|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084415/http://www.endsreport.com/14568/volvos-carbon-free-car-factory|url-status=live}}</ref> Manufacturing each kWh of battery emits a similar amount of carbon as burning through one full tank of petrol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://electricinsights.co.uk/|title=Drax Electric Insights|last=Group|first=Drax|website=Drax Electric Insights|access-date=12 September 2019|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010195926/https://electricinsights.co.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref> The growth in popularity of the car allowed cities to [[Urban sprawl|sprawl]], therefore encouraging more travel by car, resulting in inactivity and [[obesity]], which in turn can lead to increased risk of a variety of diseases.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Ailing Communities|url=http://www.metropolismag.com/cda/story.php?artid=2353|work=Metropolis Magazine|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208203942/http://www.metropolismag.com/cda/story.php?artid=2353|archive-date=8 February 2007}}</ref>

Animals and plants are often negatively affected by cars via [[habitat destruction]] and pollution. Over the lifetime of the average car, the "loss of habitat potential" may be over {{convert|50000|m2|ft2}} based on [[primary production]] correlations.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jeffrey|last=Ball|title=Six Products, Six Carbon Footprints|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122304950601802565|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=9 March 2009|access-date=10 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206092957/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122304950601802565.html|archive-date=6 December 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=what does "primary production correlations" mean please?|date=October 2022}} Animals are also killed every year on roads by cars, referred to as [[roadkill]]. More recent road developments are including significant environmental mitigation in their designs, such as green bridges (designed to allow [[wildlife crossing]]s) and creating [[wildlife corridor]]s.

Growth in the popularity of cars and [[commuting]] has led to [[traffic congestion]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Planning and the Complicated Causes and Effects of Congestion|url=https://www.planetizen.com/features/116834-planning-and-complicated-causes-and-effects-congestion|access-date=24 October 2022|website=www.planetizen.com|language=en|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024175721/https://www.planetizen.com/features/116834-planning-and-complicated-causes-and-effects-congestion|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Moscow]], [[Istanbul]], [[Bogotá]], [[Mexico City]] and [[São Paulo]] were the world's most congested cities in 2018 according to INRIX, a data analytics company.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cities With the World's Worst Traffic Congestion|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/cities/articles/2019-02-12/these-cities-have-the-worlds-worst-traffic-congestion|first=Katelyn|last=Newman|work=US News|date=12 February 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318212120/https://www.usnews.com/news/cities/articles/2019-02-12/these-cities-have-the-worlds-worst-traffic-congestion|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Social issues==
Mass production of personal motor vehicles in the United States and other developed countries with extensive territories such as Australia, Argentina, and France vastly increased individual and group mobility and greatly increased and expanded economic development in urban, suburban, exurban and rural areas.{{cn|date=December 2022|reason=The next paragraph has US references but you need references for other developed countries. Note that other countries do not necessarily depend on cars as much as the US. Eg, I was quite content without a car while living in Hong Kong.}}

In the United States, the [[transport divide]] and [[car dependency]] resulting from domination of [[Automotive city|car-based transport systems]] presents barriers to employment in low-income neighbourhoods,<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 August 2018|title=Tackling transport-related barriers to employment in low-income neighbourhoods|url=https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/tackling-transport-related-barriers-employment-low-income-neighbourhoods|access-date=13 April 2021|website=JRF|language=en|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413162600/https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/tackling-transport-related-barriers-employment-low-income-neighbourhoods|url-status=live}}</ref> with many low-income individuals and families forced to run cars they cannot afford in order to maintain their income.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mattioli|first1=Giulio|title='Forced Car Ownership' in the UK and Germany: Socio-Spatial Patterns and Potential Economic Stress Impacts|journal=Social Inclusion|date=28 December 2017|volume=5|issue=4|pages=147–160|doi=10.17645/si.v5i4.1081|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dependency on automobiles by [[African Americans]] may result in exposure to the hazards of [[driving while black]] and other types of [[racial discrimination]] related to buying, financing and insuring them.<ref name="NYT121522">{{cite news|author1=Andrew Ross|author2=Julie Livingston|title=Once You See the Truth About Cars, You Can't Unsee It|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/15/opinion/car-ownership-inequality.html|access-date=16 December 2022|issue=New York Times|date=15 December 2022|quote=Andrew Ross and Julie Livingston are New York University professors, members of NYU's Prison Education Program Research Lab and authors of the book “Cars and Jails: Freedom Dreams, Debt, and Carcerality.”|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215234155/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/15/opinion/car-ownership-inequality.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Emerging car technologies==
Although intensive development of conventional [[battery electric vehicle]]s is continuing into the 2020s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://airqualitynews.com/2019/09/05/ev-battery-research-projects-get-55m-funding-boost/|title=EV battery research projects get £55m funding boost|date=5 September 2019|website=Air Quality News|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905182327/https://airqualitynews.com/2019/09/05/ev-battery-research-projects-get-55m-funding-boost/|url-status=live}}</ref> other car [[propulsion]] technologies that are under development include [[Inductive charging#Electronic devices|wireless charging]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48913028|title=Wireless electric car charging gets cash boost|date=9 July 2019|access-date=3 January 2020|language=en-GB|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209032356/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48913028|url-status=live}}</ref> [[hydrogen car]]s,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-27/china-s-hydrogen-vehicle-dream-chased-by-17-billion-of-funding|title=China's Hydrogen Vehicle Dream Chased With $17 Billion of Funding|date=23 July 2019|access-date=23 July 2019|language=en|archive-date=21 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721215217/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-27/china-s-hydrogen-vehicle-dream-chased-by-17-billion-of-funding|url-status=live}}</ref> and hydrogen/electric hybrids.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://driving.ca/mazda/features/feature-story/motor-mouth-is-this-the-perfect-electric-vehicle|title=Motor Mouth: Is Mazda's e-TPV the perfect electric vehicle?|date=3 September 2019|website=Driving|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905182325/https://driving.ca/mazda/features/feature-story/motor-mouth-is-this-the-perfect-electric-vehicle|url-status=live}}</ref> Research into alternative forms of power includes using [[ammonia]] instead of hydrogen in [[fuel cell]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-08-ammonia-fuel-cells.html|title=Ammonia for fuel cells|website=phys.org|language=en-us|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905183047/https://phys.org/news/2019-08-ammonia-fuel-cells.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

New materials which may replace steel car bodies include aluminium,<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2020|title=Survey reveals aluminum remains fastest growing automotive material|url=https://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/survey-reveals-aluminum-remains-fastest-growing-automotive-material/|access-date=15 October 2021|website=Automotive World|language=en-GB|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021053144/https://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/survey-reveals-aluminum-remains-fastest-growing-automotive-material/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[fiberglass]], [[carbon fiber]], [[biocomposite]]s, and [[carbon nanotube]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=This New Material Can Transform the Car Manufacturing Industry|url=https://interestingengineering.com/this-new-material-can-transform-the-car-manufacturing-industry|first=Kashyap|last=Vyas|work=Interesting Engineering|location=Turkey|date=3 October 2018|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=16 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916083121/https://interestingengineering.com/this-new-material-can-transform-the-car-manufacturing-industry|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Telematics]] technology is allowing more and more people to share cars, on a [[City Car Club|pay-as-you-go]] basis, through [[car share]] and [[carpool]] schemes. Communication is also evolving due to [[connected car]] systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenmotor.co.uk/2017/06/uniti-ev-lewis-horne-interview.html|title=Inside Uniti's plan to build the iPhone of EVs|website=GreenMotor.co.uk|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703013456/http://www.greenmotor.co.uk/2017/06/uniti-ev-lewis-horne-interview.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Autonomous car===
{{Main|Autonomous car}}
[[File:Hands-free Driving.jpg|thumb|A robotic [[Volkswagen Passat]] shown at [[Stanford University]] is a [[driverless car]].]]

Fully autonomous vehicles, also known as driverless cars, already exist as [[robotaxi]]s<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 October 2022|title=China's Xpeng passes autonomous driving test in race to launch robotaxis|url=https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/3197095/chinese-ev-maker-xpeng-passes-autonomous-driving-test-it-races-rivals-launch-robotaxi-services|access-date=24 October 2022|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024172642/https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/3197095/chinese-ev-maker-xpeng-passes-autonomous-driving-test-it-races-rivals-launch-robotaxi-services|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=8 Ways Waymo's Autonomous Taxi Surprised Us on a Ride|url=https://www.consumerreports.org/cars/autonomous-driving/ways-a-waymo-autonomous-taxi-surprised-us-on-a-ride-a1160706497/|access-date=24 October 2022|website=Consumer Reports|date=4 October 2022|language=en-US|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024172927/https://www.consumerreports.org/cars/autonomous-driving/ways-a-waymo-autonomous-taxi-surprised-us-on-a-ride-a1160706497/|url-status=live}}</ref> but have a long way to go before they are in general use.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mims|first=Christopher|date=5 June 2021|title=Self-Driving Cars Could Be Decades Away, No Matter What Elon Musk Said|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/self-driving-cars-could-be-decades-away-no-matter-what-elon-musk-said-11622865615|access-date=2 September 2021|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902182155/https://www.wsj.com/articles/self-driving-cars-could-be-decades-away-no-matter-what-elon-musk-said-11622865615|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Open source development===
{{main|Open source car}}
There have been several projects aiming to develop a car on the principles of [[open design]], an approach to designing in which the plans for the machinery and systems are publicly shared, often without monetary compensation. None of the projects have succeeded in developing a car as a whole including both hardware and software, and no mass production ready open-source based designs have been introduced. Some car [[Hacker (programmer subculture)|hacking]] through [[on-board diagnostics]] (OBD) has been done so far.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6306814203245314335|title=Geek My Ride presentation at linux.conf.au 2009|access-date=11 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411075600/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6306814203245314335|archive-date=11 April 2011}}</ref>

===Car sharing===
[[Carsharing|Car-share]] arrangements and [[carpool]]ing are also increasingly popular, in the US and Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Manufacturing/gx-global-automotive-consumer-study-europe-final.pdf|title=Global Automotive Consumer Study – exploring consumer preferences and mobility choices in Europe|publisher=Deloitte|date=2014|access-date=23 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704135550/http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Manufacturing/gx-global-automotive-consumer-study-europe-final.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> For example, in the US, some car-sharing services have experienced double-digit growth in revenue and membership growth between 2006 and 2007. Services like car sharing offer residents to "share" a vehicle rather than own a car in already congested neighbourhoods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/04/flexcar_expands.html|title=Flexcar Expands to Philadelphia|date=2 April 2007|publisher=Green Car Congress|access-date=12 April 2007|archive-date=9 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709062259/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/04/flexcar_expands.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Industry==
{{Main|Automotive industry}}
{{expand section|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Geely assembly line in Beilun, Ningbo.JPG|thumb|A car being assembled in a factory]]

The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the world's [[motor vehicle]]s, more than three-quarters of which are cars. In 2020, there were 56&nbsp;million cars manufactured worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Statistics|url=https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2020-statistics/|access-date=2 September 2021|website=OICA|archive-date=2 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402034602/https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2020-statistics/|url-status=live}}</ref> down from 67&nbsp;million the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 Statistics|url=https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2019-statistics/|access-date=2 September 2021|website=OICA|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120211457/https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2019-statistics/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[automotive industry in China]] produces by far the most (20&nbsp;million in 2020), followed by Japan (seven million), then Germany, South Korea and India.<ref name="OICA2018">{{cite web|title=2018 Statistics|url=https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2018-statistics/|publisher=OICA|access-date=24 September 2021|archive-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919201934/https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2018-statistics/|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest market is China, followed by the US.

Around the world, there are about a billion cars on the road;<ref>{{cite web|title=PC World Vehicles in Use|url=https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads//PC_Vehicles-in-use.pdf|publisher=OICA|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923184400/https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads//PC_Vehicles-in-use.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> they burn over {{One2a|{{convert|1|e12l|e12USgal e12impgal|spell=in}}}} of petrol and diesel fuel yearly, consuming about {{Convert|50|EJ|TWh|lk=on}} of energy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Transportation Energy Consumption: Examination of Scenarios to 2040 using ITEDD|url=https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/transportation/scenarios/pdf/globaltransportation.pdf|publisher=[[Energy Information Administration]]|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511181735/https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/transportation/scenarios/pdf/globaltransportation.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The numbers of cars are increasing rapidly in China and India.<ref name="plunkettresearch.com"/> In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investment. Many of these negative effects fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars.<ref name="health">{{cite web|url=http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environment-and-health/Transport-and-health|title=Health effects of transport|access-date=29 August 2008|author=<nowiki>World Health Organisation, Europe</nowiki>|archive-date=29 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529223158/http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environment-and-health/Transport-and-health|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FIA2018">{{cite web|title=Global Action for Healthy Streets: Annual Report 2018|url=https://www.fiafoundation.org/media/597506/fiaf-annual-report-2018.pdf|publisher=FiA Foundation|access-date=16 March 2019}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The [[sustainable transport]] movement focuses on solutions to these problems. The car industry is also facing increasing competition from the public transport sector, as some people re-evaluate their private vehicle usage.

==Alternatives==
{{Main|Alternatives to car use}}
[[File:Place de la République (Paris), réaménagement, 2012-04-05 39.jpg|thumb|The [[Vélib']] in [[Paris, France]], is the largest bikesharing system outside China.]]

Established alternatives for some aspects of car use include [[public transport]] such as busses, [[trolleybus]]ses, trains, [[Rapid transit|subways]], [[tram system|tramways]], [[light rail]], cycling, and [[walking]]. [[Bicycle sharing system]]s have been established in China and many European cities, including [[Copenhagen]] and [[Amsterdam]]. Similar programs have been developed in large US cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/dzshen/www/about.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220235050/http://web.mit.edu/dzshen/www/about.shtml|archive-date=20 December 2007|title=About Bike Share Programs|publisher=Tech Bikes MIT|access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Cambell|first1=Charlie|title=The Trouble with Sharing: China's Bike Fever Has Reached Saturation Point|magazine=Time|date=2 April 2018|url=https://time.com/5218323/china-bicycles-sharing-economy/|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=7 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607090315/http://time.com/5218323/china-bicycles-sharing-economy/|url-status=live}}</ref> Additional individual modes of transport, such as [[personal rapid transit]] could serve as an alternative to cars if they prove to be socially accepted.<ref name="asphalt">{{cite book|title=Asphalt Nation: how the automobile took over America, and how we can take it back|author-link=Jane Holtz Kay|first=Jane Holtz|last=Kay|year=1998|isbn=0-520-21620-2|publisher=University of California Press|url=https://archive.org/details/asphaltnationhow00kayj_0}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Cars}}
{{Main|Outline of automobiles}}
{{col-begin}}

{{col-break}}
'''General:'''
* [[Automotive safety]]
* [[Car classification]]
* [[Car costs]]
* [[Green vehicle]]
* [[Jaywalking]]
* [[Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. by year]]
* [[Motor vehicle theft]]
* [[Peak car]]
* [[Steering]]
* [[Traffic collision]]

{{col-break}}
'''Effects:'''
* [[Car dependency]]
* [[Effects of the car on societies]]
* [[Energy consumption of cars]]
* [[Environmental effects of transport]]
* [[Externalities of automobiles]]
* [[Fenceline community]]
* [[Mobile source air pollution]]
* [[Noise pollution]]
* [[Roadway noise]]
* [[Traffic congestion]]
* [[Urban decay]]
* [[Urban sprawl]]

{{col-break}}
'''Mitigation:'''
* [[Car-free movement]]
* [[Carfree city]]
* [[Congestion pricing]]
* [[Highway revolt]]
* [[New Urbanism]]
* [[Smart growth]]
* [[Transit-oriented development]]

{{col-end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author-link=David Halberstam|last=Halberstam|first=David|title=The Reckoning|url=https://archive.org/details/reckoning00halbrich|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Morrow|year=1986|isbn=0-688-04838-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Kay|first=Jane Holtz|title=Asphalt nation : how the automobile took over America, and how we can take it back|location=New York|publisher=Crown|year=1997|isbn=0-517-58702-5|url=https://archive.org/details/asphaltnationhow00kayj}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Heathcote Williams|last=Williams|first=Heathcote|title=Autogeddon|location=New York|publisher=Arcade|year=1991|isbn=1-55970-176-5}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Wolfgang Sachs|last=Sachs|first=Wolfgang|title=For love of the automobile: looking back into the history of our desires|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|year=1992|isbn=0-520-06878-5}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Margolius|first=Ivan|date=2020|title=What is an automobile?|url=http://www.theautomobile.co.uk|journal=The Automobile|volume=37|issue=11|pages=48–52|issn=0955-1328}}
* {{cite book|first1=John|last1=Cole|first2=Francis|last2=Cole|url={{google books|id=xREfAgAAQBAJ|page=110|plain-url=yes}}|title=A Geography of the European Union|page=110|year=213|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9781317835585}} – Number of cars in use (in millions) in various European countries in 1973 and 1992
* {{cite book|url={{google books|id=8TZkG1HhfG0C|page=11|plain-url=yes}}|page=11|year=1972|title=Latin America: Economic Growth Trends|publisher=Agency for International Development, Office of Statistics and Reports|location=US}} – Number of motor vehicles registered in Latin America in 1970
* {{cite book|url={{google books|id=evpBB9EPDtQC|page=3|plain-url=yes}}|title=World Motor Vehicle Production and Registration|page=3|publisher=Business and Defense Services Administration, Transportation Equipment Division|location=US}} – Number of registered passenger cars in various countries in 1959-60 and 1969-70

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|California AB 1493}}
{{Wiktionary}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Automobiles}}
* [http://www.fia.com/ Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010217132832/http://www.autoandsociety.com/ Forum for the Automobile and Society]
* [https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/5460 Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996: Transportation and the Environment by Fletcher, Wendell; Sedor, Joanne; p. 219 (contains figures on vehicle registrations in various countries in 1970 and 1992)]

{{Car-interior}}
{{Automobile configuration}}
{{CarDesign nav}}
{{Internal combustion engine}}
{{Powertrain}}
{{Chassis control systems}}
{{Automotive industry}}
{{Private transport}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cars| ]]
[[Category:Private transport]]
[[Category:Vehicles by type]]
[[Category:Wheeled vehicles]]
[[Category:German inventions]]
[[Category:19th-century inventions]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles]]
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