Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Carapichea ipecacuanha

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{more science citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Koeh-251.jpg
| genus = Carapichea
| species = ipecacuanha
| authority = (Brot.) L.Andersson
| synonyms =
''Callicocca ipecacuanha''<br />
''Cephaelis ipecacuanha''<br />
''Evea ipecacuanha''<br />
''Psychotria ipecacuanha''<br />
''Uragoga ipecacuanha''
}}
[[File:Ipecac.jpg|thumb|Ipecac plant]]
'''''Carapichea ipecacuanha''''' is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Rubiaceae]]. It is native to  Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, and Brazil. Its common name, '''ipecacuanha''' ({{IPA-pt|ipekɐkuˈɐ̃ɲɐ}}), is derived from the [[Tupi language|Tupi]] ''ipega'kwãi'', or "road-side sick-making plant". The plant has been discussed under a variety of [[synonym (botany)|synonyms]] over the years by various [[botany|botanists]]. The roots were used to make [[syrup of ipecac]], a powerful [[emetic]], a longtime [[Over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]] medicine no longer approved for medical use in the West for lack of evidence of safety and efficacy. An example of emetic compound from the roots is [[emetine]].<ref>Emmanuel S. Akinboye, Oladapo Bakare; ''[https://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TONPJ/TONPJ-4-8.pdf Biological Activities of Emetine]'', ''The Open Natural Products Journal'', 2011, '''4''', pp. 8-15; {{doi|10.2174/1874848101104010008}}</ref>

==Description==
Ipecacuanha is a slow-growing plant, which reduces its commercial appeal as a crop plant.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} It is seldom cultivated in [[South America]] but it has been cultivated in [[India]] and elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbzoDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 | title=The Disease of Chopin. A comprehensive study of a lifelong suffering| isbn=9785040211166| last1=Wapf| first1=Victoria| date=2018-01-30}}</ref>

The root of ipecacuanha has been used in preparation of the medicament, the syrup, is simple or divided into a few branches, flexuous, and composed of rings of various size.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} It is somewhat fleshy when fresh, and appearing as if closely strung on a central woody cord.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} The different kinds known in commerce (gray, red, brown) are all produced by the same plant, the differences arising from the age of the plant, the mode of drying, etc.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Various other plants can be used as substitutes for it.{{clarify|date=February 2017}}{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

==History==
Ipecacuanha was known to Europe by the mid 17th century. [[Nicholas Culpeper]], an English botanist, herbalist, and physician, compared Ipecacuanha to the herb Orach in his book, ''Complete Herbal & English Physician'', published in 1653.{{full citation needed|date=February 2017}} One of the first recorded shipments of Ipecacuanha to [[Europe]] was in 1672, by a traveler named Legros, who imported a quantity of the root to [[Paris, France|Paris]] from [[South America]].<ref name="druett">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybv8zpUvac0C&q=Legros+1672+ipecac&pg=PA61|title= Rough Medicine: Surgeons at Sea in the Age of Sail|isbn=9780415924528|last1= Druett |first1= Joan |date= 2001|pages=61–62}}</ref> In 1680, a Parisian merchant named Garnier possessed some 68 kilograms (150 pounds) of the substance and informed the physician [[Jean Claude Adrien Helvetius]] (1685–1755) of its power in the treatment of [[dysentery]].{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Helvetius was granted sole right to vend the remedy by [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], but sold the secret to the [[French government]], who made the formula public in 1688.<ref name="druett"/>

Ipecacuanha has a long history of use as an [[emetic]], for emptying the stomach in cases of [[poison]]ing, a use that has been discontinued in medical settings (see [[syrup of ipecac]]). It has also been used as a [[nauseant]], [[expectorant]], and [[diaphoretic]], and was prescribed for conditions such as [[bronchitis]]. The most common and familiar preparation is [[syrup of ipecac]], which was commonly recommended as an emergency treatment for accidental poisoning until the final years of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Pediatrics |volume=112 |issue=5 |date=November 2003 |pages=1182–1185 |title=Policy statement: Poison treatment in the home |doi=10.1542/peds.112.5.1182 |pmid=14595067 |last1=American Academy Of Pediatrics Committee On Injury |first1=Violence |doi-access= }}</ref> Ipecacuanha was also traditionally used to induce sweating. A common preparation for this purpose was [[Dover's powder]].

In the 19th century, women prisoners at the Cascades Female Factory, Tasmania, were routinely given "a grain or so of ipecacuanha" as a precaution, especially "upon ladies with gross health and fiery temperaments."<ref>Daniels, Kay. ''Convict Women''. Allen & Unwin, 1998, p.&nbsp;129.</ref>

==Chemical constituents==
Ipecacuanha contains the alkaloids [[emetine]] (methylcephaeline) and [[cephaeline]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMCzyrAtrvYC&q=ipecacuanha | title=Alkaloids: biochemistry, ecology, and medicinal applications / edited by Margaret F. Roberts and Michael Wink| isbn= 0306454653 | last1=Roberts| first1=Margaret F.| last2=Wink |first2=Michael| date=1998}}</ref> It also contains the pseudo-[[tannin]] [[ipecacuanhic acid]] or [[cephaëlic acid]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/sayre/cephaelis.html|title = 530. Ipecacuanha.—Ipecac. &#124; Henriette's Herbal Homepage}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2017}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{ATC|R05|CA04}} therapeutic classification
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Ipecacuanha|short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Ipecacuanha|short=x}}

{{Cough and cold preparations}}
{{Antidotes}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q756292}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Palicoureeae]]
[[Category:Flora of Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Flora of Nicaragua]]
[[Category:Flora of Panama]]
[[Category:Flora of Colombia]]
[[Category:Flora of Brazil]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of South America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Bengt Lennart Andersson]]
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