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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Portuguese-born Brazilian singer, dancer and actress (1909–1955)}}
{{For|the Spanish volleyball player|Carmen Miranda (volleyball)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Portuguese name|[[Miranda (surname)|Miranda]]|[[Cunha (surname)|Cunha]]}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Carmen Miranda
| honorific_suffix   = [[Order of Prince Henry|GCIH]] [[Ordem do Mérito Cultural|OMC]]
| image              = Carmen Miranda in That Night in Rio (1941).jpg
| image_size         = 
| alt                =  
| caption            = Miranda in a scene from the film ''[[Week-End in Havana]]'' (1941)
| birth_name         = Maria do Carmo Miranda da Cunha
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1909|02|09|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Marco de Canaveses]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1955|08|05|1909|02|09|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[Beverly Hills, California]], U.S.
| resting_place      = [[Cemitério de São João Batista|São João Batista Cemetery]], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| other_names        = The Brazilian Bombshell<br />The Chiquita Banana Girl<br />''A Pequena Notável'' (in Brazil)
| education          = Convent of Saint Therese of Lisieux
| occupation         = {{hlist|Singer|dancer|actress}}
| years_active       = 1928–1955
| module             = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed               = yes
| alias               =
| genre               = [[Samba]]
| instrument          = {{hlist|Vocals}}
| years_active        =
| label               = {{hlist|[[Radio Corporation of America|RCA]]|[[Brunswick Records]]|[[Odeon Records|EMI-Odeon]]|[[Decca Records]]|[[PolyGram]]}}
| associated_acts     =
| website             =
| notable_instruments = 
}}
| spouse             = {{marriage|David Alfred Sebastian|1947}}
| website            = {{URL|www.carmenmiranda.com.br}}
| signature          = Signature Carmen Miranda.svg
| signature_alt      = Miranda's signature in ink
| relations          = {{plain list|
* [[Amaro da Cunha]] (brother)
* [[Aurora Miranda]] (sister)
* [[Cecilia Miranda de Carvalho]] (sister)
}}
}}
'''Maria do Carmo Miranda da Cunha''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of Prince Henry|GCIH]], [[Ordem do Mérito Cultural|OMC]]}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cultura.estadao.com.br/noticias/musica,raul-seixas-e-carmen-miranda-ganham-ordem-do-merito-cultural,471528|title=Raul Seixas e Carmen Miranda ganham Ordem do Mérito Cultural|date=24 November 2009|work=[[O Estado de S. Paulo]]|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> (9 February 1909 – 5 August 1955), known professionally as '''Carmen Miranda''' ({{IPA-pt|ˈkaʁmẽj miˈɾɐ̃dɐ}}), was a Portuguese-born Brazilian singer, dancer and actress. Nicknamed "The Brazilian Bombshell",{{sfn|Dennison|Shaw|2004|p=112}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/13/arts/music/13ARTS.html|title=The Real Carmen Miranda Under the Crown of Fruit|last=Rohter|first=Larry|date=13 December 2001|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref> she was known for her signature [[fruit hat]] outfit that she wore in her American films. As a young woman, she designed hats in a boutique before making her first recordings with composer Josué de Barros in 1929. Miranda's 1930 recording of "Taí (Pra Você Gostar de Mim)", written by Joubert de Carvalho, catapulted her to stardom in Brazil as the foremost interpreter of [[samba]].

During the 1930s, Miranda performed on Brazilian radio and appeared in five Brazilian ''[[Cinema of Brazil#1930s and 1940s|chanchadas]]'', films celebrating Brazilian music, dance and the country's carnival culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19850301&id=gwpZAAAAIBAJ&pg=5917,297903|title=Brazil remembers its fruit-topped lady|date=1 March 1985|author=Gloria Helena Rey|work=[[Evening Independent]]|access-date=11 April 2014}}</ref> ''[[Hello, Hello Brazil!]]'' and ''[[Hello, Hello, Carnival!]]'' embodied the spirit of these early Miranda films. The 1939 musical ''[[Banana da Terra]]'' (directed by Ruy Costa) gave the world her "Baiana" image, inspired by Afro-Brazilians from the north-eastern state of [[Bahia]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://remezcla.com/film/tbt-carmen-miranda-brazil-actress-singer/|title=Stereotype or Samba Pioneer? A Look Back at the Controversial Legacy of Carmen Miranda|author=Andrew S. Vargas |date=9 December 2016}}</ref>

In 1939, [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] producer [[Lee Shubert]] offered Miranda an eight-week contract to perform in ''[[The Streets of Paris]]'' after seeing her at Cassino da Urca in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oiO01Fm9clkC&pg=PA4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316132441/https://books.google.com/books?id=oiO01Fm9clkC&pg=PA4|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2017|title=Captivating a country with her curves: Examining the importance of Carmen Miranda's iconography in creating national identities|author=Amanda J Ellis|isbn=9780549561422}}</ref> The following year she made her first Hollywood film, ''[[Down Argentine Way]]'' with [[Don Ameche]] and [[Betty Grable]] and her exotic clothing and [[Lusophone]] accent became her trademark.<ref name="bloom">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GyhlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1294,2117110&dq=carmen+miranda+heart+attack&hl=en|title=After 30 years, Carmen Miranda still a bombshell|last=Bloom|first=Stephen G.|date=24 August 1984|work=[[Edmonton Journal]]|page=B5|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref> That year, she was voted the third-most-popular personality in the United States; she and her group, [[Bando da Lua]], were invited to sing and dance for President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19880530&id=QNVRAAAAIBAJ&pg=5213,8791143|title=On Trail of Miranda Museum|date=30 May 1988|author=Woodene Merriman|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> In 1943, Miranda starred in [[Busby Berkeley]]'s ''[[The Gang's All Here (1943 film)|The Gang's All Here]]'', which featured musical numbers with the fruit hats that became her trademark. By 1945, she was the highest-paid woman in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19460617&id=Q04wAAAAIBAJ&pg=7325,2766208|title=Movie Stars And Detroit Auto Men Get Highest Pay|date=17 June 1946|work=[[Tampa Bay Times]]|last=14 April 2014}}</ref>

Miranda made fourteen Hollywood films between 1940 and 1953. Although she was hailed as a talented performer, her popularity waned by the end of [[World War II]]. Miranda came to resent the stereotypical "Brazilian Bombshell" image she had cultivated and attempted to free herself of it with limited success. She focused on nightclub appearances and became a fixture on television variety shows. Despite being stereotyped, Miranda's performances popularized Brazilian music and increased public awareness of Latin culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/carmen-miranda-mn0000181694/biography|title=Biography – Carmen Miranda |work=Jason Ankeny|page=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> In 1941, she was the first Latin American star to be invited to leave her hand and footprints in the courtyard of [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]] and was the first South American honored with a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6q1eAc-sDqMC&pg=PA75|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Brazil|date=9 June 2014|publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780756695699}}</ref> Miranda is considered the precursor of Brazil's 1960s [[Tropicalismo]] cultural movement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Carmen Miranda – Tropicália|page=|work=Ana de Oliveira|url=http://tropicalia.com.br/ruidos-pulsativos/geleia-geral/carmen-miranda|url-status=dead|access-date=13 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021010710/http://tropicalia.com.br/ruidos-pulsativos/geleia-geral/carmen-miranda|archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> A [[Carmen Miranda Museum|museum]] was built in Rio de Janeiro in her honor<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-01-29/news/8601070981_1_little-known-museum-unusual-museum-samba|title=Museum Shows Off The Fruits of Carmen Miranda|author=David Beard|date=29 January 1986|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=15 March 2014}}</ref> and she was the subject of the documentary ''[[Carmen Miranda: Bananas is My Business]]'' (1995).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1995-10-07/entertainment/ca-54142_1_carmen-miranda|title=TV Reviews: 'Carmen Miranda' Looks Behind Image|date=7 October 1995|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=15 March 2014|first=Kevin|last=Thomas}}</ref>
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==Early life==
[[File:Travessa do Comércio, Rio.jpg|thumb|alt=Narrow, cobbled street|Travessa do Comércio in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Miranda lived at number 13 when she was young.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rioecultura.com.br/coluna_patrimonio/coluna_patrimonio.asp?patrim_cod=26 |title=Travessa do Comércio – Um passeio pelo Rio Colonial |access-date=3 February 2015 |date=2 July 2010 |language=pt |author=Leonardo Ladeira |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203080204/http://www.rioecultura.com.br/coluna_patrimonio/coluna_patrimonio.asp?patrim_cod=26 |archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref>]]
Miranda was born Maria do Carmo Miranda da Cunha in {{ill|Várzea da Ovelha e Aliviada|pt}}, a village in the northern [[Portugal|Portuguese]] municipality of [[Marco de Canaveses Municipality|Marco de Canaveses]].{{sfn|McGowan|Pessanha|1997|p=32}} She was the second daughter of José Maria Pinto da Cunha (17 February 1887&nbsp;– 21 June 1938) and Maria Emília Miranda (10 March 1886, [[Rio de Janeiro]] – 9 November 1971).{{sfn|Tompkins|Foster|2001|p=192}}

The family's [[Portuguese Brazilian|emigration to Brazil]] was already scheduled; however, upon finding herself pregnant, Carmen Miranda's mother preferred to wait for her daughter's birth.<ref name="Cravo">{{cite web|title=Biografia|url=http://www.dicionariompb.com.br/carmen-miranda/biografia|access-date=26 September 2023|archive-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105033246/http://www.dicionariompb.com.br/carmen-miranda/biografia|url-status=dead}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --> no [[Dicionário Cravo Albin da Música Popular Brasileira]].</ref> In 1909, her father emigrated to Brazil<ref name="century">{{cite journal|title=The century of the Brazilian Bombshell|journal=It's Time for Brazil in Singapore|publisher=Sun Media|location=Singapore|page=63}}</ref> and settled in [[Rio de Janeiro]], where he opened a barber shop. Her mother followed in 1910 with their daughters, Olinda (1907–1931) and Carmen, who was less than a year old.<ref name="Cravo" /><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-08-01|language=pt-BR|title=Carmen Miranda completaria 100 anos nesta segunda|url=https://www.terra.com.br/diversao/arte-e-cultura/carmen-miranda-completaria-100-anos-nesta-segunda,aa0884ce6888a310VgnCLD200000bbcceb0aRCRD.html|website=Terra}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>  Although Carmen never returned to Portugal, she retained her Portuguese nationality.<ref>[https://www.dn.pt/gente/perfis/carmen-miranda-1141949.html Carmen Miranda - A portuguesa mais famosa de sempre.]</ref> In Brazil, her parents had four more children: [[Amaro da Cunha|Amaro]] (1912–1988), [[Cecilia Miranda de Carvalho|Cecilia]] (1913–2011), [[Aurora Miranda|Aurora]] (1915–2005) and Óscar (born 1916).{{sfn|Tompkins|Foster|2001|p=192}}

She was [[Christian name|christened]] Carmen by her father because of his love for [[Bizet]]'s ''[[Carmen]]''. This passion for opera influenced his children, and Miranda's love for singing and dancing, at an early age.<ref name="century"/> She was educated at the Convent of [[Saint Therese of Lisieux]]. Her father did not approve of Miranda's plans to enter show business; her mother supported her, despite being beaten when her father discovered that his daughter had auditioned for a radio show (she had sung at parties and festivals in Rio). Miranda's older sister, Olinda, developed [[tuberculosis]] and was sent to Portugal for treatment; the singer worked in a tie shop at age 14 to help pay her sister's medical bills. She then worked in a boutique (where she learned to make hats) and opened a successful hat business.

==Career==

==={{anchor|Brazilian career}}In Brazil===
[[File:Carmen Miranda,1930.jpg|thumb|alt=Autographed photo of Miranda in profile|Miranda in 1930]]
{{listen

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Miranda was introduced to Josué de Barros, a composer and musician from Bahia, while she was working at her family's inn. With help from de Barros and [[Brunswick Records]], she recorded her first single (the samba "Não vá Simbora") in 1929. Miranda's second single, "Prá Você Gostar de Mim" (also known as "Taí", and released in 1930), was a collaboration with Brazilian composer Joubert de Carvalho and sold a record 35,000 copies that year. She signed a two-year contract with [[RCA Victor]] in 1930, giving them exclusive rights to her image.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2007/02/501703-ruy-castro-mostra-que-carmen-miranda-foi-alem-das-marchinhas.shtml|title=Ruy Castro mostra que Carmen Miranda foi além das marchinhas|date=15 February 2007|author=Luis Fernando Vianna|work=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref>

In 1933 Miranda signed a two-year contract with [[Rádio Mayrink Veiga]], the most popular Brazilian station of the 1930s, and was the first contract singer in Brazilian radio history; for a year, in 1937, she moved to [[Rádio Tupi]]. She later signed a contract with [[Odeon Records]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.connectbrazil.com/news/ae-miranda-02092006.html|title=50 (more) Years of Carmen Miranda|date=9 February 2006|page=Connect Brazil|access-date=19 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711011720/http://www.connectbrazil.com/news/ae-miranda-02092006.html|archive-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> making her the highest-paid radio singer in Brazil at the time.<ref>Ellis, Amanda J.. State University of New York at Buffalo, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2008. 1453469.</ref>

Miranda's rise to stardom in Brazil was linked to the growth of a native style of music: the [[samba]]. The samba and Miranda's emerging career enhanced the revival of Brazilian nationalism during the government of President [[Getúlio Vargas]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espacoacademico.com.br/057/57kerber.htm|title=Carmen Miranda entre representações da identidade nacional e de identidades regionais|date=February 2006|author=Alessander Kerber|work=Revista Acadêmico|access-date=23 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715035442/http://www.espacoacademico.com.br/057/57kerber.htm|archive-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> Her gracefulness and vitality in her recordings and live performances gave her the nickname "Cantora do It". The singer was later known as "Ditadora Risonha do Samba", and in 1933 radio announcer Cesar Ladeira christened her "A Pequena Notável".

Her Brazilian film career was linked to a genre of musical films that drew on the nation's carnival traditions and the annual celebration and musical style of [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil's capital at the time. Miranda performed a musical number in ''O Carnaval Cantado no Rio'' (1932, the first sound documentary on the subject) and three songs in ''A Voz do Carnaval'' (1933), which combined footage of street celebrations in Rio with a fictitious plot providing a pretext for musical numbers.

Miranda's next screen performance was in the musical ''[[Hello, Hello Brazil!]]'' (1935), in which she performed its closing number: the ''marcha'' "Primavera no Rio", which she had recorded for Victor in August 1934. Several months after the film's release, according to ''[[Cinearte]]'' magazine, "Carmen Miranda is currently the most popular figure in Brazilian cinema, judging by the sizeable correspondence that she receives".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bayman|first1=Louis|last2=Pinazza|first2=Natália|title=Directory of World Cinema: Brazil|year=2013|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=978-1-78320-009-2|page=15}}</ref> In her next film, ''[[Estudantes]]'' (1935), she had a speaking part for the first time. Miranda played Mimi, a young radio singer (who performs two numbers in the film) who falls in love with a university student (played by singer [[Mário Reis (singer)|Mário Reis]]).

[[File:Aloalocarnaval 1936.jpg|200px|left|thumb|alt=See caption|Poster for the 1936 Brazilian film, ''Hello, Hello, Carnival!'']]
She starred in the next co-production from the Waldow and Cinédia studios, the musical ''[[Hello, Hello, Carnival!]]'' (1936), which contained a roll call of popular music and radio performers (including Miranda's sister, [[Aurora Miranda|Aurora]]). A standard backstage plot permitted 23 musical numbers and, by contemporary Brazilian standards, the film was a major production. Its set reproduced the interior of Rio's plush Atlântico casino (where some scenes were filmed) and was a backdrop for some of its musical numbers.<ref>{{cite book|last=McCann|first=Bryan|title=Hello, Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil|url=https://archive.org/details/hellohellobrazi00mcca|url-access=registration|date=13 April 2004|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-8563-5}}</ref> Miranda's stardom is evident in a film poster with a full-length photograph of her and her name topping the cast list.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Louis Bayman|author2=Natália Pinazza|title=Directory of World Cinema: Brazil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKEZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|year=2013|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=978-1-78320-009-2|page=15}}</ref>

Although she became synonymous with colorful fruit hats during her later career, she began wearing them only in 1939. Miranda appeared in the film ''[[Banana da Terra]]'' that year in a glamorous version of the traditional dress of a poor black girl in [[Bahia]]: a flowing dress and a fruit-hat turban. She sang "[[O Que É Que A Baiana Tem?]]"; which intended to empower a social class that was usually disparaged.<ref>Dorival Caymmi: o mar e o tempo (2001), p. 142, author: Stella Caymmi</ref><ref>film, ''Carmen Miranda: Bananas Is My Business ''(Brazil, 1995). Directed by Helena Solberg.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/431930/MIRANDAS-LEGACY-STILL-BEARS-FRUIT-OF-CONTROVERSY-40-YEARS-AFTER-DEATH.html|title=MIRANDA'S LEGACY STILL BEARS FRUIT OF CONTROVERSY 40 YEARS AFTER DEATH|date=6 August 1995|agency=[[Reuters|Reuter News Service]]|work=[[Deseret News]]|access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref>

Producer [[Lee Shubert]] offered Miranda an eight-week contract to perform in ''[[The Streets of Paris]]'' on Broadway after seeing her perform in 1939 at Rio's Cassino da Urca.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://educacao.uol.com.br/biografias/carmen-miranda.jhtm|title = Biography of Carmen Miranda|work = [[Universo Online|Uol]]|language = pt|access-date = 26 November 2015}}</ref> Although she was interested in performing in New York, she refused to accept the deal unless Shubert agreed to also hire her band, the Bando da Lua. He refused, saying that there were many capable musicians in New York who could back her. Miranda remained steadfast, feeling that North American musicians would not be able to authenticate the sounds of Brazil. Shubert compromised, agreeing to hire the six band members but not paying for their transport to New York. President [[Getúlio Vargas]], recognizing the value to Brazil of Miranda's tour, announced that the Brazilian government would pay for the band's transportation on the [[Moore-McCormack]] Lines between Rio and New York.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://musica.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI617657-EI1267,00.html|title = Morte de Carmen Miranda completa 50 anos nesta sexta|date = 5 August 2005|work = [[Terra Networks]]|language = pt}}</ref> Vargas believed that Miranda would foster ties between the northern and southern hemispheres and act as a [[goodwill ambassador]] in the United States, increasing Brazil's share of the American coffee market. Miranda took the official sanction of her trip and her duty to represent Brazil to the outside world seriously. She left for New York on the [[SS California (1928)#SS Uruguay|SS ''Uruguay'']] on 4 May 1939, a few months before [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d7DHvfmzHhkC&pg=PA275|title=From Tejano to Tango: Essays on Latin American Popular Music|date=5 August 2005|page=Walter Aaron Clark|isbn=9781136536878|language=pt|last1=Clark|first1=Walter Aaron|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

==={{anchor|American stage and films}}In the U.S.===
[[File:Abbott, Costello and Carmen Miranda.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Publicity photo of Abbott and Costello, dressed as Latin musicians, with Miranda|[[Bud Abbott]] (left) and [[Lou Costello]] with Miranda]]
Miranda arrived in New York on 18 May 1939.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.moore-mccormack.com/SS-Uruguay-1938/SS-Uruguay-Timeline.htm |last1=Vinson |first1=Bill |last2=Casey |first2=Ginger Quering |title=S.S. Uruguay |work=Welcome Aboard Moore-McCormack Lines |access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> She and the band had their first Broadway performance on 19 June 1939 in ''[[The Streets of Paris]]''.<ref>{{cite news | first = Brooks | last = Atkinson | title = The Streets of Paris Moves to Broadway | date = 20 June 1939 | work = The New York Times | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/06/20/93931642.pdf |access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> Although Miranda's part was small (she only spoke four words), she received good reviews and became a media sensation.{{sfn|Ruíz|Korrol|2005|p=199}} According to ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' theater critic [[Brooks Atkinson]], most of the musical numbers "ap[e] the tawdry dullness" of genuine Paris revues and "the chorus girls, skin-deep in atmosphere, strike what Broadway thinks a Paris pose ought to be". Atkinson added, however, that "South American contributes the [revue's] most magnetic personality" (Miranda). Singing "rapid-rhythmed songs to the accompaniment of a Brazilian band, she radiates heat that will tax the Broadhurst [theater] air-conditioning plant this Summer". Although Atkinson gave the revue a lukewarm review, he wrote that Miranda made the show.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alberto Sandoval-Sánchez|title=José, Can You See?: Latinos on and Off Broadway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d3-pRweyRQMC&pg=PA38|year=1999|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-16204-7|page=38}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ilustrada/ult90u501928.shtml|title=Relato da estréia de Carmen Miranda em Nova York é de arrepiar; leia|date=6 March 2009|work=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kirsten Pullen|title=Like a Natural Woman: Spectacular Female Performance in Classical Hollywood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v86WBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134|year=2014|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-6266-7|page=134}}</ref>

Syndicated columnist [[Walter Winchell]] wrote for the ''[[New York Daily Mirror|Daily Mirror]]'' that a star had been born who would save Broadway from the slump in ticket sales caused by the [[1939 New York World's Fair]]. Winchell's praise of Carmen and her Bando da Lua was repeated on his [[Blue Network]] radio show, which reached 55 million listeners daily.{{sfn|Castro|2005|p=210}} The press called Miranda "the girl who saved Broadway from the World's Fair".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Brazilian+Bombshell%3A+The+Biography+of+Carmen+Miranda.-a08494628|title=Brazilian Bombshell: The Biography of Carmen Miranda|author=Martha Gil Montero}}</ref> Her fame grew quickly, and she was formally presented to President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] at a [[White House]] banquet shortly after her arrival.{{cn|date=August 2022}} According to a ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine reviewer:

<blockquote>Partly because their unusual melody and heavy accented rhythms are unlike anything ever heard in a [[Manhattan]] revue before, partly because there is not a clue to their meaning except the gay rolling of Carmen Miranda's insinuating eyes, these songs, and Miranda herself, are the outstanding hit of the show.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34|title=Broadway Likes Miranda's Piquant Portuguese Songs|magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]]|date=17 July 1939}}</ref>
</blockquote>

[[File:Carmen Miranda 1941.JPG|200px|left|thumb|Photo of Carmen Miranda published by the ''[[New York Sunday News]]'' in 1941]]
When news of Broadway's latest star (known as the Brazilian Bombshell) reached [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]], [[Twentieth Century-Fox]] began to develop a film featuring Miranda. Its working title was ''The South American Way'' (the title of a song she had performed in New York), and the film was later entitled ''[[Down Argentine Way]]'' (1940). Although its production and cast were based in Los Angeles, Miranda's scenes were filmed in New York because of her club obligations. Fox could combine the footage from both cities because the singer had no dialogue with the other cast members.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yf2741A_BkYC&pg=PA146|title=A to Z of American Women in the Performing Arts|author=Liz Sonneborn|date=14 May 2014|publisher=Infobase |isbn=9781438107905}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHR6ma7XKBsC&pg=PA90|title=Twentieth Century-Fox: The Zanuck-Skouras Years, 1935–1965|author=Peter Lev|date=15 March 2013|publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=9780292744493}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-09-01/news/mn-25726_1_brazilian-government|title=5-Foot, 1-Inch Performer Died in 1955: Brazil Pays Homage to Carmen Miranda|date=1 September 1985|author=GLORIA HELENA REY |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> ''Down Argentine Way'' was successful, grossing $2 million that year at the US box office.<ref name=Lev>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHR6ma7XKBsC&pg=PA90|title=Twentieth Century-Fox: The Zanuck-Skouras Years, 1935–1965|first=Peter | last=Lev|date=15 March 2013|page=90 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=9780292744493|access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref>

The [[Shubert family|Shuberts]] brought Miranda back to [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], teaming her with [[Olsen and Johnson]], [[Ella Logan]], and the Blackburn Twins in the musical revue ''[[Sons o' Fun]]'' on 1 December 1941.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/latintingeimpact0000robe|url-access=registration|title=The Latin Tinge: The Impact of Latin American Music on the United States|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=John Storm Roberts|page=[https://archive.org/details/latintingeimpact0000robe/page/106 106]|isbn=978-0-19-976148-7}}</ref> The show was a hodgepodge of slapstick, songs, and skits; according to ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'' theater critic Richard Watts, Jr., "In her eccentric and highly personalized fashion, Miss Miranda is by way of being an artist and her numbers give the show its one touch of distinction." On 1 June 1942, she left the production when her Shubert contract expired; meanwhile, she recorded for [[Decca Records]].{{sfn|Parish|Pitts|2003}}
[[File:Scena Muda v.21, n.1076, 1941 - Carmen Miranda.jpg|thumb|200px|On the cover of the Brazilian magazine ''A Cena Muda'', 1941]]
Miranda was encouraged by the US government as part of Roosevelt's [[Good Neighbor policy]], designed to strengthen ties with Latin America. It was believed that performers like her would give the policy a favorable impression with the American public.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latinpost.com/articles/5706/20140109/the-brazilian-bombshell-carmen-miranda-hollywood-fruithat.htm|title="The Brazilian Bombshell" Carmen Miranda & Her Life with and without the Fruit Hat|author=Nicole Akoukou Thompson|work=Latin Post|date=9 January 2014}}</ref> Miranda's contract with [[20th Century Fox]] lasted from 1941 to 1946, coinciding with the creation and activities of the [[Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]]. The goal of the OCIAA was to obtain support from Latin American society and its governments for the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao/dossies/AEraVargas1/anos30-37/RelacoesInternacionais/BoaVizinhanca|title=Anos de Incerteza (1930–1937) a Política de boa vizinhança|author=Fundação Getúlio Vargas|access-date=18 December 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053925/http://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao/dossies/AEraVargas1/anos30-37/RelacoesInternacionais/BoaVizinhanca|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Good Neighbor policy had been linked to US interference in Latin America; Roosevelt sought better diplomatic relations with Brazil and other South American nations, and pledged to refrain from military intervention (which had occurred to protect US business interests in industries such as mining or agriculture). [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] was asked to help, and [[The Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]] and 20th Century Fox participated. Miranda was considered a goodwill ambassador and a promoter of intercontinental culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/ilassa/2007/siwi.pdf|title=U.S.–Brazil Cultural Relations during World War II|author=Marcio Siwi}}</ref>

===={{anchor|Criticism}}Brazilian criticism====
[[File:Carmen_Miranda,_1943.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Miranda in 1943]]
Although Miranda's US popularity continued to increase, she began to lose favor with some Brazilians. On 10 July 1940, she returned to Brazil and was welcomed by cheering fans. Soon after her arrival, however, the Brazilian press began criticizing Miranda for accommodating American commercialism and projecting a negative image of Brazil. Members of the upper class felt that her image was "too black", and she was criticized in a Brazilian newspaper for "singing bad-taste black sambas". Other Brazilians criticized Miranda for playing a stereotypical "Latina bimbo". In her first interview after her arrival in the US in the ''[[New York World-Telegram]]'', she played up her then-limited knowledge of the English language: "I say money, money, money. I say twenty words in English. I say money, money, money and I say hot dog!"{{sfn|Ruíz|Korrol|2005|p=200}}

On 15 July, Miranda appeared in a charity concert organized by Brazilian [[First Lady]] [[Darci Vargas]] and attended by members of Brazil's [[High society (group)|high society]]. She greeted the audience in English and was met with silence. When Miranda began singing "The South American Way", a song from one of her club acts, the audience began to boo her. Although she tried to finish her act, she gave up and left the stage when the audience refused to let up. The incident deeply hurt Miranda, who wept in her dressing room. The following day, the Brazilian press criticized her as "too Americanized".{{sfn|Ruíz|Korrol|2005|p=200}}

Weeks later, Miranda responded to the criticism with the Portuguese song "[[Disseram que Voltei Americanizada]]" ("They Say I've Come Back Americanized"). Another song, "Bananas Is My Business", was based on a line from one of her films and directly addressed her image. Upset by the criticism, Miranda did not return to Brazil for 14 years.
{{multiple image
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 | footer = [[Shamrock Hotel]] program and menu featuring Miranda, 26 February 1952
 | image1 =The Shamrock Hotel Entertainment and Menu - 2-26-1952.jpg
 | width1 = 335
 | height1 = 449
 | alt1 = Menu cover with woman resembling Miranda
 | image2 =The Shamrock Hotel Entertainment and Menu - 2-26-1952 - inside.jpg
 | width2 = 644
 | height2 = 440
 | alt2 = Menu with drawing of Miranda
 }}

Her films were scrutinized by Latin American audiences for characterizing Central and South America in a culturally homogeneous way. When Miranda's films reached Central and South American theaters, they were perceived as depicting Latin American cultures through the lens of American preconceptions. Some Latin Americans felt that their cultures were misrepresented, and felt that someone from their own region was misrepresenting them. ''Down Argentine Way'' was criticized, with Argentines saying that it failed to depict Argentine culture. Its lyrics were allegedly replete with non-Argentine themes, and its sets were a fusion of Mexican, Cuban, and Brazilian culture. The film was later banned in Argentina for "wrongfully portraying life in Buenos Aires".<ref>Amanda Ellis, "Captivating a Country With Her Curves: Examining the Importance of Carmen Miranda's Iconography in Creating National Identities" (Masters Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2008), 31–33.</ref> Similar sentiments were voiced in Cuba after the debut of Miranda's ''[[Weekend in Havana]]'' (1941), with Cuban audiences offended by Miranda's portrayal of a Cuban woman. Reviewers noted that an import from Rio could not accurately portray a woman from Havana, and Miranda did not "dance anything Cuban".{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} Her performances were arguably hybrids of Brazilian and other Latin cultures. Critics said that Miranda's other films misrepresented Latin locales, assuming that Brazilian culture was a representation of Latin America.<ref>Shari Roberts. "The Lady in the Tutti-Frutti Hat: Carmen Miranda, a Spectacle of Ethnicity", ''Cinema Journal'' 32, no. 3 (1993): 6.</ref>

===Peak years===
[[File:Carmen Miranda em Uma Noite no Rio 1941.jpg|thumb|alt=Miranda in a fruit hat and Don Ameche in uniform|Miranda with [[Don Ameche]] in ''[[That Night in Rio]]'' (1941)]]

During the war years, Miranda starred in eight of her 14 films; although the studios called her the Brazilian Bombshell, the films blurred her Brazilian identity in favor of a Latin American image.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://eial.tau.ac.il/index.php/eial/article/view/1193/1221|title=Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally. What did you do in the war, Zé Carioca?|author=[[Frank D. McCann]] |publisher=[[University of New Hampshire]]}}</ref> According to a ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' review of director [[Irving Cummings]]' ''[[That Night in Rio]]'' (1941, Miranda's second Hollywood film), her character upstaged the leads: "[Don] Ameche is very capable in a dual role, and Miss [Alice] Faye is eye-appealing but it’s the tempestuous Miranda who really gets away to a flying start from the first sequence".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/1940/film/reviews/that-night-in-rio-1200413487/|title=Review: 'That Night in Rio'|date=31 December 1940|page=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' article said, "Whenever one or the other Ameche character gets out of the way and lets [Miranda] have the screen, the film sizzles and scorches wickedly."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9905E3DF103DE33BBC4852DFB566838A659EDE|title='That Night in Rio,' a Colorful Musical, With Alice Faye, Carmen Miranda and Don Ameche, Opens at the Roxy – 'The Mad Emperor' at the 55th St.|date=10 March 1941|author=Bosley Crowther|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Years later, [[Clive Hirschhorn]] wrote: "''That Night in Rio'' was the quintessential Fox war-time musical – an over-blown, over-dressed, over-produced and thoroughly irresistible cornucopia of escapist ingredients."{{sfn|Hirschhorn|1981|p=186}} On 24 March 1941, Miranda was one of the first Latinas to imprint her hand- and footprints on the sidewalk of [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]].

Her next film, ''[[Week-End in Havana]]'', was directed by [[Walter Lang]] and produced by [[William LeBaron]]. The cast included [[Alice Faye]], [[John Payne (actor)|John Payne]], and [[Cesar Romero]]. After the studio's third effort to activate the "Latin hot blood", Fox was called "Hollywood's best good neighbor" by [[Bosley Crowther]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A02E7DF1230EF3ABC4053DFB767838A659EDE|title='Week-End in Havana,' a Colorful and Lively Visit to Another Cinematic Hot Spot, at the Roxy|date=8 November 1941|author=Bosley Crowther|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> During the week it was released, the film topped the box office (surpassing ''[[Citizen Kane]]'', released a week earlier).<ref>{{cite book|author=Patricia M. Montilla|title=Latinos and American Popular Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nW6jAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA113|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39223-8|page=113}}</ref>

In 1942, [[20th Century-Fox]] paid $60,000 to [[Lee Shubert]] to terminate his contract with Miranda, who finished her ''[[Sons o' Fun]]'' tour and began filming ''[[Springtime in the Rockies]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dance.barnard.edu/sites/default/files/inline/alicia_outing_2010.pdf|title=Carmen Miranda and Cultural Exchange. In the Era of the New State and the Good Neighbor|work=Alicia Outing|page=Barnard College|access-date=9 January 2016|archive-date=19 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919135201/http://dance.barnard.edu/sites/default/files/inline/alicia_outing_2010.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film, which grossed about $2 million, was one of the year's ten most-successful films at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIZwZOz8LHsC&pg=PA61|title=Twentieth Century-Fox: A Corporate and Financial History|work= Aubrey Solomon|page=61|isbn=9780810842441|access-date=9 September 2014|last1=Solomon|first1=Aubrey|year=2002}}</ref> According to a ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' review, it was "senseless, but eye intriguing&nbsp;... The basic plot is splashed over with songs and dances and the mouthings and eye and hand work of Carmen Miranda, who sure would be up a tree if she ever had to sing in the dark".<ref>Mae Tinée, "All the Usual Ingredients in Musical Film", ''Chicago Daily Tribune'', 11 December 1942, p. 30.</ref>

[[File:Carmen Miranda - Grauman's Chinese Theatre, 1941.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A smiling Miranda, in costume, holds up her hands after leaving her prints outside Grauman's Chinese Theatre.|In 1941 Miranda was invited to leave her hand and (high-heeled) footprints at [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]], the first Latin American to do so.]]
In 1943, she appeared in [[Busby Berkeley]]'s ''[[The Gang's All Here (1943 film)|The Gang's All Here]]''. Berkeley's musicals were known for lavish production, and Miranda's role as Dorita featured "The Lady in the Tutti-Frutti Hat". A special effect made her fruit-bedecked hat appear larger than possible. By then she was [[typecasting (acting)|typecast]] as an exotic singer, and under her studio contract she was obligated to make public appearances in her ever-more-outlandish film costumes. One of her records, "I Make My Money With Bananas" seemed to pay ironic tribute to her typecasting. ''The Gang's All Here'' was one of 1943's 10 highest-grossing films and Fox's most expensive production of the year.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Heloisa de Freitas Valle|author2=Marcia Camargos|title=Yes, nós temos bananas: histórias e receitas com biomassa de banana verde|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjdOz0A_XlkC&pg=PA61|year=2002|publisher=Editora Senac São Paulo|isbn=978-85-7359-304-4|page=61}}</ref> It received positive reviews, although ''The New York Times'' film critic wrote: "Mr. Berkeley has some sly notions under his busby. One or two of his dance spectacles seem to stem straight from Freud."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D02E7D61E3CEE3BBC4B51DFB4678388659EDE|title=The Gang s All Here (1943) At the Roxy|newspaper=The New York Times|date= 23 December 1943}}</ref>

The following year Miranda made a cameo appearance in ''[[Four Jills in a Jeep]]'', a film based on a true adventure of actresses [[Kay Francis]], [[Carole Landis]], [[Martha Raye]], and [[Mitzi Mayfair]]; [[Alice Faye]] and [[Betty Grable]] also made brief appearances. In 1944 Miranda also starred with [[Don Ameche]] in ''[[Greenwich Village (film)|Greenwich Village]]'', a Fox musical with [[William Bendix]] and [[Vivian Blaine]] in supporting roles. The film was poorly received; according to ''The New York Times'', "Technicolor is the picture's chief asset, but still worth a look for the presence of Carmen Miranda".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A03E7D6113CE03ABC4051DFBF66838F659EDE|title=Greenwich Village (1944)' Greenwich Village,' With Carmen Miranda, Comes to Roxy – Film From Paris at the 55th St.|page=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=7 March 2014}}</ref> In her ''[[The Miami News|Miami News]]'' review, Peggy Simmonds wrote: "Fortunately for ''Greenwich Village'', the picture is made in Technicolor and has Carmen Miranda. Unfortunately for Carmen Miranda, the production doesn't do her justice, the overall effect is disappointing, but still she sparkles the picture whenever she appears."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2206&dat=19440908&id=IChVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6153,1697071&hl=pt-BR|title=Color and Carmen Abound in Film About Greenwich Village; Review|date=8 September 1944|work=Peggy Simmonds|page=[[The Miami News]]|access-date=15 June 2015}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Greenwich Village'' was less successful at the box office than Fox and Miranda had expected.

Miranda's third 1944 film was ''[[Something for the Boys (film)|Something for the Boys]]'', a musical comedy based on the [[Something for the Boys|Broadway musical]] with songs by [[Cole Porter]] and starring [[Ethel Merman]]. It was Miranda's first film without [[William LeBaron]] or [[Darryl F. Zanuck]] as producer. The producer was [[Irving Starr]], who oversaw the studio's second-string films. According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, the film "turns out to have nothing very notable for anyone".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883929,00.html|title=Cinema, Also Showing Dec. 11, 1944|date=11 December 1944|page=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>
By 1945, Miranda was [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]]'s highest-paid entertainer and the top female taxpayer in the United States, earning more than $200,000 that year ($2.88 million in 2020, adjusted for inflation).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FL5VAAAAIBAJ&pg=5284,5623706&dq=carmen+miranda+highest+earning&hl=en|title=Large Earnings By Films Stars|date=17 June 1946|work=[[The Age]]|page=3|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref>

===Decline===
[[File:Carmen Miranda & Dennis O'Keefe in Doll Face 1946.JPG|thumb|250px|alt=Still from the film Doll Face, with Miranda looking at Dennis O'Keefe| ''[[Doll Face]]'' (1945), Miranda's first black-and-white film for Fox]]
After [[World War II]], Miranda's films at Fox were produced in black-and-white, indicative of Hollywood's diminishing interest in her and Latin Americans in general. A monochrome Carmen Miranda reduced the box-office appeal of the backstage musical, ''[[Doll Face]]'' (1945), in which she was fourth on the bill. Miranda played Chita Chula, billed in the show-within-the-film as "the little lady from Brazil"—a cheerful comic sidekick to leading lady Doll Face ([[Vivian Blaine]]) with one musical number and little dialogue.{{sfn|Tompkins|Foster|2001|p=195}} A ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'' review read, "Carmen Miranda does what she always does, only not well";<ref>''Hollywood Songsters: Garland to O'Connor''. p. 607</ref> according to ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', "Carmen Miranda appears in a straight part with only one singing number. The innovation is not a success, but the fault is the director's not Carmen's."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19460708&id=cwcRAAAAIBAJ&pg=7225,1042676|title=NEW FILMS REVIEWED "Doll Face" The Sydney Morning Herald |date= 8 July 1946}}</ref>

In ''[[If I'm Lucky (film)|If I'm Lucky]]'' (1946), her follow-up film for Fox when she was no longer under contract, Miranda was again fourth on the bill with her stock screen persona firmly in evidence: heavily accented English, comic [[malapropism]]s, and bizarre hairstyles recreating her famous turbans.{{sfn|Parish|Pitts|2003|pp=607–608}} When Miranda's contract with Fox expired on 1 January 1946, she decided to pursue an acting career free of studio constraints. Miranda's ambition was to play a lead role showcasing her comic skills, which she set out to do in ''[[Copacabana (1947 film)|Copacabana]]'' (1947, an independent production released by [[United Artists]] starring [[Groucho Marx]]).{{sfn|Castro|2005|pp=418–19}} Although her films were modest hits, critics and the American public did not accept her new image.{{sfn|Parish|Pitts|2003|pp=607–608}}

Although Miranda's film career was faltering, her musical career remained solid and she was still a popular nightclub attraction.{{sfn|Parish|Pitts|2003|p=608}} From 1948 to 1950, she joined [[the Andrews Sisters]] in producing and recording three [[Decca Records|Decca]] singles. Their first collaboration was on radio in 1945, when Miranda appeared on ABC's ''The Andrews Sisters Show''. Their first single, "Cuanto La Gusta", was the most popular and reached number twelve on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' chart. "[[The Wedding Samba]]", which reached number 23, followed in 1950.{{sfn|Sforza|2000|p=289}}
[[File:Andy Russell and Carmen Miranda in "Copacabana," 1947.jpg|left|thumb|250px|alt=Promotional picture with Andy Russell as a Latin musician and Miranda in her usual costume|[[Andy Russell (singer)|Andy Russell]] and Miranda in ''Copacabana'' (1947)]]
After ''Copacabana'', [[Joe Pasternak]] invited Miranda to make two Technicolor musicals for [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]: ''[[A Date with Judy (film)|A Date with Judy]]'' (1948) and ''[[Nancy Goes to Rio]]'' (1950). In the first production MGM wanted to portray a different image, allowing her to remove her turban and reveal her own hair (styled by [[Sydney Guilaroff]]) and makeup (by [[Jack Dawn]]). Miranda's wardrobe for the film substituted elegant dresses and hats designed by [[Helen Rose]] for ''"baiana"'' outfits. She was again fourth on the bill as Rosita Cochellas, a rumba teacher who first appears about 40 minutes into the film and has little dialogue. Despite MGM's efforts to change Miranda's persona, her roles in both productions were peripheral, watered-down caricatures relying on fractured English and over-the-top musical and dance numbers.<ref>Castro 2005, p. 444</ref>

In her final film, ''[[Scared Stiff (1953 film)|Scared Stiff]]'' (1953, a black-and-white [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] production with [[Dean Martin]] and [[Jerry Lewis]]), Miranda's appeal was again muted. Returning full-circle to her first Hollywood film, ''[[Down Argentine Way]]'', she had virtually no narrative function. Lewis parodies her, miming badly to "[[Mamãe Eu Quero]]" (which is playing on a scratched record) and eating a banana he plucks from his turban. Miranda played Carmelita Castilha, a Brazilian showgirl on a cruise ship, with her costumes and performances bordering on self-parody.

In April 1953, she began a four-month European tour. While performing in [[Cincinnati]] in October, Miranda collapsed from exhaustion; she was rushed to [[LeRoy Sanitarium]] by her husband, Dave Sebastian, and canceled four following performances.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19531106&id=yZgcAAAAIBAJ&pg=4003,1097337&hl=pt-BR|title=Godfrey Rival May Hire Someone Just To Fire|date=6 November 1953|work=[[Earl Wilson (columnist)|Earl Wilson]]|page=Sarasota Herald-Tribune}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Carmen Miranda e David Sebastian, 1947 (1).jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Miranda and David Sebastian smile at each other before their marriage|Miranda and her husband, David Sebastian<ref name="Sarasota Herald-Tribune">{{cite book|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19470318&id=aOIcAAAAIBAJ&pg=6288,6764901&hl=pt-BR|title=Dancer Carmen Miranda Wed To Movie Producer|author=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=18 March 1947}}</ref>]]
Desiring creative freedom, Miranda decided to produce her own film in 1947 and played opposite [[Groucho Marx]] in ''[[Copacabana (1947 film)|Copacabana]]''. The film's budget was divided into about ten investors' shares. A Texan investor who owned one of the shares sent his brother, David Sebastian (23 November 1907&nbsp;– 11 September 1990), to keep an eye on Miranda and his interests on the set. Sebastian befriended her, and they began dating.

Miranda and Sebastian married on 17 March 1947 at the [[Church of the Good Shepherd (Beverly Hills, California)|Church of the Good Shepherd]] in [[Beverly Hills]], with Patrick J. Concannon officiating.<ref name="Sarasota Herald-Tribune"/> In 1948, Miranda became pregnant, but miscarried after a show. Although the marriage was brief, Miranda (who was Catholic) did not want a divorce. Her sister, [[Aurora Miranda|Aurora]], said in the documentary ''[[Carmen Miranda: Bananas is My Business|Bananas is My Business]]'': "He married her for selfish reasons; she got very sick after she married and lived with a lot of depression".{{sfn|Ruíz|Korrol|2005|p=206}} The couple announced their separation in September 1949, but reconciled several months later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aelOAAAAIBAJ&pg=2632,5956195&dq=carmen+miranda+marriage&hl=en|title=Carmen Miranda Set For Trial Separation|date=27 September 1949|work=Toledo Blade|page=3|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref>

Miranda was discreet, and little is known about her private life. Before she left for the US, she had relationships with Mario Cunha, Carlos da Rocha Faria (son of a traditional family in Rio de Janeiro) and [[Aloísio de Oliveira]], a member of the Bando da Lua. In the US, Miranda maintained relationships with [[John Payne (actor)|John Payne]], [[Arturo de Córdova]], [[Dana Andrews]], [[Harold Young (director)|Harold Young]], [[John Wayne]], [[Donald Buka]] and Carlos Niemeyer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dn.pt/gente/perfis/interior/carmen-miranda-1141949.html|title=Gente – Carmen Miranda|first=Global Media|last=Group|date=7 February 2009}}</ref> During her later years, in addition to heavy smoking and alcohol consumption, she began taking [[amphetamines]] and [[barbiturates]], all of which took a toll on her health.{{sfn|Brioux|2008|p=176}}

=={{anchor|Funeral and burial}}Death==
[[File:Cortejo fúnebre de Carmen Miranda.jpg|thumb|Miranda's funeral cortège in Rio de Janeiro, 12 August 1955]]
[[File:Tumulo de Carmen Miranda (2015).jpg|thumb|alt=Miranda's grave, with her autograph on an elaborate tombstone|Miranda's grave in São João Batista Cemetery, Rio de Janeiro]] Miranda performed at the [[New Frontier Hotel]] in [[Las Vegas]] in April 1955, and in Cuba three months later before returning to Los Angeles to recuperate from a recurrent bronchial ailment.{{sfn|Parish|Pitts|2003}} On 4 August, she was filming a segment for the [[NBC]] variety series ''[[Jimmy Durante|The Jimmy Durante Show]]''. According to Durante, Miranda had complained of feeling unwell before filming; he offered to find her a replacement, but she declined. After completing "Jackson, Miranda, and Gomez", a song-and-dance number with Durante, she fell to one knee. Durante later said, "I thought she had slipped. She got up and said she was outa breath. I told her I'll take her lines. But she goes ahead with 'em. We finished work about 11 o'clock and she seemed happy."<ref name=milwaukee>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PUYxAAAAIBAJ&pg=6067,5271979&dq=carmen+miranda+durante&hl=en|title=Carmen Miranda of Movies Dies|date=6 August 1955|work=The Milwaukee Sentinel|access-date=21 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923111117/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PUYxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6w8EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6067,5271979&dq=carmen+miranda+durante&hl=en|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19550806&id=FEcNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5206,34782|title=Actress Dies After Making Video Film|date=6 August 1955|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>

After the last take, Miranda and Durante gave an impromptu performance on the set for the cast and technicians. The singer took several cast members and some friends home with her for a small party. She went upstairs to bed at about 3 a.m. Miranda undressed, placed her platform shoes in a corner, lit a cigarette, placed it in an ashtray and went into her bathroom to remove her makeup. She apparently came from the bathroom with a small, round mirror in her hand; in the small hall that led to her bedroom, she collapsed from a fatal [[heart attack]]. Miranda was 46 years old.<ref name=milwaukee /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19550806&id=Dt5LAAAAIBAJ&pg=4006,4830963|title=Hollywood Mourns 2 Actresses: Suzan Ball, Carmen Miranda, 41|date=6 August 1955|work=[[The Free Lance–Star]]|access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref> Her body was found at about 10:30&nbsp;a.m. lying in the hallway.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-carmen-miranda-19550806-story.html|title=From the Archives: Film Star Carmen Miranda Dies
|date=6 August 1955|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref> The ''Jimmy Durante Show'' episode in which Miranda appeared was aired two months after her death, on 15 October 1955.{{sfn|Bakish|2007|p=136}} The episode began with Durante paying tribute to the singer, while also indicating that her family had given permission for the performance to be broadcast.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRIl26BzK6M| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/TRIl26BzK6M| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title= Jimmy Durante – Words in Remembrance|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 25 July 2011|website= YouTube.com|access-date= 6 July 2021|quote=}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A clip of the episode was included in the [[A&E Network]]'s ''[[Biography (TV series)|Biography]]'' episode about the singer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19550806&id=Ow0rAAAAIBAJ&pg=5844,1748880|title=Death Takes Carmen Miranda, Suzan Ball|date=6 August 1955|work=[[Reading Eagle]]|access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=110&dat=19550806&id=1A5IAAAAIBAJ&pg=4743,4760836|title=Death Takes Suzan Ball, Carmen Miranda Friday|date=6 August 1955|work=[[Ludington Daily News]]|access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref>

In accordance with her wishes, Miranda's body was flown back to [[Rio de Janeiro]]. The casket was covered with the [[flag of Brazil]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br/noticias/reportagem/o-icone-que-entrou-para-a-historia-os-momentos-finais-de-carmen-miranda.phtml |title=O ícone que entrou para a história: os momentos finais de Carmen Miranda |year= 2020|language=pt}}</ref> the [[Brazilian government]] declared a period of national mourning.{{sfn|Ruíz|Korrol|2005|p=207}}
About 60,000 people attended her memorial service at the Rio de Janeiro town hall,<ref name="century"/> and more than half a million Brazilians escorted her funeral cortège to the cemetery.{{sfn|Ruíz|Korrol|2005|p=193}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/30/AR2005113002141.html|title=In Rio, Carmen Miranda's Still Hard to Top|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=1 December 2005 |first=Michael |last=Astor}}</ref>

Miranda is buried in [[Cemitério São João Batista|São João Batista Cemetery]] in Rio de Janeiro.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/southamerica/brazil/728105/Brazil-In-search-of-the-queen-of-samba.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/southamerica/brazil/728105/Brazil-In-search-of-the-queen-of-samba.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Brazil: In search of the queen of samba|last=Lawrence|first=Sandra |date=12 August 2003|work=telegraph|access-date=30 October 2008|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 1956 her belongings were donated by her husband and family to the [[Carmen Miranda Museum]], which opened in Rio on 5 August 1976. For her contributions to the entertainment industry, Miranda has a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at the south side of the 6262 block of [[Hollywood Boulevard]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/carmen-miranda|title=Walk of Fame – Carmen Miranda|page=walkoffame.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/carmen-miranda/ |title=Hollywood Star Walk – Carmen Miranda|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

==Image==
[[File:Hollywood Walk of Fame - Carmen Miranda.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|Miranda's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame]]
[[File:Carmen Miranda by General Electric (1945).jpg|thumb|190px|alt=1945 magazine ad for an FM radio with pictures of Miranda|Miranda in a 1945 advertisement for a [[General Electric]] FM radio in ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'']]
Miranda's Hollywood image was that of a generic Latina, blurring distinctions between Brazil, Portugal, Argentina, and Mexico and samba, [[tango music|tango]] and [[Habanera (music)|habanera]] music. It was stylized and flamboyant; she often wore platform sandals and towering [[Fruit hat|headdresses made of fruit]], becoming known as "the lady in the tutti-frutti hat".{{sfn|Tompkins|Foster|2001|p=191}} Her enormous, fruit-laden hats were iconic visuals recognized worldwide; [[Saks Fifth Avenue]] developed a line of Miranda-inspired turbans and jewelry in 1939, and [[Bonwit Teller]] created mannequins resembling the singer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/aug/05/carmen-mirandas-fashion-turbans-platform-shoes-and-a-lot-of-controversy|title=Carmen Miranda's fashion: Turbans, platform shoes and a lot of controversy|author= Lisa Shaw|date=5 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

Her [[Fruit hat|tutti-frutti hat]] from ''[[The Gang's All Here (1943 film)|The Gang's All Here]]'' (1943) inspired the [[United Fruit Company]]'s [[Chiquita Banana]] logo the following year. During the 1960s, ''[[tropicália]]'' filmmakers in Brazil were influenced by Miranda's Hollywood films.<ref>Aaron Clark, Walter. "'Vulgar Negroid Sambas': Issues of National Identity, Race, and Gender in That Night in Rio, with Carmen Miranda," p.14</ref>
 
In 2009 she was the subject of [[São Paulo Fashion Week]] and a short film, ''Tutti Frutti'', by German photographer [[Ellen von Unwerth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/PopArte/0,,MUL959834-7084,00-SAO+PAULO+FASHION+WEEK+TERA+TRIO+DE+MUSAS+DA+MODA+E+CARMEN+MIRANDA.html|title=G1 > Pop & Arte – NOTÍCIAS – São Paulo Fashion Week terá trio de musas da moda e Carmen Miranda|website=G1.globo.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://missowl.com/carmen-miranda-the-remarkable-small-one/Carmen|title=Carmen Miranda, a pequena notável – Miss Owl|date=28 February 2014}}</ref> Two years later, [[Macy's]] wanted to use Miranda to promote a clothing line.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/familia-de-carmen-miranda-profissionaliza-gestao-da-marca-3377386|title=Família de Carmen Miranda profissionaliza gestão da marca|author=Cristina Tardáguila|newspaper=[[O Globo]]}}</ref> Other products influenced by her stardom are the Brazilian fashion brand Malwee's "Chica Boom Chic" collection for women,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sintex.org.br/noticia/chica-boom-chic-musica-de-carmen-miranda-da-nome-a-colecao-malwee|title=SINTEX – Notícias – Chica Boom Chic – Música de Carmen Miranda dá nome à coleção Malwee|website=Sintex.org.br}}</ref> and the Chica Boom Brasil company's high-end Carmen Miranda line, which includes Miranda-themed bags, wall clocks, crockery and placemats.

==Legacy==
[[File:Daffy Duck as Carmen Miranda in Yankee Doodle Daffy, 1943.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|[[Daffy Duck]] as Miranda in ''[[Yankee Doodle Daffy]]'', 1943]]
[[File:Carmen Miranda - Grauman's Chinese Theatre.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|Miranda's hand- and footprints at Grauman's Chinese Theatre]]
[[File:Novo Museu da Imagem e do Som do Rio de Janeiro (2014).jpg|thumb|alt=Building under construction|The [[Museu da Imagem e do Som do Rio de Janeiro]] (Rio de Janeiro Museum of Image and Sound) at [[Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro|Copacabana beach]] in June 2014. The building will house the [[Carmen Miranda Museum]] collection.]]
[[File:Museu Carmen Miranda no Rio de Janeiro.jpg|thumb|alt=Mannequin under glass, dressed as Miranda|Miranda's dresses and photos exhibited at the Museum in Rio de Janeiro.]]
According to Brazilian musician Caetano Veloso, "Miranda was first a cause of both pride and shame, and later, a symbol that inspired the merciless gaze we began to cast upon ourselves &nbsp;... Carmen conquered 'White' America as no other South American has done or ever would, in an era when it was enough to be 'recognizably Latin and Negroid' in style and aesthetics to attract attention."<ref name="Veloso">{{cite news |last1=Veloso |first1=Caetano |title=POP MUSIC; Caricature and Conqueror, Pride and Shame |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/20/archives/pop-music-caricature-and-conqueror-pride-and-shame.html |work=The New York Times |date=20 October 1991 |page=Section 2, Page 34}}</ref> Miranda was the first Brazilian artist to gain worldwide fame in the 1950s, and she continued to define South American music in North America for decades. In 1991, Veloso wrote that "today, anything associated with Brazilian music in America – or with any music from the Southern Hemisphere in the Northern – makes us think of Carmen Miranda. And to think of her is to think about the complexity of this relationship"<ref name=veloso>Veloso (2003), p. 191</ref>

Although she was more popular abroad than in Brazil at her death, Miranda contributed to Brazilian music and [[culture of Brazil|culture]]. She was accused of commercializing [[Music of Brazil|Brazilian music]] and dance, but Miranda can be credited with bringing its national music (the [[samba]]) to a global audience. She introduced the ''[[Bahia|baiana]]'', a type of traditional dress in Bahia, with wide skirts and turbans, as a Brazilian [[showgirl]] at home and abroad. The ''baiana'' became a central feature of [[Brazilian Carnival|Carnival]] for women and men.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6Jw-KNq2QUC&pg=PA190|title=A Brief History of Brazil|author=Teresa A. Meade|author-link=Teresa Meade |date=27 March 2011|publisher=Infobase |isbn=9780816077885}}</ref>

Since her death, Miranda is remembered as an important Brazilian artist and one of the most influential in Hollywood. She was one of 500 stars nominated for the [[American Film Institute]]'s 50 greatest screen legends.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100years/stars500.pdf|title=A compendium of the 500 stars nominated for top 50 "Greatest Screen Legends" status|work=[[American Film Institute]]}}</ref>

On 25 September 1998, a square in Hollywood was named Carmen Miranda Square in a ceremony headed by honorary mayor of Hollywood [[Johnny Grant (radio personality)|Johnny Grant]] (one of Miranda's friends since World War II) and attended by Brazilian consul general Jorió Gama and the Bando da Lua. The square is located at the intersection of [[Hollywood Boulevard]] and Orange Drive, across from [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]], near where Miranda gave an impromptu performance on [[V-J Day]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/sep/26/local/me-26513|title=Some City Squares Bring Lives, and History, Full Circle|last=Tobar|first=Hector|author2=Trevino, Joseph|date=26 September 1998|access-date=21 November 2012|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19980926&id=DSohAAAAIBAJ&pg=5521,1063291|title=Intersection honors Carmen Miranda|work=[[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]]|date=28 September 1998|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref>

To commemorate the 50th anniversary of Miranda's death, a Carmen Miranda Forever exhibit was displayed at the [[Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro|Museum of Modern Art in Rio de Janeiro]] in November 2005 and at the [[Latin America Memorial]] in [[São Paulo]] the following year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/exposicao-carmen-miranda-para-sempre-prorrogada-4590293|title=Exposição 'Carmen Miranda para sempre' é prorrogada|work=[[O Globo]]|date=6 April 2006|access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2005/dec/25/entertainment/ca-carmen25|title=Let's get ready to rumba|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=25 December 2005|first=Henry|last=Chu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.obaoba.com.br/brasil/magazine/mega-exposicao-sobre-carmem-miranda-estreia-no-mam-do-rio|title=Mega exposição sobre Carmem Miranda estréia no MAM do Rio|work=Oba Oba|year=2005}}</ref> In 2005, [[Ruy Castro]] published ''[[Carmen - Uma Biografia]]'', a 600-page biography of "the most famous Brazilian woman of the 20th century." Brazilians "tend to forget," Castro told Mac Margolis of ''[[Newsweek]]'', that "no Brazilian woman has ever been as popular as Carmen Miranda – in Brazil or anywhere."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/icon-we-still-have-bananas-108415|title=Icon: We Still Have Bananas|work=[[Newsweek]]|date=22 January 2006}}</ref>

[[Dorival Caymmi]]'s "[[O Que É Que A Baiana Tem?]]" was his first work to be recorded, and introduced to the US the samba rhythm and Miranda in 1939; it was a Latin category inductee of the 2008 National Recording registry list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/complete-national-recording-registry-listing/ |title=Complete National Recording Registry Listing &#124; Recording Registry &#124; National Recording Preservation Board &#124; Programs at the Library of Congress &#124; Library of Congress |website=Loc.gov |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2009/09-108.html|title=The Sounds of American Life and Legend Are Tapped for the Seventh Annual National Recording Registry|work=[[Library of Congress]]|date=9 June 2009}}</ref>

Miranda, [[Selena]], [[Celia Cruz]], [[Carlos Gardel]] and [[Tito Puente]] appeared on a set of commemorative [[United States Postal Service|US Postal Service]] Latin Music Legends stamps, painted by Rafael Lopez, in 2011. Marie Therese Dominguez, vice president of government relations and public policy for the postal service, said: "From this day forward, these colorful, vibrant images of our Latin music legends will travel on letters and packages to every single household in America. In this small way, we have created a lasting tribute to five extraordinary performers, and we are proud and honored to share their legacy with Americans everywhere through these beautiful stamps".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2011/pr11_024.htm|title=Latin Music Legends |publisher=US Postal Service|date=16 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1178919/selena-tito-puente-celia-cruz-to-appear-on-us-postage-stamps|title=Selena, Tito Puente, Celia Cruz To Appear on U.S. Postage Stamps|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=9 March 2011|access-date=11 April 2014|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819135332/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1178919/selena-tito-puente-celia-cruz-to-appear-on-us-postage-stamps|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''[[Down Argentine Way]]'' and ''[[The Gang's All Here (1943 film)|The Gang's All Here]]'' were inductees of the 2014 [[National Film Registry]] list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/ |title=Complete National Film Registry Listing &#124; Film Registry &#124; National Film Preservation Board &#124; Programs at the Library of Congress &#124; Library of Congress |website=Loc.gov |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/big-lebowski-willy-wonka-among-national-film-registrys-25-selections-1201380203/|title='Big Lebowski', 'Willy Wonka' Among National Film Registry's 25 Selections|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=18 December 2014}}</ref> The [[2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony]] included a tribute to Miranda before the athletes' parade, with [[Roberta Sá]] portraying the singer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/brazil-passes-the-olympic-torch-and-breathes-a-sigh-of-relief-1471832043|title=Brazil Passes the Olympic Torch, Proud and Relieved|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=22 August 2016}}</ref> On 9 February 2017, Miranda was the subject of a [[Google Doodle]] created by Google artist [[Sophie Diao]] commemorating the 108th anniversary of her birth.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gallery/2017/feb/09/carmen-miranda-celebrated-with-a-google-doodle-in-pictures|title= Carmen Miranda is celebrated with a Google doodle – in pictures|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Non-fiction|Covers of Carmen Miranda songs|Other references|Imitations|Portrayals|Other musical references}}In popular culture==

In ''[[The House Across the Bay]]'' (1940, produced by [[Walter Wanger]] and released by [[United Artists]]), [[Joan Bennett]] performed the Mirandaesque "Chula Chihuahua."<ref>{{cite book|title=THE HOUSE ACROSS THE BAY|author=Jeff Stafford|url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/294715%7C0/The-House-Across-the-Bay.html}}</ref> ''[[Babes on Broadway]]''{{'s}} (1941) finale opens with "Bombshell from Brazil", where [[Mickey Rooney]] (dressed as Miranda) sings "Mamãe Eu Quero".{{sfn|McGowan|Pessanha|1997}} The finale of ''[[Time Out for Rhythm]]'' (1941) begins with [[the Three Stooges]] performing a rumba number; [[Curly Howard]] is dressed as Carmen Miranda.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jean-Louis Ginibre|title=Ladies Or Gentlemen: A Pictorial History of Male Cross-dressing in the Movies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7hgQRVaWL-gC&pg=PA180|year=2005|publisher=Filipacchi Publishing|isbn=978-1-933231-04-4|page=180}}</ref> In 1943's ''[[Yankee Doodle Daffy]]'', Daffy Duck performs "Chica Chica Boom Chic" while dressed as Carmen Miranda.<ref>[https://www.b98.tv/video/yankee-doodle-daffy/ ''Yankee Doodle Daffy'' video] ''b98.tv''; retrieved 13 October 2021</ref> The [[United Fruit Company]] created a banana-woman character in 1944, [[Chiquita Brands International#Logo|Chiquita]], whose fruit hat resembled Miranda's.<ref>{{cite book|title=Banana Wars: Power, Production, and History in the Americas|author=Steve Striffler, Mark Moberg|date=20 November 2003|publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=0822331969|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fv2VH9LGQqoC&pg=PA63}}</ref> In ''[[Small Town Deb]]'' (1942), [[Jane Withers]] does an impression of Carmen Miranda and sings "I, Yi, Yi, Yi, Yi (I Like You Very Much)," which was one of Miranda's signature songs.<ref>{{cite book|chapter= Small Town Deb|title= Catalog – American Film Institute|url=http://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/26933|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> In the British comedy, [[Fiddlers Three (1944 film)|''Fiddlers Three'']], [[Tommy Trinder]] gives a bizarre performance as "Senorita Alvarez" from Brazil, a bold impersonation of Miranda.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

The song "[[Mamãe Eu Quero]]" was featured in the 1943 ''[[Tom and Jerry|Tom & Jerry]]'' short "[[Baby Puss]]", as performed by a trio of cartoon cats ([[Butch Cat|Butch]], [[Topsy Cat|Topsy]] and [[Meathead (MGM)|Meathead]]) with [[Topsy Cat|Topsy]] dressed up with a fruit hat, impersonating Carmen Miranda.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Music: Baby Puss|work=Tom and Jerry Online|url=https://www.tomandjerryonline.com/music_tunes.cfm?id=7|access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref>

In ''[[Winged Victory (film)|Winged Victory]]'' (1944) [[Sascha Brastoff]] impersonates Carmen Miranda.<ref>{{cite book|chapter= Winged Victory|title= Catalog – American Film Institute|bibcode= 2010SciAm.303a..70D|url=http://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/24255|access-date=22 May 2018|last1= Dyke|first1= Gareth|journal= Scientific American|year= 2010|volume= 303|issue= 1|pages= 70–75|doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0710-70|pmid= 20583670}}</ref> In ''[[Mildred Pierce (film)|Mildred Pierce]]'', Jo Ann Marlowe sings a Mirandaesque ''[[South American Way]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Global Soundtracks: Worlds of Film Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQw5Ci7sbasC&pg=PA31|date=13 November 2014|isbn= 9780819568823|last1= Slobin|first1= Mark|publisher= Wesleyan University Press}}</ref> In "Be a Pal", a season-one episode of ''[[I Love Lucy]]'', [[Lucille Ball]] imitates Miranda and lip-syncs to "[[Mamãe Eu Quero]]".<ref>{{cite web|title= I Love Lucy: Season 1, Episode 2 Be a Pal|work=[[Internet Movie Database]]|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0609219/|date=22 October 1951}}</ref>

In ''[[Diplomatic Courier]]'' (1952), during a nightclub sequence, [[Arthur Blake (American actor)|Arthur Blake]] performs impersonations of Carmen Miranda, [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] and [[Bette Davis]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Diplomatic Courier|work= Catalog – American Film Institute|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/50466|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> [[Caetano Veloso]] appeared dressed as Miranda in January 1972, in his first show after his return to Brazil from [[London]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Lorraine Leu|title=Brazilian Popular Music: Caetano Veloso and the Regeneration of Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbC-vkuAC5sC&pg=PA32|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-3655-7|page=32}}</ref>

[[Jimmy Buffett]]'s 1973 album ''[[A White Sport Coat and a Pink Crustacean]]'' contains the song "They Don't Dance Like Carmen No More".

Musician [[Leslie Fish]] wrote and recorded a song called "Carmen Miranda's Ghost," on her 1989 album of the same name. The song describes the chaos that ensues when the singer's ghost appears on a space station. It was later the basis for a multi-author [[short story]] [[anthology]] edited by [[Don Sakers]]. [[John Cale]]'s 1989 ''[[Words for the Dying]]'' features a song co-written with [[Brian Eno]] titled "The Soul of Carmen Miranda."

[[Helena Solberg]] filmed a documentary, ''[[Carmen Miranda: Bananas is My Business]]'', in 1995. Eduardo Dusek recorded a cover version of the song "Tá-Hi (Pra Você Gostar de Mim)", written by Joubert de Carvalho and recorded by Miranda in 1930, for the 2003 telenovela ''[[Chocolate com Pimenta]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chocolate com pimenta: Trilha sonora|work=Memoria Globo|url=http://memoriaglobo.globo.com/programas/entretenimento/novelas/chocolate-com-pimenta/trilha-sonora.htm|date=21 March 2010|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-date=20 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220014330/http://memoriaglobo.globo.com/programas/entretenimento/novelas/chocolate-com-pimenta/trilha-sonora.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2004, [[Caetano Veloso]] and [[David Byrne]] performed [[Live at Carnegie Hall (David Byrne and Caetano Veloso album)|live at Carnegie Hall]] a song they had written together, "Dreamworld: Marco de Canaveses", that pays homage to Miranda. In 2007, [[BBC Four]] produced ''Carmen Miranda – Beneath the Tutti Frutti Hat'', a one-hour documentary which included interviews with biographer Ruy Castro, niece Carminha and [[Mickey Rooney]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Carmen Miranda – Beneath the Tutti Frutti Hat|work=[[BBC]]|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0074t4p|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> That year, singer [[Ivete Sangalo]] recorded a [[cover version]] of the song "Chica Chica Boom Chic" for the DVD ''[[:pt:MTV ao Vivo (Ivete Sangalo)|MTV ao Vivo]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ivete Sangalo – MTV ao Vivo|work=ISTOÉ Gente|url=http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/244/diversao_arte/musica_ivete_sangalo.htm|date=12 March 2004|access-date=16 November 2013|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202456/http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/244/diversao_arte/musica_ivete_sangalo.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> For Miranda's centenary, [[Daniela Mercury]] recorded a "duet" with the singer on a cover of "[[O Que É Que A Baiana Tem?]]", which includes the original 1939 recording.<ref>{{cite web|title=Renewing Carmen Miranda|work=GreenGoPost|url=http://greengopost.com/renewing-carmen-miranda/|date=21 March 2010|access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref>

At the closing ceremony of the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] in Rio, a few seconds' homage to Miranda was paid with an animated, projected image on the floor of the [[Maracanã Stadium]].

Bonita Flamingo, a character in the children's show ''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy]]'', is a flamingo spoof of Miranda.

In 2009, Miranda served as the inspiration for a photo shoot on the [[America's Next Top Model (season 12)|12th season]] of the [[Reality television|reality TV]] show, [[America's Next Top Model]].

Filmography{{main|Carmen Miranda filmography}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1933
| ''[[A Voz do Carnaval]]''
| Herself at Rádio Mayrink Veiga
|
|-
| 1935
| ''[[Hello, Hello Brazil!]]''
|
|
|-
| 1935
| ''[[Estudantes]]''
| Mimi
|
|-
| 1936
| ''[[Hello, Hello, Carnival!]]''
|
|
|-
| 1939
| ''[[Banana da Terra]]''
|
|
|-
| 1940
| ''[[Laranja da China]]''
|
|
|-
| 1940
| ''[[Down Argentine Way]]''
| Herself
|
|-
| 1941
| ''[[That Night in Rio]]''
| Carmen
|
|-
| 1941
| ''[[Week-End in Havana]]''
| Rosita Rivas
|
|-
| 1941
| ''Meet the Stars #5: Hollywood Meets the Navy''
| Herself
| Short subject
|-
| 1942
| ''[[Springtime in the Rockies]]''
| Rosita Murphy
|
|-
| 1943
| ''[[The Gang's All Here (1943 film)|The Gang's All Here]]''
| Dorita
| Alternative title: ''The Girls He Left Behind''
|-
| 1944
| ''[[Greenwich Village (film)|Greenwich Village]]''
| Princess Querida
|
|-
| 1944
| ''[[Something for the Boys (film)|Something for the Boys]]''
| Chiquita Hart
|
|-
| 1944
| ''[[Four Jills in a Jeep]]''
| Herself
|
|-
| 1944
| ''Sing With the Stars''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/carmen-miranda-in-costume-singing-and-dancing-band-news-footage/mr_00004888|title=Carmen Miranda performing in 'Sing With the Stars'|publisher=[[Getty Images]]|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref>
| Herself
| Short film
|-
| 1945
| ''The All-Star Bond Rally''
| Herself (Pinup girl)
|
|-
| 1945
| ''[[Doll Face]]''
| Chita Chula
| Alternative title: ''Come Back to Me''
|-
| 1946
| ''[[If I'm Lucky (film)|If I'm Lucky]]''
| Michelle O'Toole
|
|-
| 1947
| ''[[Copacabana (1947 film)|Copacabana]]''
| Carmen Novarro/Mademoiselle Fifi
|
|-
| 1947
| "[[Slick Hare]]"
| Herself
| Voice
|-
| 1948
| ''[[A Date with Judy (film)|A Date with Judy]]''
| Rosita Cochellas
|
|-
| 1949
| ''[[The Ed Wynn Show]]''
| Herself
| Episode #1.2
|-
| 1949 to 1952
| ''[[Texaco Star Theater]]''
| Herself
| 4 episodes
|-
| 1950
| ''[[Nancy Goes to Rio]]''
| Marina Rodrigues
|
|-
| 1951
| ''[[Don McNeill's Breakfast Club|Don McNeill's TV Club]]''
| Herself
| Episode #1.25
|-
| 1951
| ''[[What's My Line?]]''
| Mystery Guest
| 18 November 1951 episode
|-
| 1951 to 1952
| ''[[The Colgate Comedy Hour]]''
| Herself
| 3 episodes
|-
| 1951 to 1953
| ''All-Star Revue''
| Herself
| 2 episodes
|-
| 1953
| ''[[Scared Stiff (1953 film)|Scared Stiff]]''
| Carmelita Castinha
|
|-
| 1953
| ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show|Toast of the Town]]''
| Herself
| Episode #7.1
|-
| 1955
| ''The [[Jimmy Durante]] Show''
| Herself
| Episode #2.2
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Carmen Miranda: Bananas is My Business]]''
| Herself
| Archive footage
|}

==Singles==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2018}}

===Brazilian singles===
====1935====
* "Anoiteceu"
* "Entre Outras Coisas"
* "Esqueci de Sorrir"
* "Foi Numa Noite Assim"
* "Fogueira Do Meu Coração"
* "Fruto Proibido"
* "Cor de Guiné"
* "Casaco de Tricô"
* "Dia de Natal"
* "Fala, Meu Pandeiro"
* "Deixa Esse Povo Falar"
* "Sonho de Papel" (recorded with Orchestra Odeon 10 May 1935)
* "E Bateu-Se a Chapa" (recorded 26 June 1935)
* "O Tique-Taque do Meu Coração" (recorded 7 August 1935)
* "Adeus, Batucada" (recorded with Odeon Orchestra 24 September 1935)
* "Querido Adão" (recorded with Odeon Orchestra 26 September 1935)

====1936====
* "Alô, Alô, Carnaval"
* "Duvi-dê-ó-dó"
* "Dou-lhe Uma"
* "Capelinha do Coração"
* "Cuíca, Pandeiro, Tamborim&nbsp;..."
* "Beijo Bamba"
* "Balancê"
* "Entra no cordão"
* "Como Eu Chorei"
* "As Cantoras do Rádio" (recorded with [[Aurora Miranda]] and Odeon Orchestra 18 March 1936)
* "[[No Tabuleiro da Baiana]]" (recorded with Louis Barbosa 29 September 1936)
* "Como Vai Você?" (recorded with Ary Barroso 2 October 1936)

====1937====
* "Dance Rumba"
* "Em Tudo, Menos em Ti"
* "Canjiquinha Quente"
* "Cabaret No Morro"
* "Baiana Do Tabuleiro"
* "Dona Geisha"
* "Cachorro Vira-Lata" (recorded 4 May 1937)
* "Me Dá, Me Dá" (recorded 4 May 1937)
* "Camisa Amarela" (recorded with the Odeon Group 20 September 1937)
* "Eu Dei" (recorded 21 September 1937)

====1938====
* "Endereço Errado"
* "Falar!"
* "Escrevi um Bilhetinho"
* "Batalhão do amor"
* "E a Festa, Maria?"
* "Cuidado Com a Gaita do Ary"
* "A Pensão Da Dona Stella"
* "A Vizinha Das Vantagens"
* "Samba Rasgado" (recorded with Odeon Group 7 March 1938)
* "E o Mundo Não Se Acabou" ("And the World Would Not End") (recorded 9 March 1938)
* "Boneca de Piche" (recorded with Odeon Orchestra 31 August 1938)
* "Na Baixa do Sapateiro" (recorded with Orchestra Odeon 17 October 1938)
====1939====
* "A Preta Do Acarajé"
* "Deixa Comigo"
* "Candeeiro"
* "Amor Ideal"
* "Essa Cabrocha"
* "A Nossa Vida Hoje É Diferente"
* "Cozinheira Grã-fina"
* "[[O Que É Que A Baiana Tem?]]" (recorded with Dorival Caymmi 27 February 1939)
* "Uva de Caminhão" (recorded 21 March 1939)
* "Camisa Listrada" (recorded with Bando da Lua 28 August 1939)

====1940====
* "Voltei pro Morro" (recorded 2 September 1940)
* "Ela Diz Que Tem"
* "Disso É Que Eu Gosto"
* "[[Disseram que Voltei Americanizada]]" (recorded with Odeon Set 2 September 1940)
* "Bruxinha de Pano"
* "O Dengo Que a Nêga Tem"
* "É Um Quê Que a Gente Tem"
* "Blaque-Blaque"
* "Recenseamento" (recorded 27 September 1940)
* "Ginga-Ginga"

===American singles===
====1939====
* "[[South American Way]]" (recorded with Bando da Lua 26 December 1939)
* "Touradas Em Madrid"
* "Marchinha do grande galo"
* "[[Mamãe Eu Quero]]"
* "Bambú, Bambú"

====1941====
* "[[I, Yi, Yi, Yi, Yi (I Like You Very Much)]]" (recorded with Bando da Lua 5 January 1941)
* "Alô Alô"
* "[[Chica Chica Boom Chic]]" (recorded with Bando da Lua 5 January 1941)
* "Bambalê"
* "[[Nancy Goes to Rio|Cai, Cai]]" (recorded with Bando da Lua 5 January 1941)
* "Arca de Noé"
* "A Weekend in Havana"
* "Diz Que Tem&nbsp;..."
* "[[When I Love I Love]]"
* "[[Weekend in Havana|Rebola, Bola]]" (recorded with Bando da Lua 9 October 1941)
* "The Man With the Lollipop Song"
* "Não Te Dou A Chupeta"
* "Manuelo"
* "Thank You, North America"

====1942====
* "[[Chattanooga Choo Choo]]" (recorded with Bando da Lua 25 July 1942)
* "Tic-tac do Meu Coração"
* "O Passo Do Kanguru (Brazilly Willy)"
* "Boncea de Pixe"

====1945====
* "Upa! Upa!"
* "[[Tico-Tico no Fubá|Tico Tico]]"

====1947====
* "The Matador (Touradas Em Madrid)" (recorded with [[the Andrews Sisters]] and [[Vic Schoen]] and his orchestra)
* "Cuanto La Gusta" (recorded with the Andrews Sisters and Vic Schoen and his orchestra)<ref name=pc40s20>{{cite web|author=Gilliland, John. |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1633213/m1/#track/2 |title=Pop Chronicles 1940s Program #20 – All Tracks UNT Digital Library |publisher=Digital.library.unt.edu |date=197X |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>

====1949====
* "Asi Asi (I See, I See)" (recorded with the Andrews Sisters and Vic Schoen and his orchestra)
* "[[The Wedding Samba]]" (recorded with the Andrews Sisters and Vic Schoen and his orchestra)

====1950====
* "Baião Ca Room' Pa Pa" (recorded with the Andrews Sisters and Vic Schoen and his orchestra)
* "Ipse-A-I-O" (recorded with The Andrews Sisters and Vic Schoen and his orchestra)

==See also==
* [[Carioca]]

{{Portalbar|Film|Music|Biography|Portugal|Brazil}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book|last=Bakish|first=David|title=Jimmy Durante: his show business career, with an annotated filmography and discography|date=2007|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=978-0-7864-3022-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brioux|first1=Bill|title=Truth and rumors: the reality behind TV's most famous myths|date=2008|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-99247-7}}
*{{cite book|last1=Castro|first1=Ruy|title=[[Carmen - Uma Biografia]]|date=2005|publisher=Companhia das Letras|location=São Paulo|isbn=978-8535907605}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dennison|first1=Stephanie|last2=Shaw|first2=Lisa|title=Popular cinema in Brazil, 1930–2001|date=2004|publisher=Manchester University press|location=Manchester, Indiana, US|isbn=0-7190-6499-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/popularcinemainb00denn}}
* {{citation|last1=Hadley-Garcia|first1=George|title=Hispanic Hollywood : the Latins in motion pictures|date=1990|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-8065-1185-0|publisher=Carol Publishing Group ed.}}
* {{cite book |last=Hirschhorn|first=Clive|title=The Hollywood musical|date=1981|publisher=Octopus|location=London|isbn=978-0706412802}}
* {{cite book|last1=McGowan|first1=Chris|last2=Pessanha|first2=Ricardo|title=The Brazilian sound : Samba, bossa nova and the popular music of Brazil|year=1997|publisher=Temple University Press|location=USA|isbn=1-56639-545-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Parish|first1=James Robert|last2=Pitts|first2=Michael R.|title=Hollywood songsters : singers who act and actors who sing; a biographical dictionary|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|location=New York, NY |isbn=0-415-94333-7|edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book  |editor1-last=Ruíz|editor1-first=Vicki L.|editor2-last=Korrol|editor2-first=Virginia Sánchez|title=Latina legacies : identity, biography, and community|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-515399-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sforza|first1=John|title=Swing it!: the Andrews Sisters story|date=2000|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington, Kentucky|isbn=0-8131-2136-1}}
* {{cite book  |editor1-last=Tompkins |editor1-first=Cynthia |editor2-last=Foster |editor2-first=David William |year=2001 |title=Notable Twentieth-century Latin American Women: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0313311123}}

==Further reading==
* Cardoso, Abel. ''Carmen Miranda, a Cantora do Brasil''. Sorocaba. 1978. (Portuguese)
* Gil-Montero, Martha. ''Brazilian Bombshell''. Dutton Adult. 1988. {{ISBN|978-1-5561-1128-0}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://carmenmiranda.com.br}}
*[http://www.cultura.rj.gov.br/espaco/museu-carmen-miranda Museu Carmen Miranda] In the city of Rio de Janeiro.
*{{IBDB name}}
*{{IMDb name|0000544}}
*{{Tcmdb name}}
*{{IMSLP|id=Miranda, Carmen}}
*[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090713042102/http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/16/carmen.html Carmen Miranda] at [[Bright Lights Film Journal|Brightlightsfilm.com]]
*[http://www.fundacionjoseguillermocarrillo.com/sitio/muspopular_carmen_miranda.php International Jose Guillermo Carrillo Foundation] {{in lang|pt}}
*{{YouTube|hRz-M30PcEU|Carmen Miranda – Brazil}}
*{{YouTube|EL_HFa13CT4|Carmen Miranda on ''The Jimmy Durante Show'' – Her last performance, 1955}} At about the 24-minute mark, doing a fast dance with Durante, she falls to her knees, he helps her up, and she says she is all out of breath.
* [https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/104651 Carmen Miranda recordings] at the [[Discography of American Historical Recordings]].

{{Carmen Miranda}}
{{Order of Cultural Merit}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miranda, Carmen}}
[[Category:Carmen Miranda| ]]
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:English-language singers from Brazil]]
[[Category:Portuguese emigrants to Brazil]]
[[Category:Musicians from Rio de Janeiro (city)]]
[[Category:Brazilian film actresses]]
[[Category:Brazilian contraltos]]
[[Category:Brazilian female dancers]]
[[Category:Brazilian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Brazilian television actresses]]
[[Category:Brazilian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Samba musicians]]
[[Category:World music musicians]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:RCA Records artists]]
[[Category:20th Century Studios contract players]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Brazilian women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Brazilian singers]]
[[Category:Women in Latin music]]
[[Category:Burials at Cemitério de São João Batista]]
[[Category:Brazilian actors]]
[[Category:Actresses from the Golden Age of Hollywood]]
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