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{{Short description|1986 Japanese animated film by Hayao Miyazaki}}
{{About|the 1986 animated film||Castles in the Sky (disambiguation)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use American English |date=June 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = Castle in the Sky 
| native_name    = {{Infobox Japanese
 | kanji         = 天空の城ラピュタ
 | revhep        = Tenkū no Shiro Rapyuta}}
| image          = Castle in the Sky (1986).png
| caption        = 1986 theatrical release poster
| director       = [[Hayao Miyazaki]]
| writer         = Hayao Miyazaki
| starring       = {{ubl|[[Mayumi Tanaka]]|[[Keiko Yokozawa]]|Kotoe Hatsui|[[Minori Terada]]}}
| music          = [[Joe Hisaishi]]
| producer       = [[Isao Takahata]] 
| editing        = {{ubl|[[Takeshi Seyama]]|Yoshihiro Kasahara}}
| cinematography = Hirokata Takahashi
| studio         = [[Studio Ghibli]]
| distributor    = [[Toei Company]]
| released       = {{Film date|1986|8|2}} <!-- As per WP:FILMRELEASE, only the first and country of origin releases should be listed. -->
| runtime        = 124 minutes
| country        = Japan
| language       = Japanese
| budget         = {{JPY|500 million}} ({{US$|8 million}})
}}

{{Nihongo|'''''Castle in the Sky'''''|天空の城ラピュタ|Tenkū no Shiro Rapyuta|lead=yes}}, also known as '''''Laputa: Castle in the Sky''''', is a 1986 Japanese [[Anime|animated]] [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[adventure film]] written and directed by [[Hayao Miyazaki]]. It was produced by [[Isao Takahata]], animated by [[Studio Ghibli]], and distributed by the [[Toei Company]]. In voice acting roles, the original Japanese version stars [[Mayumi Tanaka]], [[Keiko Yokozawa]], Kotoe Hatsui, and [[Minori Terada]]. The film follows orphans Sheeta and Pazu, who are chased by government agent Muska, the army, and a group of pirates over Sheeta's crystal necklace on their way to Laputa, a mythical castle flying in the sky.

''Castle in the Sky'' is the first film to be animated by Studio Ghibli, with a production team comprising many of Miyazaki's longtime collaborators, who would continue to work with the studio for the following three decades. The studio's intent was to create original feature films without any compromise of quality. The film was partly inspired by Miyazaki's trips to Wales, where he witnessed the aftermath of the [[UK miners' strike (1984–85)|1984 coal miners' strike]]. The island of Laputa is used to highlight the theme of environmentalism, exploring the relationships between humanity, nature, and technology, a reflection of Miyazaki's ecological philosophy. The young protagonists also provide a unique perspective on the narrative, as a result of Miyazaki's desire to portray "the honesty and goodness of children in [his] work."<ref name="MN">{{harvnb|Miyazaki|2009|p=50}}, cited in {{harvnb|Napier|2018|p=93}}.</ref> Many aspects of the film's [[retrofuturistic]] style – the flying machines in particular – are influenced by nineteenth-century approaches, which has earned the film a reputation in the modern [[steampunk]] genre.

The film released in Japanese theaters on August 2, 1986. It performed below expectations at the box office, but later achieved commercial success through rereleases, earning over {{US$|157 million}} as of 2021. An English dub commissioned by [[Tokuma Shoten]] in 1988 was distributed in North America by [[Streamline Pictures]], and another dub was produced by [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] in 1998, released internationally by [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment|Buena Vista]] in 2003. The film's score was composed by [[Joe Hisaishi]], who would become a close collaborator of Miyazaki's; Hisaishi also composed a reworked soundtrack for the 2003 English dub. The film was generally acclaimed by critics, though the 2003 English dub received mixed reviews. It was well-received by audiences, being voted as one of the greatest animated films of all time in later years. The film also received several notable accolades. ''Castle in the Sky'' has since earned "[[cult film|cult status]]",{{sfn|McCarthy|2002|p=97}} and has influenced several notable artists working in multiple media.

== Plot summary ==

An airship carrying Sheeta – an orphan girl abducted by government agent Muska – is attacked by air pirate Dola and her gang, who seek Sheeta's crystal necklace. Attempting to escape, Sheeta falls from the airship but is saved by the magic of the now-glowing crystal, which lowers her gently. She is caught by Pazu, an orphan who works as a mechanic in a mining town, and he takes her to his home to recover. The next morning, Pazu shows Sheeta a picture his father took of Laputa, a mythical castle on a flying island, which Pazu now seeks. However, Dola's gang and Muska's soldiers arrive looking for Sheeta. After a chase through the village, Pazu and Sheeta fall into a mine shaft, but are saved again by the crystal. In the tunnels, they meet Uncle Pom, who shows them deposits of the glowing mineral Aetherium, the same material as Sheeta's crystal.

Sheeta reveals to Pazu that she has a secret name tying her to Laputa, proving the myth is real, but the two are captured by the army and imprisoned in a fortress. Muska shows Sheeta a dead robot that fell from the sky, bearing the same insignia on Sheeta's crystal, and reveals she is the heiress to the Laputan throne. Muska releases Pazu under the condition that Sheeta guides the army to Laputa. Pazu returns home, but is captured by Dola's gang, who prepare to fly to the fortress and take the crystal. Pazu joins them to attempt to save Sheeta. In the fortress, Sheeta recites an ancient phrase her mother taught her and inadvertently activates the magic of the crystal, reanimating the robot. The robot protects Sheeta from the army and destroys the fortress with its weapons, but is destroyed by the military airship ''Goliath''. In the chaos, Pazu and Dola fly in and rescue Sheeta. However, Sheeta's crystal is left behind, its magic still active, allowing Muska to use it to navigate to Laputa.

Sheeta having seen the crystal's directions and thus being able to navigate to Laputa, she and Pazu convince Dola to take them there in exchange for temporarily joining her crew. In the middle of the night, Sheeta and Pazu keep watch from the crow's nest when Dola's airship is attacked by ''Goliath''. Dola detaches the crow's nest, which also functions as a glider attached to the ship with a line. Pazu spots a massive cloud, wherein he believes his father saw Laputa. Dola attempts to steer into the cloud, but is halted by violent winds. ''Goliath'' destroys Dola's airship, severing the line connecting it to the glider. Sheeta and Pazu pass through the turbulent lightning storm.

They land safely on Laputa, which they find deserted but for some fauna and one peaceful robot. The castle is in ruins, and a giant tree now grows out of the top of the island. However, the army arrives and begins looting the castle, having taken Dola's gang captive. Muska and his accomplices betray the army, prevent them from communicating with Earth, and capture Sheeta to take into the core of the castle. Pazu frees Dola's gang from their bindings and pursues Muska. The core of the castle is the epicenter of Laputa's ancient knowledge and weapons, which Muska activates using Sheeta's crystal, revealing to her that he is also descended from the Laputan royal line. Muska demonstrates Laputa's power by causing a massive explosion over the ocean, destroying ''Goliath'', and declares his intention to destroy humanity using Laputa, believing them inferior to himself and Sheeta. Horrified, Sheeta takes back the crystal and flees, but is cornered by a pursuing Muska in Laputa's throne room.

Pazu appears and bargains for a brief truce. Sheeta teaches Pazu another ancient phrase, the spell of destruction, which they recite, causing Laputa to begin to collapse. The light of the spell blinds Muska, who falls to his death, while Sheeta and Pazu are protected by the giant tree's roots. While Laputa's bottom falls out, the rest of the castle – along with Dola's glider – is preserved by the giant tree, and the island begins to rise into space. Sheeta, Pazu, and Dola's gang are able to escape, and briefly reunite before flying away.

== Voice cast ==
{{Multiple image
| align     = right
| direction = vertical
| width     = 150
| image1    = Mayumi Tanaka 2023.jpg
| caption1  = [[Mayumi Tanaka]], who voiced Pazu in the original Japanese version{{sfn|Nausicaa.net}}
| alt1      = 
| image2    = Mark Hamill (2017).jpg
| caption2  = [[Mark Hamill]] received critical praise for his performance of Muska in the 2003 English dub.{{sfn|Conrad|2003b}}
| alt2      = 
}}

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Character name
! colspan="3" |Voice actor{{sfn|Nausicaa.net}}
|-
! width="20%" rowspan="2" | English
! width="20%" rowspan="2" | Japanese 
! width="20%" | Japanese
! width="40%" colspan="2" | English
|-
! <small>Original, 1986</small>
! width="20%" | <small>Unknown / [[Tokuma Shoten|Tokuma]] / [[Streamline Pictures|Streamline]], 1988{{NoteTag|name=Streamline dub}}</small>
! width="20%" | <small>[[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] / [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment|Buena Vista]], 2003</small>
|-
| '''Pazu'''
| {{Nihongo|2=パズー|3=Pazū}}|| [[Mayumi Tanaka]]|| [[Barbara Goodson]]{{sfn|Mr. Tim|2021}} || [[James Van Der Beek]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Sheeta'''
| rowspan="2" | {{Nihongo|2=シータ|3=Shīta}} || rowspan="2" | [[Keiko Yokozawa]] || rowspan="2" | Louise Chambell || [[Anna Paquin]]
|-
| [[Debi Derryberry]] {{small|(young)}}
|-
| '''Dola'''
| {{Nihongo|2=ドーラ|3=Dōra}}|| {{ill|lt=Kotoe Hatsui|初井言榮|ja}} || Rachel Vanowen || [[Cloris Leachman]]
|-
| '''Muska'''
| {{Nihongo|2=ムスカ|3=Musuka}}|| [[Minori Terada]] || Jack Witte || [[Mark Hamill]]
|-
| '''General'''
| {{Nihongo|2=将軍|3=Shōgun}}|| [[Ichirō Nagai]] || Mark Richards || [[Jim Cummings]]
|-
| '''Uncle Pom'''
| {{Nihongo|2=ポムじい|3=Pomujī}}|| {{ill|lt=Fujio Tokita|常田富士男|ja}} || Fujio Tokita || [[Richard Dysart]]
|-
| '''Mr. Duffi / Boss'''
| {{Nihongo|2=親方|3=Oyakata}}|| [[Hiroshi Ito (voice actor)|Hiroshi Ito]] || Charles Wilson || [[John Hostetter]]
|-
| '''Charles'''
| {{Nihongo|2=シャルル|3=Sharuru}}|| {{ill|lt=Takuzō Kamiyama|神山卓三|ja}} || Bob Stuart || [[Mike McShane|Michael McShane]]
|-
| '''Louis'''
| {{Nihongo|2=ルイ|3=Rui}}|| [[Yoshito Yasuhara]] || rowspan=6 {{Unknown}} || [[Mandy Patinkin]]
|-
| '''Henri'''
| {{Nihongo|2=アンリ|3=Anri}}|| [[Sukekiyo Kameyama]] || [[Andy Dick]]
|-
|-
| '''Okami / Sheeta's mother'''
| {{Nihongo|2=おかみ|3=Okami}}|| [[Machiko Washio]] || [[Tress MacNeille]]
|-
| '''Madge'''
| {{Nihongo|2=マッジ|3=Majji}}|| [[Tarako|Tarako Isono]] || [[Debi Derryberry]]
|-
| '''Motro / Old Engineer'''
| {{Nihongo|2=老技師|3=Rōgishi}}|| [[Ryūji Saikachi]] || [[Eddie Frierson]]
|-
| '''Train Operator''' 
| {{Unknown}}|| [[Tomomichi Nishimura]] || [[Matt K. Miller]]
|}

== Development ==

=== Beginnings of Studio Ghibli ===
{{Further information|Studio Ghibli#History|The Story of Yanagawa's Canals#Production{{!}}''The Story of Yanagawa's Canals'' § Production}}

Following the commercial success of Miyazaki's previous film, ''[[Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)|Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind]]'' (1984), he was eager to begin work on an old-fashioned adventure film that would be a "pleasure" to watch.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=86}} Miyazaki's first proposal for an animated feature film was based on a research trip to [[Yanagawa]], tentatively titled "''Blue Mountains''".{{sfn|Miyazaki|2016|pp=8–9}} The film was never produced, but it inspired Miyazaki's longtime collaborator [[Isao Takahata]] to create ''[[The Story of Yanagawa's Canals]]'' (1987), a documentary on the environmental effects of industry on the local waterways.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|pp=68–69}} As Miyazaki was financing the project in large part through his personal office,{{sfn|Cavallaro|2006|p=77}} ''[[Animage]]'' editor [[Toshio Suzuki (producer)|Toshio Suzuki]] recommended that he direct another film to recover the expense, to which Miyazaki immediately agreed. He quickly developed a concept for the film based on an idea he had in elementary school. In 2014, Suzuki reflected on the events, saying "If Takahata had made his movie on schedule, ''Laputa'' wouldn't have been born."{{sfn|Stimson|2014}}

On June 15, 1985, Miyazaki and Takahata founded [[Studio Ghibli]], with support from Suzuki and his publishing company [[Tokuma Shoten]]. Miyazaki chose the name himself,{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=110}} referencing both the Arabic term for a warm wind from the [[Sahara]], as well as the [[Caproni Ca.309]], an aircraft used by the Italian military during the [[Second World War]].{{sfnm|1a1=Lioi|1y=2010|2a1=Ishida|2y=2014|3a1=Napier|3y=2018|3p=91}} Animation writer [[Dani Cavallaro]] notes that this choice is indicative of Miyazaki's love of both airplanes and Italy.{{sfn|Cavallaro|2006|p=40}} The intent behind the creation of the studio was to "blow a whirlwind" into a stagnating Japanese animation industry by creating original, high-quality feature films.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=91}} In a speech at the 1995 [[Annecy International Animation Film Festival]], Suzuki said "The idea was to dedicate full energy into each piece of work with sufficient budget and time, never compromising on the quality or content."{{sfn|Suzuki|1996}}

=== Trips to Wales ===

{{Multiple image
| align     = right
| direction = vertical
| width     = 200
| image1    = Caer 2.jpg
| alt1      = Caerphilly Castle
| image2    = Big Pit National Coal Museum, Blaenavon, Wales June 12, 2015 (49526156446).jpg
| alt2      = Big Pit National Coal Museum
| footer    = [[Caerphilly Castle]] (top) and [[Big Pit National Coal Museum|Big Pit Mine]] (bottom) in southern Wales. Miyazaki drew inspiration from the region for the film.{{sfnm|1a1=Cavallaro|1y=2006|1p=58|2a1=Miyazaki|2y=2016|2p=97}}
}}

Miyazaki first visited [[Wales]] on a research trip in 1985, when ''Castle in the Sky'' was in early stages of production. He decided to take inspiration from the architecture of the region, and as a result, some of the structures seen in the film resemble Welsh mining towns.{{sfnm|1a1=Cavallaro|1y=2006|1p=58|2a1=Miyazaki|2y=2016|2p=97}} Miyazaki also witnessed the [[UK miners' strike (1984–85)|coal miners' strike]] in protest of mine closures in Britain. Their ultimate failure to preserve the industry left a lasting impact on Miyazaki, who viewed the event as an attack by those in power on the miners' way of life and the hard-working spirit of the people.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=110}} His experiences reflect in several supporting characters in the film, who despite laboring through poverty in the mines, enthusiastically protect the protagonists from multiple aggressors. [[Susan J. Napier]] argues that this depiction reveals Miyazaki's yearning for a simpler way of life, and a desire to create a story based on optimism.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=91}} Animation scholar [[Helen McCarthy]] writes "It seems that ''Castle in the Sky'' also contains echoes of the struggle of the Welsh people for nationhood and freedom."{{sfn|McCarthy|2002|p=96}} Miyazaki would visit Wales once more in 1986, ahead of the release of the film. In 2005, he told ''[[The Guardian]]'' "I admired those men, I admired the way they battled to save their way of life, just as the coal miners in Japan did. Many people of my generation see the miners as a symbol; a dying breed of fighting men. Now they are gone."{{sfn|Brooks|2005}}

=== Production ===

Cavallaro discusses the meticulous method of animating several distinct layers that the film employed – requiring significantly more labor before the use of digital tools – which she calls "a valuable testimony to Studio Ghibli's inveterate commitment".{{sfn|Cavallaro|2006|p=59}} Certain special effects from the film use a combination of [[Traditional animation#Cels|cel]] and film techniques.{{sfn|Miyazaki|2016|p=36}} Takahata, who produced the film, insisted that the highest quality be maintained in spite of the production expense. Napier argues that the production of ''Castle in the Sky'' "established a new industry standard".{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=91}} Miyazaki stated in the original project proposal that {{nowrap|"[''Castle in the Sky'']}} is a project to bring animation back to its roots."{{sfn|Miyazaki|2009|p=253}}

Many of Miyazaki's old colleagues as well as much of the production crew of ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'' were employed once again to work on ''Castle in the Sky'' at Studio Ghibli's inception.{{sfnm|1a1=Cavallaro|1y=2006|1p=58|2a1=Greenberg|2y=2018|2p=110}} The film had a reported production budget of {{¥|500 million}}, equivalent to {{US$|8 million}} in 2023.{{sfn|Harding|2020}} Several animation studios such as [[Doga Kobo]] and [[Oh! Production]] provided support for the [[Inbetweening|in-between animation]].{{sfn|Nausicaa.net}}

== Themes ==

=== Roles of nature and technology ===

''Castle in the Sky'' contains a strong theme of [[environmentalism]], questioning humanity's relationship with nature and the role of technology.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=21}} McCarthy interprets the giant tree of Laputa as a "metaphor for the reviving and life-giving power of nature."{{sfn|McCarthy|2002|p=98}} However, in contrast with the more optimistic conclusions of Miyazaki's previous works, Napier notes that the film ends with an "unsettling view" of the castle flying away, suggesting that humanity may not deserve to exist in the natural world.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=94}} Literary scholar Anthony Lioi interprets Laputa as an ecological [[utopia]] that demonstrates the peace that can be established between nature and advanced technology, but also serves as a criticism of modernity when "[the] peace is shattered by human violence."{{sfn|Lioi|2010}} The characters of Muska and the army are used to criticize modern militarism in particular.{{sfn|Reinders|2016|p=38}} Lioi notes that this outlook differs from dominant Western ideas, eschewing the extremes of [[capitalism]] and [[industrialism]], as well as radical environmentalism and [[conservationism]].{{sfn|Lioi|2010}}

[[File:Laputa Castle in the Sky, screencap 2.jpg |thumb|While Laputa's giant tree is seen as a metaphor for the restorative capability of the natural world, its underside is a symbol of the immorality of modernity.{{sfn|Lioi|2010}} |alt=The flying castle Laputa, with the giant tree on top and weapons system underneath.]]

Critics note the philosophical ambiguity of the castle; while Laputa initially appears to be an ideal union of nature and technology, it is later revealed to have a much harsher and more oppressive underside.{{sfn|McCarthy|2002|p=98}} Napier writes that Laputa is "deeply paradoxical",{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=98}} and Cavallaro that "we are not presented with a univocally and undilutedly malevolent power but rather with an ambivalent admixture of good and evil."{{sfn|Cavallaro|2006|p=59}} Lioi argues that Laputa is used as a means to comment on the ethics of contemporary culture,{{sfn|Lioi|2010}} based on Ildney Cavalcanti's observation that such a utopia also "must contain an overtly dystopian element, such that the implicit critique in utopian discourse becomes explicit."<ref>{{harvnb|Cavalcanti|2004}}, cited in {{harvnb|Lioi|2010}}.</ref>  However, he interprets the ultimate destruction of the castle's weapons as a demonstration that "violence is not the heart of the city", and that the dystopic elements of modernity can be healed.{{sfn|Lioi|2010}}

The film also presents an ambiguous view on the usage of technology.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=21}} The robots from Laputa provide an example of this view, as they are introduced in the film as a violent force capable of extreme destruction.{{sfn|Reinders|2016|p=39}} However, when the protagonists next meet a robot, it is entirely peaceful, tending to the gardens and fauna on Laputa.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=95}} Lioi argues that the robots, as a representation of Laputan technology, are caretakers by default and only become destructive in response to human brutality.{{sfn|Lioi|2010}} McCarthy argues that "this is not a comment on technology but on man's inability to use it wisely."{{sfn|McCarthy|2002|p=95}} Odell and Le Blanc conclude that "technology{{nbsp}}... is not necessarily a bad thing, but we must consider how it's used and to what extent."{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=21}} The duality of nature and technology is further explored in Miyazaki's later film ''[[Princess Mononoke]]'' (1997).{{sfnm|1a1=Odell|1a2=Le Blanc|1y=2009|1p=21|2a1=Cavallaro|2y=2015|2p=148}}

=== Innocence of children ===

Like many other films by Miyazaki, ''Castle in the Sky'' features young children as the protagonists.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=22}} Miyazaki values the portrayal of children as good-hearted, confident in their own agency, and resilient and upbeat in response to adversity.{{sfnm|1a1=Cavallaro|1y=2015|1p=143|2a1=Napier|2y=2018|2p=92}} He criticized reviewers of his television series ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' (1978) who described the titular character as "too much of a goody-two-shoes", admitting he was tempted to retort "So you want to see 'bad characters', you fool?"<ref>{{harvnb|Miyazaki|2009|p=295}}, cited in {{harvnb|Napier|2018|p=92}}.</ref> Film critics Colin Odell and Michelle Le Blanc argue that creating a film with a younger protagonist generates perspectives that an adult would not perceive, saying "the children in Ghibli's films are a liberating force that allows anything to be possible."{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=23}}

The lack of parental oversight of the protagonists is an element Miyazaki feels to be important in promoting children's independence. The protagonists of his films are, like Sheeta and Pazu, often orphaned, or in some way parted from their parents.{{sfn|Napier|2018|pp=92–93}} Miyazaki believes that "one of the essential elements of most classical children's literature is that the children in the stories actually fend for themselves."<ref>{{harvnb|Miyazaki|2009|p=341}}, cited in {{harvnb|Napier|2018|p=92}}.</ref> The presence of parents, in his opinion, would stifle the children's autonomy.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=93}} The limitations that children have in their abilities are also explored in the film; Cavallaro observes that subtlety is added to this theme through the modulation between positive and negative traits.{{sfn|Cavallaro|2006|p=63}} For example, Pazu comes close to forsaking Sheeta and his quest for Laputa,{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=111}} and Sheeta and Pazu struggle due to a lack of knowledge of the crystal and of Laputa.{{sfnm|1a1=Cavallaro|1y=2006|1p=63|2a1=Cavallaro|2y=2015|2p=49}} Additionally, unlike Miyazaki's previous works, the protagonists do not succeed at convincing the antagonists of their wrongdoing, which offers a more pessimistic view on children's ability to educate others.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=111}}

Napier proposes that Miyazaki's insistence on showing the freedom of children in ''Castle in the Sky'' can be credited to the influence of ''[[Panda and the Magic Serpent]]'' (1958).{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=93}} Miyazaki first watched the film at age 17, and it moved him to pursue a career in animation.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=4}} At a lecture given in 1982 at [[Waseda University]], he said "When I saw ''Panda and the Magic Serpent'', it was as if the scales fell from my eyes; I realized that I should depict the honesty and goodness of children in my work." He considers this a focal point in his endeavors.<ref name="MN" /> The theme of innocence is explored more focally in Miyazaki's succeeding film ''[[My Neighbor Totoro]]'' (1988).{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=105}}

== Style ==

<!--{{NoteTag|Further information: [[Howl's_Moving_Castle_(film)#Flight_and_critique_of_modernity|''Howl's Moving Castle'' (film) § Flight and critique of modernity]].}}-->

[[File:Laputa_Castle_in_the_Sky_robot_at_Ghibli_Museum.jpg |thumb |left |upright=0.7 |A statue of a Laputan robot on display at the [[Ghibli Museum]]. The robots are an example of Miyazaki's many stylistic influences.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=115}} |alt=]]

Miyazaki's affinity for flight is repeatedly displayed in ''Castle in the Sky'', a motif that continues throughout the feature films of his career.{{sfn|Cavallaro|2015|p=146}} A variety of fictional flying machines appear across the film, including the island of Laputa, the airships, and the pirates' [[ornithopters]]; Sheeta's crystal also allows her to float through the air.{{sfnm|1a1=Odell|1a2=Le Blanc|1y=2009|1p=65|2a1=Napier|2y=2018|2p=90}} Laputa itself takes direct inspiration from the island of the same name from ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' (1726).<ref>{{harvnb|Miyazaki|2009|p=252}}, cited in {{harvnb|Cavallaro|2006|p=59}}; {{harvnb|Napier|2018|p=88}}.</ref> However, many of the other flying machines in the film are [[retrofuturistic]], influenced by nineteenth-century stylistic approaches.{{sfnm|1a1=Lioi|1y=2010|2a1=Napier|2y=2018|2p=89}} Additionally, Miyazaki was inspired by the literature of [[Jules Verne]] and [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] when considering the style of the film.{{sfnm|1a1=Cavallaro|1y=2006|1p=59|2a1=Napier|2y=2018|2p=89}}

Another stylistic trait that Miyazaki drew from nineteenth-century influences is the depiction of machines that "still possess the inherent warmth of handcrafted things."<ref>{{harvnb|Miyazaki|2009|p=254}}, cited in {{harvnb|VanderMeer|Chambers|2012|p=182}}.</ref> Pazu is shown to enthusiastically build and work with flying machines,{{sfn|Reinders|2016|p=33}} and literary scholars [[Jeff VanderMeer]] and S. J. Chambers argue that this gives the film's airships "a realistic physicality."{{sfn|VanderMeer|Chambers|2012|p=183}} Commenting on the [[mecha anime]] popular at the time, Miyazaki expressed his hatred for shows that glorified machines without portraying the characters struggling to build or maintain them.{{sfnm|1a1=Reinders|1y=2016|1p=34|2a1=Miyazaki|2y=2009|2p=20}} As critic Eric Reinders puts it, "you can't just {{em|flip the switch}} on a Miyazaki contraption."{{sfn|Reinders|2016|p=33}}

Many of these elements have become major influences on the [[steampunk]] genre.{{sfn|Boyes|2020}} Cavallaro writes that ''Castle in the Sky'' is like many other works of the genre in the way that it portrays retrofuturistic technology in contrast with fictional versions of electronic technology, such as the weapons system in the underside of Laputa.{{sfn|Cavallaro|2015|p=144}} While the other machines are presented as joyful, Laputa's underside is used exclusively as an instrument of destruction.{{sfn|Reinders|2016|p=33}} Miyazaki stated that, as a child, he was attracted to the design and power of military planes, a view that has since been replaced with revulsion for the indiscriminate acts of violence that the machines have been used for.{{sfn|Cavallaro|2015|p=146}} Miyazaki's love for flying machines, as well as their innate destructive potential, are highlighted in his later film ''[[The Wind Rises]]'' (2013).{{sfn|Cavallaro|2015|p=147}}

== Release ==

{{Multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 150
| image1            = HayaoMiyazakiCCJuly09.jpg
| caption1          = Director [[Hayao Miyazaki]] in 2009
| alt1              = 
| image2            = Isao Takahata (cropped).jpg
| caption2          = Producer [[Isao Takahata]] in 2014
| alt2              = 
}}

The film was released in Japan on August 2, 1986, by the [[Toei Company]].{{sfn|Miyazaki|2009|p=444}} At the Japanese box office, the film sold about 800,000 tickets,{{NoteTag|Cavallaro reports 800,000 viewers in Japan upon the film's release,{{sfn|Cavallaro|2006|p=58}} while Suzuki reports a slightly lesser 775,000.{{sfn|Suzuki|1996}}}} which critics have noted to be somewhat lower than the performance of ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind''.{{sfnm|1a1=Cavallaro|1y=2006|1p=58|2a1=Odell|2a2=Le Blanc|2y=2009|2p=67}} Miyazaki also expressed his disappointment with ''Castle in the Sky''{{'s}} "failure". The film later earned a significant additional amount through rereleases;{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=91}} as of 2021, it has grossed approximately {{US$|157 million}} in box office, [[home video]], and [[soundtrack]] sales.{{sfn|''Wonderland''|2021}} In the United Kingdom, it was 2019's eighth-best-selling foreign language film on home video, below five other Studio Ghibli films.{{sfn|BFI|2020|p=94}} The film has sold approximately 1.1{{nbsp}}million tickets in Europe as of 2023.{{sfn|''Lumiere''}} Multiple international theatrical rescreenings between 2003 and 2023 have earned the film approximately {{US$|6.2 million}}.{{sfn|Box Office Mojo}}

=== English dubs ===

The first English dub of ''Castle in the Sky'' was produced by an unknown party{{NoteTag|name=Streamline dub|The company responsible for producing the 1988 dub of ''Castle in the Sky'' is yet undetermined. This dub is sometimes referred to as the "Streamline dub", leading many to believe it was produced by [[Streamline Pictures]] themselves.{{sfn|Patten|2015}} Others attribute the dub to a company called "Magnum".{{sfn|Wyse|2020}} However, Streamline representatives have repeatedly denied any knowledge of the dub's production. Streamline co-founder [[Carl Macek]] stated that they merely distributed the dub, and that it was provided to them by Tokuma Shoten, who in turn had it outsourced to an unnamed company in Hollywood.{{sfnm|1a1=Toyama|2a1=Macek|2y=2014}}}} commissioned by Tokuma Shoten in 1988 for viewing on international flights on [[Japan Airlines]]; this dub was licensed between 1989 and 1991 by the then-new [[Streamline Pictures]] for distribution in North American markets.{{sfn|Patten|2015}} An edited version of this dub briefly aired on UK television.{{NoteTag|name=ITV airing|The 1988 dub was aired by [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] in some regions of the eastern UK. This airing was altered from the original, with some scenes being cut,{{sfn|Toyama}} and the film being listed on programs as "''Laputa: The Flying Island''{{hairspace}}".{{sfn|Smithies|1988}}}} [[Carl Macek]], the head of Streamline, was disappointed with this dub, deeming it "adequate, but clumsy".{{sfn|Macek|2014}} In addition to distribution rights, Streamline would go on to dub two other Studio Ghibli films in-house: ''My Neighbor Totoro'' and ''[[Kiki's Delivery Service]]'' (1989).{{sfn|Bertoli|2017}}

The English dub produced by [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] was recorded in 1998 and planned for release on video in 1999, but the release was canceled after ''Princess Mononoke'' did not perform well in North American theaters.{{sfn|Wyse|2020}} The film premiered at the [[New York International Children's Film Festival]] on February 2, 2000.{{sfn|Nausicaa.net}} It was released on home video in North America on April 15, 2003, alongside a rerelease of ''Kiki's Delivery Service'' and ''[[Spirited Away]]'' (2001).{{sfn|Conrad|2003a}} Due to the possible confusion of the title with the Spanish phrase {{lang|es|la puta}} – literally 'the whore' – the film was released as simply ''Castle in the Sky'' in North America.{{sfn|Cavallaro|2006|p=58}} The film was released by [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment|Buena Vista]] on [[Blu-ray]] in North America on May 22, 2012.{{sfn|Green|2012}} [[Shout! Factory]] and [[GKIDS]] re-issued the film on Blu-ray and DVD on October 31, 2017.{{sfn|Giardina|2017}} Both the original Japanese version and the 2003 Disney dub were made available for [[Video on demand|streaming]] when the rights to Studio Ghibli's filmography were acquired by [[Netflix]] in 2020.{{sfn|Andrew|2023}}

== Music ==

{{Infobox album
| name       = Castle in the Sky
| type       = soundtrack
| artist     = [[Joe Hisaishi]]
| cover      = 
| alt        =
| released   = August 25, 1986
| recorded   =
| venue      =
| studio     =
| genre      = {{plainlist|
* [[Anime music]]
* [[Film score]]
}}
| length     = 39:17
| label      = [[Tokuma Shoten]]
| producer   = [[Joe Hisaishi]]
| prev_title = Arion
| prev_year  = 1985
| next_title = Curved Music
| next_year  = 1986
}}
[[File:Joe Hisaishi 2011.jpg |thumb |upright=0.7 |Soundtrack composer [[Joe Hisaishi]] in 2011 |alt=]]

As with ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'', [[Joe Hisaishi]] composed the soundtrack of ''Castle in the Sky''. Miyazaki and Hisaishi went on to become close collaborators, and Hisaishi has since provided the music for all of Miyazaki's feature films.{{sfn|Cavallaro|2006|p=45}} Three months before the film's theatrical release, the [[image album]] – a collection of demos and musical sketches that serve as a precursor to the finished score – was published by Tokuma on compact disc. A third version of the soundtrack, rearranged for full [[symphony orchestra]] and recorded by the Tokyo City Philharmonic<!-- Do not confuse with Tokyo Philharmonic! -->, released in 1987 on [[compact disc]].{{sfn|Hisaishi}}

For the English dub produced by Disney in 1998, Hisaishi was called upon to rewrite the soundtrack to be more suitable for audiences in America. The new soundtrack was recorded by the [[Seattle Symphony]] and featured in the 2003 English dub released by Buena Vista.{{sfn|Nausicaa.net|1999}} Hisaishi was advised by Disney staff that non-Japanese audiences prefer comparatively more music in films. As a result, the American soundtrack is much longer, while the original Japanese version featured just an hour of music for a film exceeding two hours in length. Though Hisaishi felt that American film scores used an overly simplistic compositional approach, he commented "But when I redid the music of ''Laputa'' this way, I learned a lot."{{sfn|Cavallaro|2006|p=45}}

The credits sequence of the film features an original vocal song titled "Carrying You" performed by [[Azumi Inoue]], with music by Hisaishi and lyrics by Miyazaki. The song was released in 1988 as a compact disc single, featuring an additional chorus version performed by the Suginami Children's Choir.{{sfn|''Oricon''|2018}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Music releases for ''Laputa: Castle in the Sky''{{hairspace}}{{sfn|Hisaishi}}
! Release&nbsp;date
! English title
! Japanese title !! class="unsortable" | Notes 
|-
| May 25, 1986
|''Laputa: Castle in the Sky Image Album ~The Girl Who Fell From the Sky~''
| 天空の城ラピュタ イメージアルバム 〜空から降ってきた少女〜
|
|-
| August 25, 1986
|''Laputa: Castle in the Sky Soundtrack ~The Mystery of the Levitation Stone~''
| 天空の城ラピュタ サウンドトラック 〜飛行石の謎〜
|
|-
| January 25, 1987
|''Laputa: Castle in the Sky Symphony Version ~Huge Tree~''
| 天空の城ラピュタ シンフォニー編 〜大樹〜
|
|-
| March 25, 1988
|"Carrying You"
| 君をのせて
|Azumi Inoue single
|-
| February 25, 1989
|''Laputa: Castle in the Sky Drama Version ~Revive the Light!~''
| 天空の城ラピュタ ドラマ編 〜光よ甦れ!〜
|
|-
| November 25, 1989
|''Laputa: Castle in the Sky Hi-Tech Series''
| 天空の城ラピュタ ハイテックシリーズ
|
|-
| October 2, 2002
|''Laputa: Castle in the Sky USA Version Soundtrack''
| Castle in the Sky 〜天空の城ラピュタ USA ヴァージョンサウンドトラック〜
| The extended soundtrack written for the 2003 Disney dub
|}

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===

''Castle in the Sky'' has been generally acclaimed by film critics in the years since its release.{{sfnm|1a1=Rotten Tomatoes|2a1=Metacritic}} In 2001, ''Animage'' ranked ''Castle in the Sky'' 44th in their list of top 100 anime.{{sfn|''Anime News Network''|2001}} Animation critic and writer Raz Greenberg calls ''Castle in the Sky'' "one of the greatest adventure films ever made",{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=117}} and critic Manabu Murase names it "quite possibly the most entertaining anime that Miyazaki ever made".<ref>{{harvnb|Murase|2004|p=82}}, cited in {{harvnb|Napier|2018|p=86}}.</ref>

While ''[[The New York Times]]''{{'s}} [[Caryn James]] and ''[[Deseret News]]''{{'s}} Chris Hicks felt that the film's two-hour runtime would turn audiences away,{{sfnm|1a1=James|1y=1989|2a1=Hicks|2y=1989}} ''[[The Washington Post]]''{{'s}} Richard Harrington and ''[[IGN]]''{{'s}} Jeremy Conrad argued that the film had the appeal to entertain audiences of all ages.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrington|1y=1989|2a1=Conrad|2y=2003b}} Conrad felt the characters were "so likable that you never get bored, you always want to see what adventure is next for them".{{sfn|Conrad|2003b}}

Hicks did not think highly of the 1988 English dub, calling the children's voices "shrill",{{sfn|Hicks|1989}} but James felt the dubbing into English had been done "gracefully".{{sfn|James|1989}} The 2003 dub similarly received mixed reviews, with ''[[The A.V. Club]]''{{'s}} Tasha Robinson calling Disney's recordings "almost comically bland",{{sfn|Robinson|2003}} and Conrad expressing his appreciation for [[Anna Paquin]] as Sheeta and [[Mark Hamill]]'s performance as Muska.{{sfn|Conrad|2003b}}

Most reviewers highlighted the imaginative capacity that Miyazaki displays in the film.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrington|1y=1989|2a1=James|2y=1989|3a1=Hicks|3y=1989|4a1=Conrad|4y=2003b}} ''[[Slant Magazine|Slant]]''{{'s}} Chuck Bowen noted the subtle details included in the film, which he felt lends it "texture and originality".{{sfn|Bowen|2010}} Several reviewers praised the use of color, which made the film "a joy to watch" according to James.{{sfnm|1a1=James|1y=1989|2a1=Harrington|2y=1989|3a1=Robinson|3y=2003}} Both Harrington and Bowen noted the film's strong ecological theme, with Harrington appreciating the "moral duality" of Laputa's technology.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrington|1y=1989|2a1=Bowen|2y=2010}}

On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rate of 96% from 28 critics, with an average rating of 7.6 out of 10. The site's critic consensus reads, "With a storytelling palette as rich and brilliant as its animation, ''Castle in the Sky'' thrillingly encapsulates Studio Ghibli's unique strengths."{{sfn|Rotten Tomatoes}} At [[Metacritic]], the film has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".{{sfn|Metacritic}}

=== Audience response ===

''Castle in the Sky'' was the second-place winner in the Reader's Choice award category hosted by ''Animage'' in 1986.{{sfn|Cavallaro|2006|p=183}} In a 2006 poll by Japan's [[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] conducted at the 2006 [[Japan Media Arts Festival]], the film was rated the third-best animation of all time, after ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'' and ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'' (1995).{{sfn|Agency for Cultural Affairs|2007}} In a 2008 audience poll conducted by [[Oricon]] in Japan, ''Castle in the Sky'' was voted the best animation of all time.{{sfn|''Oricon''|2008}}

=== Accolades ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award / Publication
! Category
! Result
! Recipient(s)
!! class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1986
| rowspan="2" | [[Mainichi Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ōfuji Noburō Award]]
| rowspan="2" {{Won}}
| data-sort-value="Miyazaki, Hayao" | [[Hayao Miyazaki]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sfn|''Mainichi Shimbun''}}
|-
| Tokuma Shoten
|-
| ''[[Animage]]''
| [[Anime Grand Prix]]
| {{Won}}
| ''Castle in the Sky''
| {{sfn|''Animage''|1987}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kinema Junpo]]''
| Best Ten
| data-sort-value="Won 8" {{Draw|8th Place}}
| ''Castle in the Sky''
| {{sfn|''Cinema 1987''}}
|-
| Readers' Choice
| data-sort-value="Won 2" {{Runner up|2nd Place}}
| ''Castle in the Sky''
| rowspan="3" | {{sfn|Cavallaro|2006|p=183}}
|-
| ''[[Eiga Geijutsu]]''
| Movie Art
| {{Won}}
| ''Castle in the Sky''
|-
| [[Osaka Film Festival]]
| Best Ten
| data-sort-value="Won 1" {{Won|1st Place}}
| ''Castle in the Sky''
|}

== Legacy ==

[[File:John Lasseter 2002.jpg |thumb |upright= 0.7 |[[John Lasseter]] has called ''Castle in the Sky'' one of his favorite films.{{sfn|Goodman|2011}} |alt=]]

''Castle in the Sky'' is considered a keystone work of the modern steampunk and [[dieselpunk]] styles.{{sfnm|1a1=VanderMeer|1a2=Chambers|1y=2012|1p=190|2a1=Reinders|2y=2016|2p=32|3a1=Greenberg|3y=2018|3p=116|4a1=Boyes|4y=2020}} Along with ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'', Philip Boyes of ''[[Eurogamer]]'' considers ''Castle in the Sky'' a major contributor to the genres' popularity in Japan, introducing audiences to stylistic features such as airships which were otherwise mostly prevalent in Europe.{{sfn|Boyes|2020}} According to McCarthy, "its mix of epic action-adventure and techno-ecological theme has since earned [''Castle in the Sky''] cult status."{{sfn|McCarthy|2002|p=97}}

Several notable artists in the [[anime]] and [[manga]] industries have cited ''Castle in the Sky'' as a major influence on their works. ''[[Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water]]'' (1990), by ''Neon Genesis Evangelion'' director [[Hideaki Anno]], is noted for its similarities in premise with ''Castle in the Sky''; Anno had previously worked with Miyazaki on the production of ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'', and has stated that ''Nadia'' was based in part on one of Miyazaki's concepts.{{sfn|Bricken|2022}} ''[[D.Gray-man]]'' (2004) author [[Katsura Hoshino]] was moved to pursue a career in animation after watching the film, ultimately becoming a manga artist.{{sfn|Shueisha|2018}} ''[[Ghost in the Shell]]'' (1995) director [[Mamoru Oshii]]{{sfn|McCarthy|2002|p=111}} and ''[[Your Name]]'' (2016) director [[Makoto Shinkai]] named ''Castle in the Sky'' among their favorite animations.{{sfn|Rose|2016}} Additionally, VanderMeer and Chambers argue that ''Castle in the Sky'' forms the stylistic foundation for several of Miyazaki's later films, including ''[[Porco Rosso]]'' (1992) and ''[[Howl's Moving Castle (film)|Howl's Moving Castle]]'' (2004).{{sfn|VanderMeer|Chambers|2012|p=183}}

[[John Lasseter]], former [[chief creative officer]] at [[Pixar]] and [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney Animation]], often cited Miyazaki and his works to be his "greatest inspiration".{{sfn|Frater|2014}} When asked about some of his favorite films, Lasseter expressed his admiration for ''Castle in the Sky''.{{sfn|Goodman|2011}} Lasseter has worked with Miyazaki on the English dubs of several of his films, and notes this as an influence on his work with his colleagues. At a speech delivered at the 2014 [[Tokyo International Film Festival]], Lasseter said "Whenever we get stuck at Pixar or Disney, I put on a Miyazaki film sequence or two, just to get us inspired again."{{sfn|Brzeski|2014}} Napier argues that [[WALL-E (character)|the protagonist]] of Pixar's ''[[WALL-E]]'' (2008), a robot left to care for a world abandoned by humans, "may have its roots in ''Laputa''{{'s}} nurturing robot."{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=96}}

''Castle in the Sky'' has influenced numerous video games, particularly [[Japanese video games|in Japan]], with its success leading to a wave of steampunk video games.{{sfn|Boyes|2020}} Game designer [[Hironobu Sakaguchi]] cited ''Castle in the Sky'' as an inspiration behind his ''[[Final Fantasy]]'' video game series, particularly citing it as an influence on the series' airships.{{sfn|Rogers|2006}}  ''Castle in the Sky'' also influenced the airships in the ''[[Mario (franchise)|Mario]]'' and ''[[Civilization (series)|Civilization]]'' franchises.{{sfn|Boyes|2020}} The Iron Golem from ''[[Minecraft]]'' (2011) takes inspiration from the robots in the film.{{sfn|Stone|2017}} Several games from ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]'' series are noted to have been influenced by ''Castle in the Sky'', particularly ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom|Tears of the Kingdom]]'' (2023), which features a flying castle and several thematic parallels with the film.{{sfn|Rowe|2023}}

On December 9, 2011, during an airing of ''Castle in the Sky'' on Japanese television, fans posting to [[Twitter]] set a new record for the platform by causing a peak of 25,088 tweets per second.{{sfn|Savov|2011}} The record was later surpassed during another airing on August 2, 2013, with a figure of 143,199 per second.{{sfnm|1a1=''Twitter Engineering''|1y=2013|2a1=Rosen|2y=2013}}

== Notes ==

{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===

{{reflist}}

=== Book and journal sources ===

{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{Cite book |title=Dark Horizons: Science Fiction and the Dystopian Imagination |last=Cavalcanti |first=Ildney |chapter=The Writing of Utopia and the Feminist Critical Dystopia: Suzy McKee Charnas's Holdfast Series |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-4159-6614-6 |editor-last=Baccolini |editor-first=Raffaella  |editor-last2=Moylan |editor-first2=Tom |pages=47–69}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Anime Art of Hayao Miyazaki |last=Cavallaro |first=Dani |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7864-2369-9 |author-link=Dani Cavallaro}}
* {{Cite book |title=Hayao Miyazaki's World Picture |last=Cavallaro |first=Dani |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7864-9647-1 |author-link=Dani Cavallaro}}
* {{Cite book |title=Hayao Miyazaki: Exploring the Early Work of Japan's Greatest Animator |last=Greenberg |first=Raz |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5013-3594-5 |url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/monograph?docid=b-9781501335976&st=hayao+miyazaki }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lioi |first1=Anthony |title=The City Ascends: ''Laputa: Castle in the Sky'' as Critical Ecotopia |journal=Interdisciplinary Comics Studies |date=2010 |volume=5 |issue=2 |url=https://imagetextjournal.com/the-city-ascends-laputa-castle-in-the-sky-as-critical-ecotopia/ |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=June 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624200253/http://imagetext.english.ufl.edu/imagetext/archives/v5_2/lioi |url-status=live |issn=1549-6732}}
* {{cite book |last=McCarthy |first=Helen |authorlink=Helen McCarthy |year=2002 |orig-year=1999 |title=Hayao Miyazaki: Master of Japanese Animation |publisher=[[Stone Bridge Press]] |isbn=978-1-8806-5641-9}}
* {{Cite book |title=Starting Point: 1979–1996 |last=Miyazaki |first=Hayao |authorlink=Hayao Miyazaki |publisher=[[Viz Media]] |year=2009 |orig-year=1996 |isbn=978-1-4215-6104-2}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Art of Castle in the Sky |last=Miyazaki |first=Hayao |authorlink=Hayao Miyazaki |year=2016 |publisher=[[Viz Media]] |isbn=978-1-4215-8272-6}}
* {{Cite book |title=Miyazaki Hayao no Fukami e |last=Murase |first=Manabu |publisher=[[Heibonsha]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-4-5828-5243-1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Miyazakiworld: A Life in Art |last=Napier |first=Susan J. |authorlink=Susan J. Napier |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-300-22685-0}}
* {{Cite book |title=Studio Ghibli: The Films of Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata |last1=Odell |first1=Colin |last2=Le Blanc |first2=Michelle |publisher=Kamera |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-84243-279-2}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Moral Narratives of Hayao Miyazaki |last=Reinders |first=Eric |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4766-6452-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=VanderMeer |first1=Jeff |authorlink1=Jeff VanderMeer |last2=Chambers |first2=S.J. |title=The Steampunk Bible: An Illustrated Guide to World of Imaginary Airships, Corsets and Goggles, Mad Scientists, and Strange Literature |date=2012 |publisher=[[Abrams Books]] |isbn=978-1-6131-2166-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xp12RPAYgrIC&pg=PT184 |access-date=January 6, 2019 |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625110211/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xp12RPAYgrIC&pg=PT184 |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

=== Online sources ===

{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite web |title=Top 100 Animations |publisher=[[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] |year=2007 |url=http://plaza.bunka.go.jp/hundred/bumon_anime.html |access-date=March 15, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210224349/http://plaza.bunka.go.jp/hundred/bumon_anime.html |archive-date=February 10, 2007 |language=ja |ref={{harvid|Agency for Cultural Affairs|2007}} }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://animage.jp/old/gp/gp_1987.html |title=9th Anime Grand Prix |date=June 1987 |access-date=June 20, 2023 |website=[[Animage]] |archive-date=October 19, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019174520/http://animage.jp/old/gp/gp_1987.html |language=ja |ref={{harvid|Animage|1987}} }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-01-15/animage-top-100-anime-listing |title=''Animage'' Top 100 Anime Listing |date=January 15, 2001 |work=[[Anime News Network]] |access-date=March 10, 2013 |archive-date=April 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415220509/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-01-15/animage-top-100-anime-listing |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Anime News Network|2001}} }}
* {{Cite news |title=Studio Ghibli films are coming to Netflix, but not in North America or Japan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/20/business/studio-ghibli-netflix-trnd/index.html |last=Andrew |first=Scottie |date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |work=[[CNN Business]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121203645/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/20/business/studio-ghibli-netflix-trnd/index.html |archive-date=January 21, 2020 }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/a-tale-of-two-totoro-1795625161 |title=A tale of two Totoro |date=June 4, 2017 |access-date=June 20, 2023 |website=[[Kotaku]] |last=Bertoli |first=Ben |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606234354/https://kotaku.com/a-tale-of-two-totoro-1795625161 |archive-date=June 6, 2017 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |title=Review: Hayao Miyazaki's ''Castle in the Sky'' on Disney DVD |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/castle-in-the-sky/ |last=Bowen |first=Chuck |date=March 4, 2010 |access-date=August 6, 2023 |work=[[Slant Magazine|Slant]] |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810092147/https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/castle-in-the-sky/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=''Castle in the Sky'' |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0092067/ |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 9, 2023 |ref={{harvid|Box Office Mojo}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815152741/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0092067 |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Boyes |first1=Philip |title=Hot air and high winds: a love letter to the fantasy airship |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-02-08-hot-air-and-high-winds-a-love-letter-to-the-fantasy-airship |access-date=April 18, 2020 |work=[[Eurogamer]] |date=February 8, 2020 |archive-date=May 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509234743/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-02-08-hot-air-and-high-winds-a-love-letter-to-the-fantasy-airship |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |title=''Evangelion'' creator Hideaki Anno's first TV series ''Nadia'' comes to 4K |url=https://gizmodo.com/evangelion-hideaki-anno-director-nadia-secret-of-blue-w-1848818184 |last=Bricken |first=Rob |date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=August 10, 2023 |work=[[Gizmodo]] |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731013024/https://gizmodo.com/evangelion-hideaki-anno-director-nadia-secret-of-blue-w-1848818184 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Brooks |first=Xan |title=A god among animators |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=September 14, 2005 |url=http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,6737,1569689,00.html |access-date=December 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625111513/http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,6737,1569689,00.html |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/industry-data-insights/statistical-yearbook |title=BFI Statistical Yearbook 2020 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] (BFI) |year=2020 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-date=April 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427094931/https://www.bfi.org.uk/industry-data-insights/statistical-yearbook |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|BFI|2020}} }}
* {{Cite news |title=John Lasseter pays emotional tribute to Hayao Miyazaki at Tokyo Film Festival |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/john-lasseter-pays-emotional-tribute-743635/ |last=Brzeski |first=Patrick |date=October 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615045655/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/john-lasseter-pays-emotional-tribute-743635/ |archive-date=June 15, 2021 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://cinema1987.org/home/best10/3/1986.html |title=1986年度キネマ旬報ベストテン |access-date=June 20, 2023 |website=Cinema 1987 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609044629/https://cinema1987.org/home/best10/3/1986.html |archive-date=June 9, 2017 |language=ja |trans-title=1986 ''Kinema Junpo'' Best Ten |ref={{harvid|Cinema 1987}} }}
* {{cite web |last1=Conrad |first1=Jeremy |title=''Spirited Away'' |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/03/14/spirited-away |website=IGN |access-date=June 2, 2016 |date=March 14, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409215418/http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/03/14/spirited-away |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Conrad|2003a}} }}
* {{Cite news |last=Conrad |first=Jeremy |title=''Castle in the Sky'' |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/03/27/castle-in-the-sky-2 |date=March 27, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415150206/https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/03/27/castle-in-the-sky-2 |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |work=[[IGN]] |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Conrad|2003b}} }}
* {{Cite news |title=John Lasseter hails Hayao Miyazaki, Japan, and the joy of juxtaposition |url=https://variety.com/2014/artisans/news/john-lasseter-hails-hayao-miyazaki-japan-and-the-joy-of-juxtaposition-1201338264/ |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=October 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026120152/http://variety.com/2014/artisans/news/john-lasseter-hails-hayao-miyazaki-japan-and-the-joy-of-juxtaposition-1201338264/ |archive-date=October 26, 2014 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/gkids-studio-ghibli-ink-home-entertainment-deal-1021746 |title=GKIDS, Studio Ghibli ink home entertainment deal |last=Giardina |first=Carolyn |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 17, 2017 |access-date=July 17, 2017 |archive-date=August 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803090028/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/gkids-studio-ghibli-ink-home-entertainment-deal-1021746 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |title=Pixar's John Lasseter answers your questions |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/pixars-john-lasseter-answers-your-questions/index.html |last=Goodman |first=Stephanie |date=November 1, 2011 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=July 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706014937/https://archive.nytimes.com/artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/pixars-john-lasseter-answers-your-questions/index.html |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |title=Disney announces Blu-ray details for ''Arrietty'' and next batch of Studio Ghibli features |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2012/4/14/disney-announces-blu-ray-details-for-arrietty-and-next-batch-of-studio-ghibli-features |last=Green |first=Scott |date=April 14, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2023 |work=[[Crunchyroll]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811092516/https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2012/4/14/disney-announces-blu-ray-details-for-arrietty-and-next-batch-of-studio-ghibli-features |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Harding |first1=Daryl |title=''Akira'' anime film producer corrects 30-year fact on how much the groundbreaking film cost to make |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2020/06/08-1/akira-anime-film-producer-corrects-30-year-fact-on-how-much-the-groundbreaking-film-cost-to-make |website=[[Crunchyroll News]] |date=June 8, 2020 |access-date=June 8, 2020 |language=en-us |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610144842/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2020/06/08-1/akira-anime-film-producer-corrects-30-year-fact-on-how-much-the-groundbreaking-film-cost-to-make |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |title=''Laputa: Castle in the Sky'' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/laputacastleintheskynrharrington_a0aac9.htm |last=Harrington |first=Richard |date=September 2, 1989 |access-date=August 6, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=January 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102232440/http://www.newizv.ru/culture/2005-08-19/30150-ni-be-ni-me-ni-anime.html |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |title=Film review: ''Laputa: Castle in the Sky'' |url=https://www.deseret.com/1989/12/16/20087943/film-review-laputa-castle-in-the-sky |last=Hicks |first=Chris |date=December 16, 1989 |access-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703025429/https://www.deseret.com/1989/12/16/20087943/film-review-laputa-castle-in-the-sky |work=[[Deseret News]] }}
* {{cite web |last=Hisaishi |first=Joe |authorlink=Joe Hisaishi |title=Discography |url=http://joehisaishi.com/discography.php |website=Joe Hisaishi Official Site |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604184310/http://joehisaishi.com/discography.php?cat=soundtrack |url-status=dead |language=ja-JP }}
* {{cite web |url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/people/AJ201403050070 |title=Miyazaki's ''The Wind Rises'' pays homage to Italian aircraft designer |date=March 5, 2014 |access-date=September 13, 2015 |author-last=Ishida |author-first=Hiroshi |work=Asahi Shimbun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703025209/http://ajw.asahi.com:80/article/behind_news/people/AJ201403050070 |archive-date=July 3, 2015 }}
* {{Cite news |title=Animated adventure fantasy from Japan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/18/movies/review-film-animated-adventure-fantasy-from-japan.html |last=James |first=Caryn |authorlink=Caryn James |date=August 18, 1989 |access-date=August 6, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=October 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016152055/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/18/movies/review-film-animated-adventure-fantasy-from-japan.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=''Tenkū no Shiro Laputa'' |url=https://lumiere.obs.coe.int/movie/20840 |website=[[Lumiere (database)|Lumiere]] |access-date=August 9, 2023 |archive-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410061113/https://lumiere.obs.coe.int/movie/20840 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Lumiere}} }}
* {{cite news |last=Macek |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Macek |title=ANN Cast episode 23 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/anncast/2014-01-09 |work=Anime News Network |date=January 9, 2014 |access-date=January 11, 2014 |time=48:49 |quote=We didn't dub it. Streamline didn't dub it. And I told the people at Tokuma Shoten that I thought the dubbing was marginal on ''Laputa'' and I thought that it could be a better product if they had a better dubbing {{nbsp}}... To me, there's a certain element of class that you can bring to a project. ''Laputa'' is a very classy film, so it required a classy dub and the dub given to that particular film was adequate but clumsy. I didn't like it all{{nbsp}}... It's not something that I appreciated intellectually as well as aesthetically. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110221759/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/anncast/2014-01-09 |archive-date=January 10, 2014 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://mainichi.jp/mfa/history/041.html |title=毎日映画コンクール |access-date=June 20, 2023 |website=[[Mainichi Shimbun]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109194933/http://mainichi.jp/mfa/history/041.html |archive-date=January 9, 2018 |url-status=live |language=ja |trans-title=41st Mainichi Film Awards |ref={{harvid|Mainichi Shimbun}} }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/castle-in-the-sky |title=''Castle in the Sky'' reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=August 6, 2023 |ref={{harvid|Metacritic}} |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625110213/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/castle-in-the-sky |url-status=live }}
* {{cite video |publisher=Mr. Tim |title=Mr. Tim's Interviews – Barbara Goodson |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZWWyHANQqE |via=[[YouTube]] |date=June 9, 2021 |access-date=December 2, 2023 |time=22:19 |quote=Yeah, Pazu. Friends were watching it – ''Castle in the Sky''{{nbsp}}... and I said 'Yeah, I'm in this.' |archive-date=December 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202155233/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZWWyHANQqE&t=1343s |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Mr. Tim|2021}} }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.nausicaa.net/wiki/Laputa:_Castle_in_the_Sky_(Rescoring_Interview) |title=''Laputa: Castle in the Sky'' – Rescoring interview |date=July 14, 1999 |access-date=March 11, 2023 |publisher=[[Nausicaa.net]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102185436/http://www.nausicaa.net/wiki/Laputa:_Castle_in_the_Sky_(Rescoring_Interview) |archive-date=November 2, 2020 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Nausicaa.net|1999}} }}
* {{cite web |title=''Laputa: Castle in the Sky'' – Credits and figures |url=http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/laputa/credits.html |publisher=[[Nausicaa.net]] |access-date=August 9, 2023 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408150428/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/laputa/credits.html |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Nausicaa.net}} }}
* {{cite web |title=君をのせて |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/193043/products/4810/1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228083132/https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/193043/products/4810/1/ |archive-date=December 28, 2018 |access-date=December 27, 2018 |website=[[Oricon]] |language=ja |trans-title=Carrying You |ref={{harvid|Oricon|2018}} }}
* {{cite news |title=面白かったアニメ映画、宮崎作品が人気 |url=http://life.oricon.co.jp/news/080502.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506094052/http://life.oricon.co.jp/news/080502.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 6, 2008 |access-date=May 6, 2008 |website=[[Oricon]] |date=May 1, 2008 |language=ja |trans-title=Interesting anime movies, Miyazaki's works are popular |ref={{harvid|Oricon|2008}} }}
* {{Cite web |first=Fred |last=Patten |authorlink=Fred Patten |url=https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/streamline-pictures-part-1 |title=Streamline Pictures – part 1 |date=April 19, 2015 |access-date=March 12, 2023 |website=Cartoon Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420045523/https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/streamline-pictures-part-1/ |archive-date=April 20, 2015 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |title=''Castle in the Sky'' (DVD) |url=https://www.avclub.com/castle-in-the-sky-dvd-1798198458 |last=Robinson |first=Tasha |date=April 22, 2003 |access-date=August 6, 2023 |work=[[The A.V. Club]] |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810092120/https://www.avclub.com/castle-in-the-sky-dvd-1798198458 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Rogers |first=Tim |authorlink=Tim Rogers (writer) |date=March 27, 2006 |url=http://www.edge-online.com/features/defense-final-fantasy-xii |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130831220204/http://www.edge-online.com/features/defense-final-fantasy-xii/2/ |archive-date=August 31, 2013 |url-status=dead |title=In defense of ''Final Fantasy XII'' |magazine=[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]] |quote=Okay, so the Chocobos – big, yellow riding birds – were actually stolen from Hayao Miyazaki's movie ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'', and Hironobu Sakaguchi freely admitted that way back when.  He also admits that the airships were inspired by ''Laputa'', also directed by Miyazaki. |page=2 |access-date=January 26, 2014 }}
* {{Cite news |title=Makoto Shinkai: could the anime director be cinema's 'new Miyazaki'? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/nov/09/makoto-shinkai-director-anime-your-name |last=Rose |first=Steve |date=November 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109090234/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/nov/09/makoto-shinkai-director-anime-your-name |archive-date=November 9, 2016 |access-date=July 4, 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |title=Crazy world record for tweets per second set because of... an anime movie |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/08/crazy-world-record-for-tweets-per-second-set-because-of-an-anime-movie/278841/ |last=Rosen |first=Rebecca J |date=August 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824180042/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/08/crazy-world-record-for-tweets-per-second-set-because-of-an-anime-movie/278841/ |archive-date=August 24, 2013 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/castle_in_the_sky_1989 |title=''Castle in the Sky'' |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=August 6, 2023 |ref={{harvid|Rotten Tomatoes}} |archive-date=August 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823141645/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/castle_in_the_sky_1989 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |title=''Tears of the Kingdom'' doubles down on ''Breath of the Wild''{{'s}} best inspiration |url=https://www.inverse.com/gaming/zelda-tears-kingdom-studio-ghibli |last=Rowe |first=Willa |date=May 16, 2023 |access-date=August 9, 2023 |work=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225124/https://www.inverse.com/gaming/zelda-tears-kingdom-studio-ghibli |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |title=25,088 tweets per second is the new single-topic record, set by ''Castle in the Sky'' anime screening |url=https://www.theverge.com/2011/12/14/2635123/tweets-per-second-record-castle-in-the-sky |last=Savov |first=Vlad |date=December 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107192203/https://www.theverge.com/2011/12/14/2635123/tweets-per-second-record-castle-in-the-sky |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |access-date=July 26, 2023 |work=[[CNET]] |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://jumpsq.shueisha.co.jp:80/contents/m_int_hoshino/index.html |title=Mangaka interview 01 |language=ja |publisher=Shueisha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315091947/http://jumpsq.shueisha.co.jp/contents/m_int_hoshino/index.html |archive-date=March 15, 2010 |access-date=April 14, 2018 |url-status=dead |ref={{harvid|Shueisha|2018}} }}
* {{Cite news |title=Saturday television guide |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-saturday-television-guide/131007511/ |last=Smithies |first=Sandy |date=December 31, 1988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901004936/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-saturday-television-guide/131007511/ |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |url-status=live |via=[[Newspapers.com]] }}
* {{Cite news |title=Ghibli's Suzuki reveals circumstances behind ''Laputa''{{'s}} production |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2014-09-24/ghibli-suzuki-reveals-circumstances-behind-laputa-production/.79131 |last=Stimson |first=Eric |date=September 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927003415/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2014-09-24/ghibli-suzuki-reveals-circumstances-behind-laputa-production/.79131 |archive-date=September 27, 2014 |access-date=July 4, 2023 |work=[[Anime News Network]] |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Tom |date=February 27, 2017 |title=Meet the Iron Golem |url=https://www.minecraft.net/en-us/article/meet-iron-golem |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501154007/https://www.minecraft.net/en-us/article/meet-iron-golem |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2023 |website=Minecraft.net }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/ghibli/history/history1e.html |title=The ten years of Studio Ghibli |date=February 1996 |access-date=July 4, 2023 |website=[[Nausicaa.net]] |last=Suzuki |first=Toshio |authorlink=Toshio Suzuki (producer) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991021230705/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/ghibli/history/history1e.html |archive-date=October 21, 1999 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/laputa/faq.html |title=''Laputa: Castle in the Sky'' – Frequently asked questions |last=Toyama |first=Ryoko |access-date=May 24, 2023 |publisher=[[Nausicaa.net]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230182441/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/laputa/faq.html |archive-date=December 30, 2006 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://blog.twitter.com/engineering/en_us/a/2013/new-tweets-per-second-record-and-how |title=New Tweets per second record, and how! |date=August 16, 2013 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=Twitter Engineering |archive-date=August 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822102815/https://blog.twitter.com/2013/new-tweets-per-second-record-and-how |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Twitter Engineering|2013}} }}
* {{cite magazine |title=Hayao Miyazaki announces his return to Studio Ghibli |magazine=[[Wonderland (magazine)|Wonderland]] |date=November 25, 2021 |url=https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2021/11/25/studio-ghibil-hayao-miyazaki/ |access-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127062154/https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2021/11/25/studio-ghibil-hayao-miyazaki/ |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Wonderland|2021}} }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/studio-ghibli-castle-in-the-sky-english-version-changes |title=Studio Ghibli: 10 ways ''Castle in the Sky'' changed in the English version |date=May 12, 2020 |access-date=March 12, 2023 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |last=Wyse |first=Alex |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528005949/https://screenrant.com/studio-ghibli-castle-in-the-sky-english-version-changes/ |archive-date=May 28, 2020 |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links
 |1=''Castle in the Sky'' |display= |auto= |collapsible= |position= |style=
 |wikt=no |c=Category:Laputa: Castle in the Sky |n=no |q=no |s=no |b=no |v=no
 |voy=no |species=no |d=Q498577 |m=no |mw=no
}}

* {{Official website|https://www.ghibli.jp/works/laputa}}
* {{IMDb title|0092067|Castle in the Sky}}
* {{Anime News Network|movie|481}}
* {{AllMovie title|163047|Castle in the Sky}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|castle_in_the_sky_1989}}
* {{Metacritic film|title=Castle in the Sky}}
* [http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/laputa ''Laputa: Castle in the Sky''] at [[Nausicaa.net]]
* [http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1986/dj002100.htm 天空の城ラピュタ (''Tenkū no Shiro Rapyuta'')] at the [[Japanese Movie Database]] (Japanese)

{{Hayao Miyazaki}}
{{Studio Ghibli}}
{{Anime Grand Prix}}
{{Ōfuji Noburō Award}}
{{Portalbar|Anime and manga|Film|Japan|Speculative fiction|Studio Ghibli|Fantasy}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Films directed by Hayao Miyazaki]]
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