Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Catholic People's Party

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{about|the Dutch political party|the Polish party|Catholic People's Party (Poland)| the pre-1918 Austrian and Hungarian parties|Catholic People's Party (Austria-Hungary)}}
{{Infobox political party
| country          = Netherlands
| name             = Catholic People's Party
| native_name      = Katholieke Volkspartij
| logo             = Katholieke Volkspartij logo (1946).svg
| colorcode        = {{party color|Catholic People's Party}}
| abbreviation     = KVP
| founder          = [[Carl Romme]] <br/> [[Josef van Schaik]] <br/> [[Laurentius Nicolaas Deckers]] <br/> [[Frans Teulings]] <br/> [[Max Steenberghe]] <br/> [[Jan de Quay]] <br/> [[Louis Beel]] <br/> [[Teun Struycken]]
| foundation       = {{Start date and age|1945|12|22|df=y}}
| dissolved        = {{End date and age|1980|09|27|df=y}}
| predecessor      = [[Roman Catholic State Party]]
| merged           = [[Christian Democratic Appeal]]
| youth_wing       = KVPJO
| wing1_title      = Think tank
| wing1            = Centrum voor Staatkundige Vorming
| ideology         = {{ublist| class = nowrap
 | [[Christian democracy]]
 | [[Catholic Church and politics|Political Catholicism]]
 | [[Cultural pluralism]]
 | [[Conservative liberalism]]<ref name="PJAN">{{Cite book |last=Rietbergen |first=P. J. A. N. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52849131 |title=A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day |publisher=Bekking |year=2000 |isbn=90-6109-440-2 |edition=4th |location=Amersfoort |pages=147–148 |oclc=52849131}}</ref>
}}
| position         = {{nowrap|[[Centrism|Centre]] to [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]]}}
| religion         = [[Catholic Church in the Netherlands|Roman Catholic]]
| european         = [[European People's Party|European Union of Christian Democrats]]<ref name="JansenHecke2011">{{cite book|author1=Thomas Jansen|author2=Steven Van Hecke|title=At Europe's Service: The Origins and Evolution of the European People's Party|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXEA8XGdEb8C&pg=PA23|date=19 May 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-19414-6|page=23}}</ref>
| international    = 
| europarl         = [[European People's Party Group|Christian Democratic Group]]
| colours          = 
| headquarters     = Mauritskade 25 <br/> [[The Hague]]
| website          = 
}}

The '''Catholic People's Party''' ({{lang-nl|Katholieke Volkspartij}}, '''KVP''') was a [[Roman Catholicism in the Netherlands|Catholic]] [[Christian democracy|Christian democratic]]<ref name="StarkeKaasch2013">{{cite book|author1=Peter Starke|author2=Alexandra Kaasch|author3=Franca Van Hooren|title=The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtMQsESYcWwC&pg=PA193|date=7 May 2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-31484-0|page=193}}</ref> [[list of political parties in the Netherlands|political party in the Netherlands]]. The party was founded in 1945 as a continuation of the interwar [[Roman Catholic State Party]], which was in turn a successor of the [[General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses]]. The party was in government throughout its existence. In 1977, a federation of parties including the Catholic People's Party, the [[Anti-Revolutionary Party]] (ARP) and the [[Christian Historical Union]] (CHU) ran together under the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] (CDA) banner. The three participating parties formally dissolved to form the CDA in 1980.

==History==
=== 1945–1965 ===
The KVP was founded on 22 December 1945. It was a continuation of the pre-war [[Roman Catholic State Party]] (RKSP). Unlike the RKSP, the KVP was open to people of all denominations, but mainly [[Catholic]]s supported the party. The party adopted a more progressive course and a more modern image than its predecessor.

In the [[1946 Dutch general election|1946 general election]], the party won a third of the vote, and joined the newly founded [[Social democracy|social democratic]] [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] (PvdA) to form a government coalition. This [[Roman/Red]] coalition ("Roman" for the KVP, "Red" for the PvdA) lasted until 1958. In the first two years, the KVP's [[Louis Beel]] led the [[Cabinet of the Netherlands|Cabinet]]. Beel was not the party's leader, a post which was taken by [[Carl Romme]], who led the KVP from the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]] between 1946 and 1961. After the [[1948 Dutch general election|1948 general election]], the PvdA supplied the prime minister [[Willem Drees]]. The PvdA and the KVP were joined by combinations of the [[protestant]]-Christian [[Anti-Revolutionary Party]] (ARP) and [[Christian Historical Union]] (CHU) and the [[liberalism|liberal]] [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] (VVD) to form oversized cabinets, which often held a comfortable two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives. The cabinets were oriented at rebuilding Dutch society and [[Economy of the Netherlands|economy]] after the ravages of [[World War II]] and grant independence to [[Indonesia]]. That last point caused a split within the KVP; in 1948, a small group of Catholics opposed to decolonisation and cooperation with social democrats broke away to form the [[Catholic National Party]] (KNP). Under pressure of the [[Catholic Church]], the two parties reunited in 1955.

[[File:Louis Beel 1945 (1).jpg|thumb|left|[[Louis Beel]], Prime Minister from 1946 until 1948 and from 1958 until 1959.]]
[[File:Piet de Jong 1970.jpg|thumb|left|[[Piet de Jong]], Prime Minister from 1967 until 1971.]]

The KVP was at the height of its power from 1958 to 1965. It was the dominant force in all cabinets, and every prime minister during this time was a party member. In 1958 the [[fourth Drees cabinet]] fell and Louis Beel formed an interim cabinet with KVP, ARP and CHU. After the [[1959 Dutch general election|1959 general election]], the KVP formed a centre-right [[De Quay cabinet|cabinet]] with ARP, CHU and VVD, led by KVP member [[Jan de Quay]]. It continued to strengthen the welfare state. After the [[1963 Dutch general election|1963 general election]], this cabinet was succeeded by a new [[Marijnen cabinet|cabinet]] of KVP-CHU-ARP-VVD, which was led by the KVP's [[Victor Marijnen]]. This coalition oversaw an [[economic boom]]. [[Norbert Schmelzer]] became the party's new leader, again operating within the House of Representatives and not the cabinet. A cabinet crisis over the [[Netherlands Public Broadcasting]], however, caused the cabinet to fall in 1965. The KVP and ARP formed a [[Cals cabinet|cabinet]] with the PvdA, led by the KVP's [[Jo Cals]]. This cabinet also fell in the Night of Schmelzer, in which Norbert Schmelzer forced a cabinet crisis over the cabinet's financial policy. This was the first fall of cabinet directly broadcast on television. An interim government of KVP and ARP was formed, led by the ARP's [[Jelle Zijlstra]].

=== 1965–1980 ===
The period 1965–1980 was period of decline, crisis and dissent for the KVP. The party's vote share began to decline after 1966 as a result of [[pillarisation|depillarisation]] and [[secularisation]]; there were fewer Catholics, and Catholics no longer necessarily supported a Catholic party.

In the [[1967 Dutch general election|1967 general election]], the KVP lost 15% of its votes and eight seats. During the election campaign the KVP, ARP and CHU declared that they wanted to continue cooperating with each other. Cooperation with the PvdA was much less important. This led to unrest among young and [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] KVP supporters, including [[Ruud Lubbers]], [[Jo Cals]], [[Erik Jurgens]] and [[Jacques Aarden]], who called themselves Christian Radicals. After the election, this promise was upheld and the KVP formed a [[De Jong cabinet|cabinet]] with its old partners, led by [[Piet de Jong]]. After much debate, some of the Christian Radicals broke away from the KVP in 1968 to form the [[Political Party of Radicals]] (PPR). These include three members of parliament, who form their own [[parliamentary party]], Groep Aarden. Lubbers and Cals stayed with the KVP. The new party became a close partner of the PvdA. In the [[1971 Dutch general election|1971 general election]], the KVP lost another seven seats (18% of its vote). The KVP again joined the ARP, CHU and VVD to form a new centre-right [[First Biesheuvel cabinet|cabinet]] with right-wing dissenters of the PvdA, united in [[Democratic Socialists '70]] (DS'70). The ARP's [[Barend Biesheuvel]] led the cabinet. In 1972 the cabinet fell because of internal problems of the junior partner, DS'70.

In the [[1972 Dutch general election|subsequent election]], the KVP again lost eight seats, leaving only 27, 23 less than in 1963. The cabinet lost its majority and the KVP saw no alternative than to cooperate with the PvdA and its allies PPR and [[Democrats 66]] (D'66). An [[cabinet of the Netherlands|extra-parliamentary]] [[Den Uyl cabinet|cabinet]] was formed by PvdA, PPR and D66 joined by prominent progressives from KVP and ARP. The KVP's ministers include the minister of Justice [[Dries van Agt]] and the minister of the Economy Ruud Lubbers. The KVP did not officially support this cabinet, which was led by social democrat [[Joop den Uyl]]. This cabinet was characterised by infighting and fell just before the [[1977 Dutch general election|1977 general election]].

In the 1970s, the KVP realised that if it was to continue, it needed to find new ways of cooperating. Ideas to form a broad Christian democratic party, like the German [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]], were brought into practice. In 1974 the three parties formed a federation, called [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] (CDA). In the 1977 election the CDA won more seats than the KVP, ARP and CHU had together. After the election, Dries van Agt became prime minister. In 1980, the three parties officially dissolved themselves into the CDA.

The Catholics still constitute a powerful group within the CDA. Indeed, the CDA's first two prime ministers, van Agt and [[Ruud Lubbers]], came from the KVP side of the merger. In the early years, a system of equal representation of Catholics and Protestants was practiced, from which the KVP as the only Catholic group profited. Nowadays many CDA members, like [[Maxime Verhagen]] and [[Maria van der Hoeven]] have a background in the KVP's political Catholicism.

== Name ==
The name Catholic People's Party (Dutch: ''Katholieke Volkspartij''; KVP), must be seen in contrast with the name of its predecessor [[Roman Catholic State Party]]. The party no longer uses the name "[[Roman Catholic]]", but simply "[[Catholic]]", de-emphasising its religious affiliation. It is no longer a state party, but a people's party, emphasising its progressive, democratic nature. The new name emphasises the KVP's progressive, democratic and non-denominational image.

== Ideology ==
{{Christian Democracy sidebar}}
The KVP was a [[Christian democracy|Christian democratic]] party, which based itself on the [[Bible]] and Catholic [[dogma]].

As such it was a proponent of a [[mixed economy]]: A strong [[welfare state]] should be combined with a [[free market]], with a [[corporatism|corporatist]] organisation. [[Trade union]]s and [[employers' organisation]]s were to negotiate on wages in a [[Social and Economic Council]] and should make legislation for some economic sectors on themselves, without government intervention, in so-called ''Productschappen''.

The state should watch over the morality of the people: divorce should be limited, recreation should be moral (for instance different swimming hours for women and men) and the family should be preserved. Families were to be helped by fiscal policies, such as the ''kinderbijslag'', support by the government, by the newly set up Ministry of Culture, Recreation and Welfare, and the possibility to buy their own home.

Internationally, the KVP was a staunch proponent of [[European integration]] and cooperation within [[NATO]]. The party sought the middle ground in the issue of decolonisation: Indonesia and [[Suriname]] should be independent countries within a Dutch [[Commonwealth]].

==Electoral performance==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
! Election
! Votes
! %
! Seats
! ±
! Government
|-
! [[1946 Dutch general election|1946]]
|1,466,582
|30.8 (1st)
|{{Composition bar|32|100|hex={{party color|Catholic People's Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
! [[1948 Dutch general election|1948]]
|1,531,154
|31.0 (1st)
|{{Composition bar|32|100|hex={{party color|Catholic People's Party}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
! [[1952 Dutch general election|1952]]
|1,529,508
|28.7 (2nd)
|{{Composition bar|30|100|hex={{party color|Catholic People's Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 2
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
! [[1956 Dutch general election|1956]]
|1,815,310
|31.7 (2nd)
|{{Composition bar|49|150|hex={{party color|Catholic People's Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 19
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
! [[1959 Dutch general election|1959]]
|1,895,914
|31.6 (1st)
|{{Composition bar|49|150|hex={{party color|Catholic People's Party}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
! [[1963 Dutch general election|1963]]
|1,995,352
|31.9 (1st)
|{{Composition bar|50|150|hex={{party color|Catholic People's Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
! [[1967 Dutch general election|1967]]
|1,822,904
|26.5 (1st)
|{{Composition bar|42|150|hex={{party color|Catholic People's Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 8
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
! [[1971 Dutch general election|1971]]
|1,379,672
|21.8 (2nd)
|{{Composition bar|35|150|hex={{party color|Catholic People's Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 7
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
! [[1972 Dutch general election|1972]]
|1,305,401
|17.7 (2nd)
|{{Composition bar|27|150|hex={{party color|Catholic People's Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 8
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|}

=== Municipal and provincial government ===
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
|+KVP members in Provincial legislatures (1950)
!Province
!Result (seats)
|-
|[[Groningen (province)|Groningen]]
|2
|-
|[[Friesland]]
|3
|-
|[[Drenthe]]
|2
|-
|[[Overijssel]]
|14
|-
|[[Gelderland]]
|21
|-
|[[Utrecht (province)|Utrecht]]
|12
|-
|[[North Holland]]
|19
|-
|[[South Holland]]
|16
|-
|[[Zeeland]]
|9
|-
|[[North Brabant]]
|52
|-
|[[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]]
|39
|}

The party was particularly strong in the southern provinces of [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]] and [[North Brabant]], where it often held 90% of the seats in the [[provinciale Staten|provincial]] and [[Gemeenteraad|municipal legislatures]] and supplied all [[Gedeputeerde Staten|provincial]] and [[Wethouder|municipal governments]], [[Commissaris van de Koningin|provincial governors]] and [[Burgemeester|mayors]]. In regions like [[Twente]], [[West Friesland (region)|West Friesland]] and [[Zeelandic Flanders]] it held similar positions in municipalities, but cooperated with other parties on the provincial level.

==Organisation==
===Leaders===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=3 | Leader
! Term of office
! Age as leader
! [[Lead candidate]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Catholic People's Party}};"|
| [[File:Carl Romme 1951.jpg|120px|Carl Romme]]
| [[Carl Romme]] <br/> <small>(1896–1980)</small>
| 10 January 1946 – <br/> 18 February 1961 <br/> <small>({{Age in years and days|1946|01|10|1961|02|18}})</small> <ref name=Parlement&Politiek>{{cite news|url=http://www.parlement.com/id/vhnnmt7m19zr/politiek_leider_van_een_partij|title=Politiek leider van een partij|access-date=2012-11-03|work=Parlement&Politiek}}</ref>
| 49–64
| [[1946 Dutch general election|1946]] <br/> [[1948 Dutch general election|1948]] <br/> [[1952 Dutch general election|1952]] <br/> [[1956 Dutch general election|1956]] <br/> [[1959 Dutch general election|1959]]
|-
| colspan=6 | ''Vacant'' <br/> <small>(18 February 1961 – 15 August 1961)</small>
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Catholic People's Party}};"|
| [[File:Kort, dr. W.L.P.M. de - SFA001008915.jpg|120px|Wim de Kort]]
| <small>[[Doctor (title)|Dr.]]</small> <br/> [[Wim de Kort]] <br/> <small>(1909–1993)</small>
| 15 August 1961 – <br/> 7 December 1963 <br/> <small>({{Age in years and days|1961|08|15|1963|12|07}})</small> <ref name="Parlement&Politiek" />
| 52–54
| [[1963 Dutch general election|1963]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Catholic People's Party}};"|
| [[File:Schmelzer, Norbert - SFA005000409.jpg|120px|Norbert Schmelzer]]
| [[Norbert Schmelzer]] <br/> <small>(1921–2008)</small>
| 7 December 1963 – <br/> 25 February 1971 <br/> <small>({{Age in years and days|1963|12|07|1971|02|25}})</small> <ref name="Parlement&Politiek" />
| 42–50
| [[1967 Dutch general election|1967]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Catholic People's Party}};"|
| [[File:Gerard Veringa 1977 (1).jpg|120px|Gerard Veringa]]
| <small>[[Doctor (title)|Dr.]]</small> <br/> [[Gerard Veringa]] <br/> <small>(1924–1999)</small>
| 25 February 1971 – <br /> 1 October 1971 <br/> <small>({{Age in years and days|1971|02|25|1971|10|01}})</small> <ref name="Parlement&Politiek" />
| 46–47

| [[1967 Dutch general election|1967]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Catholic People's Party}};"|
| [[File:Frans Andriessen 1979 (1).jpg|120px|Frans Andriessen]]
| [[Frans Andriessen]] <br/> <small>(1929–2019)</small>
| 1 October 1971 – <br/> 25 May 1977 <br/> <small>({{Age in years and days|1971|10|01|1977|05|25}})</small> <ref name="Parlement&Politiek" />
| 42–48
| [[1972 Dutch general election|1972]]
|-
| colspan=6 | ''Vacant'' <br/> <small>(25 May 1977 – 27 September 1980)</small>
|}

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
* [[Party chair|Chairs]]
** [[Piet Witteman]] <small>(22 December 1945 – 4 April 1946)</small>
** [[Jan Andriessen]] <small>(4 April 1946 – 30 May 1953)</small>
** [[Harry van Doorn]] <small>(30 May 1953 – 23 June 1962)</small>
** [[Piet Aalberse Jr.]] <small>(23 June 1962 – 30 March 1968)</small>
** [[Fons van der Stee]] <small>(30 March 1968 – 14 July 1971)</small>
** [[Dick de Zeeuw]] <small>(14 July 1971 – 20 June 1975)</small>
** [[Wim Vergeer]] <small>(20 June 1975 – 27 September 1980)</small>
{{Col-2}}
* [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Prime Ministers]]
** [[Louis Beel]] <small>(3 July 1946 – 7 August 1948, 22 December 1958 – 19 May 1959)</small>
** [[Jan de Quay]] <small>(19 May 1959 – 24 July 1963)</small>
** [[Victor Marijnen]] <small>(24 July 1963 – 14 April 1965)</small>
** [[Jo Cals]] <small>(14 April 1965 – 22 November 1966)</small>
** [[Piet de Jong]] <small>(5 April 1967 – 6 July 1971)</small>
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
* [[Parliamentary leader]]s in the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]
** [[Carl Romme]] <small>(4 June 1946 – 25 October 1960)</small>
** [[Jan Andriessen]] <small>(25 October 1960 – 19 September 1961)</small>
** [[Wim de Kort]] <small>(19 September 1961 – 7 December 1963)</small>
** [[Norbert Schmelzer]] <small>(7 December 1963 – 28 April 1971)</small>
** [[Piet Engels]] <small>(28 April 1971 – 11 May 1971)</small>
** [[Gerard Veringa]] <small>(11 May 1971 – 16 August 1971)</small>
** [[Frans Andriessen]] <small>(16 August 1971 – 25 May 1977)</small>
{{Col-2}}
* [[Parliamentary leader]]s in the [[Senate (Netherlands)|Senate]]
** [[Jan van de Mortel]] <small>(22 December 1945 – 23 July 1946)</small>
** [[Cor Kropman]] <small>(23 July 1946 – 5 June 1963)</small>
** [[Harry van Lieshout]] <small>(1 October 1963 – 7 October 1969)</small>
** [[Jan Niers]] <small>(7 October 1969 – 11 May 1971)</small>
** [[Piet de Jong]] <small>(11 May 1971 – 17 September 1974)</small>
** [[Jan Teijssen]] <small>(17 September 1974 – 20 September 1977)</small>
{{Col-end}}

== Electorate ==
The KVP was supported by Catholics of all [[Social class|classes]]. Its strength was in the [[Roman Catholicism in the Netherlands|Catholic south of the Netherlands]]: [[North Brabant]] and [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]], where it often obtained more than 90% of vote. It was also strong in Catholic regions like [[Twente]], [[West Friesland (region)|West Friesland]] and [[Zeelandic Flanders]].

During the 1960s and 1970s, the KVP lost part of its electorate to progressive parties like the [[Political Party of Radicals]], the [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] and [[Democrats 66]].

== Organisation ==
=== Linked organisations ===
The KVP had an own youth organisation, the Catholic People's Party Youth Groups (Dutch: ''Katholieke Volkspartij Jongeren Groupen''; KVPJG) and a scientific foundation, the Centre for Political Formation.

=== International organisations ===
In the [[European Parliament]] the KVP's members sat in the [[European People's Party Group|Christian Democratic group]].

=== Pillarised organisations ===
The KVP had close links to many other Catholic institutions such as the [[Catholic Church]] and together they formed the Catholic [[Pillarisation|pillar]]. These organisations included the Catholic Labour Union NKV, the Catholic Employers Organisation KNOV, the Catholic Farmers' Organisation KNBLTB, Catholic Hospitals united in the Yellow-White Cross and Catholic Schools. The Catholic broadcasting association ''[[Katholieke Radio Omroep]]'' and the Catholic newspaper ''[[De Volkskrant]]'' were the voices of the KVP.

=== Relationships to other parties ===
As a Christian party, the KVP had strong ties with the conservative Protestant [[Anti-Revolutionary Party]] and [[Christian Historical Union]]. The strong ties resulted in several cabinets in the period from 1946 to 1977 and the formation of the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]], in which the three parties united in 1974.

The KVP had a strong centre-left group within its ranks. These supported closer cooperation with the social democratic [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]]. This resulted in several cabinets with the PvdA, but also splits within the party, most notably the formation of the [[Political Party of Radicals]]

As noted by one study, in the early post-war years "the Catholic party was dominated by its left wing, with the result that the PvdA and the KVP had relatively few disagreements on policy issues." Beginning in 1952 however, "the focus of power within the KVP shifted to the right, resulting in frequent conflicts within the cabinet, especially in the area of economic and social policy."<ref>Common Destiny A Comparative History of the Dutch, French, and German Social Democratic Parties, 1945-1969 By Dietrich Orlow, 2000, P.91-92</ref> According to another study, the Catholic party shifted to the right between 1958 and 1963.<ref>The Economic History of The Netherlands 1914-1995 A Small Open Economy in the 'Long' Twentieth Century By J. L. van Zanden, 2005, P.263</ref> Nevertheless, new social welfare benefits were established under successive KVP-led coalition governments.<ref>[https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/cijfers/detail/81243ned Overheid; sociale uitkeringen 1987 – 2013] (From Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek)</ref>

== International comparison ==
As the party of a Catholic minority in a dominantly Protestant country, the KVP is comparable to the German [[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]], which existed before World War II, and the [[Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland]]. Its political position and agenda are similar to other catholic Christian democratic parties in Europe, such as the Flemish [[Christian Democratic and Flemish]] party and the Italian [[Christian Democracy (Italy, 1997)|Christian Democracy]].

==Logo==
{{Gallery
|title=Logos of the Political Party of Radicals
|width=100 |height=110
|align=center
|footer=
|File:Katholieke Volkspartij logo (1970).svg
 |Logo the party used from 1970 to 1980
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* ''Electoral Stability and Electoral Change: The Case of Dutch Catholics'' by Herman Bakvis in: Canadian Journal of Political Science Vol. 14, No. 3 (Sep., 1981), pp.&nbsp;519–555
* {{Cite book |first=Jac |last=Bosmans |title=The Primacy of Domestic Politics: Christian Democracy in the Netherlands |editor1=Michael Gehler |editor2=Wolfram Kaiser |work=Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945 |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=0-7146-5662-3 |pages=47–58}}
* ''Changing Procedures and Changing Strategies in Dutch Coalition Building'' by Hans Daalder In: Legislative Studies Quarterly Vol. 11, No. 4 (Nov., 1986), pp.&nbsp;507–531
* ''Conservatism in the Netherlands'' by Hermann von der Dunk In: Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Oct., 1978), pp.&nbsp;741–763

{{Defunct political parties in the Netherlands}}
{{Christian political parties in the Netherlands}}

[[Category:Catholic political parties]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Confessional parties in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1945]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1980]]
[[Category:Defunct Christian political parties]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:1980 disestablishments in the Netherlands]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]