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{{Infobox television episode
| series         = [[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]
| image          = 
| caption        = 
| season         = 5
| episode        = 18
| director       = [[Jonathan Frakes]]
| writer         = [[Brannon Braga]]
| music          = [[Dennis McCarthy (composer)|Dennis McCarthy]]
| production     = 218
| airdate        = {{Start date|1992|03|23}}
| guests         = * [[Kelsey Grammer]] – [[Morgan Bateson]]
* [[Michelle Forbes]] – [[Ro Laren]]
* [[Patti Yasutake]] – [[Alyssa Ogawa]]
| prev           = [[The Outcast (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|The Outcast]]
| next           = [[The First Duty]]
| season_article = Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 5)
| episode_list   = List of Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes
}}

"'''Cause and Effect'''" is the 18th episode of the [[Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 5)|fifth season]] of the American science fiction television series ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', the 118th overall. It was originally released on March 23, 1992, in [[broadcast syndication]]. It was written by [[Brannon Braga]], who sought to write an unusual type of [[time travel]] related plot, and directed by cast member [[Jonathan Frakes]].

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the [[Starfleet]] crew of the [[USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)|Federation starship Enterprise-D]].  In this episode, the ''Enterprise'' is caught in a [[time loop]] which results in the destruction of the ship and the loss of all hands after a collision with the USS ''Bozeman''. As events re-occur, they begin to feel a sense of [[déjà vu]] and upon investigating, realize their predicament. Lt. Commander [[Data (Star Trek)|Data]] ([[Brent Spiner]]) realizes how to pass a brief message to himself in the next loop, which allows him to save the ship from destruction.

''[[Cheers (TV series)|Cheers]]'' actor [[Kelsey Grammer]] was offered the role of Captain [[Morgan Bateson]] and accepted. Due to scheduling conflicts, [[Kirstie Alley]] was unable to reprise her ''[[Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]'' role as Lt. [[Saavik]]. Plans for the USS ''Bozeman'' were changed due to the budget, which resulted in a modification to the USS ''Reliant'' model created for ''The Wrath of Khan'' and the use of the movie-era ''Enterprise'' bridge. "Cause and Effect" received [[Nielsen rating]]s of 13.0 percent, making it the sixth most watched episode of the season. Critics praised the episode, specifically Braga's writing, Frakes's direction, and the opening sequence in which the ''Enterprise'' is destroyed.

==Plot==
The [[USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)|''Enterprise'']] is caught in a time loop (referred to in-universe as a "temporal [[causality]] loop"). The loop begins with the senior members of the crew playing poker and continues for about a day when they discover a spatial anomaly. While studying the anomaly, a Federation ship suddenly emerges from it. Commander [[William T. Riker]] ([[Jonathan Frakes]]) suggests decompressing the main shuttlebay to move the ''Enterprise'' out of danger, while Lt. Commander [[Data (Star Trek)|Data]] ([[Brent Spiner]]) advocates using a [[tractor beam]] to push the other ship out of the way. Captain [[Jean-Luc Picard]] ([[Patrick Stewart]]) chooses Data's option—the tactic does not succeed and the other ship strikes one of the ''Enterprise'' warp nacelles, causing a critical failure and the destruction of the ''Enterprise'' moments later, at which point the loop restarts.

Initially, crew members are unaware of the loop. However, Dr. [[Beverly Crusher]] ([[Gates McFadden]]) begins to hear noises before she goes to bed following the poker game. Having a sense of [[déjà vu]] during the poker game and being able to predict the cards Data will deal during a subsequent loop, Crusher takes a [[tricorder]] with her to her room, records the voices, and later analyzes them to discover they are the panicked commands and broadcasts of the crew. The senior staff work out that they are stuck in the loop; the voices they are hearing are those of themselves from the previous loop just prior to the destruction of the ship. They evaluate the voices to determine that the loop is restarted due to the collision of the two ships but do not know how to avoid that collision in the first place. Data suggests that his [[positronic brain]] can be used to send a short message to himself in the next loop which may help them to avoid the collision. When they arrive at the anomaly, and after the collision, Data sends the message.

On the following loop, Crusher again has a feeling of déjà vu during the poker game, but when Data deals the next hand, all the cards are threes, followed by sets of three of a kind. The number 3 begins appearing throughout other parts of the ship's operations while, again, they determine they are stuck in a time loop. When they reach the anomaly and the ship appears from it, Data suddenly realizes that the 3 stands for the number of command pips on Riker's uniform, that the tractor beam will not be successful, and that they should try Riker's method. This allows ''Enterprise'' to safely clear the oncoming ship. The anomaly disappears and the time loop ends, and the crew establish they have been trapped in the loop for over 17 days, while the other ship, the USS ''Bozeman'', has been missing for over 90 years. Picard welcomes the ''Bozeman''{{'}}s crew to the 24th century.

==Production==
[[File:Kelsey Grammer May 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Kelsey Grammer was offered the role of Captain Morgan Bateson in "Cause and Effect", and was not required to audition.]]
The script was written by [[Brannon Braga]], who sought to write a time-travel related episode without using a "screwed up time-lines" type plot.<ref name=nem195/> Braga called it the most enjoyable episode he wrote that season, as he had never seen a time loop episode before but he did not know how to get the crew out of the loop, nor what the message was which would be passed to a future loop. He attributed the poker game, which was not in the original plan, to a sugar rush after eating pancakes.<ref name=grossalt241/> He felt that the destruction of the ''Enterprise'' was the best possible [[cold open]] for the episode, and he was pleased with how he managed to tie the poker game into the overall plot.<ref name=nem195/> Braga named the USS ''Bozeman'' for his hometown of [[Bozeman, Montana]], while the registration number of NCC-1941 was a reference to the comedy film ''[[1941 (film)|1941]]'' (1979).<ref>[[#okuda1994|Okuda, et al; (1994)]]: p. 35</ref>

On the episode's 30th anniversary, Braga recalled that the actors had the same confused reaction as the audience would when they initially read the script. Many of them wondered if it was a joke. The idea had evolved from his desire to do an episode telling the same story from different perspectives, like the classic [[Akira Kurosawa]] film ''[[Rashomon]]''. Braga changed his plan to the time loop when he could not find a way to make his original concept fit into an hour-long episode. Braga's greatest difficulties were how the episode would resolve, for which he turned to his fellow writers, and the scene in the briefing room where LaForge explains how the ''Enterprise'' has become trapped in a time loop. "It was my first big '[[technobabble]]' scene, so it couldn't just sound cool. It had to sound plausible. It had to resolve all the clues that had been accumulating", he recalled. To make it distinctly his, he added some shocking lines, such as LaForge telling Picard that the ship might have been trapped in the loop for years. [[Showrunner]] [[Michael Piller]] had Braga rewrite that scene many times. "I remember over Christmas break of that year, I was working on [it]."<ref name="THR 2022 story">{{cite magazine|last=Pirrello|first=Phil|title='Is This a Joke?' How a Classic 'Star Trek' Episode Broke the Rules of the Franchise|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/star-trek-next-generation-best-episode-1235116052/|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 22, 2022|access-date=March 24, 2022}}</ref>

Cast member Jonathan Frakes directed the episode, having prepared for it while shooting the episode "[[The Outcast (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|The Outcast]]". He was not involved in the casting process, as they had offered the role of Captain [[Morgan Bateson]] to [[Kelsey Grammer]], who had accepted.<ref name=grossalt241>[[#grossaltman1993|Gross & Altman (1993)]]: p. 241</ref> Grammer was a ''Star Trek'' fan, and in his role as [[Frasier Crane]] on ''[[Cheers (TV series)|Cheers]]'', he filmed on the Paramount lot near where ''The Next Generation'' was produced.<ref>{{cite web|title=Grammer, Kelsey|url=http://www.startrek.com/database_article/grammer|publisher=StarTrek.com|access-date=February 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226164014/http://www.startrek.com/database_article/grammer|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}</ref> Frakes found it a challenge to film the same scenes with the same dialogue over and over but in a way which made them look different. [[Marvin V. Rush]], the director of photography, worked with cameraman Waverly Smothers to develop an attachment for a camera using a [[bungee cord]], which allowed for a different style of shooting. Frakes also worked while at home, planning out shots in order to ensure that there was a variety to each loop. Executive producer Rick Berman had made it clear that Frakes could not re-use footage and each loop needed to be filmed fresh, in order to prevent the episode from looking like a [[clip show]].<ref name=grossalt241/> To do so, Frakes used angles on familiar sets that had never been used, such as shooting the conference room from the ceiling and the bridge from where Riker and Ensign Ro sat. He also used [[Steven Spielberg]]'s technique of using a slow [[Zooming (filmmaking)|zoom]] to indicate a character understanding their situation.<ref name="THR 2022 story" />

Several changes took place to the script because of filming and casting difficulties. The crew planned to make the USS ''Bozeman'' a ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]''-era Constitution class ship, similar to the original USS ''Enterprise''. However, no model was available to use and the costs of creating a new one, along with costumes and props, were prohibitive enough that the plan was scrapped. Instead, the USS ''Reliant'' model created for ''[[Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]'' was used.<ref name=nem195/> [[Greg Jein]] and [[Michael Okuda]] made the relevant changes,<ref name=okuda307/> removing the rollbar and adding sensor arrays,<ref name=nem195/> resulting in it being described as a Soyuz class vessel.<ref name=okuda307>[[#okuda1994|Okuda, et al; (1994)]]: p. 307</ref> The bridge of the ''Bozeman'' was a re-dressed version of the [[Star Trek (film series)|film series]] ''Enterprise'' bridge. It was then intended to get [[Kirstie Alley]], then a co-star of Grammer's on the sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'', in a cameo role behind Grammer in the USS ''Bozeman'' shots, reprising her role as Lieutenant [[Saavik]] from the movie ''The Wrath of Khan'', but could not do so due to scheduling difficulties.<ref name=nem195>[[#Nemecek2003|Nemecek (2003)]]: p. 195</ref> Rob Legato organized the large-scale miniature effects for the episode on set 10, with large-scale but low-detail versions of the ''Enterprise'' created along with just nacelle models for the ''Bozeman'' to collide with.<ref name=grossalt241/>

Originally the episode was to end with a [[Montage (filmmaking)|montage]] of all the crashes between the two ships, but that scene was cut for budgetary reasons.<ref name="THR 2022 story" />

==Cultural references==
The German dub of this episode starts with a hint to the opening line of [[Neil Simon|Neil Simon's]] play ''[[The Odd Couple (play)|The Odd Couple]]''. The first sentence of each new loop starts with Riker saying, "On Vulcan they built a monument in memory of someone who shuffled himself to death," which is a direct reference to the first line in the German translation of ''The Odd Couple'' - "In Central Park they built a monument in memory of someone who shuffled himself to death." This was because a German TV broadcast of ''The Odd Couple'' was broadcast the day before on the same network.

The website Women at Warp compares the time-loop situation with the ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' episode "[[Life Serial]]." "One of ''TNG''{{'}}s most iconic episodes, "Cause and Effect" sees the ''Enterprise'' repeatedly exploding, as the crew tries to learn how to stop it. In Sunnydale, a trio of nerds test Buffy by setting a series of puzzles for her to solve, including a time loop where Buffy attempts to sell a mummy hand to a Magic Box patron over and over again. The Buffyverse drops a self-aware reference though, as [[Andrew Wells|Andrew]] says, "I just hope she solves it faster than Data did on the episode of ''TNG'' where the ''Enterprise'' kept blowing up." Later on, Buffy accompanies [[Spike (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)|Spike]] to a poker game, a subtle nod to the ''Enterprise'' crew's favorite game."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eley |first=Candice Renee |date=16 March 2020 |title=10 Times Buffy the Vampire Slayer Mirrored Star Trek: The Next Generation |url=https://www.womenatwarp.com/10-times-buffy-the-vampire-slayers-plot-mirrored-star-trek-the-next-generation/ |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=Women at Warp |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Reception==
The episode aired during the week commencing March 23, 1992, in [[broadcast syndication]]. According to [[Nielsen Media Research]], it received ratings of 13.0 percent. This means that it was watched by 13 percent of all households watching television during its timeslot.<ref name=ratings>{{cite web|title=Star Trek: The Next Generation Nielsen Ratings – Seasons 5–6|url=http://treknation.com/nielsens/tng/season56.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001005213121/http://treknation.com/nielsens/tng/season56.shtml|publisher=TrekNation|archive-date=October 5, 2000|access-date=February 21, 2016}}</ref> It was the sixth most watched episode of the season, behind both parts of "[[Unification (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|Unification]]", "[[A Matter of Time (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|A Matter of Time]]", "[[Power Play (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|Power Play]]" and "[[The Game (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|The Game]]".<ref name=ratings/> Some viewers complained to the stations broadcasting it, believing that the repeating acts were the result of a technical problem.<ref name="THR 2022 story" />

[[James Van Hise]], in his book ''The Unauthorized Trek: The Complete Next Generation'', said that the episode "fascinated" him due to its "experimental" nature.<ref name=van125/> He praised the direction of Frakes, who saved it from being a series of "potentially boring repetition[s]",<ref name=van125/> adding that he "clearly has a firm grasp on the series."<ref name=van125>[[#vanhise1995|Van Hise (1995)]]: p. 125</ref> Juliette Harrisson listed "Cause and Effect" as the seventh most groundbreaking episode of the series in 2012 for [[Den of Geek]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harrisson|first1=Juliette|title=10 groundbreaking episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation|url=http://www.denofgeek.us/tv/10-groundbreaking-episodes-of-star-trek-the-next-generation/22575/10-groundbreaking-episodes-of-star-trek-the-next-generation|publisher=Den of Geek|access-date=February 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212024018/http://www.denofgeek.us/tv/10-groundbreaking-episodes-of-star-trek-the-next-generation/22575/10-groundbreaking-episodes-of-star-trek-the-next-generation|archive-date=February 12, 2015|date=November 10, 2012}}</ref> [[Keith DeCandido]] gave the episode a rating of 9 out of 10 in a review for [[Tor Books|Tor.com]], praising the means by which Frakes made each repetition different, and Braga's writing, which he described as a "tour de force".<ref name="torreview">{{cite web|last1=DeCandido|first1=Keith|title=''Star Trek: The Next Generation'' Rewatch: "Cause and Effect"|url=http://www.tor.com/2012/08/07/star-trek-the-next-generation-rewatch-cause-and-effect/|publisher=Tor.com|access-date=February 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226125232/http://www.tor.com/2012/08/07/star-trek-the-next-generation-rewatch-cause-and-effect/|archive-date=February 26, 2016|date=August 7, 2012}}</ref> He said that "Cause and Effect" had "the best teaser in the history of ''Star Trek''", adding, "This is an absolute triumph of craft from both Braga and Frakes, and just a fun episode, with the added bonus of Captain Frasier Crane at the end. I almost didn't need to rewatch this one, as it's one of my go-to episodes when I want to watch a ''Star Trek'' episode for the heck of it, and I have yet to tire of it."<ref name="torreview"/>

Zack Handlen gave "Cause and Effect" a grade of "A" in his review for [[The A.V. Club]]. He called the opening sequence "strong", and said that one of the "tricks" of this episode was that it does not break its own rules in finding a resolution.<ref name="avclub"/> He summarized, "Once again, ''TNG'' does what it does best: You take an ostensibly goofy idea, and then you make it sting by thinking through the consequences."<ref name="avclub">{{cite news |last=Handlen |first=Zack |title=Star Trek: The Next Generation: "The Outcast"/"Cause and Effect"|url=http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/star-trek-the-next-generation-the-outcastcause-and-54522|newspaper=[[The A.V. Club]] |access-date=February 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228082108/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/star-trek-the-next-generation-the-outcastcause-and-54522|archive-date=February 28, 2015|date=April 14, 2011}}</ref> In a list of the top 100 episodes of the ''Star Trek'' franchise, "Cause and Effect" was placed in 62nd place by [[Charlie Jane Anders]] at [[io9]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anders|first1=Charlie Jane|title=The Top 100 ''Star Trek'' Episodes Of All Time!|url=http://io9.gizmodo.com/the-top-100-star-trek-episodes-of-all-time-1641565699|publisher=io9|access-date=February 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222231419/http://io9.gizmodo.com/the-top-100-star-trek-episodes-of-all-time-1641565699|archive-date=February 22, 2016|date=October 2, 2014}}</ref>

In 2016, ''The Hollywood Reporter'' said this was the 70th best episode of all ''Star Trek'' television, and possibly the best opening scene.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-08|title='Star Trek': 100 Greatest Episodes|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/star-trek-episodes-best-100-924455|access-date=2021-04-24|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en}}</ref>

Viviane Casimir published an article in the Winter 1997 issue of the journal ''[[Extrapolation (journal)|Extrapolation]]'' that used Data's ability to transmit a message to himself as an example of assigning special mental abilities to a [[cyborg]].<ref>
{{cite news | url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/4df7f3579642cf891425c9b68b6973d7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar| title= Data and dick's deckard: Cyborg as problematic signifier| publisher = [[Extrapolation]]| first= Viviane|last=Casimir| date= Winter 1997| pages= 278–291| access-date  = February 25, 2016}}</ref> In ''Computers of Star Trek'', Lois Gresh and Robert Weinberg noted a contradiction between the description of Data being built around a [[artificial neural networks|neural net]] and examples of traditional [[von Neumann architecture]]. They noted how, in "Cause and Effect", when a crew member removed the cover to Data's positronic brain, it exposed flashing lights reminiscent of the large computers of the fifties and sixties, that reflected the values in the CPU's accumulator and other registers.<ref name=CompuST>[[#greshweinberg2008|Gresh & Weinberg (2008)]]: pp. 11–12</ref>

In 2017, ''[[Den of Geek]]'' listed "Cause and Effect" as one of the top ten ground-breaking episodes of ''Star Trek: The Next Generation''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-29|title=Star Trek: The Next Generation — 10 Groundbreaking Episodes|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/star-trek-the-next-generation-10-groundbreaking-episodes/|access-date=2021-04-21|website=Den of Geek|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2018, [[Comic Book Resources|CBR]] ranked this one of the top twenty time travel themed episodes of all ''Star Trek'' series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/star-trek-ranking-the-20-best-time-travel-episodes/|title=Star Trek: Ranking the 20 Best Time-Travel Episodes|date=2018-11-30|website=CBR|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-31}}</ref>

In 2019, ''[[ThoughtCo]]'' ranked "Cause and Effect" in the top ten best episodes of the series, describing it as a "great story of time and choices".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-episodes-star-trek-the-next-generation-3125857|title=10 Best Episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation |first=Nigel |last=Mitchell |website=ThoughtCo|language=en |access-date=2019-03-29}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023}}</ref> Also in 2019, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' ranked it among the top 25 episodes of ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'', describing it as having a unique repetitive structure and noting its direction by Jonathan Frakes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/star-trek-next-generation-25-best-episodes-1198415|title='Star Trek: The Next Generation' - The 25 Best Episodes|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=23 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref> ''The Hollywood Reporter'' ranked "Cause and Effect" as the 19th best episode of ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'', noting the time-loop plot.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/star-trek-next-generation-episodes-930854/item/conspiracy-star-trek-100-924833|title="Conspiracy" - 'Star Trek: The Next Generation' — The 25 Greatest Episodes|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=21 September 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref>

In 2019, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' listed this among the 25 best episodes of ''Star Trek: The Next Generation''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bloom|first=Mike|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/star-trek-next-generation-25-best-episodes-1198415|title='Star Trek: The Next Generation' - The 25 Best Episodes|date=2019-05-19|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>

In 2020, ''[[Screen Rant]]'' ranked this episode the 13th best of ''Star Trek: The Next Generation,'' noting a "lot of tension in the episode" and that the Kelsey Grammer cameo was a "treat".<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=The 15 Best Star Trek: TNG Episodes Of All Time|url=https://screenrant.com/best-star-trek-tng-episodes/|date=2020-04-28|website=ScreenRant|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2022}} That same year, they conclude that it is "One of the best ''TNG'' episodes ever written," however, they also call it a terrifying episode and one of the top most frightening episodes of the series.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-23|title=Star Trek TNG: The 10 Most Frightening Episodes Of The Entire Show|url=https://screenrant.com/star-trek-tng-scariest-episodes/|access-date=2021-04-18|website=ScreenRant|language=en-US}}</ref> They find the destruction of the Enterprise at the start "shocking", and then the audience is taken on a repeating "roller coaster ride" of [[Déjà vu|déjà vu]] catastrophe.<ref name=":1" />

==Media releases==
"Cause and Effect" was first released on [[VHS]] cassette in the United States and Canada on June 10, 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=Star Trek – The Next Generation, Episode 118: Cause and Effect (VHS)|url=http://tower.com/star-trek-next-generation-episode-118-cause-effect-patrick-stewart-vhs/wapi/109139486|publisher=Tower Video|access-date=February 26, 2016}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The episode was later released in the United States on November 5, 2002, as part of the season five [[DVD]] box set.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ordway|first=Holly E.|title=Star Trek the Next Generation – Season 5|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/4979/star-trek-the-next-generation-season-5/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911062935/http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/4979/star-trek-the-next-generation-season-5/|archive-date=September 11, 2016|access-date=September 13, 2016|newspaper=DVD Talk|date=November 5, 2002}}</ref>  A further DVD release came as part of ''The Best of Star Trek: The Next Generation – Volume 2'' on November 17, 2009, in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pirrello|first1=Phil|date=November 18, 2009|title=The Best of Star Trek: The Next Generation – Volume 2 DVD Review|url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2009/11/18/the-best-of-star-trek-the-next-generation-volume-2-dvd-review|access-date=February 28, 2015|website=IGN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Star Trek: The Next Generation – The Best Of, Vol. 2|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Star-Trek-Generation-Best-Of-Release/9394|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703170336/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Star-Trek-Generation-Best-Of-Release/9394|archive-date=July 3, 2015|access-date=February 28, 2015|publisher=TVShowsOnDVD.com}}</ref>

The first [[Blu-ray]] release was in the United States on November 18, 2013,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Miller III|first1=Randy|title=Star Trek: The Next Generation – Season Five (Blu-ray)|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/62053/star-trek-the-next-generation-season-five/|archive-date=August 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815191032/http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/62053/star-trek-the-next-generation-season-five/|publisher=DVD Talk|access-date=September 13, 2016|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref> followed by the United Kingdom on November 19.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Simpson|first1=Michael|title=Star Trek: The Next Generation Season 5 Blu-ray Review|url=https://www.scifinow.co.uk/reviews/star-trek-the-next-generation-season-5-blu-ray-review/|archive-date=March 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315220046/http://www.scifinow.co.uk/reviews/star-trek-the-next-generation-season-5-blu-ray-review/|access-date=September 13, 2016|work=Sci-Fi Now|date=November 11, 2013}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book|last=Ayers|first=Jeff|title=Voyages of Imagination|year=2006|publisher=Pocket Books|location=New York|isbn=978-141650-3491 |ref=ayers2006}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gresh|first1=Louis H.|last2=Weinberg|first2=Robert|title=Computers of Star Trek|year=2008|publisher=[[Basic Books]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-01175-9|ref=greshweinberg2008}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gross|first1=Edward|last2=Altman|first2=Mark A.|title=Captain's Logs: The Complete Trek Voyages|year=1993|publisher=Boxtree|location=London|isbn=978-1-85283-899-7|ref=grossaltman1993}}
* {{cite book|last=Nemecek|first=Larry|title=Star Trek: The Next Generation Companion|year=2003|edition=3rd|publisher=Pocket Books|location=New York|isbn= 0-7434-5798-6|ref=Nemecek2003}}
* {{cite book|last1=Okuda|first1=Michael|last2=Okuda|first2=Denise|last3=Mirek|first3=Debbie|title=The Star Trek Encyclopedia|year=1994|publisher=Pocket Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-86905-2|ref=okuda1994|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/startrekencyclop00okud_0}}
* {{cite book | title=The Unauthorized Trek: The Complete Next Generation |last1=Van Hise|first1=James|last2=Schuster|first2=Hal|publisher=Pioneer Books | year=1995 | isbn=978-1-55698-377-1|ref=vanhise1995}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Star Trek: The Next Generation#Cause and Effect .5B5.18.5D|Cause and Effect}}
* {{Memory Alpha|Cause And Effect}}
* {{IMDb episode}}

{{Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes|5}}{{Star Trek time travel episodes}}

[[Category:Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 5) episodes]]
[[Category:1992 American television episodes]]
[[Category:Star Trek time travel episodes]]
[[Category:Television episodes written by Brannon Braga]]
[[Category:Television episodes directed by Jonathan Frakes]]
[[Category:Time loop television episodes]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]