Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Chaghaniyan

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Region known in medieval times}}
[[File:Delegate from Chaganian in the Afrasiab murals 650 CE.jpg|thumb|Ambassador from [[Chaganian]] named ''Pukarzate'' (identification of the forehead), visiting king [[Varkhuman]] of [[Samarkand]]. An adjoining inscription reads: "I am Pukarzate, the dapirpat (chancellor) of Chaganian. I arrived here from Turantash, the lord of Chaganian". 648-651 CE. [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Afrasiyab murals]], Samarkand.<ref name="HCCA"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baumer |first1=Christoph |title=History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set |date=18 April 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83860-868-2 |page=243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA243 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Afrosiab Wall Painting |url=http://contents.nahf.or.kr/goguryeo/afrosiab/english.html |website=contents.nahf.or.kr |publisher=NORTHEAST ASIAN HISTORY FOUNDATION}}</ref><ref name="SW">{{cite book |last1=Whitfield |first1=Susan |author-link=Susan Whitfield |title=The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith |year=2004 |publisher=British Library. Serindia Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-1-932476-13-2 |page=110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArWLD4Qop38C&pg=PA110 |language=en}}</ref>]]
'''Chaghaniyan''' ([[Middle Persian]]: ''Chagīnīgān''; {{lang-fa|چغانیان}} ''Chaghāniyān''), known as '''al-Saghaniyan''' in [[Arabic]] sources, was a medieval region and principality located on the right bank of the [[Oxus River]], to the south of [[Samarkand]].

== History ==
===Hephthalite rule===
Chaganian was an "[[Hephthalite]] buffer principality" located between [[Denov]] and [[Termez]], and became a sanctuary for the Hephthalites following their defeat against the [[Sasanian Empire]] and the [[First Turkic Khaganate]] in 563-567 CE.<ref name="HCCA">{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |date=January 1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103211-0 |page=177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA177 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AK187">{{cite journal |last1=KURBANOV |first1=AYDOGDY |title=THE HEPHTHALITES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS |date=2010 |url=https://www.podgorski.com/main/assets/documents/Hephthalites_Kurbanov.pdf|page=187}}</ref> They resettled in Chaganian and other territories of [[Tokharistan]], under their new king Faganish, who established a dynasty.<ref name="AK187"/><ref name="HCCA"/> Soon, the new Hephthalite territories north of the [[Oxus]], to which Chaganian belonged, fell under [[Western Turk]] suzerainty, while the territories south of the Oxus were nominally controlled by the Sasanian Empire.<ref name="HCCA"/> The territories under the Turks rebelled in 581 CE.<ref name="HCCA"/> 

Their coinage in Chaganian was an imitation of the [[Sasanian coinage|Sasanian coins]] of [[Khusrau I]], with sometimes the addition of the name of local rulers.<ref name="HCCA"/> 

In 648-651 CE an ambassador from Chaganian named ''Pukarzate'' is known to have visited king [[Varkhuman]] of [[Samarkand]], and appears in the [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Afrasiyab murals]], together with other Central Asian ambassadors. An adjoining inscription reads: "I am Pukarzate, the dapirpat (chancellor) of Chaganian. I arrived here from Turantash, the lord of Chaganian".<ref name="HCCA"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baumer |first1=Christoph |title=History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set |date=18 April 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83860-868-2 |page=243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA243 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Afrosiab Wall Painting |url=http://contents.nahf.or.kr/goguryeo/afrosiab/english.html |website=contents.nahf.or.kr |publisher=NORTHEAST ASIAN HISTORY FOUNDATION}}</ref><ref name="SW"/> The King of Chaganian named Turantash may have a been a "Hunnic" Hephthalite ruler,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allworth |first1=Edward A. |title=The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present: A Cultural History |date=September 2013 |publisher=Hoover Press |isbn=978-0-8179-8733-6 |page=322 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beCoAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA322 |language=en}}</ref> or one of the local Chaghan Khudah, who seem to have coexisted with the Hephthalites.<ref name="HCCA"/>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="100px" perrow="4">
File:ChaghaniyanSogdiancoin.jpg|Hephthalite coin of the Principality of Chaghaniyan, with crowned King and Queen, in [[:File:Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg|Byzantine fashion]], circa 550-650 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kurbanov |first1=Aydogdy |title=THE HEPHTHALITE NUMISMATICS |journal=Tyragetia |date=2013 |volume=VII |page=370 |url=http://oaji.net/articles/2017/4586-1488632478.pdf}}</ref> Legend in [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]].
File:Afrasiab Sogdian inscription.jpg|Afrasiab Sogdian inscription mentioning the embassy of Turantash
</gallery>

===Chaghan-Khudah rule===
During its early history, the region often shifted between [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] and [[Hephthalite Empire|Hephthalite]] control. By the late 7th-century, Chaghaniyan came under the control of presumably [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] local rulers known as the “[[Principality of Chaghaniyan|Chaghan Khudah]]”.{{sfn|Bosworth|1990|pp=614–615}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1984|pp=764-766}} During the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]], the Chaghan Khudah aided the Sasanians against the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun Arabs]]. However, the Arabs, after having dealt with the Sasanian Empire, began focusing on the local rulers of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], which included the Chaghan Khudah and many other local rulers. In 652, the Chaghan Khudah, along with the rulers of [[Taloqan|Talaqan]], [[Guzgan]], and [[Faryab]], aided the ruler of southern [[Tokharistan]], the [[Western Turk]] [[Yabghus of Tokharistan]], against the Arabs. Nevertheless, the Arabs managed to emerge victorious. However, the Rashidun Caliphate soon fell into civil war, and was conquered by another Arab family, who founded the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in 661.{{sfn|Hansen|2012|p=127}} 

[[File:Transoxiana 8th century.svg|thumb|right|300px|Map of [[Khurasan]], [[Transoxiana]] and [[Tokharistan]] in the 8th-century. Chaghaniyan appears as "Saghaniyan", north of the Oxus.]]
[[File:Chaghaniyan. Uncertain Chaghan Khudah. 7th century CE.jpg|thumb|300px|Coin of an uncertain Chaghan Khudah, in Sasanian style. Chaghaniyan, 7th century CE]]
Under the leadership of [[Ziyad ibn Abihi]], the Umayyad viceroy of the eastern Caliphate, the Arab raids into Central Asia became more organized and his lieutenant governor of Khurasan, [[al-Hakam ibn Amr al-Ghifari]], crossed the Oxus and raided Chaghaniyan in 667. His successor [[Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi]] also launched an expedition into the region. According to [[H. A. R. Gibb]], the expeditions against Chaghaniyan and other areas east of the Oxus river seemingly indicated “a methodical plan of conquest” of Soghdiana by Ziyad.{{sfn|Gibb|1923|pp=16–17}} In 705, the Arab general [[Qutayba ibn Muslim]] managed to make the Chaghan Khudah, whose name is mentioned as Tish, acknowledge Umayyad authority. The real reason for Tish's submission, however, was to gain aid in defeating the local rulers of Akharun and Shuman in northern Tokharistan, who had been making incursions against him.{{sfn|Bosworth|1990|pp=614–615}}{{sfn|Gibb|1923|p=32}} Qutayba shortly defeated the two rulers, and forced them to acknowledge Umayyad authority.

However, in 718, Tish, along with [[Gurak]], the king of Samarkand, Narayana, the king of Kumadh, and Tughshada, the [[Bukhar Khudahs|Bukhar Khudah]] of [[Bukhara]], sent an embassy to the [[Tang dynasty]] of [[China]], where they asked for aid against the Arabs.{{sfn|Gibb|1923|p=60}} Nevertheless, the principality of Chaghaniyan still aided the Arabs against the [[Turgesh]], and were present at the side of the Arabs during the [[Battle of the Baggage]], where they were defeated and the Chaghan Khudah was killed. After the battle, most of Khorasan except Chaghaniyan remained under Arab control. Under [[Nasr ibn Sayyar]], Chaghaniyan was once again a vassal of the Umayyad Caliphate. After this, the Chaghan Khudahs begin to fade from the sources. In the late 8th-century Chaghaniyan fell under the direct control of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], which had succeeded the Umayyad Caliphate in 750. The [[Muhtajids]], an Iranian dynasty which in the 10th-century gained control over Chaghaniyan, may have been descended from the Chaghan Khudahs.{{sfn|Bosworth|1984|pp=764-766}}

===Muhtajid rule and aftermath===
The founder of the Muhtajid dynasty was [[Abu Bakr Muhammad]], who was a vassal of the [[Samanid Empire|Samanids]], another Iranian dynasty. He was a loyal supporter of the Samanid ruler [[Nasr II]] (914-943), who in return, rewarded him by appointing him as the governor of Khorasan. In 939, Abu Bakr Muhammad fell ill and was replaced from his post by his son [[Abu 'Ali Chaghani]].

In 945, the Samanid ruler [[Nuh I]] dismissed Abu 'Ali from the governorship of Khurasan after hearing complaints of the latter's harsh rule,{{sfn|Frye|1975|pp=149-151}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1984|pp=764–766}} and sought to replace him with a Turk, the [[Simjurids|Simjurid]] [[Ibrahim ibn Simjur]]. Abu 'Ali refused to accept his dismissal and rebelled. He was joined by several prominent Iranian figures such as [[Abu Mansur Muhammad]], whom he appointed as the commander of Khurasan. Abu 'Ali also convinced a Samanid, Nuh's uncle [[Ibrahim ibn Ahmad]], to come from [[Iraq]] and installed him as ruler in Bukhara when he took the city in 947. Abu 'Ali, now having secured his position, returned to Chaghaniyan. Ibrahim, however, was unpopular with the people of Bukhara, and Nuh soon retaliated by retaking the city and blinding Ibrahim and two brothers.
[[File:Iran in 10th century AD.png|thumb|right|250px|[[Iran]] in the mid-10th century.]]
When the news of the re-capture of Bukhara arrived to Abu 'Ali, he once again marched towards Bukhara, but was defeated by an army sent by Nuh and withdrew back to Chaghaniyan. After some time, he left the region and tried to obtain support from other Samanid vassals. Meanwhile, Nuh had Chaghaniyan ravaged{{sfn|Bosworth|2011|p=63}} and its capital sacked.{{sfn|Frye|1975|pp=149-151}} Another battle shortly ensured between Abu 'Ali and a Samanid army in Tokharistan, which resulted in a Samanid victory. Fortunately for Abu 'Ali, he managed to secure the support of other Samanid vassals, such as the rulers of [[Khuttal]], and the Kumiji [[mountain people]], and in the end made peace with Nuh, who allowed him to keep Chaghaniyan in return for sending his son Abu'l Muzaffar Abdallah as hostage to Bukhara.{{sfn|Bosworth|2011|p=63}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1984|pp=764–766}}

Some time later, Abu 'Ali was sent on an expedition to quell a rebellion near Chaghaniyan under a self-proclaimed prophet known as Mahdi.{{sfn|Bosworth|2011|p=64}} Abu 'Ali managed to successfully defeat and capture the latter and then had his head sent to Bukhara. In ca. 951/2, Abu 'Ali's son Abu'l Muzaffar Abdallah died in an accident{{sfn|Bosworth|1984|pp=764–766}} and his corpse was shortly sent to Chaghaniyan, where he was buried.{{sfn|Bosworth|2011|p=64}}

In 955, Abu 'Ali and one of his sons died of the plague. Their bodies were shortly brought to Chaghaniyan where they were buried. A certain Muhtajid prince, Abu'l Muzaffar ibn Muhammad, probably the grandson of 'Abu Ali, was then appointed as the new ruler of Chaghaniyan. However, according to some other sources, Abu 'Ali was succeeded by his relative Abu'l-Hasan Taher.{{sfn|Bosworth|1984|pp=764–766}}

By the end of the 10th-century, the Muhtajid dynasty became a vassal of the [[Ghaznavids]], who had replaced the Samanids as the dominant power in Transoxiana and Khurasan. In 1025, an unnamed Muhtajid ruler and other Ghaznavid vassals joined the Ghaznavid ruler [[Mahmud of Ghazna]] when he crossed the [[Oxus River]] to meet his ally, the [[Karakhanid]] ruler of [[Kashgar]] Qadir-khan Yusuf. During the reign of Mahmud's successor [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud]], the governor of Chaghaniyan was a certain Abu'l-Qasem, who was the son-in-law of Mas'ud, and may have been a Muhtajid. Some years later, Abu'l-Qasem had to temporarily leave the province due to an invasion by Karakhanids. No more rulers of Chaghaniyan are mentioned after this, and only a few years later the [[Seljuks]] took control of the region. During the reign of the [[Alp Arslan]] (r. 1063–1072), his brother Ilyas ibn Chaghri Beg was appointed as the governor of Chaghaniyan. By the 12th-century, the name of the region itself ceases to be used.{{sfn|Bosworth|2011|pp=614-615}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Sources ==
*{{The History of Al-Tabari | volume = 25 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Mzz3raVuGg0C }}
*{{The End of the Jihad State}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = ĀL-E MOḤTĀJ | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-mohtaj-a-local-dynasty | encyclopedia  = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7 | pages = 764–766 | location = London et al. | publisher = C. Edmund Bosworth | year = 1984 }}
* {{EI2 | title=Ḳutayba b. Muslim | first = C.E. | last = Bosworth | authorlink = Clifford Edmund Bosworth | volume = 5 | pages = 541–542 | url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kutayba-b-muslim-SIM_4577?s.num=14}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = ČAḠĀNĪĀN | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/caganian-middle-pers | encyclopedia  = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6 | pages = 614–615 | location = London et al. | publisher = C. Edmund Bosworth | year = 1990 }}
* {{cite book | title = The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD 650-1041: The Persian Text of Abu Sa'id 'Abd Al-Hayy Gardizi | year = 2011 | publisher = I.B.Tauris | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | author-link = C. E. Bosworth | pages = 1–169 | isbn = 978-1-84885-353-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VG36ym3H3CQC&q=false}}
* {{cite book | last = Frye | first = R.N. | chapter = The Sāmānids | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs | year = 1975 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&pg=PA136 | editor-first = R.N. | editor-last = Frye | isbn = 0-521-20093-8| pages=136–161}}
* {{cite book | title = The Arab Conquests in Central Asia | first = H. A. R. | last = Gibb | author-link = H.A.R. Gibb | publisher = The Royal Asiatic Society | location = London | year= 1923 | url=https://archive.org/details/arabconquestsinc00gibbuoft | oclc = 685253133 }}
* {{cite book | title = The Silk Road | year = 2012 | publisher = Oxford University Press | last = Hansen | first = Valerie | pages = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195159318/page/n44 1]–304 | isbn = 9780195159318 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195159318| url-access = registration }}
{{coord missing|Uzbekistan}}
* {{cite book | title = History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 | year = 1996 | publisher = UNESCO | last = B. A. Litvinsky | first = Ahmad Hasan Dani | pages = 1–569 | isbn = 9789231032110 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&q=Divashtich}}
* {{cite book | title = The 'Abbāsid Revolution | first = M. A. | last = Shaban | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 1979 | isbn = 0-521-29534-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1_03AAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book | title = The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall | first = Julius | last = Wellhausen | author-link = Julius Wellhausen | publisher = University of Calcutta | year = 1927 | url = https://archive.org/details/arabkingdomandit029490mbp}}

[[Category:Geographic history of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Historical regions of Iran]]
[[Category:Medieval Khorasan]]
[[Category:Former principalities]]
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