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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Head of government of Germany}}
{{For|a list of all office-holders|List of chancellors of Germany}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Federal Chancellor
| body = the Federal Republic of Germany
| native_name = {{lang|de|Bundeskanzler der Bundesrepublik Deutschland}}
| insignia = DEgov-BK-Logo.svg
| insigniasize = 200
| insigniacaption = 
| insigniaalt = 
| flag = Flag of the Chancellor of Germany.svg
| flagsize = 
| flagalt = 
| flagborder = 
| flagcaption = Standard of the chancellor
| image = Olaf Scholz in 2023 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 
| alt = Scholz in 2023
| imagecaption = 
| incumbent = [[Olaf Scholz]]
| acting = 
| incumbentsince = {{start date|2021|12|08|df=yes}}
| department = [[Politics of Germany#Executive|Executive branch of the Federal Government]]<br />[[German Chancellery|Federal Chancellery]]
| style = Mr. Chancellor (informal)<br />[[Excellency|His Excellency]] (diplomatic)<ref name="RfAA">{{cite web |url=https://www.protokoll-inland.de/SharedDocs/downloads/Webs/PI/DE/Allgemeines/Anschriften.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1 |title=Ratgeber für Anschriften und Anreden |publisher=Bundesministerium des Innern – Protokoll Inland|page=40 |format=PDF |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref>
| type = [[Head of government]]
| status = 
| abbreviation = 
| member_of = [[Cabinet of Germany|Federal Cabinet]]<br />[[European Council]]
| reports_to = 
| residence = 
| seat = [[Federal Chancellery, Berlin|Federal Chancellery]], [[Berlin]] (main seat)<br />[[Palais Schaumburg]], [[Bonn]] (secondary seat)
| nominator = [[German Bundestag|Bundestag]]
| appointer = [[President of Germany]]<br>upon election by the [[Bundestag]]
| appointer_qualified = 
| termlength = 4 years, renewable
| termlength_qualified = 
| constituting_instrument = [[German Basic Law]] (German Constitution)
| precursor = 
| formation = {{start date and age|1949|9|15|df=yes}}
| first = [[Konrad Adenauer]]
| last = 
| abolished = 
| superseded_by = 
| succession = 
| unofficial_names = 
| deputy = [[Vice Chancellor of Germany]]
| salary = {{Currency|255150|euro}} per year <small>({{as of|2020|lc=y}})</small><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/724148/2a9ee1b4947ff02b8f8b0a7dbf61eb05/WD-3-177-20-pdf-data.pdf |title=Das Amt des Bundeskanzlers: Einzelfragen zur Vergütung und weiteren Leistungen |date=30 July 2020 |publisher=Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages |page=3 |access-date=19 January 2023}}</ref>
| website = {{url|http://bundeskanzler.de/bk-en}}
| footnotes = 
}}
The '''chancellor of Germany''', officially the '''federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany''',{{efn|{{lang-de|Bundeskanzler([[:wikt:-in#German|in]]) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland|link=no}}; often shortened to ''Bundeskanzler''/''Bundeskanzlerin'', {{IPA-de|ˈbʊndəsˌkant͡slɐ|pron|De-Bundeskanzler2.ogg}}/{{IPA-de|ˈbʊndəsˌkant͡sləʁɪn||De-Bundeskanzlerin.ogg}}}} is the head of the federal [[Cabinet of Germany|government of Germany]], and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Bundeswehr|German Armed Forces]] during [[State of defence|wartime]].{{efn|In peacetime, the [[commander in chief]] of the [[German Armed Forces]] is the [[Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)|Federal Minister of Defence]] according to Article 65a of the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|German Basic Law]].}} The chancellor is the chief executive of the Federal Cabinet and heads the executive branch. The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag on the proposal of the [[President of Germany|federal president]] and without debate (Article 63 of the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|German Constitution]]).<ref>{{cite web|last=Parliamentary Council of the Federal Republic of Germany|date=|title=Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_(2010)#Article_63_[Election_of_the_Federal_Chancellor|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128214647/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_(2010) |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=24 November 2020|website=Wikisource|publisher=Wikimedia}}</ref>

The current officeholder is [[Olaf Scholz]] of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]], who was elected in December 2021, succeeding [[Angela Merkel]]. He was elected after the SPD entered into a [[Scholz cabinet|coalition agreement]] with [[Alliance 90/The Greens]] and the [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]].

==History of the office==
{{more citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{PoliticsGermany}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F064862-0019, Dortmund, SPD-Parteitag, Willy Brandt.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Willy Brandt]] speaking at an [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] meeting in [[Dortmund]], 1983]]
The office of Chancellor has a long history, stemming back to the [[Holy Roman Empire]], when the office of German [[archchancellor]] was usually held by [[Elector of Mainz|archbishops of Mainz]]. The title was, at times, used in several states of German-speaking Europe. The modern office of chancellor was established with the [[North German Confederation]], of which [[Otto von Bismarck]] became ''Bundeskanzler'' (meaning "'''Federal Chancellor'''") in 1867. With the enlargement of this federal state to the German Empire in 1871, the title was renamed to '''''Reichskanzler''''' (meaning "'''Imperial Chancellor'''"). With [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|Germany's constitution of 1949]], the title of ''Bundeskanzler'' was revived.

Due to his administrative tasks, the head of the [[clergy|clerics]] at the chapel of an [[Kaiserpfalz|imperial palace]] during the [[Carolingian Empire]] was called ''[[chancellor]]'' (from {{lang-la|cancellarius}}). The chapel's college acted as the Emperor's [[Chancery (medieval office)|chancery]] issuing deeds and [[capitulary|capitularies]]. From the days of [[Louis the German]], the [[Electorate of Mainz|archbishop of Mainz]] was ''[[Ex officio member|ex officio]]'' German [[archchancellor]], a position he held until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, while ''de jure'' the [[Electorate of Cologne|archbishop of Cologne]] was chancellor of [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] and the [[Electorate of Trier|archbishop of Trier]] of [[Kingdom of Arles|Burgundy]]. These three [[Prince-bishop|prince-archbishops]] were also [[prince-elector]]s of the empire electing the [[King of the Romans]]. Already in medieval times, the German chancellor had political power like Archbishop [[Willigis]] (archchancellor 975–1011, regent for King [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III of Germany]] 991–994) or [[Rainald of Dassel|Rainald von Dassel]] (Chancellor 1156–1162 and 1166–1167) under Emperor [[Frederick Barbarossa]].

In 1559, Emperor [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] established the agency of an imperial chancellery (''Reichshofkanzlei'') at the Vienna [[Hofburg|Hofburg Palace]], headed by a vice chancellor under the nominal authority of the Mainz archbishop. Upon the 1620 [[Battle of White Mountain]], Emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] created the office of an [[Archduchy of Austria|Austrian]] court chancellor in charge of the internal and foreign affairs of the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. From 1753 onwards, the office of an Austrian state chancellor was held by Prince [[Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg|Kaunitz]]. The imperial chancellery lost its importance, and from the days of [[Maria Theresa]] and [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], merely existed on paper. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Prince [[Klemens von Metternich]] served as state chancellor of the [[Austrian Empire]] (1821–1848), likewise Prince [[Karl August von Hardenberg]] acted as [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] chancellor (1810–1822). The [[German Confederation]] of 1815–1866 did not have a government or parliament, only the Bundestag as representative organ of the states.

The role of the chancellor has varied during the different eras. From 1867 to 1918, the chancellor was the only responsible minister at the federal level. He was appointed by the ''[[Bundespräsidium]]'', (i.e. the Prussian king; since 1871 called Emperor). The state secretaries (''Staatssekretäre'') were civil servants subordinate to the chancellor and similar to ministers. Besides his executive duties, the constitution gave the chancellor only one function: presiding over the [[Bundesrat (German Empire)|Bundesrat]] (Federal Council), the representative organ of the states (which together with the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]] was the Reich's lawmaking body). The chancellor was also nearly always [[Minister President of Prussia|minister president of Prussia]]. Indirectly, this gave him the power of the Bundesrat, including to dissolve parliament.

Although effective government was possible only in cooperation with the Reichstag, the results of the elections had at most an indirect influence on the chancellorship. Only in October 1918 was the [[German constitutional reforms of October 1918|constitution changed]] to require that the chancellor have the trust of parliament. Some two weeks later, Chancellor Max von Baden declared the abdication of the emperor and, although he lacked the constitutional authority, handed over his office to [[Friedrich Ebert]] of the revolutionary [[Council of the People's Deputies]].

According to the [[Weimar Constitution]] of 1919, the chancellor was head of a collegial government. The chancellor was appointed by the [[President of Germany (1919–1945)|Reich President]], as were the ministers, on the chancellor's recommendation. The chancellor or any minister had to be dismissed if the Reichstag demanded it. As today, the chancellor had the prerogative to determine the guidelines of government. In reality this power was limited by the needs of coalition governments and the powers of the Reich President.

When the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] came to power on 30 January 1933, the Weimar Constitution was ''[[de facto]]'' set aside. After the death of President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] in 1934, [[Adolf Hitler]], the dictatorial party leader and chancellor, took over the powers of the president. The new official title became ''Führer und Reichskanzler'' (meaning "Leader and Imperial Chancellor").

The [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|1949 constitution]] gave the chancellor much greater powers than during the [[Weimar Republic]], while strongly diminishing the role of the president. Germany is today often referred to as a "chancellor democracy", reflecting the role of the chancellor as the country's chief executive.

Since 1867, [[List of chancellors of Germany|33 individuals]] have served as heads of government of Germany, West Germany, or Northern Germany, nearly all of them with the title of Chancellor.

In the now-defunct [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] (GDR, East Germany), which existed from 7 October 1949 to 3 October 1990 (when the territory of the former GDR was reunified with the Federal Republic of Germany), the position of chancellor did not exist. The equivalent position of head of government was called either '''Minister President''' ''(Ministerpräsident)'' or '''[[Council of Ministers of East Germany|Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the GDR]]''' ''(Vorsitzender des Ministerrats der DDR)'', which was the second powerful position under [[General Secretary of the Communist Party|General Secretary]] of the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]] (See [[Lists of political office-holders in East Germany|Leaders of East Germany]]).

===Federal Chancellor of the North German Confederation (1867–1870)===
The head of the federal government of the [[North German Confederation]], which was created on 1 July 1867, had the title ''Bundeskanzler''. The only person to hold the office was Otto von Bismarck, the minister president of Prussia. The king, as holder of the ''Bundespräsidium'', appointed him on 14 July.

Under the constitution of 1 January 1871, the king had the additional title of Emperor. The constitution still called the chancellor ''Bundeskanzler''. This was changed in the new [[Constitution of the German Empire|constitution of 16 April 1871]] to ''Reichskanzler''. Since the office remained the same, it was not necessary for Bismarck to be re-appointed.

==={{anchor|Imperial Chancellor}}Chancellor of the German Reich===
====Empire (1871–1918)====
In the [[German Empire]], the ''Reichskanzler'' ("'''Imperial Chancellor'''") served both as the emperor's first minister and as presiding officer of the [[Bundesrat (German Empire)|Bundesrat]], the upper chamber of the German parliament. He was neither elected by nor responsible to parliament (the ''[[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]]''). Instead, the chancellor was appointed by the emperor.

The federal level had four organs:
* the king of Prussia in his federal constitutional role as bearer of the ''Bundespräsidium'', since 1871 with the title of emperor
* the federal council (''Bundesrat''), consisting of representatives of the federal states and presided over by the chancellor
* the parliament, called ''der Reichstag''
* the federal executive, first led by Otto von Bismarck, the Minister President of Prussia, as chancellor.

Technically, the foreign ministers of the empire's states instructed their states' deputies to the Bundesrat and therefore outranked the chancellor. For this reason, Prince Bismarck (as he was from 1871 onwards) continued to serve as both minister president and foreign minister of Prussia for virtually his entire tenure as chancellor of the empire, since he wanted to continue to exercise the power. Because Prussia controlled seventeen votes in the Bundesrat, Bismarck could effectively control the proceedings by making deals with the smaller states.

The term chancellor signalled the seemingly low priority of this institution compared to the governments of the German states, because the new chancellor of the federal empire should not be a full-fledged prime minister, in contrast to the heads of the states. The title of chancellor additionally symbolized a strong monarchist, bureaucratic, and ultimately antiparliamentary component, as in the Prussian tradition of, for instance, [[Karl August von Hardenberg|Hardenberg]].

In both of these aspects, the executive of the federation, and then empire, as it was formed in 1867 and 1871, was deliberately different from the Imperial Ministry of the [[German revolutions of 1848–1849|revolutionary years of 1848–49]], which had been led by a prime minister elected by the [[National Assembly]].

In 1871, the concept of the federal chancellor was transferred to the executive of the newly formed German Empire, which now also contained the South German states. Here too, the terms of "chancellor" and "federal agency" (as opposed to "ministry" or "government") suggested an (apparent) lower priority of the federal executive as compared to the governments of the federal states. For this reason, neither the chancellor nor the leaders of the imperial departments under his command used the title of Minister until 1918.

The [[German constitutional reforms of October 1918|constitution of Germany was altered on 29 October 1918]], when the parliament was given the right to dismiss the chancellor. However, the change could not prevent the outbreak of revolution a few days later.

====Revolutionary period (1918–1919)====
On 9 November 1918, Chancellor [[Prince Maximilian of Baden|Max von Baden]] handed over his office of chancellor to [[Friedrich Ebert]]. Ebert continued to serve as head of government during the three months between the end of the German Empire in November 1918 and the first gathering of the [[Weimar National Assembly]] in February 1919, but did not use the title of chancellor.

During that time, Ebert also served as chairman of the "[[Council of the People's Deputies]]", until 29 December 1918 together with the [[Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany|Independent Social Democrat]] [[Hugo Haase]].

====Weimar Republic (1919–1933)====
{{anchor|Weimar}}
{{see also|List of chancellors of Germany#Weimar Republic (1918–1933)}}
The office of chancellor ({{Lang|de|Reichskanzler}}) was continued in the Weimar Republic''.'' The Weimar Constitution provided for a two-part executive consisting of a Reich president and a government made up of Reich ministers and a Reich chancellor (Article 52)<ref name="Weimar constitution">{{Cite wikisource|title=Weimar constitution}} [in English]</ref> who determined the guidelines of the government's policy (Article 56).<ref name="Weimar constitution" />

The constitution stipulated that the president appoint and dismiss the chancellor and ministers. The ministers were appointed by the president on the recommendation of the chancellor (Article 53),<ref name="Weimar constitution" /> and members of the government required the confidence of the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] (Article 54).<ref name="Weimar constitution" /> The provisions gave rise to the question of who in fact was responsible for forming the government.

Constitutional law expert [[Ernst Rudolf Huber]] said that the constitution had tacitly assumed that the president would have discussions with party leaders in the Reichstag before he made ministerial appointments. Based on these talks, the  president would get a sense of which potential chancellor would be able to build a stable majority in the Reichstag. According to the sense of the Weimar Constitution, the president was thus to have the initiative.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Huber |first=Ernst Rudolf |title=Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band VI: Die Weimarer Reichsverfassung |publisher=W. Kohlhammer |year=1981 |location=Stuttgart |pages=47 |language=de |trans-title=German Constitutional History since 1789. Volume VI: The Weimar Reich Constitution}}</ref> The task of putting together the Reich government was nevertheless the responsibility of the chancellor. The president could not appoint anyone as minister whom the chancellor had not proposed.

The chancellor alone had to answer to the Reichstag and the president for the policy guidelines, and he determined whether the conduct of business by the individual Reich ministries conformed to the guidelines. The government's decisions required a majority vote of the ministers, who sitting together were known as the National Ministry (Article 58).<ref name="Weimar constitution" /> The chancellor could therefore be outvoted, as could a department minister. The chancellor presided over the government, and he had to conduct business in accordance with given rules of procedure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Apelt |first=Willibalt |title=Geschichte der Weimarer Verfassung |publisher=C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung |year=1964 |edition=2nd |location=Munich/Berlin |pages=210 |language=de |trans-title=History of the Weimar Constitution}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Huber |first=Ernst Rudolf |title=Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band VI: Die Weimarer Reichsverfassung |publisher=W. Kohlhammer |year=1981 |location=Stuttgart |pages=324 f |language=de |trans-title=German Constitutional History since 1789. Vol. VI: The Weimar Constitution  }}</ref>

In practice the Reich chancellor's power to determine political guidelines was limited by his own party as well as the other parties in the governing coalition. The Weimar chancellors were accordingly men whose strength lay in mediation rather than political initiative.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Huber |first=Ernst Rudolf |title=Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band VI: Die Weimarer Reichsverfassung |publisher=W. Kohlhammer |year=1981 |location=Stuttgart |pages=326 |language=de |trans-title=German Constitutional History since 1789. Volume VI: The Weimar Reich Constitution}}</ref> Constitutionally, there was also the fact that the president had certain special rights. The actions of the president required the countersignature of the chancellor or the minister or ministers concerned, but the president always had to be informed about matters of foreign and defence policy.

The Reichstag could call for the dismissal of any member of the government, including the chancellor. Under Articles 54 and 59,<ref name="Weimar constitution" /> the Reichstag could also impeach the chancellor as well as the ministers and the president before the State Court for the German Reich ({{Lang|de|Staatsgerichtshof für das Deutsche Reich}}), the Weimar Republic's constitutional court.

===={{anchor|Reichskanzler}}{{anchor|Reich Chancellor}}{{anchor|Chancellor of Germany (1933–1945)}} Nazi Germany (1933–1945)====
{{main|Government of Nazi Germany}}
[[Adolf Hitler]] was appointed chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933 by [[Paul von Hindenburg]]. On taking office, Hitler immediately began accumulating power and changing the nature of the chancellorship. After only two months in office, and following the [[Reichstag fire|burning]] of the [[Reichstag building]], the parliament passed the [[Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act]] giving the chancellor full legislative powers for a period of four years – the chancellor could introduce any law without consulting parliament. The powers of the chancellor continued to grow until August 1934, when Hindenburg died. Hitler used the Enabling Act to merge the office of chancellor with that of the president to create a new office, "the leader" (or ''[[Führer]]'').

Although the offices were merged, Hitler continued to be addressed as "''Führer und Reichskanzler''" indicating that the head of state and head of government were still separate positions, albeit held by the same person, although the title of "''Reichskanzler''" was quietly dropped. This separation was made more evident when, in April 1945, Hitler [[Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler|gave instruction]] that upon his death, the office of the ''Führer'' would dissolve and be replaced by the previous system of administration: that of the office of the President separate from that of Chancellor. On 30 April 1945, when Hitler committed suicide, he was briefly succeeded as Chancellor by [[Joseph Goebbels]] and as President of Germany by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]]. When Goebbels also committed suicide, Dönitz appointed [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Count Schwerin von Krosigk]] as head of government with the title "Leading Minister".

==Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (1949–present)==
<div style="text-align:right; float:right; margin-left:5px">{{Timeline federal chancellors of Germany}}</div>
The 1949 German constitution, the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|Basic Law]] (''Grundgesetz''), invests the chancellor (German, ''Bundeskanzler'') with broad powers to initiate government policy. For that reason, some observers refer to the German political system as a "chancellor democracy". Even though the office of chancellor is often considered the most powerful in the German political system and is seen as such within the German public, it is only the third highest office, following the head of state, the [[President of Germany]], and the [[President of the Bundestag]], a position similar to the speaker of the federal parliament.

Whichever major party ([[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]/CSU or [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]) does not hold the chancellorship usually calls its leading candidate for the federal election "chancellor-candidate" (''Kanzlerkandidat''). The federal government (''Bundesregierung'') consists of the chancellor and cabinet ministers.

===Role===
[[File:Dt Bundestag Plenarsaal 2006.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The cabinet bench in the [[Reichstag building]] (to the left of the flag) with the raised seat of the chancellor in the front row]]
The chancellor's authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and in practice from their status as leader of the party (or coalition of parties) holding a majority of seats in the ''Bundestag'' (federal parliament). With the exception of [[Helmut Schmidt]] and [[Olaf Scholz]], the chancellor has also been chairman of their own party. This was the case with Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]] from 1999 until he resigned the chairmanship of the SPD in 2004.

The first chancellor, [[Konrad Adenauer]], set many precedents that continue today and established the chancellorship as the clear focus of power in Germany. Under the provisions of the Basic Law giving him the power to set guidelines for all fields of policy, Adenauer arrogated nearly all major decisions to himself. He often treated his ministers as mere extensions of his authority rather than colleagues. While his successors have tended to be less domineering, the chancellor has acquired enough ''ex officio'' authority (in addition to their constitutional powers) that Germany is often described by constitutional law experts as a "chancellor democracy".

The chancellor determines the composition of the [[Cabinet of Germany|Federal Cabinet]]. The president formally appoints and dismisses cabinet ministers, on the recommendation of the chancellor; no parliamentary approval is needed. According to the Basic Law, the chancellor may set the number of cabinet ministers and dictate their specific duties. Chancellor [[Ludwig Erhard]] had the largest cabinet, with 22 ministers, in the mid-1960s. [[Helmut Kohl]] presided over 17 ministers at the start of his fourth term in 1994; the 2002 cabinet, the second of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, had 13 ministers, and the [[Angela Merkel]] cabinet as of 22 November 2005 had 15.

Article 65 of the Basic Law sets forth three principles that define how the executive branch functions:
* The "chancellor principle" makes the chancellor responsible for all government policies; this is also known as the ''Richtlinienkompetenz'' (roughly translated as "guideline setting competence"). Any formal policy guidelines issued by the chancellor are legally binding directives that cabinet ministers must implement. Cabinet ministers are expected to introduce specific policies at the ministerial level that reflect the chancellor's broader guidelines.
* The "principle of ministerial autonomy" entrusts each minister with the freedom to supervise departmental operations and prepare legislative proposals without cabinet interference so long as the minister's policies are consistent with the chancellor's broader guidelines.
* The "cabinet principle" calls for disagreements between federal ministers over jurisdictional or budgetary matters to be settled by the cabinet.

===List of chancellors (1949–present)===
{{Further|List of chancellors of Germany#Federal Republic of Germany (1949–present)}}
'''Political party:'''
{{legend2|{{party color|CDU/CSU}}|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;font-size:95%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"
!width=80px rowspan=2 colspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!width=160px colspan=2|Term of office
!width=80px rowspan=2|Political party
!width=200px rowspan=2|Vice Chancellor
!rowspan=2|Cabinets
|-
!Term
!Time in office
|-
!style="background:{{party color|CDU/CSU}}; color:white;" | 1
|[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078072-0004, Konrad Adenauer.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Konrad Adenauer]]'''<br />{{small|(1876–1967)}}
|{{dts|September 15, 1949}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|October 16, 1963}}
|{{ayd|1949|9|15|1963|10|16}}
|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]
|{{small|[[Franz Blücher]] (1949–1957)<br />[[Ludwig Erhard]] (1957–1963)}}
|[[First Adenauer cabinet|I]]<hr>[[Second Adenauer cabinet|II]]<hr>[[Third Adenauer cabinet|III]]<hr>[[Fourth Adenauer cabinet|IV]]
|--
!style="background:{{party color|CDU/CSU}}; color:white;" | 2
|[[File:Einde bezoek bondskanselier dr Ludwig Erhard en gaf persconferentie in het Haag, Bestanddeelnr 916-1330.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Ludwig Erhard]]'''<br />{{small|(1897–1977)}}
|{{dts|October 16, 1963}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|December 1, 1966}}
|{{ayd|1963|10|16|1966|12|1}}
|CDU{{efn|It is unclear whether and from when Erhard was formally a member of the CDU; however, he was a member of the CDU/CSU group in the German Bundestag throughout his chancellorship and was chairman of the CDU from 23 March 1966 – 23 May 1967, which implies membership at least during this period.}}
|{{small|[[Erich Mende]] (1963–1966)<br />[[Hans-Christoph Seebohm]] (1966)}}
|[[First Erhard cabinet|I]]<hr>[[Second Erhard cabinet|II]]
|--
!style="background:{{party color|CDU/CSU}}; color:white;" | 3
|[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F029561-0008, Essen, CDU-Bundestagswahlkongress (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Kurt Georg Kiesinger]]'''<br />{{small|(1904–1988)}}
|{{dts|December 1, 1966}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|October 22, 1969}}
|{{ayd|1966|12|1|1969|10|22}}
|CDU
|{{small|[[Willy Brandt]] (1966–1969)}}
|[[Kiesinger cabinet|I]]
|--
!style="background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;" | 4
|[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F057884-0009, Willy Brandt.jpg|100px]] 
|'''[[Willy Brandt]]'''<br />{{small|(1913–1992)}}
|{{dts|October 22, 1969}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|May 7, 1974}}
|{{ayd|1969|10|22|1974|5|7}}
|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
|{{small|[[Walter Scheel]] (1969–1974)}}
|[[First Brandt cabinet|I]]<hr>[[Second Brandt cabinet|II]]
|--
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=10 | ''Vice Chancellor [[Walter Scheel]] served as acting Chancellor from 7 May to 16 May 1974.''
|--
!style="background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;" | 5
|[[File:Bundeskanzler Helmut Schmidt.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Helmut Schmidt]]'''<br />{{small|(1918–2015)}}
|{{dts|May 16, 1974}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|October 1, 1982}}
|{{ayd|1974|5|16|1982|10|1}}
|SPD
|{{small|[[Hans-Dietrich Genscher]] (1974–1982)<br />[[Egon Franke (politician)|Egon Franke]] (1982)}}
|[[First Schmidt cabinet|I]]<hr>[[Second Schmidt cabinet|II]]<hr>[[Third Schmidt cabinet|III]]
|--
!style="background:{{party color|CDU/CSU}}; color:white;" | 6
|[[File:Helmut Kohl (1996) cropped.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Helmut Kohl]]'''<br />{{small|(1930–2017)}}
|{{dts|October 1, 1982}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|October 27, 1998}}
|{{ayd|1982|10|1|1998|10|27}}
|CDU
|{{small|[[Hans-Dietrich Genscher]] (1982–1992)<br>[[Jürgen Möllemann]] (1992–1993)<br>[[Klaus Kinkel]] (1993–1998)}}
|[[First Kohl cabinet|I]]<hr>[[Second Kohl cabinet|II]]<hr>[[Third Kohl cabinet|III]]<hr>[[Fourth Kohl cabinet|IV]]<hr>[[Fifth Kohl cabinet|V]]
|--
!style="background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;" | 7
|[[File:Karin Kneissl und Gerhard Schröder (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Gerhard Schröder]]'''<br />{{small|(b. 1944)}}
|{{dts|October 27, 1998}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|November 22, 2005}}
|{{ayd|1998|10|27|2005|11|22}}
|SPD
|{{small|[[Joschka Fischer]] (1998–2005)}}
|[[First Schröder cabinet|I]]<hr>[[Second Schröder cabinet|II]]
|--
!style="background:{{party color|CDU/CSU}}; color:white;" | 8
|[[File:Angela Merkel 2019 cropped.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Angela Merkel]]'''<br />{{small|(b. 1954)}}
|{{dts|November 22, 2005}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|December 8, 2021}}
|{{ayd|2005|11|22|2021|12|08}}
|CDU
|{{small|[[Franz Müntefering]] (2005–2007)<br />[[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]] (2007–2009)<br />[[Guido Westerwelle]] (2009–2011)<br />[[Philipp Rösler]] (2011–2013)<br />[[Sigmar Gabriel]] (2013–2018)<br />[[Olaf Scholz]] (2018–2021)}}
|[[First Merkel cabinet|I]]<hr>[[Second Merkel cabinet|II]]<hr >[[Third Merkel cabinet|III]]<hr>[[Fourth Merkel cabinet|IV]]
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;" | 9
|[[File:Olaf Scholz in 2023 (cropped).jpg|129x129px]]
|'''[[Olaf Scholz]]'''<br />{{small|(b. 1958)}}
|{{dts|December 8, 2021}}<br/>–<br/>''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|2021|12|8}}
|SPD
|{{small|[[Robert Habeck]] (''Incumbent'')}}
|[[Scholz cabinet|I]]
|-
|}

===Chancellor's election===
The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag and formally appointed by the president of Germany. A '''chancellor's election''' is necessary whenever the office of Chancellor has fallen vacant. This is the case if a newly elected Bundestag meets for the first time, or during legislative periods, if the former chancellor died or resigned.

The chancellor's election is one of the few cases in which a vote in the Bundestag requires a [[Supermajority|majority of all elected members]], not just a majority of those assembled at the time, or the so-called ''Kanzlermehrheit'' ("chancellor majority"). As with other elections performed by the Bundestag, the chancellor is elected via secret ballot. The election procedure laid down in the Basic Law can be divided into three phases:<ref>Basic Law, Article 63.</ref>

====First voting phase====
The process begins with the President of Germany proposing a candidate to the Bundestag (A formality, as they are usually a candidate on which majority parties have agreed to beforehand), who is then voted upon without debate ("1st voting phase"). If the nominee reaches the necessary "chancellor majority", the President of Germany will appoint him or her and, after that, the President of the Bundestag will administer the oath of office before the assembled house.

====Second voting phase====
If this nominee is not elected, the right of nomination is transferred onto the Bundestag: Candidates can now be nominated for election, whereby a nomination must be supported by at least a quarter of all MPs. The Bundestag can hold any number of ballots in this manner for two weeks. To be elected, a candidate still needs a "chancellor majority" of yes-votes.

====Third voting phase====
If the Bundestag is unable to elect a chancellor in these fourteen days, a final ballot is held on the very next day. Once again, candidates must be nominated by at least a quarter of all MPs. Candidates receiving a "chancellor majority" in this ballot are elected. Otherwise, it is up to the President of Germany to either appoint the candidate with the plurality of votes as Chancellor or dissolve the Bundestag and call new elections.

===Other election mechanisms===
Another possibility to vote a new chancellor into office is the [[constructive vote of no confidence]], which allows the Bundestag to replace a sitting chancellor, if it elects a new chancellor with the "chancellor-majority" (see below).

As of 2023, all chancellors of the federal republic have been (re-)elected on proposal of the President and on the first ballot with the sole exception of Helmut Kohl, who was elected to his first term via a constructive vote of no confidence against [[Helmut Schmidt]].

===Confidence===
{{main|Constructive vote of no confidence}}
Unlike in other parliamentary legislatures, the Bundestag cannot remove the chancellor with a traditional [[motion of no confidence]]. Instead, the removal of a chancellor is only possible if a majority of the ''Bundestag'' members agree on a successor, who is then immediately sworn in as new chancellor. This procedure is called "constructive motion of no confidence" (''konstruktives Misstrauensvotum'') and was created to avoid the situation that existed in the Weimar Republic, when it was easier to gather a parliament majority willing to remove a government in office than to find a majority capable of supporting a new stable government.<ref>Meyers Taschenlexikon Geschichte vol.2 1982</ref>

In order to garner legislative support in the ''Bundestag'', the chancellor can also ask for a [[Motion of no confidence|motion of confidence]] (''Vertrauensfrage'', literally "question of trust"), either combined with a legislative proposal or as a standalone vote. If such a vote fails, the chancellor may ask the president for the dissolution of the ''Bundestag''; they are however not bound to do so, and the president in turn is not bound to follow this request.

===Vice chancellor===
[[File:Robert Habeck at Washington D.C..jpg|thumb|150px|[[Robert Habeck]], the current Vice Chancellor of Germany]]
The chancellor must appoint one of the cabinet ministers as [[Vice-Chancellor of Germany|vice chancellor]] (Article 69.1 Basic Law). The vice chancellor may deputise for the chancellor, if they are absent or unable to perform their duties. Although the chancellor is theoretically free to choose any cabinet minister, in coalition governments the leadership of the second biggest coalition party usually designates one of their ministers for the position, whom the chancellor appoints accordingly.

If the chancellor's term in office ends or if they resign, the Bundestag has to elect a new chancellor. The president of Germany may ask the former chancellor to act as chancellor until a new office holder is elected, but if they are unwilling or unable to do so, the president may also appoint the vice chancellor as acting chancellor. This has happened once: On 7 May 1974 Chancellor [[Willy Brandt]] resigned as a consequence of the [[Guillaume affair]], an espionage scandal. In his letter of resignation to President [[Gustav Heinemann]] he requested, to be not asked to remain in office in an acting capacity and instead to appoint the vice chancellor as acting chancellor.<ref>''Dear Mr. President, I take the political responsibility for mishandlings in context of the espionage affair "Guillaume" and declare my resignation from the office of Chancellor. At the same time, I ask you to accept my resignation immediately and to appoint my deputy, Federal Minister Scheel, as Acting Chancellor, until a successor is elected. Sincerely, Willy Brandt.'' https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/handschriftliche-r%C3%BCcktrittserkl%C3%A4rung-von-bundeskanzler-news-photo/545935043 {{dead link|date=August 2020}}</ref> President Heinemann followed the request. Vice Chancellor [[Walter Scheel]] was appointed acting chancellor and served for nine days until the election of Helmut Schmidt on 16 May 1974.

Scheel not taken into account, three persons, Ludwig Erhard, Willy Brandt, and Olaf Scholz, have held both the office of Vice Chancellor and that of Chancellor of Germany.

The current vice chancellor of Germany is [[Robert Habeck]], who also serves as [[Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action|Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Protection]] in the [[Scholz cabinet]].

====List of vice chancellors (1949–present)====
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=2|Term of office
!rowspan=2|Political party
!width=80px rowspan=2| Cabinet
!rowspan=2| Portfolio
|-
!Term
!Time in office
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}; color:black;" | '''1'''
| [[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P001512, Franz Blücher 2.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Franz Blücher]]'''<br /><small>(1896–1959)</small>
|{{dts|September 20, 1949}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|October 29, 1957}}
|{{ayd|1949|9|29|1957|10|29}}
| [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]]
| <small>[[Cabinet Adenauer I|Adenauer I]]<br />[[Second Adenauer cabinet|Adenauer II]]</small>
| [[Federal Ministry of the Treasury|Marshall Plan/Economic Cooperation]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|CDU/CSU}}; color:white;" | '''2'''
| [[File:Einde bezoek bondskanselier dr Ludwig Erhard en gaf persconferentie in het Haag, Bestanddeelnr 916-1330.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Ludwig Erhard]]'''<br /><small>(1897–1977)</small>
|{{dts|October 29, 1957}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|October 16, 1963}}
|{{ayd|1957|10|20|1963|10|17}}
|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]
|<small>[[Third Adenauer cabinet|Adenauer III]]<br />[[Fourth Adenauer cabinet|Adenauer IV]]</small>
|[[Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action|Economic Affairs]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}; color:black;" | '''3'''
|[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-87989-0060, Erich Mende.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Erich Mende]]'''<br /><small>(1916–1998)</small>
|{{dts|October 17, 1963}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|October 28, 1966}}
|{{ayd|1963|10|17|1966|10|27}}
|FDP
|<small>[[First Erhard cabinet|Erhard I]]<br />[[Second Erhard cabinet|Erhard II]]</small>
|[[Minister of Intra-German Relations|Intra-German Relations]]
|-
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=10 | ''The office was vacant from 28 October to 8 November 1966.''
|-
|style="background:{{party color|CDU/CSU}}; color:white;" | '''4'''
|[[File:Einweihung des Mosel-Schiffahrtsweges 1964, Seebohm-MK060 RGB (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Hans-Christoph Seebohm]]'''<br /><small>(1903–1967)</small>
|{{dts|November 8, 1966}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|December 1, 1966}}
|{{ayd|1966|10|27|1966|12|1}}
|CDU
|<small>Erhard II</small>
|[[Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport|Transport]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;" | '''5'''
|[[File:Willy Brandt01.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Willy Brandt]]'''<br /><small>(1913–1992)</small>
|{{dts|December 1, 1966}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|October 22, 1969}}
|{{ayd|1966|12|1|1969|10|22}}
|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
|<small>[[Kiesinger cabinet|Kiesinger]]</small>
|[[Federal Foreign Office|Foreign Affairs]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}; color:black;" | '''6'''
|[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1989-047-20, Walter Scheel.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Walter Scheel]]'''<br /><small>(1919–2016)</small>
|{{dts|October 22, 1969}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|May 16, 1974}}
|{{ayd|1969|10|22|1974|5|17}}
|FDP
|<small>[[First Brandt cabinet|Brandt I]]<br />[[Second Brandt cabinet|Brandt II]]</small>
|Foreign Affairs
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}; color:black;" | '''7'''
|[[File:Bundesarchiv FDP-Bundesparteitag, Genscher.jpg|115x115px]]
|'''[[Hans-Dietrich Genscher]]'''<br /><small>(1927–2016)<br />''1st term''</small>
|{{dts|May 17, 1974}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|September 17, 1982}}
|{{ayd|1974|5|17|1982|9|17}}
|FDP
|<small>[[First Schmidt cabinet|Schmidt I]]<br />[[Second Schmidt cabinet|Schmidt II]]<br />[[Third Schmidt cabinet|Schmidt III]]</small>
|Foreign Affairs
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;" | '''8'''
|[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F048636-0022, Dortmund, SPD-Parteitag, Egon Franke (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Egon Franke (politician)|Egon Franke]]'''<br /><small>(1913–1995)</small>
|{{dts|September 17, 1982}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|October 1, 1982}}
|{{ayd|1982|9|17|1982|10|1}}
|SPD
|<small>Schmidt III</small>
|Intra-German Relations
|-
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=10 | ''The office was vacant from 1 October to 4 October 1982.''
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}; color:black;" | '''9'''
|[[File:Bundesarchiv FDP-Bundesparteitag, Genscher.jpg|115x115px]]
|'''Hans-Dietrich Genscher'''<br /><small>(1927–2016)<br />''2nd term''</small>
|{{dts|October 4, 1982}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|May 18, 1992}}
|{{ayd|1982|10|1|1992|5|18}}
|FDP
|<small>[[First Kohl cabinet|Kohl I]]<br />[[Second Kohl cabinet|Kohl II]]<br />[[Third Kohl cabinet|Kohl III]]<br />[[Fourth Kohl cabinet|Kohl IV]]</small>
|Foreign Affairs
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}; color:black;" | '''10'''
|[[File:Jürgen Möllemann 2002 (cropped).jpeg|80px]]
|'''[[Jürgen Möllemann]]'''<br /><small>(1945–2003)</small>
|{{dts|May 18, 1992}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|January 21, 1993}}
|{{ayd|1992|5|17|1993|1|21}}
|FDP
|<small>Kohl IV</small>
|Economic Affairs
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}; color:black;" | '''11'''
|[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F063645-0024, Pullach, Besuch Carstens beim BND.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Klaus Kinkel]]'''<br /><small>(1936–2019)</small>
|{{dts|January 21, 1993}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|October 27, 1998}}
|{{ayd|1993|1|21|1998|10|27}}
|FDP
|<small>Kohl IV<br />[[Fifth Kohl cabinet|Kohl V]]</small>
|Foreign Affairs
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}; color:white;" | '''12'''
|[[File:Joschka Fischer 2014 (cropped).jpg|84x84px]]
|'''[[Joschka Fischer]]'''<br /><small>(b. 1948)</small>
|{{dts|October 27, 1998}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|November 22, 2005}}
|{{ayd|1998|10|27|2005|11|22}}
|[[Alliance 90/The Greens]]
|<small>[[First Schröder cabinet|Schröder I]]<br />[[Second Schröder cabinet|Schröder II]]</small>
|Foreign Affairs
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;" | '''13'''
|[[File:Franz Müntefering Bamberg 9151733.jpg|126x126px]]
|'''[[Franz Müntefering]]'''<br /><small>(b. 1940)</small>
|{{dts|November 22, 2005}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|November 21, 2007}}
|{{ayd|2005|11|22|2007|11|21}}
|SPD
|<small>[[First Merkel cabinet|Merkel I]]</small>
|[[Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs|Labour and Social Affairs]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;" | '''14'''
|[[File:Frank-Walter Steinmeier at Brazil.jpg|121x121px]]
|'''[[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]]'''<br /><small>(b. 1956)</small>
|{{dts|November 21, 2007}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|October 27, 2009}}
|{{ayd|2007|11|21|2009|10|27}}
|SPD
|<small>Merkel I</small>
|Foreign Affairs
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}; color:black;" | '''15'''
|[[File:Guido-westerwelle-fdp-hamm-2013.jpg|120x120px]]
|'''[[Guido Westerwelle]]'''<br /><small>(1961–2016)</small>
|{{dts|October 27, 2009}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|May 16, 2011}}
|{{ayd|2009|10|27|2011|5|16}}
|FDP
|<small>[[Second Merkel cabinet|Merkel II]]</small>
|Foreign Affairs
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}; color:black;" | '''16'''
|[[File:Philipp_Rösler_2012.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Philipp Rösler]]'''<br /><small>(b. 1973)</small>
|{{dts|May 16, 2011}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|December 17, 2013}}
|{{ayd|2011|5|16|2013|12|17}}
|FDP
|<small>Merkel II</small>
|Economic Affairs
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;" | '''17'''
|[[File:MJK63118 Sigmar Gabriel (Frankfurter Buchmesse 2018).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Sigmar Gabriel]]'''<br /><small>(b. 1959)</small>
|{{dts|December 17, 2013}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 14, 2018}}
|{{ayd|2013|12|17|2018|3|14}}
|SPD
|<small>[[Third Merkel cabinet|Merkel III]]</small>
|Economic Affairs <small>(2013–2017)</small><br />Foreign Affairs <small>(2017–2018)</small>
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;" | '''18'''
|[[File:Olaf Scholz in 2023 (cropped).jpg|103x103px]]
|'''[[Olaf Scholz]]'''<br /><small>(b. 1958)</small>
|{{dts|March 14, 2018}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|December 8, 2021}}
|{{ayd|2018|3|14|2021|12|8}}
|SPD
|<small>[[Fourth Merkel cabinet|Merkel IV]]</small>
|[[Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)|Finance]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}; color:white;" | '''19'''
|[[File:Robert Habeck at Washington D.C..jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Robert Habeck]]'''<br /><small>(b. 1969)</small>
|{{dts|December 8, 2021}}<br/>–<br/>''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|2021|12|8}}
|Alliance 90/The Greens
|<small>[[Scholz cabinet|Scholz]]</small>
|[[Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action|Economic Affairs and Climate Protection]]
|}

===Official residence===
Since 2001, the official seat of the chancellor is the [[Federal Chancellery, Berlin|Federal Chancellery in Berlin]] (''Bundeskanzleramt''). The former seat of the Federal Chancellery, the [[Palais Schaumburg]] in the former capital [[Bonn]], now serves as a secondary official seat. The chancellor's country retreat is [[Schloss Meseberg]] in the state of [[Brandenburg]].

The private lodging of the chancellors at Bonn has previously been the ''Chancellor's bungalow'' built by Ludwig Erhard in the park of Palais Schaumburg, while his predecessor Konrad Adenauer used to live in his private house near Bonn. Under Adenauer, the government had also acquired a villa in [[Dahlem (Berlin)|Dahlem]] in 1962, a suburban district of southwestern Berlin, as a ''pied-a-terre'' of the chancellors in West-Berlin. Gerhard Schröder lived there between 1999 and 2001. Since 2004 it has however served as a private residence for the Presidents of Germany. Angela Merkel preferred to live with her husband in her private apartment downtown.

{{Gallery
|title=
|width=200
|height=175
|align=center
|File:Bundeskanzleramt Berlin 2010.jpg|The Federal Chancellery, Berlin
|File:Palais Schaumburg.JPG|Palais Schaumburg, Bonn
|File:Schloß Meseberg.jpg|Schloss Meseberg, Gransee
}}

===Style of address===
The correct style of address in German is {{lang|de|Herr Bundeskanzler}} (male) or {{lang|de|Frau Bundeskanzlerin}} (female). In international correspondence, the chancellor is referred to as "His/Her Excellency the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany" ("{{lang|de|Seine/Ihre Exzellenz der Bundeskanzler/die Bundeskanzlerin der Bundesrepublik Deutschland}}").<ref name="RfAA" />

===Salary===
Holding the third-highest state office available within Germany, the chancellor of Germany receives €220,000 per annum and a €22,000 bonus, i.e. one and two thirds of Salary Grade B11 (according to § 11 (1) a of the Federal Law on Ministers{{spaced ndash}}''Bundesministergesetz'', BGBl. 1971 I p. 1166 and attachment IV to the Federal Law on Salaries of Officers{{spaced ndash}}''Bundesbesoldungsgesetz'', BGBl. 2002 I p. 3020)<ref>[https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bming/__11.html ''Gesetz über die Rechtsverhältnisse der Mitglieder der Bundesregierung – § 11.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104143245/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bming/__11.html |date=4 November 2021 }} gesetze-im-internet.de</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Germany|Politics}}
* [[Lists of political office-holders in East Germany|Leadership of East Germany]]
* [[List of chancellors of Germany by time in office]]
* [[Religious affiliations of chancellors of Germany]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
===Books===
* Klein, Herbert, ed. 1993. ''The German Chancellors''. Berlin: Edition.
* Padgett, Stephen, ed. 1994. ''The Development of the German Chancellorship: Adenauer to Kohl''. London: Hurst.

===Articles===
* Harlen, Christine M. 2002. "The Leadership Styles of the German Chancellors: From Schmidt to Schröder". ''Politics and Policy'' 30 (2 (June)): 347–371.
* Helms, Ludger. 2001. "The Changing Chancellorship: Resources and Constraints Revisited". ''German Politics'' 10 (2): 155–168.
* Mayntz, Renate. 1980. "Executive Leadership in Germany: Dispersion of Power or 'Kanzler Demokratie'?" ''In presidents and Prime Ministers'', ed. R. Rose and E. N. Suleiman. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute. pp.&nbsp;139–171.
* Smith, Gordon. 1991. "The Resources of a German Chancellor". ''West European Politics'' 14 (2): 48–61.

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Federal Chancellors of Germany}}
* {{official website|bundeskanzlerin.de}}

{{GermanChancellors}}
{{German Chancellor Candidate}}
{{Germany topics}}
{{Europe heads of state and government}}
{{European Council}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chancellor Of Germany}}

[[Category:1867 establishments in Germany]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in Germany]]
[[Category:Chancellors of Germany| ]]
[[Category:Lists of political office-holders in Germany|Germany, Chancellor]]
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