Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Charles Francis Adams Sr.

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{{Short description|American historical editor, writer, politician, and diplomat (1807–1886)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name         = Charles Francis Adams Sr.
|image        = C. F. Adams - Warren. LCCN2013651550 (cropped closein 3x4).jpg
|caption      = Adams in 1861
|office       = [[United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom|United States Envoy to the United Kingdom]]
|president    = [[Abraham Lincoln]]<br />[[Andrew Johnson]]
|term_start   = May 16, 1861
|term_end     = May 13, 1868
|predecessor  = [[George M. Dallas]]
|successor    = [[Reverdy Johnson]]
|state1       = [[Massachusetts]]
|district1    = {{ushr|MA|3|3rd}}
|term_start1  = March 4, 1859
|term_end1    = May 1, 1861
|predecessor1 = [[William S. Damrell]]
|successor1   = [[Benjamin Thomas (congressman)|Benjamin Thomas]]
|birth_name   = Charles Francis Adams 
|birth_date   = {{birth date|1807|8|18}}
|birth_place  = [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.
|death_date   = {{death date and age|1886|11|21|1807|8|18}}
|death_place  = Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
|education    = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
|party        = [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] (Before 1848)<br />[[Free Soil Party|Free Soil]] (1848–1854)<br />[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (1854–1870)<br />[[Liberal Republican Party (United States)|Liberal Republican]] (1870–1872)<br />[[Anti-Masonic Party|Anti-Masonic]] (1872–1876)<br />[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (1876–1886)
|spouse       = {{marriage|Abigail Brown Brooks|September 3, 1829}}
|children     = 7, including [[John Quincy Adams II|John]], [[Charles Francis Adams Jr.|Charles Jr.]], [[Henry Adams|Henry]], and [[Brooks Adams|Brooks]]
|parents      = {{ubl|[[John Quincy Adams]]|[[Louisa Adams|Louisa Johnson]]}}
|relatives    = [[Adams political family]]
}}
'''Charles Francis Adams Sr.''' (August 18, 1807 – November 21, 1886) was an American historical editor, writer, politician, and diplomat.<ref>[[Chambers Biographical Dictionary]], {{ISBN|0-550-18022-2}}, p. 6</ref> As [[United States Minister to the United Kingdom]] during the [[American Civil War]], Adams was crucial to [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] efforts to prevent British recognition of the [[Confederate States of America]] and maintain European neutrality to the utmost extent. Adams also featured in national and state politics before and after the Civil War.

Adams was the patriarch of one of the United States's most prominent political families: his father and grandfather were Presidents [[John Quincy Adams]] and [[John Adams]], about whom he wrote a major biography. He had seven children, including [[John Quincy Adams II|John Quincy II]], [[Charles Francis Adams Jr.|Charles Jr.]], [[Henry Adams|Henry]], and [[Brooks Adams|Brooks]].

Adams served two terms in the [[Massachusetts State Senate]] before helping to found the abolitionist [[Free Soil Party]] in 1848; he was the party's vice-presidential candidate in the [[1848 United States presidential election|election of 1848]] on a ticket with former president [[Martin Van Buren]]. He was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]] in 1858 and re-elected in 1860.

During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Adams served as the [[United States Minister to the United Kingdom]] under [[Abraham Lincoln]], where he played a key role in keeping the British government neutral and not diplomatically recognizing the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. After the War, he became alienated from the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] and was successively a [[Liberal Republican Party (United States)|Liberal Republican]], [[Anti-Masonic Party|Anti-Mason]], and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]. In [[1876 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|1876]], he was the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for [[Governor of Massachusetts]].

Adams became an overseer of [[Harvard University]] and built the Stone Library at [[Peacefield]], the Adams' family home which is now part of the [[Adams National Historical Park]] in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]], to honor his father.

==Early life==
Adams was born in [[Boston]] on August 18, 1807, and he was one of three sons and a daughter born to [[John Quincy Adams]] (1767–1848) and [[Louisa Catherine Johnson]] (1775–1852).<ref name="BDA1906">{{harvnb|Johnson|1906|pp=36–37}}</ref>  His older brothers were [[George Washington Adams]] (1801–1829) and [[John Adams II]] (1803–1834).  His sister, Louisa, was born in 1811 but died in 1812 while the family was in Russia. He was named in part after [[Francis Dana]]. 

He attended [[Boston Latin School]] and [[Harvard College]], where he graduated in 1825. He then [[reading law|studied law]] with [[Daniel Webster]], attained [[Admission to the bar in the United States|admission to the bar]], and practiced in Boston. He wrote numerous reviews of works about American and British history for the ''[[North American Review]]''.

During the presidency of his father John Quincy Adams (1825–1829), Charles and his brothers John and George were all rivals for the same woman, their cousin Mary Catherine Hellen, who lived with the Adams family after the death of her parents.  In 1828, John married Mary in a [[White House]] ceremony, and both Charles and George declined to attend.<ref>Paul C. Nagel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Lh48WrJPWVsC&dq=%22john+adams%22+mary+hellen&pg=PA305 The Adams Women: Abigail and Louisa Adams, Their Sisters and Daughters], 1999, pp. 236–238</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Free Soil campaign banner.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Van Buren/Adams campaign poster]]
[[File:57 MtVernonSt Boston.png|thumb|right|Adams lived on Mount Vernon Street, [[Beacon Hill, Boston|Beacon Hill]], Boston, 1842–1886.<ref>State Street Trust Company. Forty of Boston's historic houses. 1912.</ref>]]
In 1840, Adams was elected to three one-year terms in the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] and he served in the [[Massachusetts Senate]] from 1843 to 1845.  In 1846, he purchased and became editor of the ''Boston Whig'' newspaper.  In [[U.S. presidential election, 1848|1848]], he was the unsuccessful nominee of the [[Free Soil Party]] for [[Vice President of the United States]], running on a ticket with former president [[Martin Van Buren]] as the presidential nominee. That same year, on February 21, his father had suffered a massive stroke and collapsed on the floor of the House. He died two days later in the Speaker's Room in the Capitol building at the age of 80.

From the 1840s, Adams became one of the finest historical editors of his era. He developed his expertise in part because of the example of his father, who in 1829 had turned from politics (after his defeated bid for a second presidential term in 1828) to history and biography. John Quincy Adams began a biography of his father, John Adams, but wrote only a few chapters before resuming his political career in 1830 with his election to the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref name=AAAS/>

The younger Adams, fresh from his edition of the letters of his grandmother [[Abigail Adams]], ''[[Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams]]'' (1840), took up the project that his father had left uncompleted and between 1850 and 1856 turned out not just the two volumes of the biography but eight further volumes presenting editions of John Adams's ''Diary and Autobiography'', his major political writings, and a selection of letters and speeches. The edition, titled ''The Works of John Adams, Esq., Second President of the United States'', was the only edition of John Adams's writings until the family donated the cache of Adams papers to the [[Massachusetts Historical Society]] in 1854 and authorized the creation of the Adams Papers project; the modern project had published accurate scholarly editions of John Adams's diary and autobiography, several volumes of Adams family correspondence, two volumes on the portraits of John and Abigail Adams and John Quincy and Louisa Catherine Adams, and the early years of the diary of Charles Francis Adams, who published a revised edition of the biography in 1871. He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1857.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=1 April 2011}}</ref>

===Congressman and diplomat===
As a [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican]], Adams was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]] in 1858, where he chaired the [[United States House Committee on Manufactures|Committee on Manufactures.]] He was re-elected in 1860 but resigned to become [[List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom|U.S. minister]] (ambassador) to the [[Court of St James's]] (Britain), a post previously held by his father and grandfather, from 1861 to 1868. Powerful Massachusetts Senator [[Charles Sumner]] had wanted the position and so became alienated from Adams. Britain had already recognized Confederate belligerency, but Adams was instrumental in maintaining British neutrality and preventing British diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy during the [[American Civil War]].<ref>Norman B. Ferris, "An American Diplomatist Confronts Victorian Society, 1861" ''History Today'' (1965) 15#8 pp. 550–558.</ref>

Part of his duties included corresponding with British civilians, including [[Karl Marx]] and the [[International Workingmen's Association]].<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/iwma/documents/1864/lincoln-letter.htm | title=Address of the International Working Men's Association to Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America | publisher=marxists.org | date=January 28, 1865  | access-date=October 22, 2013}}</ref> Adams and his son, [[Henry Brooks Adams|Henry Adams]], who served as his private secretary, also were kept busy monitoring Confederate diplomatic intrigues and the construction of rebel [[commerce raiders]] (like ''hull N°290'', launched as  ''Enrica'' from [[Liverpool]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862|year=1863|publisher=D. Appleton & Company|location=New York|page=381|url=https://archive.org/stream/1862appletonsan02newyuoft#page/n388/mode/1up}}</ref> but was soon transformed near the [[Azores Islands]] into sloop-of-war {{ship|CSS|Alabama}}) and [[Blockade runners of the American Civil War|blockade runners]] by British shipyards.

His main success as a diplomat was in keeping Britain neutral. He helped resolve the [[Trent Affair]] in 1861, in which an American naval officer had violated British rights. With the Union blockade of Confederate ports growing increasingly successful, little cotton now reached Europe except through Union channels. A strong element in Britain, including Chancellor of the Exchequer [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]], wanted to intervene to help the Confederacy. Adams warned doing so would mean war with the United States, as well as the cutting off American food exports, which constituted about a fourth of the British food supply. The American Navy, increasingly strong, would try to sink British shipping.

The British government pulled back from talk of war when the Confederate invasion of the North was defeated at [[Battle of Antietam|Antietam]], and Lincoln announced that he would issue the [[Emancipation Proclamation]]. Adams and his staff collected details on the shipbuilding issue, showing how warships and blockade runners built for the Confederacy caused widespread damage to American interests, the former being against the [[United States Merchant Marine|U.S. Merchant Marine]] and the latter against the [[Union Army]] on the battlefield. The evidence became the basis of the postwar [[Alabama Claims]]. The claims went to arbitration, with Adams in charge of the American side. However, the British in 1872 agreed to pay $15 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=15000000|start_year=1872}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) in damages only for damages caused by British-built Confederate warships.<ref>Maureen M. Robson, "The Alabama Claims and the Anglo‐American Reconciliation, 1865–71." ''Canadian Historical Review'' 42.1 (1961): 1–22.</ref><ref>Adrian Cook, ''The Alabama Claims: American Politics and Anglo-American Relations, 1865–1872'' (1975).</ref>

=== Meeting with Joseph Smith ===
In 1844, while traveling with his cousin [[Josiah Quincy Jr.|Josiah Quincy]], Charles Francis Adams met [[Joseph Smith]], the founder of the Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter Day Saints, in Nauvoo, Illinois, and received a copy of the Book of Mormon which had previously belonged to Smith's first wife, [[Emma Smith]]. The book is now in the archive collections of [[Adams National Historical Park]]. At the visit, Smith showed Adams and Quincy four Egyptian mummies and ancient papyri. Adams was not impressed by Smith, and wrote in his diary entry that day, "Such a man is a study not for himself, but as serving to show what turns the human mind will sometimes take. And herafter if I should live, I may compare the results of this delusion with the condition in which I saw it and its mountebank apostle."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Francis Adams Diary |url=http://boap.org/LDS/Early-Saints/CFA.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=boap.org}}</ref>

==Later life==
Back in Boston, Adams declined the presidency of Harvard University, but became one of its overseers in 1869. In 1870 he built the first [[Presidential library system|presidential library]] in the United States to honor his father John Quincy Adams. The Stone Library includes over 14,000 books written in twelve languages. The library is at [[Peacefield]] (also known as the "Old House") which is now part of [[Adams National Historical Park]] in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]].

In [[1876 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|1876]], Adams ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Massachusetts.<ref>See [[Thomas Nast]]'s satirical cartoon of Charles Adams' campaign at [http://image.nj.com/home/njo-media/width620/img/njv_editorial_page/photo/10353936-standard.jpg]. An explanation can be found in ''American Heritage'' Magazine, August 1958, Volume IX, Number 5, p. 90.</ref>

During the [[1876 United States presidential election|1876 Electoral College controversy]], Adams sided with [[History of the United States Democratic Party|Democrat]] [[Samuel J. Tilden]] over Republican [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] for the White House.

==Personal life==
[[File:Charles F. Adams and Abigail Brooks Adams on piazza at Old House in Quincy.jpg|thumb|right|Mr. and Mrs. Adams on the porch at [[Peacefield]] in Quincy, photographed by [[Marian Hooper Adams|Marion Hooper Adams]]]][[File:Charles Francis Adams Sr by William Morris Hunt 1867.jpeg|thumb|right|230px|Portrait of Adams in 1867 by [[William Morris Hunt]]]]
On September 3, 1829, he married Abigail Brown Brooks (1808–1889), whose father was shipping magnate [[Peter Chardon Brooks]] (1767–1849).<ref name="BDA1906" />  She had two sisters, Charlotte, who was married to [[Edward Everett]], a Massachusetts politician,<ref>Varg, pp. 23–24</ref> and Ann, who was married to [[Nathaniel Frothingham]], a [[American Unitarian Association|Unitarian]] minister.<ref>Frothingham, p. 62</ref>  Together, they were the parents of:

* Louisa Catherine Adams (1831–1870), who married Charles Kuhn
* [[John Quincy Adams II]] (1833–1894)
* [[Charles Francis Adams Jr.]] (1835–1915)
* [[Henry Brooks Adams]] (1838–1918)
* Arthur George Adams (1841–1846), who died young
* Mary Gardiner Adams (1845–1928), who married Dr. Henry Parker Quincy
* [[Brooks Adams|Peter Chardon Brooks Adams]] (1848–1927)

Adams died in Boston on November 21, 1886, at the age of 79, and was interred in [[Mount Wollaston Cemetery]], Quincy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Charles Francis Adams. The Aged Statement Gone To His Rest. Passing Quietly Away Surrounded By His Family. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1886/11/22/archives/charles-francis-adams-the-aged-statement-gone-to-his-rest-passing.html |quote=Charles Francis Adams died at 1:57 o'clock this morning, at his residence, No. 57 Mount Vernon-street, in this city. He had not been well for some time and had suffered more or less for the past five years from some brain trouble, the result of overwork. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 21, 1886 |access-date=2008-06-17 }}</ref> He was the last surviving child of John Quincy Adams.

His wife Abigail's "health and spirits" worsened after her husband's death, and she died at [[Peacefield]] on June 6, 1889.<ref>MacLean, Maggie, [http://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2015/08/abigail-brooks-adams.html "Abigail Brooks Adams"], ''womenhistoryblog.com'', August 18, 2015. Retrieved 2017-02-08.</ref>

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|30em}}

'''Sources'''
* Adams Jr., Charles Francis, ''Charles Francis Adams'', Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1900.
* Butterfield, L. H. et al., eds., ''The Adams Papers'' (1961– ). Multivolume letterpress edition of all letters to and from major members of the Adams family, plus their diaries; still incomplete.
* [[Aida DiPace Donald|Donald, Aida Dipace]] and [[David Herbert Donald|Donald, David Herbert]], eds., [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/results-list.php?collection=1339 ''Diary of Charles Francis Adams''] (2 vols.). Harvard University Press, 1964.
* [[Martin Duberman|Duberman, Martin]]. ''Charles Francis Adams, 1807–1886''. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1961, reissued by Stanford University Press, 1968.
* Egerton, Douglas R. ''Heirs of an Honored Name: The Decline of the Adams Family and the Rise of Modern America''. Basic Books, 2019.
*{{cite book|last=Frothingham|first=Paul Revere|title=Edward Everett: Orator and Statesman|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|location=Boston|oclc=1517736|year=1925}}
* {{cite dictionary
 | editor-last  = Johnson
 | editor-first = Rossiter
 | editor-link  = Rossiter Johnson
 | title        = Adams, Charles Francis
 | dictionary   = [[The Biographical Dictionary of America]]
 | year         = 1906
 | volume       = 1
 | pages        = 36–37
 | location     = Boston
 | publisher    = American Biographical Society
 | language     = en
 | url          = https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Biographical_Dictionary_of_America/Adams,_Charles_Francis_(diplomatist)
 | access-date   = October 22, 2020
}} {{PD-notice}}
* {{cite book|last=Varg|first=Paul|title=Edward Everett: The Intellectual in the Turmoil of Politics|publisher=Susquehanna University Press|location=Selinsgrove, PA|isbn=978-0-945636-25-0|year=1992|oclc=24319483}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography|Politics}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
{{wikisource author}}
* {{Biographical Directory of Congress|A0000321859|accessdate=2009-03-31}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012035302/http://virtualology.com/charlesfrancisadams/ Appleton's Biography edited by Stanley L. Klos]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Adams,+Charles+Francis }}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Charles Francis Adams |sopt=t}}
* Charles Francis Adams Sr. [http://www.masshist.org/publications/cfa-civil-war/ Civil War era diaries Digital Edition]
* [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674198296 Nagel, Paul. ''Descent from Glory: Four Generations of the John Adams Family.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]
* [http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-2355 ''Texas and the Massachusetts Resolutions''], by Charles Francis Adams, published 1844, hosted by the [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ Portal to Texas History]
* [https://rememberinglincoln.fords.org/browse?tags=diplomatic Selected diplomatic Letters of the Lincoln administration] at Ford's Theatre site, including several to or from Adams
*[https://www.discoverquincy.com/sites/default/files/MtWollastonCemeteryBrochure_web.pdf Mount Wollaston Cemetery Tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021065144/https://www.discoverquincy.com/sites/default/files/MtWollastonCemeteryBrochure_web.pdf |date=2020-10-21 }} (includes grave image)

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{{US Ambassadors to the UK}}
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{{American Civil War|Leaders}}
{{John Quincy Adams}}
{{John Adams}}
{{United States presidential election, 1848}}
{{United States presidential election, 1872}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Adams, Charles Francis Sr.}}
[[Category:1807 births]]
[[Category:1886 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Beacon Hill, Boston]]
[[Category:Politicians from Boston]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Boston]]
[[Category:Adams political family|Adams, Charles Francis I]]
[[Category:Thomas Johnson family]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Whigs]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Free Soilers]]
[[Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1848 United States vice-presidential candidates]]
[[Category:1872 United States vice-presidential candidates]]
[[Category:Massachusetts state senators]]
[[Category:Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Politicians from Quincy, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Children of presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:19th-century American diplomats]]
[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War]]
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