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{{Short description|American aviator and activist (1902–1974)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
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{{Infobox person
| name               = 
| image              = Col Charles Lindbergh.jpg
| caption            = Photo by [[Harris & Ewing]], {{circa|1927}}
| nickname           = {{hlist|Lucky Lindy|Lone Eagle|Slim<ref>Every and Tracy 1927, pp. 60, 84, 99, 208.</ref>}}
| birth_name         = 
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1902|2|4}}
| birth_place        = [[Detroit, Michigan]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1974|8|26|1902|2|4}}
| death_place        = [[Kipahulu, Hawaii]], U.S.
| resting_place      = Palapala Ho'omau Church, Kipahulu
| occupation         = {{hlist|Aviator|author|inventor|explorer|activist}}
| education          = [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] (no degree)
| known for          = First solo [[transatlantic flight]] (1927), pioneer of international [[commercial aviation]] and [[air mail]]
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Anne Morrow Lindbergh|Anne Morrow]]|May 27, 1929}}
| father             = [[Charles August Lindbergh]]
| mother             = [[Evangeline Lodge Land]]
| children           = 13,{{refn|Lindbergh fathered a total of 13 children throughout his life—six with long-time wife Anne Morrow, the first-born of which, Charles Jr., was kidnapped and murdered in his infancy; and seven other children with three separate European women out of wedlock.<ref name="Schröck"/>|group=N}} including [[Charles Augustus Lindbergh Jr.|Charles&nbsp;Jr.]], [[Jon Lindbergh|Jon]], [[Anne Lindbergh|Anne]], and [[Reeve Lindbergh|Reeve]]
| signature          = Charles A. Lindbergh (Jr) signatures.jpg
| module             = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
 |allegiance         = <!-- United States -->
 |branch             = {{ubl|[[United States Army Air Service|U.S. Army Air Service]]|[[United States Army Air Corps|U.S. Army Air Corps]]|[[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]]}}
 |serviceyears       = 1924–1941, 1954–1974
 |rank               = {{ubl|[[Colonel]]|[[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier general]] (promoted 1954)<ref name=Interim>{{Cite web|title=Charles Augustus Lindbergh Jr. {{!}} Interim 1920 - 1940 {{!}} U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve {{!}} Medal of Honor Recipient|url=https://www.cmohs.org/recipients/charles-a-lindbergh-jr|url-status=live|access-date=October 7, 2021|website=Congressional Medal of Honor Society|quote=Highest Rank: Brigadier General|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007205406/https://www.cmohs.org/recipients/charles-a-lindbergh-jr |archive-date=October 7, 2021}}</ref>}}
 |awards             = {{ubl|[[Medal of Honor]]|[[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]]|[[Legion of Honour|Légion d'honneur]]|[[Congressional Gold Medal]]|[[Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography|Pulitzer Prize for Biography]]}}
 |battles            = [[World War II]]
}}
}}

'''Charles Augustus Lindbergh''' (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974) was an American aviator and military officer. On May 20–21, 1927, he made the first nonstop flight from [[New York City]] to [[Paris]], a distance of {{convert|5,800|km|miles|order=flip}}, flying alone for 33.5 hours. His aircraft, the ''[[Spirit of St. Louis]]'', was designed and built by the [[Ryan Airline Company]] specifically to compete for the [[Orteig Prize]] for the first flight between the two cities. Although not the [[Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown|first transatlantic flight]], it was the first solo transatlantic flight and the longest at the time by nearly {{convert|2000|mi|km}}. It became known as one of the most consequential flights in history and ushered in a new era of air transportation between parts of the globe.

Lindbergh was raised mostly in [[Little Falls, Minnesota]], and Washington, D.C., the son of prominent U.S. Congressman [[Charles August Lindbergh]]. He became a [[United States Army Air Service|U.S. Army Air Service]] cadet in 1924, earning the rank of [[Second Lieutenant (United States)|second lieutenant]] in 1925. Later that year, he was hired as a [[U.S. Air Mail]] pilot in the [[Greater St. Louis]] area, where he started to prepare for his historic 1927 [[transatlantic flight]]. For his flight, President [[Calvin Coolidge]] presented Lindbergh both the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] and [[Medal of Honor]], the highest U.S. military award.{{sfn|Bryson|2013|pp=25–104}} He also earned the highest French [[order of merit]], the [[Legion of Honor]].<ref name="CriticalPast-1927" /> In July 1927, he was promoted to the rank of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] in the [[U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve]]. His achievement spurred significant global interest in both [[commercial aviation]] and [[air mail]], which revolutionized the aviation industry worldwide (a phenomenon dubbed the "[[Lindbergh Boom|Lindbergh boom]]"), and he spent much time promoting these industries.

''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine honored Lindbergh as its first [[Time Person of the Year|Man of the Year]] in 1928, President [[Herbert Hoover]] appointed him to the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1929, and he received the [[Congressional Gold Medal]] in 1930. In 1931, he and French surgeon [[Alexis Carrel]] began work on inventing the first [[Perfusion|perfusion pump]], a device credited with making future [[Cardiac surgery|heart surgeries]] and [[organ transplantation]] possible.

On March 1, 1932, Lindbergh's first-born infant child, Charles Jr., [[Lindbergh kidnapping|was kidnapped and murdered]] in what the American media called the "[[Crime of the century|Crime of the Century]]". The case prompted the United States Congress to establish [[Federal Kidnapping Act|kidnapping as a federal crime]] if a kidnapper crosses state lines with a victim. By late 1935, the press and hysteria surrounding the case had driven the Lindbergh family into exile in Europe, from where they returned in 1939.

In the months before the United States entered [[World War II]], Lindbergh's [[non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] stance and statements about Jews and race led some to believe he was a [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] sympathizer, although Lindbergh never publicly stated support for the Nazis and condemned them several times in both his public speeches and personal diary. However, like many Americans before the attack on Pearl Harbor, he opposed not only the military intervention of the U.S. but also the [[Lend-Lease|provision of military supplies]] to the British.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/|title=Charles Lindbergh's Noninterventionist Efforts & America First Committee|website=www.charleslindbergh.com|access-date=February 3, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419113645/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/|archive-date=April 19, 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> He supported the [[isolationist]] [[America First Committee]] and resigned from the U.S. Army Air Corps in April 1941 after President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] publicly rebuked him for his views.<ref name="NYT-1941" /> In September 1941, Lindbergh gave a significant address, titled "Speech on Neutrality", outlining his position and arguments against greater American involvement in the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyonthenet.com/authentichistory/1939-1945/2-homefront/1-prewardefense/19410901_Charles_Lindbergh_on_Neutrality.html|title=Charles Lindbergh's Sept 1 1941 Speech|website=www.historyonthenet.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621004336/http://www.historyonthenet.com/authentichistory/1939-1945/2-homefront/1-prewardefense/19410901_Charles_Lindbergh_on_Neutrality.html|archive-date=June 21, 2019|access-date=September 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the [[Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor]] and [[German declaration of war against the United States|German declaration of war against the U.S.]], Lindbergh avidly supported the American war effort but was rejected for active duty, as Roosevelt refused to restore his Air Corps colonel's commission.<ref>A. Scott Berg, ''Lindbergh'' (1998), pp 431-437.</ref> Instead he flew 50 combat missions in the [[Pacific Theater of World War II|Pacific Theater]] as a civilian consultant and was unofficially credited with shooting down an enemy aircraft.<ref name="Colonel Lindbergh On Combat Mission">{{cite news|agency=[[Associated Press]]|title=Colonel Lindbergh On Combat Missions|newspaper=[[The San Bernardino Daily Sun]]|date=October 23, 1944|volume=51|page=1|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SBS19441023.1.1&srpos=1&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-%22Colonel+Lindbergh+On+Combat+Missions%22-------1}}</ref><ref name=475thFighterGroup/> In 1954, President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] restored his commission and promoted him to [[brigadier general]] in the [[Air Force Reserve Command|U.S. Air Force Reserve]].<ref name="TimesLindbergh">{{Cite news|first=|date=February 16, 1954|title=Lindbergh Is Named A Brigadier General; Lindbergh Named Reserve General|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/02/16/archives/lindbergh-is-named-a-brigadier-general-lindbergh-named-reserve.html|access-date=October 7, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In his later years, he became a [[Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography|Pulitzer Prize]]-winning author, international explorer and environmentalist, helping to establish [[national parks]] in the U.S. and protect certain [[endangered species]] and tribal people in both the [[Tasaday|Philippines]] and [[Maasai people|east Africa]].<ref name=Environmentalist>{{cite web|url=https://www.mnhs.org/lindbergh/learn/other-occupations/environmentalist|title=Environmentalist|website=Minnesota Historical Society - Charles Lindbergh House and Museum|access-date=November 7, 2022}}</ref> In 1974, Lindbergh died of [[lymphoma]] at age 72.

==Early life==
===Early childhood===
[[File:Charles&Dad.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|Charles A. Lindbergh and his father, {{circa|1910}}]]

Lindbergh was born in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]], on {{nowrap|February 4}}, 1902, and spent most of his childhood in [[Little Falls, Minnesota]], and Washington, D.C. He was the only child of [[Charles August Lindbergh]] ([[Name at birth|birth name]] Carl Månsson; 1859–1924), who had [[Swedish Americans|emigrated from Sweden]] to [[Melrose, Minnesota]], as an infant, and [[Evangeline Lodge Land Lindbergh]] (1876–1954) of Detroit. Lindbergh had three elder paternal half-sisters: Lillian, Edith, and Eva. The couple separated in 1909 when Lindbergh was seven years old.<ref>Larson 1973, pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mnhs.org/lindbergh/learn/family/parents|title= Parents and Sisters|agency=Charles Lindbergh History & Museum|access-date=August 26, 2021}}</ref> His father, a [[United States Congress|U.S. Congressman]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Minnesota|MN]]-6) from 1907 to 1917, was one of the few congressmen to oppose the [[American entry into World War I|entry of the U.S. into World War I]] (although his congressional term ended one month before the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] voted to [[United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)|declare war on Germany]]).<ref>Larson 1973, pp. 208–209.</ref> His father's book ''Why Is Your Country at War?'', which criticized the nation's entry into the war, was seized by federal agents under the [[Comstock Act]]. It was later posthumously reprinted and issued in 1934 under the title ''Your Country at War, and What Happens to You After a War''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lindbergh vs. Roosevelt|last=Duffy|first=James|publisher=MJF Books|year=2010|isbn=978-1-60671-130-9|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lindberghvsroose0000duff/page/5 5]|url=https://archive.org/details/lindberghvsroose0000duff/page/5}}</ref>

Lindbergh's mother was a chemistry teacher at [[Cass Technical High School]] in Detroit and later at [[Little Falls, Minnesota|Little Falls High School]], from which her son graduated on {{nowrap|June 5}}, 1918. Lindbergh attended more than a dozen other schools from [[Washington, D.C.]], to [[California]] during his childhood and teenage years (none for more than a year or two), including the Force School and [[Sidwell Friends School]] while living in Washington with his father, and [[Redondo Union High School]] in [[Redondo Beach, California]], while living there with his mother.<ref>Lindbergh 1927, pp. 19–22.</ref> Although he enrolled in the College of Engineering at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] in late 1920, Lindbergh dropped out in the middle of his sophomore year and then went to [[Lincoln, Nebraska]], in March 1922 to begin flight training.<ref>Lindbergh 1927, pp.&nbsp;22–25.</ref>

===Early aviation career===
From an early age, Lindbergh had exhibited an interest in the mechanics of motorized transportation, including his family's [[Saxon (automobile)|Saxon Six]] automobile, and later his [[Excelsior Motor Manufacturing & Supply Company|Excelsior]] motorbike. By the time that he started college as a [[mechanical engineering]] student, he had also become fascinated with flying, though he "had never been close enough to a plane to touch it".<ref>Lindbergh 1927, p. 23.</ref> After quitting college in February 1922, Lindbergh enrolled at the Nebraska Aircraft Corporation's flying school in Lincoln and flew for the first time on {{nowrap|April 9}} as a passenger in a two-seat [[Standard J|Lincoln Standard "Tourabout"]] biplane trainer piloted by [[Otto Timm]].<ref>Lindbergh 1927, p. 25.</ref>

A few days later, Lindbergh took his first formal flying lesson in that same aircraft, though he was never permitted to solo because he could not afford to post the requisite damage bond.<ref>Lindbergh 1927, pp. 26–28.</ref> To gain flight experience and earn money for further instruction, Lindbergh left Lincoln in June to spend the next few months [[barnstorming]] across [[Nebraska]], [[Kansas]], [[Colorado]], [[Wyoming]], and [[Montana]] as a [[wing walking|wing walker]] and [[Parachuting|parachutist]]. He also briefly worked as an airplane mechanic at the [[Billings Logan International Airport|Billings, Montana, municipal airport]].<ref>Lindbergh 1927, pp. 29–36.</ref><ref>Westover, Lee Ann. [http://tinyguide.typepad.com/home/travel_usa_montana_wyoming/index.html "Montana Aviator: Great Grandfather Bob Westover and Charles Lindbergh in Montana"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415021731/http://tinyguide.typepad.com/home/travel_usa_montana_wyoming/index.html |date=April 15, 2008}} ''The Iron Mullett'', 2008. Retrieved: February 15, 2010.</ref>

[[File:"Daredevil Lindbergh".jpg|thumb|right|"Daredevil Lindbergh" in a re-engined Standard J-1, {{circa|1925}}. The plane in this photo is often misidentified as a Curtiss "Jenny".]]

Lindbergh left flying with the onset of winter and returned to his father's home in Minnesota.<ref>Lindbergh 1927, pp. 36–37.</ref> His return to the air and his first solo flight did not come until half a year later in May 1923 at [[Jimmy Carter Regional Airport|Souther Field]] in [[Americus, Georgia]], a former Army flight-training field, where he bought a World War I surplus [[Curtiss JN-4|Curtiss JN-4 "Jenny"]] biplane. Though Lindbergh had not touched an airplane in more than six months, he had already secretly decided that he was ready to take to the air by himself. After a half-hour of dual time with a pilot who was visiting the field to pick up another surplus JN-4, Lindbergh flew solo for the first time in the Jenny that he had just purchased for $500.<ref>Lindbergh 1927, pp. 39–43.</ref><ref>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/plane/firstplane.asp "Charles Lindbergh's First Solo Flight & First Plane"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504183547/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/plane/firstplane.asp |date=May 4, 2008}}. Charles Lindbergh official site. Retrieved: February 15, 2010.</ref> After spending another week or so at the field to "practice" (thereby acquiring five hours of "pilot in command" time), Lindbergh took off from Americus for [[Montgomery, Alabama]], some {{convert|140|mi|km}} to the west, for his first solo cross-country flight.<ref>Lindbergh 1927, pp. 43–44.</ref> He went on to spend much of the remainder of 1923 engaged in almost nonstop barnstorming under the name of "Daredevil Lindbergh". Unlike in the previous year, this time Lindbergh flew in his "own ship" as the pilot.<ref>Lindbergh 1927, pp. 44–45.</ref><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lindbergh/sfeature/daredevil.html "Daredevil Lindbergh and His Barnstorming Days"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314112720/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lindbergh/sfeature/daredevil.html |date=March 14, 2017}} ''[[American Experience]]'', PBS (WGBH), 1999.</ref> A few weeks after leaving Americus, he achieved another key aviation milestone when he made his first night flight near [[Lake Village, Arkansas]].<ref>Lindbergh 1927, pp. 63–65.</ref>

[[File:Charles Lindbergh 1925.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|Lindbergh as a young 2nd Lt., March 1925]]

While Lindbergh was barnstorming in [[Lone Rock, Wisconsin]], on two occasions he flew a local physician across the [[Wisconsin River]] to emergency calls that were otherwise unreachable because of flooding.<ref>Smith, Susan Lampert "Dr. Bertha Stories: Dr. Bertha's Decades in the River Valley Included remarkable Medical Feats". ''[[Wisconsin State Journal]]'', April 20, 2003.</ref> He broke his propeller several times while landing, and on {{nowrap|June 3}}, 1923 he was grounded for a week when he ran into a ditch in [[Glencoe, Minnesota]], while flying his father—then running for the U.S. Senate—to a campaign stop. In October, Lindbergh flew his Jenny to [[Iowa]], where he sold it to a flying student. After selling the Jenny, Lindbergh returned to Lincoln by train. There, he joined Leon Klink and continued to barnstorm through the South for the next few months in Klink's Curtiss JN-4C "Canuck" (the Canadian version of the Jenny). Lindbergh also "cracked up" this aircraft once when his engine failed shortly after takeoff in [[Pensacola, Florida]], but again he managed to repair the damage himself.<ref>Lindbergh 1927, pp. 84–93.</ref>

Following a few months of barnstorming through [[Southern United States|the South]], the two pilots parted company in [[San Antonio]], Texas, where Lindbergh reported to [[Brooks City-Base|Brooks Field]] on {{nowrap|March 19}}, 1924 to begin a year of military flight training with the [[United States Army Air Service]] there (and later at nearby [[Kelly Field Annex|Kelly Field]]).<ref>Berg 1998, p. 73.</ref> Lindbergh had his most serious flying accident on {{nowrap|March 5}}, 1925, eight days before graduation, when a mid-air collision with another Army [[Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5|S.E.5]] during aerial combat maneuvers forced him to bail out.<ref>Lindbergh 1927, pp. 144–148.</ref> Only 18 of the 104 cadets who started flight training a year earlier remained when Lindbergh graduated first overall in his class in March 1925, thereby earning his Army pilot's wings and a commission as a [[Second lieutenant#United States|second lieutenant]] in the [[Military reserve force|Air Service Reserve Corps]].<ref>Moseley 1976, p. 56.</ref>{{refn|Dates of military rank: Cadet, Army Air Corps – March 19, 1924, 2nd Lieutenant, Officer Reserve Corps (ORC) – March 14, 1925, 1st Lieutenant, ORC – December 7, 1925, Captain, ORC – July 13, 1926, Colonel, ORC – July 18, 1927 (As of 1927, Lindbergh was a member of the Missouri National Guard and was assigned to the 110th Observation Squadron in St. Louis.<ref>Official National Guard Register. 1927. p. 529.</ref>), Brigadier General, USAFR – April 7, 1954.<ref>Berg 1998, p. 488.</ref>|group=N}}

Lindbergh later said that this year was critical to his development as both a focused, goal-oriented individual and as an aviator.{{refn|"Always there was some new experience, always something interesting going on to make the time spent at Brooks and Kelly one of the banner years in a pilot's life. The training is difficult and rigid, but there is none better. A cadet must be willing to forget all other interest in life when he enters the Texas flying schools and he must enter with the intention of devoting every effort and all of the energy during the next 12 months towards a single goal. But when he receives the wings at Kelly a year later, he has the satisfaction of knowing that he has graduated from one of the world's finest flying schools." ''"WE"'' p. 125 |group=N}} The Army did not need additional active-duty pilots, however, so immediately following graduation, Lindbergh returned to civilian aviation as a barnstormer and [[flight instructor]], although as a reserve officer he also continued to do some part-time military flying by joining the [[110th Bomb Squadron|110th Observation Squadron]], 35th Division, Missouri [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]], in St. Louis. He was promoted to [[First Lieutenant#United States|first lieutenant]] on December 7, 1925, and to captain in July 1926.<ref name="American Aviator">[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/timeline/index.asp "Charles Lindbergh: An American Aviator"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412072812/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/timeline/index.asp |date=April 12, 2008}}. charleslindbergh.com. Retrieved: February 15, 2010.</ref>

===Air mail pilot===
[[File:CharlesLindbergh PostOfficeOath.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|"Certificate of the Oath of Mail Messengers", executed by Lindbergh]]

In October 1925, Lindbergh was hired by the [[Robertson Aircraft Corporation]] (RAC) at the [[Lambert-St. Louis International Airport|Lambert-St. Louis Flying Field]] in Anglum, Missouri, (where he had been working as a flight instructor) to first lay out and then serve as chief pilot for the newly designated {{convert|278|mi|km|adj=on}} [[Airmails of the United States#Contract Air Mail (CAM) service|Contract Air Mail]] Route #2 (CAM-2) to provide service between [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] and [[Chicago]] (Maywood Field) with two intermediate stops in [[Springfield, Illinois|Springfield]] and [[Peoria, Illinois]].<ref>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/thompson.asp "Robertson Aircraft Corporation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504183541/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/thompson.asp |date=May 4, 2008}}. charleslindbergh.com.</ref> Lindbergh and three other RAC pilots, Philip R. Love, Thomas P. Nelson, and [[Harlan Gurney|Harlan A. "Bud" Gurney]], flew the mail over CAM-2 in a fleet of four modified war-surplus [[Airco DH.4|de Havilland DH-4]] [[biplane]]s.

Just before signing on to fly with CAM, Lindbergh had applied to serve as a pilot on [[Richard E. Byrd]]'s [[Richard E. Byrd#1926 North Pole flight|North Pole expedition]], but apparently his bid came too late.<ref name=Berg>Berg [http://www.us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9781101494288,00.html?Lindbergh_A._Scott_Berg 1995, p. 95.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222143837/http://www.us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9781101494288,00.html?Lindbergh_A._Scott_Berg |date=February 22, 2014}}</ref>

On {{nowrap|April 13}}, 1926, Lindbergh executed the [[United States Post Office Department]]'s Oath of Mail Messengers,<ref>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/pdf/lindyoath.pdf "Certificate of the Oath of Mail Messengers executed by Charles A. Lindbergh, Pilot, CAM-2, April 13, 1926"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201608/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/pdf/lindyoath.pdf |date=May 27, 2008}}. charleslindbergh.com.</ref> and two days later he opened service on the new route. On two occasions, combinations of bad weather, equipment failure, and [[Fuel starvation|fuel exhaustion]] forced him to bail out on night approach to [[Chicago]];<ref>Lindbergh 1927, pp. 185–7, 192–3</ref><ref name="Lindbergh 1953, pp. 6-8">Lindbergh 1953, pp. 6–8.</ref> both times he reached the ground without serious injury and immediately set about ensuring that his cargo was located and sent on with minimum delay.<ref name="Lindbergh 1953, pp. 6-8"/><ref>Lindbergh 1927, pp. 185–193</ref> In mid-February 1927 he left for [[San Diego]], California, to oversee design and construction of the ''Spirit of St. Louis''.<ref>Lindbergh 1953, p. 79.</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Cam-2 lindbergh cover.jpg
| width1 = 185
| caption1 = CAM-2 first flight cover
| image2 = CAL CAM2 Postage Report 021227.jpg
| width2 = 275
| caption2 = A CAM-2 "Weekly Postage Report" by Lindbergh
| image3 = Lindbergh check.jpg
| width3 = 191
| caption3 = One of Lindbergh's Air Mail paychecks
}}

==New York{{ndash}}Paris flight==
===Orteig Prize===
{{Main|Orteig Prize}}

In 1919, British aviators [[John Alcock (RAF officer)|John Alcock]] and [[Arthur Whitten Brown|Arthur Brown]] won the [[Daily Mail aviation prizes|Daily Mail prize]] for the [[Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown|first nonstop transatlantic flight]]. Their aircraft was a [[Vickers Vimy]] IV biplane designed for service in WW1. Alcock and Brown left [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]], on {{nowrap|June 14}}, 1919, and arrived in [[Clifden, County Galway]], Ireland the following day.<ref>[http://www.aviation-history.com/airmen/alcock.htm "Alcock and Brown: The First Non-stop Aerial Crossing of the Atlantic"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213103027/http://aviation-history.com/airmen/alcock.htm |date=December 13, 2010}}. The Aviation History Online Museum. Retrieved: July 17, 2009.</ref>

Around the same time, French-born New York hotelier [[Raymond Orteig]] was approached by [[Augustus Post]], secretary of the Aero Club of America, and prompted to put up a $25,000 (about $421,977 in 2024) award for the first successful nonstop transatlantic flight specifically between New York City and Paris (in either direction) within five years after its establishment. When that time limit lapsed in 1924 without a serious attempt, Orteig renewed the offer for another five years, this time attracting a number of well-known, highly experienced, and well-financed contenders<ref>Lindbergh 1953, pp. 31, 74.</ref>{{mdashb}}none of whom was successful. On {{nowrap|September 21}}, 1926, World War{{nbsp}}I French [[flying ace]] [[René Fonck]]'s [[Sikorsky S-35]] crashed on takeoff from [[Roosevelt Field]] in New York. U.S. Naval aviators [[Wooster and Davis|Noel Davis]] and [[Wooster and Davis|Stanton H. Wooster]] were killed at [[Langley Air Force Base|Langley Field]], Virginia, on {{nowrap|April 26}}, 1927, while testing their [[Keystone Pathfinder]]. On {{nowrap|May 8}} French war heroes [[Charles Nungesser]] and [[François Coli]] departed [[Paris – Le Bourget Airport]] in the [[Levasseur PL.2|Levasseur PL 8]] seaplane ''[[The White Bird|L'Oiseau Blanc]]''; they disappeared somewhere in the Atlantic after last being seen crossing the west coast of [[Ireland]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1927/05/17/archives/fate-of-nungesser-is-still-a-mystery-rescue-by-grand-banks.html "Fate of Nungesser Is Still a Mystery"]. ''The New York Times'', May 17, 1927, p. 3.</ref>

American air racer [[Clarence Duncan Chamberlin|Clarence D. Chamberlin]] and [[Arctic]] explorer [[Richard E. Byrd]] were also in the race.<ref>{{Cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Charles Lindbergh completes the first solo, nonstop transatlantic flight |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/lindbergh-lands-in-paris |access-date=2021-01-11 |website=HISTORY |language=en |quote=Orteig made the offer again...Several of the world’s top aviators–including American polar explorer Richard Byrd...decided to accept the challenge, and so did Charles Lindbergh.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles A. Lindbergh Orteig Prize collection {{!}} National Air and Space Museum |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-archive/charles-lindbergh-orteig-prize-collection/sova-nasm-2005-0055 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=airandspace.si.edu |language=en |quote=The Raymond Orteig Historical Archive consists of approximately 188 documents relating to the prize...Included are the original entry forms of...Clarence Chamberlin}}</ref>

===''Spirit of St. Louis''===
{{Main|Spirit of St. Louis}}
[[File:Franz Schell Album Image (34195654111).jpg|thumb|The ''[[Spirit of St. Louis]]'']]

Financing the operation of the historic flight was a challenge due to Lindbergh's obscurity, but two St. Louis businessmen eventually obtained a $15,000 bank loan. Lindbergh contributed $2,000 ($33,536 in 2023)<ref>[http://dollartimes.com/inflation/inflation.php?amount=2000&year=1927 dollartimes.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927052802/https://www.dollartimes.com/inflation/inflation.php?amount=2000&year=1927 |date=September 27, 2017}} Retrieved July 3, 2017</ref> of his own money from his salary as an air mail pilot and another $1,000 was donated by RAC. The total of $18,000 was far less than what was available to Lindbergh's rivals.<ref>Lindbergh 1953, pp. 25, 31.</ref>

The group tried to buy an "off-the-peg" single or multiengine monoplane from [[Wright Aeronautical]], then [[Travel Air]], and finally the newly formed [[Columbia Aircraft Corporation]], but all insisted on selecting the pilot as a condition of sale.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1927/04/16/archives/air-race-to-paris-promised-by-backer-of-bellanca-plane-will-follow.html  "Air Race to Paris promised by backer of Bellanca plane"] ''The New York Times'', April 16, 1927, p. 1</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1927/04/20/archives/mail-flier-chosen-for-bellanca-hop-l-w-bertaud-to-be-navigator.html  "Mail flier chosen for Bellanca hop"] ''The New York Times'', April 20, 1927, p. 11</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1927/04/29/archives/acosta-withdraws-from-paris-flight-relinquishes-chance-to-fly-in.html  "Acosta withdraws from Paris Flight"] ''The New York Times'', April 29, 1927, p. 23</ref> Finally the much smaller [[Ryan Aeronautical|Ryan Aircraft Company]] of [[San Diego]] agreed to design and build a custom monoplane for $10,580, and on {{nowrap|February 25}} a deal was formally closed.<ref>Lindbergh 1953, pp. 85–86.</ref> Dubbed the ''Spirit of St. Louis'', the fabric-covered, single-seat, single-engine "Ryan NYP" (for "New York-Paris") high-wing monoplane ([[Civil Aeronautics Authority|CAB]] registration: N-X-211) was designed jointly by Lindbergh and Ryan's chief engineer [[Donald A. Hall]].<ref>Hall, Nova "Spirit & Creator: The Mysterious Man Behind Lindbergh's Flight to Paris". Sheffield, MA:ATN Publishing (2002) p. 68</ref> The ''Spirit'' flew for the first time just two months later, and after a series of test flights Lindbergh took off from San Diego on {{nowrap|May 10}}. He went first to St. Louis, then on to [[Roosevelt Field]] on New York's [[Long Island]].<ref>Lindbergh 1953, pp. 134.</ref>

===Flight===
[[File:Charles Lindbergh and the Spirit of Saint Louis (Crisco restoration, with wings).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Lindbergh with the ''Spirit of St. Louis'' prior to his flight]]

In the early morning of Friday, {{nowrap|May 20}}, 1927, Lindbergh took off from [[Roosevelt Field (airport)|Roosevelt Field]] on [[Long Island]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/lindbergh-lands-in-paris |title=Charles Lindbergh completes the first solo, nonstop transatlantic flight |access-date=August 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812111539/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/lindbergh-lands-in-paris |archive-date=August 12, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgCIUUn7E-w|title=First Pictures Of Lindbergh As He Reaches Paris In Flight From New York|last=AP Archive|date=July 24, 2015|via=YouTube|access-date=December 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110224902/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgCIUUn7E-w|archive-date=November 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> His destination, [[Paris – Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Aerodrome]], was about seven miles outside [[Paris]] and 3,610 miles<ref name="Centennial-2022">{{Cite web |title=Dictionary: Charles A. Lindbergh |url=https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Dictionary/lindbergh/DI189.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113030538/https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Dictionary/lindbergh/DI189.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.centennialofflight.net}}</ref> from his starting point. He was "too busy the night before to lie down for more than a couple of hours," and "had been unable [to] sleep."<ref name="Waller-1962">{{Cite web |last=Waller |first=George |date=May 20, 1962 |title=Lindbergh, the Little Plane, the Big Atlantic |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/specials/lindbergh-plane.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113071008/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/specials/lindbergh-plane.html |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> It rained the morning of his takeoff, but as the plane "was wheeled into position on the runway," the rain ceased and light began to break through the "low-hanging clouds."<ref name="Waller-1962" /> A crowd variously described as "nearly a thousand"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lindbergh takes off from Roosevelt Field |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/si-77-2701hjpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514155814/https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/si-77-2701hjpg |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=airandspace.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> or "several thousand" assembled to see Lindbergh off, and he "walked around the plane on a final tour of inspection" after stepping from a "closed car where he had waited."<ref name="Waller-1962" /> For its transatlantic flight, the ''Spirit'' was loaded with {{convert|450|USgal|liter|abbr=off|sp=us}} of [[Aviation fuel|fuel]] that was filtered repeatedly to avoid fuel line blockage. The fuel load was a thousand pounds heavier than any the ''Spirit'' had lifted during a test flight, and the fully loaded airplane weighed 5,200&nbsp;lbs.,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Owen |first=Russell |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |last4= |last5= |first5= |date=May 21, 1927 |title=LINDBERGH LEAVES NEW YORK AT 7:52 A.M; With Cool Determination He Braves Death to Get Off in the Misty Dawn, Winning Out by Luck and Skill. |language=en-US |pages=Front page |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/05/21/archives/lindbergh-leaves-new-york-at-752-am-with-cool-determination-he.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Joe |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/809613299?oclcNum=809613299 |title=Atlantic Fever: Lindbergh, His Competitors, and the Race to Cross the Atlantic |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-250-03330-7 |edition= |location=New York |pages=233 |oclc= |quote=The plane weighed 2,000 pounds empty and 5,200 pounds with a full load of fuel.}}</ref> or {{convert|2.7|ST|kg}}. With takeoff hampered by a muddy, rain-soaked runway, the plane was "helped by men pushing at the wing struts," with the last man leaving the wings only a hundred yards down the runway.<ref name="Waller-1962" /> Lindbergh's monoplane was powered by a [[Wright R-790 Whirlwind|J-5C]] [[Wright Whirlwind]] radial engine and gained speed very slowly during its 7:52{{nbsp}}AM takeoff, but cleared telephone lines at the far end of the field "by about twenty feet [six meters] with a fair reserve of flying speed".<ref>Lindbergh 1927, p. 216.</ref>

[[File:Lindbergh takes off from Roosevelt Field.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Crowd assembled at [[Roosevelt Field]] to witness Lindbergh's departure]]

At 8:52&nbsp;AM, an hour after takeoff, Lindbergh was flying at an altitude of {{convert|500|ft|m}} over [[Rhode Island]], following an uneventful passage{{mdashb}}aside from some turbulence{{mdashb}}over [[Long Island Sound]] and [[Connecticut]].<ref name="PBS-2022" /> By 9:52 AM, he had passed [[Boston]] and was flying with [[Cape Cod]] to his right, with an [[airspeed]] of 107&nbsp;mph and altitude of 150&nbsp;ft; about an hour later he began to feel tired, even though only a few hours had elapsed since takeoff. To keep his mind clear, Lindbergh descended and flew at only 10 feet above the water's surface.<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a">{{Cite web |title=Lindbergh's Transatlantic Flight: New York to Paris Timeline |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/timeline.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113030546/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/timeline.asp |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.charleslindbergh.com}}</ref> By around 11:52&nbsp;AM, he had climbed to an altitude of 200 feet, and at this point was 400 miles distant from New York.<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a" /> [[Nova Scotia]] appeared ahead and, after flying over the [[Gulf of Maine]], he was only "six miles, or 2 degrees, off course."<ref name="PBS-2022" /> At 3:52 PM, the eastern coast of [[Cape Breton Island]] was below; he struggled to stay awake, even though it was "only the afternoon of the first day."<ref name="PBS-2022" /> At 5:52 PM, he was flying along the [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] coast, and passed [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]] at 7:15 PM.<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a" /><ref name="POF-2022">{{Cite web |title=The Route of Lindbergh's Transatlantic Flight |url=https://pioneersofflight.si.edu/node/224 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=pioneersofflight.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> On its May 21 front page, ''The New York Times'' ran a special cable from the prior evening: "Captain Lindbergh's airplane passed over St. John's at 8:15 o'clock tonight [7:15 New York Daylight Saving Time]...was seen by hundreds and disappeared seaward, heading for Ireland...It was flying quite low between the hills near St. John's."<ref name="NYT-Cable-1927">{{Cite news |last=Special Cable to The New York Times |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=May 21, 1927 |title=GETS HIS BEARINGS IN NEWFOUNDLAND; With the First Leg of His Flight to Paris Over, He Puts to Sea and Heads for Ireland |language=en-US |pages=Front page |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/05/21/archives/gets-his-bearings-in-newfoundland-with-the-first-leg-of-his-flight.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The ''Times'' also observed that Lindbergh was "following the track of [[Harry Hawker|Hawker and Greeve]] and also of [[Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown|Alcock and Brown]] on the first transatlantic flight eight years ago."<ref name="NYT-Cable-1927" />

{{Multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 
| image1            = Map showing Lindbergh's route on the Saturday, May 21, 1927 front page of the San Diego Evening Tribune.jpg
| caption1          = Map of Lindbergh's route on the May 21, 1927 front page of the ''[[The San Diego Union-Tribune|San Diego Evening Tribune]]'', by artist Wallace Hamilton
| image2            = Great Circle Sailing Chart of the North Atlantic annotated by Lindbergh.jpg
| caption2          = [[Great-circle navigation|Great circle]] sailing chart of the North Atlantic with [[gnomonic projection]], published by the [[United States Hydrographic Office|U.S. Hydrographic Office]] and annotated by Lindbergh. He described this chart as a "nugget of gold,"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Circle Sailing Chart of the North Atlantic Ocean. |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_06778/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117185046/https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_06778/ |archive-date=January 17, 2024 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> and used it to plot the course of his 1927 flight
| total_width       = 300
}}

Stars appeared as night fell around 8&nbsp;PM. The sea became totally obscured by fog, prompting Lindbergh to climb "from an altitude of 800 ft to 7500 ft to stay above the quickly-rising cloud."<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a" /> An hour later, he was flying at 10,000 feet. A towering [[Cumulonimbus|thunderhead]] stood in front of him, and he flew into the cloud, but turned back after he noticed ice forming on the plane.<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a" /> While inside the cloud, Lindbergh "thrust a bare hand through the cockpit window," and felt the "sting of ice particles."<ref name="Waller-1962" /> After returning to open sky, he "curved back to his course."<ref name="Waller-1962" /> At 11:52 PM, Lindbergh was in warmer air, and no ice remained on the ''Spirit''; he was flying 90&nbsp;mph at 10,000&nbsp;ft, and was 500 miles from Newfoundland.<ref name="PBS-2022">{{Cite web |title=Lindbergh's Transatlantic Flight: New York to Paris {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/lindbergh-transatlantic-flight-new-york-paris/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113030536/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/lindbergh-transatlantic-flight-new-york-paris/ |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.pbs.org |language=en}}</ref> Eighteen hours into the flight, he was halfway to Paris, and while he had planned to celebrate at this point, he instead felt "only dread."<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a" /> Because Lindbergh flew through several time zones, dawn came earlier, at around 2:52 AM.<ref name="PBS-2022" /> He began to hallucinate about two hours later.<ref name="PBS-2022" /> At this point in the flight, he "continually" fell asleep, awakening "seconds, possibly minutes, later."<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a" /> But after "flying for hours in or above the fog," the weather finally began to clear. 7:52 AM marked twenty-four hours in the air for Lindbergh and, fortunately, he did not feel as tired by this point.<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a" />

Finally, at around 9:52 AM New York time, or twenty-seven hours after he left Roosevelt Field, Lindbergh saw "porpoises and fishing boats," a sign he had reached the other side of the Atlantic.<ref name="PBS-2022" /><ref name="Minn-Hist-Soc-2022" /> He circled and flew closely, but no fishermen appeared on the boat decks, although he did see a face watching from a porthole.<ref name="PBS-2022" /><ref name="Waller-1962" /> [[Dingle Bay]], in [[County Kerry]] of southwest [[Ireland]], was the first European land that Lindbergh encountered; he veered to get a better look and consulted his charts, identifying it as the southern tip of Ireland.<ref name="Gill1977">{{cite book |last=Gill |first=Brendan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Da0RjoF-O0EC&pg=PA114 |title=Lindbergh Alone |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-87351-426-2 |page=114}}</ref><ref name="POF-2022" /><ref name="PBS-2022" /> The local time in Ireland was 3 PM.<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a" /> Flying over Dingle Bay, the ''Spirit'' was "2.5 hours ahead of schedule and less than three miles off course."<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a" /> Lindbergh had navigated "almost precisely to the coastal point he had marked on his chart."<ref name="Waller-1962" /> He wanted to reach the French coast in daylight, so increased his speed to 110&nbsp;mph.<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a" /> The English coast appeared ahead of him, and he was "now wide awake."<ref name="PBS-2022" /> A report came from [[Plymouth]], on the English coast, that Lindbergh's plane had started across the [[English Channel]].<ref name="Waller-1962" /> News soon spread across both "Europe and the United States that Lindbergh had been spotted over England," and a crowd started to form at Le Bourget Aerodrome as he neared Paris.<ref name="Minn-Hist-Soc-2022" /> At sunset, he flew over [[Cherbourg]], on the French coast 200 miles from Paris; it was around 2:52 PM New York time.<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a" /><ref name="PBS-2022" />

Over the {{frac|33|1|2}} hours of his flight, Lindbergh faced many challenges, which included skimming over [[Cumulonimbus cloud|storm clouds]] at {{convert|10000|ft|m|abbr=on}} and wave tops at as low as {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The aircraft fought [[Icing conditions|icing]], flew blind through fog for several hours, and Lindbergh navigated only by [[Dead reckoning#Air|dead reckoning]] (he was not proficient at navigating [[Celestial navigation|by the sun and stars]] and he rejected [[radio navigation]] gear as heavy and unreliable). He was fortunate that the winds over the Atlantic cancelled each other out, giving him zero wind drift—and thus accurate navigation during the long flight over featureless ocean.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/even-lindbergh-got-lost-3381643/ |title=In the 1920s, Only One Man Held the Key to Aerial Navigation |last=Connor |first=Roger |work=[[Air & Space/Smithsonian]] |date=February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113102646/https://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/even-lindbergh-got-lost-3381643/ |archive-date=November 13, 2017 |access-date=January 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/the-history-and-science-behind-the-lindbergh-longines-hour-angle-watch/ |title=The Science, History, And Romance Behind The Longines Lindbergh Hour Angle Watch |work=Hodinkee |last=Forster |first=Jack |date=September 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084305/https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/the-history-and-science-behind-the-lindbergh-longines-hour-angle-watch/ |archive-date=January 27, 2018 |access-date=January 24, 2018}} More on the navigational issues and one of his post-flight attempts to reduce them.</ref>

[[File:First Pictures of Lindbergh as He Reaches Paris In Flight From New York.webm|thumb|left| Silent short film documenting his flight and landing in Paris]]

On arriving at Paris, Lindbergh "circled the Eiffel Tower" before flying to the airfield.<ref name="Centennial-2022" /> He flew over the crowd at [[Paris – Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Aerodrome]] at 10:16 and landed at 10:22 PM on Saturday, {{nowrap|May 21}}, on the far side of the field and "nearly half a mile from the crowd," as reported by ''The New York Times''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Lindbergh's ''Spirit of St. Louis'' flight log book entry, May 20, 1927 |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/log.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207133529/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/log.asp |archive-date=December 7, 2017 |access-date=December 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>Lindbergh 1927, pp. 218–222.</ref><ref name="james19270522" /> The airfield was not marked on his map and Lindbergh knew only that it was some seven miles northeast of the city; he initially mistook it for some large industrial complex because of the bright lights spreading out in all directions{{mdashb}}in fact the headlights of tens of thousands of spectators' cars caught in "the largest traffic jam in Paris history" in their attempt to be present for Lindbergh's landing.<ref>[[Bill Bryson|Bryson, Bill]], "The Redeeming Spirit of Sr. Louis", ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', September 15, 2013, News Review. p. 2. (from:, Bryson. B. ''[[One Summer: America, 1927]]'', 2013, New York, [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]].</ref>

[[File:SoSL Fabric 1927.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Samples of the ''Spirit's'' linen covering]]

A crowd estimated at 150,000 stormed the field, dragged Lindbergh out of the cockpit, and carried him around above their heads for "nearly half an hour."<ref name="Lindbergh-1927" /> Among the crowd were two future Indian prime ministers, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and his daughter, [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tharoor |first1=Shashi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDuCDwAAQBAJ&q=nehru+at+le+bourget&pg=PT70 |title=Nehru: The Invention of India |date=October 17, 2011 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-62872-198-0}}</ref> Some minor damage was done to the ''Spirit'' (especially to the fine linen, silver-painted fabric covering on the [[fuselage]]) by souvenir hunters before pilot and plane reached the safety of a nearby hangar with the aid of French military fliers, soldiers, and police.<ref name="Lindbergh-1927">Lindbergh 1927, pp. 224–226.</ref> The ''Times'' reported that before the police could intervene the "souvenir mad" spectators "stripped the plane of everything which could be taken off," and were cutting off pieces of linen when "a squad of soldiers with fixed bayonets quickly surrounded" the plane, providing guard as it was "wheeled into a shed."<ref name="james19270522" /> Lindbergh met the [[List of ambassadors of the United States to France|U.S. Ambassador to France]], [[Myron T. Herrick]], across Le Bourget field in a "little room with a few chairs and an army cot."<ref name="Herrick-2022">{{Cite web |title=Myron Herrick Biography |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/herrick.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112233223/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/herrick.asp |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=www.charleslindbergh.com}}</ref> The lights in the room were turned off to conceal his presence from the frenzied crowd, which "surged madly" trying to find him. Lindbergh shook hands with Herrick and handed him several letters he had carried across the Atlantic, three of which were from [[Colonel (United States)|Col.]] [[Theodore Roosevelt Jr.]], son of former President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], who had written letters of introduction at Lindbergh's request.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 23, 1927 |title=Lindbergh Feared Being Unknown in Paris; This Explains Letters From Roosevelt |pages=4 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/05/23/archives/lindbergh-feared-being-unknown-in-paris-this-explains-letters-from.html |access-date=12 Nov 2022}}</ref><ref name="Herrick-2022" /> Lindbergh left the airfield around midnight and was driven through Paris to the ambassador's residence, stopping to visit the French Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the [[Arc de Triomphe]];<ref name="Herrick-2022" /> after arriving at the residence, he slept for the first time in about 60 hours.<ref name="james19270522" /><ref name="Minn-Hist-Soc-2022">{{Cite web |title=New York-to-Paris Flight |url=https://www.mnhs.org/lindbergh/learn/aviation/famous-flight |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112233221/https://www.mnhs.org/lindbergh/learn/aviation/famous-flight |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=Minnesota Historical Society: Charles Lindbergh House and Museum |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a" />

Lindbergh's flight was certified by the [[National Aeronautic Association]] of the United States based on the readings from a sealed [[barograph]] placed in the ''Spirit''.<ref>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/paris.asp "Certification of Charles Lindbergh's flight required several documents to prove the performance" in "Lindbergh Flies the Atlantic, 1927".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527170854/http://charleslindbergh.com/history/paris.asp |date=May 27, 2013}} CharlesLindbergh.com, 2007. Retrieved: January 27, 2013.</ref><ref>''[[The Milwaukee Sentinel]]'' – June 23, 1929</ref>

==Global fame==
[[File:CharlesLindbergh-RaymondOrteig.jpg|left|upright=0.85|thumb|Lindbergh accepting the prize from [[Raymond Orteig]] in New York, {{nowrap|June 16}}, 1927<ref name="gettysburg lindbergh check" />]]

Lindbergh received unprecedented acclaim after his historic flight. In the words of biographer [[A. Scott Berg]], people were "behaving as though Lindbergh had walked on water, not flown over it".<ref name=belfiore2007>[[A. Scott Berg]], as cited in Belfiore 2007, p. 17.</ref>{{rp|17}} ''[[The New York Times]]'' printed an [[above the fold]], page-wide headline: "Lindbergh Does It!"<ref name="james19270522">{{Cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0521.html |title=Lindbergh Does It! To Paris in 33 1/2 Hours; Flies 1,000 Miles Through Snow and Sleet; Cheering French Carry Him Off Field |last=James |first=Edwin L. |date=May 22, 1927 |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 19, 2019 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112012038/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0521.html |archive-date=January 12, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and his mother's house in Detroit was surrounded by a crowd reported at nearly a thousand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elkharttruth.com/image/2014/05/02/800x8000)b0/Pages-From-Our-Past-Charles-Lindbergh-1927.jpg|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140604004224/http://www.elkharttruth.com/image/2014/05/02/800x8000)b0/Pages-From-Our-Past-Charles-Lindbergh-1927.jpg|url-status=dead|title=Pages-From-Our-Past-Charles-Lindbergh-1927.jpg (800x1070 pixels)|date=June 4, 2014|archive-date=June 4, 2014}}</ref> He became "an international celebrity, with invitations pouring in for him to visit European countries," and he "received marriage proposals, invitations to visit cities across the nation, and thousands of gifts, letters, and endorsement requests."<ref name="Minn-Hist-Soc-2021">{{Cite web |title=Promoting Flight |url=https://www.mnhs.org/lindbergh/learn/aviation/promoting |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226160702/https://www.mnhs.org/lindbergh/learn/aviation/promoting |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Minnesota Historical Society |language=en}}</ref> At least "200 songs were written" in tribute to him and his flight.<ref name="Minn-Hist-Soc-2021" /> "[[Lucky Lindy!]]", written and composed by [[L. Wolfe Gilbert]] and [[Abel Baer]], was finished on May 21 itself, and was "performed to great acclaim in several Manhattan clubs" that night.<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022b">{{Cite web |title=Charles Lindbergh Music |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/music/index.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007101253/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/music/index.asp |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=www.charleslindbergh.com}}</ref> [[Leo Feist]] printed the song, and it was "on sale by Monday, May 23."<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022b" /> After landing, Lindbergh was eager to embark on a tour of Europe. As he noted in a speech a few weeks afterward, his flight marked the first time he "had ever been abroad," and he "landed with the expectancy, and the hope, of being able to see Europe."<ref name="Minn-Hist-Soc-2021" />

The morning after landing, Lindbergh appeared in the balcony of the [[Embassy of the United States, Paris|U.S. embassy]], responding "briefly and modestly" to the calls of the crowd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lindbergh Flies the Atlantic, 1927 |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/paris.asp |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=www.charleslindbergh.com |publisher=Spirit of St. Louis 2 Project}}</ref> The [[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)|French Foreign Office]] flew the American flag, the first time it had saluted someone who was not a head of state.<ref>Costigliola 1984, p. 180.</ref> At the [[Élysée Palace]], French [[List of presidents of France|President]] [[Gaston Doumergue]] bestowed the [[Légion d'honneur]] on Lindbergh, pinning the award on his lapel, with Ambassador [[Myron T. Herrick|Herrick]] present for the occasion.{{sfn|Bryson|2013|p=101}}<ref name="CriticalPast-1927">{{Cite web |date=1927 |title=Charles Lindbergh receives the French 'Cross of Legion of Honor' from President Doumergue. |url=https://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675031336_Charles-Lindbergh_Cross-of-Legion-of-Honor_President-Gaston-Doumergue_Myron-Herrick |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=www.criticalpast.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kessner |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJXdVyREaYcC |title=The Flight of the Century: Charles Lindbergh and the Rise of American Aviation |date=2010-07-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975264-5 |pages=109 |language=en |quote=Kissing him on both cheeks, the president pinned the Cross of the Legion of Honor on Lindbergh's lapel. When they returned to the embassy Herrick helped Lindbergh read through the more important cables and draft responses.}}</ref> Lindbergh also made flights to Belgium and Great Britain in the ''Spirit'' before returning to the United States. On May 28, Lindbergh flew to [[Haren Airport|Evere Aerodrome]] in [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]], circling the field three times for the cheering crowd and taxiing to a halt just after 3&nbsp;PM, as a group of a thousand children waved American flags.<ref name="UPI-1927">{{Cite web |date=May 28, 1927 |title=Lindbergh welcomed in Belgium |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1927/05/28/Lindbergh-welcomed-in-Belgium/6103831841378/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=UPI |publisher=United Press International, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> On his way to Evere, Lindbergh had met an escort of ten planes from the airport, who found him on course near [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]] but had trouble keeping up as the ''Spirit'' was averaging "about 100 miles an hour."<ref name="UPI-1927" /> On landing, Lindbergh was welcomed by military officers and prominent officials, including Belgian [[Prime Minister of Belgium|Prime Minister]] [[Henri Jaspar]], who led the procession of Lindbergh's plane to a "platform where it was raised to the view of cheering thousands."<ref name="UPI-1927" /> "It was a splendid flight," Lindbergh declared, stating: "I enjoyed every minute of it. The motor is in fine shape and I could circle Europe without touching it."<ref name="UPI-1927" /> Belgian troops with fixed bayonets protected the ''Spirit'' to avoid a repeat of the damage incident at Le Bourget.<ref name="UPI-1927" /> From Evere, Lindbergh motored to the U.S. embassy, and then went to place a wreath on the [[Congress Column|Belgian tomb of the unknown soldier]].<ref name="UPI-1927" /> He then visited the [[Royal Palace of Brussels|Belgian royal palace]] at the invitation of [[Albert I of Belgium|King Albert I]], where the king made Lindbergh a Knight of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]]; as Lindbergh shook the king's hand, he said: "I have heard much of the famous soldier-king of the Belgians."<ref name="UPI-1927" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 25, 1927 |title=ALBERT WILL RECEIVE LINDBERGH SATURDAY; Belgians Plan to Vie With the French in the Warmth of Their Reception. |pages=2 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/05/25/archives/albert-will-receive-lindbergh-saturday-belgians-plan-to-vie-with.html |access-date=13 Nov 2022}}</ref> The [[United Press International|United Press]] reported that "One million persons are in Brussels today to greet Lindbergh," constituting "the greatest welcome ever accorded a private citizen in Belgium."<ref name="UPI-1927" />

[[File:Charles Lindbergh arrived at Croydon Field, Surrey, England, May 29, 1927.jpg|thumb|The ''Spirit'' mobbed by a crowd at [[Croydon Airport|Croydon Air Field]] in South London on May 29, 1927<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 1927 |title=Croydon Battle to Welcome Atlantic Hero |pages=cover page |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000560/19270530/001/0001 |access-date=14 Nov 2022 |quote=The famous monoplane 'Spirit of St. Louis,' which brought her intrepid pilot, Captain Lindbergh, alone across the Atlantic, and yesterday from Brussels to Croydon}}</ref>]]

After Belgium, Lindbergh traveled to the [[United Kingdom]]. He departed Brussels and arrived at [[Croydon Airport|Croydon Air Field]] in the ''Spirit'' on May 29, where a crowd of 100,000 "mobbed" him.<ref name="croydonairport.org.uk">{{cite web |last=Basing |first=Tavis |title=Historic Croydon Airport |url=http://croydonairport.org.uk/The-Airport/The-History |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909054148/http://croydonairport.org.uk/The-Airport/The-History |archive-date=2017-09-09 |access-date=3 February 2018 |website=Croydonairport.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 30, 1927 |title=OFFICIALS SWEPT ASIDE.; Pandemonium Reigns When Lindbergh Lands at Croydon. |pages=2 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/05/30/archives/officials-swept-aside-pandemonium-reigns-when-lindbergh-lands-at.html |access-date=November 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 1927 |title=Thousands greet Lindbergh in London - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1927/05/30/Thousands-greet-Lindbergh-in-London/9390182481417/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612052250/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1927/05/30/Thousands-greet-Lindbergh-in-London/9390182481417/ |archive-date=June 12, 2021 |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=UPI |publisher=United Press International, Inc. |language=en |quote=Greeted by the cheers of 100,000 persons, Capt. Charles A. Lindbergh arrived at Croydon airport Sunday night.}}</ref> Before reaching the airfield he overflew London where crowds, some on roofs, "gazed at the flyer" and observers with "field glasses in the [[West End of London|West End]] business district" watched him.<ref name="UPI-1927a">{{Cite web |date=May 30, 1927 |title=Thousands greet Lindbergh in London - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1927/05/30/Thousands-greet-Lindbergh-in-London/9390182481417/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612052250/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1927/05/30/Thousands-greet-Lindbergh-in-London/9390182481417/ |archive-date=June 12, 2021 |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=UPI |publisher=United Press International, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> About 50 minutes before he landed, the "roads leading toward Croydon airport were jammed."<ref name="UPI-1927a" /> Flying into the airfield, Lindbergh "appeared on the horizon" at 5:50 PM accompanied by six British military planes, but the massive crowd "swept over the guard lines" and forced him to circle the airfield "while police battled the crowd," and "not until 10 minutes later had they cleared a space large enough" for him to land.<ref name="UPI-1927a" /> Police reserves were sent to the airfield in "large numbers," but it was not enough to contain the multitude. As the plane came to a stop, the crowd "waved American flags, smashed fences and knocked down police," while Lindbergh himself was described as "grinning and serene" amid the "seething" crowd.<ref name="UPI-1927a" /> The United Press reported that a "man's leg was broken in the crush," and another man fell from atop a hangar and suffered internal injuries.<ref name="UPI-1927a" /> English officials were reportedly "surprised" by the enthusiasm of the welcome.<ref name="UPI-1927a" /> A limousine pulled near the ''Spirit'', escorting Lindbergh to a tower on the field where he responded to the cheering crowd. "All I can say is that this is worse than what happened at Le Bourget Field," he told them. "But all the same, I'm glad to be here."<ref name="UPI-1927a" /> When he reached the reception room where British Secretary of State for Air [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Sir Samuel Hoare]], U.S. Ambassador [[Alanson B. Houghton]], and others waited, his first words were: "Save my plane!"<ref name="UPI-1927a" /> Mechanics moved the ''Spirit'' to a hangar where it was placed "under a military guard."<ref name="UPI-1927a" /> Also present at Croydon were former [[Secretary of State for Air]] [[Christopher Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson|Lord Thomson]], Director of Civil Aviation [[Sefton Brancker|Sir Sefton Brancker]], and [[Brigadier-general (United Kingdom)|Brig. Gen.]] [[Percy Groves|P. R. C. Groves]].<ref name="UPI-1927a" />

[[File:Charles Lindbergh flight to Brussels.ogg|thumb|left|Newsreel of Lindbergh landing in [[Brussels, Belgium]] soon after his historic transatlantic flight<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Sharad J |title=In Celebration of Charles Lindbergh and his Transatlantic Flight |url=https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2017/02/02/celebration-charles-lindbergh-transatlantic-flight/#.Xt5qXDpKhhE |website=Smithsonian Unbound |access-date=June 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608171113/https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2017/02/02/celebration-charles-lindbergh-transatlantic-flight/#.Xt5qXDpKhhE |archive-date=June 8, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]]

Accompanied by two [[Royal Air Force]] planes, he then flew 90 miles from Croydon to [[Gosport]], where he left the ''Spirit'' to be dismantled for shipment back to New York.<ref name="Reynolds-1927">{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=H. K. |date=31 May 1927 |title=Air Force Cross is Conferred Upon Lindbergh |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/244202579/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=Tallahassee Democrat |page=1 |language=en}}</ref> On May 31, accompanied by an attache of the [[Embassy of the United States, London|U.S. Embassy]], Lindbergh visited British Prime Minister [[Stanley Baldwin]] at [[10 Downing Street]] and then motored to [[Buckingham Palace]], where [[George V|King George V]] received him as a guest and awarded him the British [[Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)|Air Force Cross]].<ref name="Reynolds-1927" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lindbergh returning to U.S. on warship - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1927/05/31/Lindbergh-returning-to-US-on-warship/3182134187047/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=[[UPI]] |language=en}}</ref> In anticipation of Lindbergh's visit to the palace, a crowd massed "hoping to get a glimpse" of him.<ref name="Reynolds-1927" /> The crowd became so great that police had to call in reserves from [[Scotland Yard]].<ref name="Reynolds-1927" /> Upon his arrival back in the United States aboard the U.S. Navy [[cruiser]] {{USS|Memphis|CL-13}} on {{nowrap|June 11}}, 1927, a fleet of warships and multiple flights of military aircraft escorted him up the [[Potomac River]] to the [[Washington Navy Yard]], where President [[Calvin Coolidge]] awarded him the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]].<ref>Mosley 1976, p. 117.</ref><ref>Lindbergh 1927, pp. 267–268.</ref> Lindbergh received the first award of this medal, but it violated the authorizing regulation. Coolidge's own executive order, published in March 1927, required recipients to perform their feats of airmanship "while participating in an aerial flight as part of the duties incident to such membership [in the Organized Reserves]", which Lindbergh very clearly failed to satisfy.<ref>Mears, Medal of Honor, 90-91</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/04601.html|title=Executive Order 4601--Distinguished Flying Cross|access-date=April 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015134714/http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/04601.html|archive-date=October 15, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[United States Postal Service#History|U.S. Post Office Department]] issued a 10-cent [[Airmails of the United States|air mail]] stamp (Scott C-10) depicting the ''Spirit'' and a map of the flight.
[[File:Charles Lindbergh receiving the Distinguished Flying Cross from President Calvin Coolidge.jpg|thumb|President [[Calvin Coolidge]] awarding Lindbergh the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]], June 11, 1927]]
Lindbergh flew from Washington, D.C., to New York City on {{nowrap|June 13}}, arriving in [[Lower Manhattan]]. He traveled up the [[Broadway (Manhattan)#Canyon of Heroes|Canyon of Heroes]] to City Hall, where he was received by Mayor [[Jimmy Walker]]. A [[ticker-tape parade]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gvq0vwLaeko|title=Stock Footage - Charles Lindbergh. 1927. Crowds. Parade. Tickertape. Police / NYC Celebrate|last=MyFootage.com|date=June 23, 2011|via=YouTube|access-date=December 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309230430/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gvq0vwLaeko|archive-date=March 9, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> followed to [[Central Park Mall]], where he was honored at another ceremony hosted by New York Governor [[Al Smith]] and attended by a crowd of 200,000. Some 4,000,000 people saw Lindbergh that day.<ref>Rae, Bruce [https://www.nytimes.com/1927/06/14/archives/4000000-hail-air-hero-enthralled-by-his-daring-deed-city-cheers.html  "4,000,000 Hail Air Hero; Enthralled by His Daring Deed, City Cheers From Depths of Its Heart. Miles of Streets Jammed; Boyish Conqueror Honored at City Hall and Again by the Crowd in Central Park. Progress a Vast Ovation; Glittering Military Display and Gayly Decked Buildings Are Enhanced by Ideal Weather"]. ''The New York Times'', June 14, 1927, p. 1.</ref><ref>"Lindbergh Parade Has 10,000 Troops; Soldiers, Sailors and Marines Precede Flier From Battery to Central Park". ''The New York Times'', June 14, 1927, p. 4.</ref><ref>"Radio Keeps Pace with Lindbergh; Announcers Along Route Tell of His Progress, Noise Drowning Their Voices at Times. Every Detail Is Covered; 15,000,000 Are Thus Able to Take Part in Welcome and Escape Milling Crowds." ''The New York Times'', June 14, 1927, p. 16.</ref> At Central Park, Governor Smith awarded him the New York Medal for Valor.<ref name="Kessner-2010" /> That evening, Lindbergh was accompanied by his mother and Mayor Walker when he was the guest of honor at a 500-guest banquet and dance held at [[Clarence Mackay|Clarence MacKay]]'s Long Island estate, [[Harbor Hill]].<ref>Bill Bryson, "One Summer: America, 1927" (Doubleday 1913)</ref>

[[File:Cal banquet.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|The New York City ''"WE"''  Banquet, held on June 14, 1927]]
The following night, Lindbergh was honored with a grand banquet at the [[Commodore Hotel New York|Hotel Commodore]] given by the Mayor's Committee on Receptions of the City of New York and attended by some 3,700 people.<ref>"Cheers of 3,700 Acclaim Lindbergh as City Gives Great Dinner for Him". ''The New York Times'', June 15, 1927, p. 1.</ref> He was officially awarded the check for the prize on {{nowrap|June 16}}.<ref name="gettysburg lindbergh check">[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19270617&id=DOMlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=o_UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=920,1399980 "Lindbergh given check by Orteig"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929022145/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19270617&id=DOMlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=o_UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=920,1399980 |date=September 29, 2015}}. ''[[The Gettysburg Times]]'' (Associated Press), June 17, 1927, p. 2. Retrieved: January 8, 2016.</ref>

On July 18, 1927, Lindbergh was promoted to the rank of colonel in the Air Corps of the [[United States Army Reserve|Officers Reserve Corps]] of the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]].<ref>National Guard Register, 1928. p. 529.</ref>

On {{nowrap|December 14}}, 1927, a Special [[Act of Congress]] awarded Lindbergh the [[Medal of Honor]], despite the fact that it was almost always awarded for heroism in combat.<ref>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/moh.asp "Charles Lindbergh Medal of Honor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811210151/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/moh.asp |date=August 11, 2007}}. charleslindbergh.com, 2014. Retrieved: January 8, 2016.</ref> It was presented to Lindbergh by President Coolidge at the [[White House]] on {{nowrap|March 21}}, 1928.<ref>''The New York Times''. March 22, 1928.</ref> Curiously, the medal contradicted Coolidge's earlier executive order directing that "not more than one of the several decorations authorized by Federal law will be awarded for the same act of heroism or extraordinary achievement" (Lindbergh was recognized for the same act with both the Medal of Honor and the Distinguished Flying Cross).<ref>Mears, Medal of Honor, 91</ref> The statute authorizing the award was also criticized for apparently violating procedure; House legislators reportedly neglected to have their votes counted.<ref>Mears, Medal of Honor, 138</ref> Similar noncombat awards of the Medal of Honor were also authorized by special statutes and awarded to naval aviators [[Richard E. Byrd]] and [[Floyd Bennett]], as well as arctic explorer [[Adolphus W. Greely]]. In addition, the Medal of Honor awarded to General [[Douglas MacArthur]] was reportedly based on the Lindbergh precedent, although MacArthur notably lacked implementing legislation, which probably rendered his award unlawful.<ref>Mears, Medal of Honor, 144</ref>

Lindbergh was honored as the first ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine [[Time Person of the Year|Man of the Year]] (now called "Person of the Year") when he appeared on that magazine's cover at age 25 on {{nowrap|January 2}}, 1928;<ref>{{cite news|last1=Alexander|first1=Saffron|title=Charles Lindbergh to Angela Merkel: Time's Person of the Year through the ages|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/goodlife/living/charles-lindbergh-to-angela-merkel-times-person-of-the-year-thro/|access-date=September 14, 2017|work=The Telegraph|date=December 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917210951/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/goodlife/living/charles-lindbergh-to-angela-merkel-times-person-of-the-year-thro/|archive-date=September 17, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> he remained the youngest ''Time'' Person of the Year until [[Greta Thunberg]] surpassed his record in 2019. The winner of the 1930 Best Woman Aviator of the Year Award, [[Elinor Smith|Elinor Smith Sullivan]], said that before Lindbergh's flight:

[[File:Spirit of St. Louis Smithsonian.JPG|thumb|right|The ''Spirit of St. Louis'' on display at the [[National Air and Space Museum]]]]

{{blockquote|People seemed to think we [aviators] were from outer space or something. But after Charles Lindbergh's flight, we could do no wrong. It's hard to describe the impact Lindbergh had on people. Even the first walk on the moon doesn't come close. The twenties was such an innocent time, and people were still so religious—I think they felt like this man was sent by God to do this. And it changed aviation forever because all of a sudden the [[Wall Street]]ers were banging on doors looking for airplanes to invest in. We'd been standing on our heads trying to get them to notice us but after Lindbergh, suddenly everyone wanted to fly, and there weren't enough planes to carry them.<ref>Jennings and Brewster 1998, p. 420.</ref>
}}

===Autobiography and tours===
{{Main|"WE" (1927 book)}}
[[File:"WE" Cover (1927 book).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|''"[["WE" (1927 book)|WE]]"'' 1st Edition, 1927]]
Barely two months after Lindbergh arrived in Paris, G. P. Putnam's Sons published his 318-page autobiography ''"WE"'', which was the first of 15 books he eventually wrote or to which he made significant contributions. The company was run by aviation enthusiast [[George P. Putnam]].<ref>Herrmann, Anne [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cc=mqr;c=mqr;c=mqrarchive;idno=act2080.0039.110;rgn=main;view=text;xc=1;g=mqrg "On Amelia Earhart: The Aviatrix as American Dandy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921083656/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cc=mqr;c=mqr;c=mqrarchive;idno=act2080.0039.110;rgn=main;view=text;xc=1;g=mqrg |date=September 21, 2016}} Ann Arnbor, MI: ''[[Michigan Quarterly Review]]'' Volume XXXIX, Issue 1, Winter 2000</ref>
The dustjacket notes said that Lindbergh wanted to share the "story of his life and his transatlantic flight together with his views on the future of aviation", and that ''"WE"'' referred to the "spiritual partnership" that had developed "between himself and his airplane during the dark hours of his flight".<ref>Wohl, Robert. ''The Spectacle of Flight: Aviation and the Western Imagination, 1920–1950''. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-300-10692-3}} p. 35.</ref><ref>Lindbergh, Charles A. ''"WE"'' (with an appendix entitled "A Little of what the World thought of Lindbergh" by [[Fitzhugh Green Sr.|Fitzhugh Green]], pp.&nbsp;233–318). New York & London: G. P. Putnam's Sons (The Knickerbocker Press), July 1927. Dustjacket notes, First Edition, July 1927</ref> However, as Berg wrote in 1998, Putnam's chose the title without "Lindbergh's knowledge or approval," and Lindbergh would "forever complain about it, that his use of 'we' meant him and his backers, not him and his plane, as the press had people believing"; nonetheless, as Berg remarked, "his frequent unconscious use of the phrase suggested otherwise."<ref name="Berg-1998b">{{Cite book |last=Berg |first=A. Scott |url=http://archive.org/details/lindbergh000berg |title=Lindbergh |publisher=New York : G.P. Putnam's |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-399-14449-3 |pages=166–167}}</ref>

Putnam's sold special autographed copies of the book for $25 each, all of which were purchased before publication.<ref name="Berg-1998b" /> ''"WE"'' was soon translated into most major languages and sold more than 650,000 copies in the first year, earning Lindbergh more than $250,000. Its success was considerably aided by Lindbergh's three-month, {{convert|22,350|mi|km|adj=on}} tour of the United States in the ''Spirit'' on behalf of the [[Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics]]. Between {{nowrap|July 20}} and {{nowrap|October 23}}, 1927, Lindbergh visited 82 cities in all 48 states, rode {{convert|1290|mi|km|abbr=on}} in parades, and delivered 147 speeches before 30 million people.<ref name="Berg 1998 Chapt 7">Berg (1998) Chapt 7</ref>

[[File:AL 0157 0026.jpg|thumb|Senator [[Samuel H. Piles]] and Colombian President [[Miguel Abadía Méndez]] with Lindbergh during his trip to Colombia in 1928 (first, second and third from left, respectively).]]

Lindbergh then toured 16 Latin American countries between {{nowrap|December 13}}, 1927, and {{nowrap|February 8}}, 1928. Dubbed the "Good Will Tour", it included stops in [[Mexico]] (where he also met his future wife, Anne, the daughter of U.S. Ambassador [[Dwight Morrow]]), [[Guatemala]], [[British Honduras]], [[El Salvador]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[First Costa Rican Republic|Costa Rica]], [[Panama]], the [[Panama Canal Zone|Canal Zone]], [[Colombia]], [[United States of Venezuela|Venezuela]], [[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|St. Thomas]], [[Puerto Rico]], the [[Third Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]], [[Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)|Haiti]], and [[Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)|Cuba]], covering {{convert|9,390|mi|km}} in just over 116 hours of flight time.<ref name="American Aviator"/><ref>Berg 1998, Chapter 7, Kindle location 3548–3555</ref> A year and two days after it had made its first flight, Lindbergh flew the ''Spirit'' from St. Louis to Washington, D.C., where it has been on public display at the [[Smithsonian Institution]] ever since.<ref>"Lindbergh Flies to Museum With Spirit of St. Louis Today", ''The New York Times'' April 30, 1928, p. 1</ref> Over the previous 367 days, Lindbergh and the ''Spirit'' had logged 489 hours 28 minutes of flight time together.<ref>Reynolds, Quentin. [https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/specials/lindbergh-spiritof.html "The Bold Victory of a Man Alone"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201093405/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/specials/lindbergh-spiritof.html |date=December 1, 2016}}. ''[[The New York Times Book Review]]'', September 13, 1953.</ref>

A "[[Lindbergh Boom|Lindbergh boom]]" in aviation had begun. The volume of mail moving by air{{where|date=January 2017}} increased 50 percent within six months, applications for pilots' licenses tripled, and the number of planes quadrupled.<ref name=belfiore2007/>{{rp|17}}
President [[Herbert Hoover]] appointed Lindbergh to the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]].<ref>Cole 1974, p. 67.</ref>

Lindbergh and [[Pan American World Airways]] head [[Juan Trippe]] were interested in developing an air route across Alaska and Siberia to China and Japan. In the summer of 1931, with Trippe's support, Lindbergh and his wife flew from Long Island to [[Nome, Alaska]], and from there to Siberia, Japan and China. The flight was carried out with a [[Lockheed Model 8 Sirius]] named [[Tingmissartoq]]. The route was not available for commercial service until after World War{{nbsp}}II, as prewar aircraft lacked the range to fly [[Territory of Alaska|Alaska]] to Japan nonstop, and the United States had not officially recognized the Soviet government.<ref>Kiffer, Dave. [http://www.sitnews.us/Kiffer/PanAm/122906_Pan_Am_Airways.html "Pan Am: once Ketchikan's link to the outside world"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102241/http://www.sitnews.us/Kiffer/PanAm/122906_Pan_Am_Airways.html |date=September 24, 2015}}. ''SitNews'', September 8, 2015. Retrieved: January 8, 2016.</ref> In China they volunteered to help in disaster investigation and relief efforts for the [[Central China flood of 1931]].<ref name="Courtney">Courtney, Chris (2018), [https://books.google.com/books?id=1DhFDwAAQBAJ "The Nature of Disaster in China: The 1931 Central China Flood"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222230329/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DhFDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y |date=February 22, 2018}}, Cambridge University Press [{{ISBN|978-1-108-41777-8}}]</ref> This was later documented in Anne's book ''[[North to the Orient]]''.

===Air mail promotion===
[[File:CAM-2 LAFTAM.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Lindbergh-autographed USPOD penalty cover with C-10 flown by him over CAM-2]]

Lindbergh used his world fame to promote air mail service. For example, at the request of Basil L. Rowe, the owner of West Indian Aerial Express (and later [[Pan Am]]'s chief pilot), in February, 1928, he carried some 3,000 pieces of special souvenir mail between [[Santo Domingo]], [[Dominican Republic|R.D.]]; [[Port-au-Prince]], [[Haiti]]; and [[Havana]], [[Cuba]]<ref>Streit, Clerence K. "Lindbergh Lands at Port-au-Prince as New Discoverer". ''The New York Times'', February 7, 1928, p. 1.</ref>{{mdashb}}the last three stops he and the ''Spirit'' made during their {{convert|7800|mi|km|adj=on|abbr=on}} "Good Will Tour" of Latin America and the Caribbean between {{nowrap|December 13}}, 1927, and {{nowrap|February 8}}, 1928, and the only franked mail pieces that he ever flew in his iconic plane.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091030151419/http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_761593627/Charles_Lindbergh_Makes_a_Flying_Tour_of_Latin_America.html "Lindbergh, Charles A.: To Bogota and Back by Air"]. ''[[National Geographic]]'', May 1928. Retrieved: February 15, 2010.</ref>

Two weeks after his Latin American tour, Lindbergh piloted a series of special flights over his old CAM-2 route on {{nowrap|February 20}} and {{nowrap|February 21}}. Tens of thousands of self-addressed souvenir covers were sent in from all over the world, so at each stop Lindbergh switched to another of the three planes he and his fellow CAM-2 pilots had used, so it could be said that each cover had been flown by him. The covers were then backstamped and returned to their senders as a promotion of the air mail service.<ref>"Lindbergh Flies His Old Mail Route". ''The New York Times'', February 21, 1928, p. 13.</ref>

[[File:FAM Brownsville to Mexico City, postmaster signature.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Cover flown aboard the first airmail flight by Charles Lindbergh, from Brownsville, Texas to Mexico City, March 10, 1929]]
In 1929–1931, Lindbergh carried much smaller numbers of souvenir covers on the first flights over routes in [[Latin America]] and the [[Caribbean]], which he had earlier laid out as a consultant to [[Pan American World Airways|Pan American Airways]] to be then flown under contract to the Post Office as Foreign Air Mail (FAM) routes 5 and 6.<ref>"The American Air Mail Catalogue" Fifth Edition, Volume 3, pp. 1418–1455 ''The American Air Mail Society'' (1978)</ref>

On 10 March 1929, Lindbergh flew an inaugural flight from [[Brownsville, Texas]] to [[Mexico City]] via [[Tampico]], in a [[Ford Trimotor]] airplane, carrying a sizeable load of U.S. mail. When a number of  mail bags came up missing for a period of one month, they subsequently came to be known in the [[Philately|philatelic]] world as the [[Philatelic cover|covers]] of the "Lost Mail Flight". The historic flight was received with much notoriety in the press and marked the beginning of extended airmail service between the United States and Mexico<ref>[[#airmail|Lindbergh Foundation]], Essay</ref><ref>[[#paanam|Pan Am Historical Foundation]], Essay</ref>

==Personal life==
===American family===
[[File:Lindbergh & wife, (9-18-29) LCCN2016843905 (crop).jpg|thumb|Charles and [[Anne Morrow Lindbergh]] in 1929]]
In his autobiography, Lindbergh derided pilots he met as womanizing "barnstormers"; he also criticized Army cadets for their "facile" approach to relationships. He wrote that the ideal romance was stable and long-term, with a woman with keen intellect, good health, and strong genes,<ref>Lindbergh 1977, p. 121.</ref> his "experience in breeding animals on our farm [having taught him] the importance of good heredity".<ref>Lindbergh 1977, p. 118.</ref>

[[Anne Morrow Lindbergh]] (1906–2001) was the daughter of [[Dwight Morrow]], who, as a partner at [[J.P. Morgan & Co.]], had acted as financial adviser to Lindbergh. He was also the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico in 1927. Invited by Morrow on a goodwill tour to Mexico along with humorist and actor [[Will Rogers]], Lindbergh met Anne in [[Mexico City]] in December 1927.{{sfn |Bryson |2013 |p=434}}

The couple was married on {{nowrap|May 27}}, 1929, at the Morrow estate in [[Englewood, New Jersey]], where they resided after their marriage before moving to their home in the western part of the state.<ref>{{cite book|title=New Jersey Trivia.|date=1993|publisher=Rutledge Hill Press|isbn=978-1-55853-223-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/newjerseytrivia00alme/page/169 169]|url=https://archive.org/details/newjerseytrivia00alme/page/169}}</ref><ref>Fisher, Jim. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5vCmQDb6klgC&pg=PA3 ''The Ghosts of Hopewell: Setting the Record Straight in the Lindbergh Case''], p. 3. [[Southern Illinois University Press]], 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-8093-2717-1}}. Accessed November 10, 2021. "Colonel Lindbergh and his wife, Anne, the daughter of Dwight Morrow, one of the wealthiest men in America, were residing in Englewood, New Jersey, at the Morrow mansion, a fifty-acre estate called Next Day Hill."</ref> They had six children: [[Lindbergh kidnapping|Charles Augustus Lindbergh Jr.]] (1930–1932); [[Jon Morrow Lindbergh]] (1932–2021); Land Morrow Lindbergh (b. 1937), who studied anthropology at [[Stanford University]] and married Susan Miller in San Diego;<ref>''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'', September 27, 1960, p. 13</ref> [[Anne Lindbergh]] (1940–1993); Scott Lindbergh (b. 1942); and [[Reeve Lindbergh]] (b. 1945), a writer. Lindbergh taught Anne how to fly, and she accompanied and assisted him in much of his exploring and charting of air routes.

Lindbergh saw his children for only a few months a year. He kept track of each child's infractions (including such things as gum-chewing) and insisted that Anne track every penny of household expenses in account books.<ref>Kendall, Joshua. [http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2013/06/business_success_from_mental_illness_steve_jobs_henry_heinz_and_est_e_lauder.html "Business success from mental illness: Steve Jobs, Henry Heinz, and Estée Lauder had obsessive-compulsive personality disorder"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627022056/http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2013/06/business_success_from_mental_illness_steve_jobs_henry_heinz_and_est_e_lauder.html |date=June 27, 2013}}. ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', June 25, 2013. Retrieved: August 16, 2013.</ref>

Lindbergh's grandson, aviator [[Erik Lindbergh]] (one of 8 children of Jon Lindbergh), has had notable involvement in both the [[private spaceflight]] and [[electric aircraft]] industries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Grandson re-creates historic flight 75 years later, Charles Lindbergh's legacy still enthralls America. Erik Lindbergh safely flies from New York to Paris|publisher=charleslindbergh.com|url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/erik.asp|access-date= September 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/vehicle-developer-shifts-focus-fill-evtol-propulsion-gap |title= Vehicle Developer Shifts Focus To Fill eVTOL Propulsion Gap |date= August 6, 2018 |author= Graham Warwick |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>

===Glider hobby===
Lindbergh came to the [[Monterey Peninsula]] with his wife in March 1930 to continue innovations in the design and use of [[Glider (aircraft)|gliders]]. He stayed at [[The Lodge at Pebble Beach|Del Monte Lodge]] in Pebble Beach, to search for sites for launching gliders. He came to the [[Palo Corona Ranch]] in [[Carmel Valley, California]], and stayed there as guests at the Sidney Fish home, where he flew a glider from a ridge at the ranch. Eight men towed the glider to the ridge where he soared over the countryside for 10 minutes and brought the plane down 3 miles below the [[Highlands Inn, Carmel Highlands|Highlands Inn]]. Other flights lasted 70 minutes. In 1930, his wife became the first woman to receive a U.S. [[glider pilot]] license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/ccarm_001798/page/n15/mode/2up?q=%22Charles+Lindbergh%22+Sidney|title=Lindbergh Continues Glider Flight Here|work=Carmel Pine Cone |place=Carmel-by-the-Sea, California|date=1930-03-14|page=16|access-date=2023-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://carmelvalleyhistoricalsociety.org/product/a-history-of-ranching-in-carmel-valley/|title=A History of Ranching in Carmel Valley|author=Jeff Ohlson |work=Carmel Valley Historical Socieety|place=Carmel Valley, California|date=June 15, 2021|page=|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118562165/fish-ranch/|title=Giant California ranch for sale - with caveat |work=Arizona Daily Sta |place=Tucson, Arizona|date=December 3, 1995|access-date=13 Feb 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Flower|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/940565140 |title=Stories of Old Carmel: A Centennial Tribute From The Carmel Residents Association|work=Carmel Residents Association|chapter=Charles Lindbergh: Piloting a Flider in the Carmel Highlands |place=Carmel-by-the-Sea, California|date=2014|page=149|oclc=940565140 }}</ref>

===Kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh Jr.===
{{Main|Lindbergh kidnapping}}
[[File:Lindbergh baby poster.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|1932 [[missing person]] poster for Lindbergh's son]]

On the evening of {{nowrap|March 1}}, 1932, twenty-month-old Charles Augustus Lindbergh Jr. was abducted from his crib in the Lindberghs' rural home, [[Highfields (Amwell and Hopewell, New Jersey)|Highfields]], in [[East Amwell Township, New Jersey|East Amwell, New Jersey]], near the town of [[Hopewell, New Jersey|Hopewell]].{{refn|Quote: So while the world's attention was focused on Hopewell, from which the first press dispatches emanated about the [[kidnapping]], the ''Democrat'' made sure its readers knew that the new home of Col. Charles A. Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh was in East Amwell Township, Hunterdon County.<ref>Gill, Barbara. [http://www.nj.com/lindbergh/hunterdon/index.ssf?/lindbergh/stories/demcovr.html "Lindbergh kidnapping rocked the world 50 years ago"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212905/http://www.nj.com/lindbergh/hunterdon/index.ssf?%2Flindbergh%2Fstories%2Fdemcovr.html |date=March 3, 2016}}. ''[[The Hunterdon County Democrat]]'', 1981. Retrieved: December 30, 2008.</ref>|group=N}} A man who claimed to be the kidnapper<ref>[http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Hauptmann/condon.html "Dr. John F. Condon"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516092430/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Hauptmann/condon.html |date=May 16, 2008}}. law.umkc.edu. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref> picked up a cash ransom of $50,000 on {{nowrap|April 2}}, part of which was in [[gold certificate (United States)|gold certificate]]s, which were soon to be withdrawn from circulation and would therefore attract attention; the bills' serial numbers were also recorded. On {{nowrap|May 12}}, the child's remains were found in woods not far from the Lindbergh home.<ref>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/kidnap/ "Charles A. Lindbergh Jr. Kidnapping, March 1, 1932"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102203445/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/kidnap/ |date=January 2, 2016}}. charleslindbergh.com, 2014. Retrieved: January 8, 2016.</ref>

[[File:Charles Lindbergh testifying.jpg|thumb|right|Lindbergh testifying at the [[Richard Hauptmann]] trial in 1935. Hauptmann is in half-profile at right.]]

The case was widely called the "[[Crime of the century|Crime of the Century]]" and was described by [[H. L. Mencken]] as "the biggest story since the [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]]".<ref>Newton 2012, [http://www.mcfarlandbooks.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-6620-7 p. 197] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204202216/http://www.mcfarlandbooks.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-6620-7 |date=February 4, 2017}}.</ref> In response, Congress passed the so-called [[Federal Kidnapping Act|"Lindbergh Law"]], which made kidnapping a [[Federal crime|federal offense]] if the victim is taken across state lines or (as in the Lindbergh case) the kidnapper uses "the mail or{{nbsp}}... interstate or foreign commerce in committing or in furtherance of the commission of the offense", such as in demanding ransom.<ref>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/1201.html "18 U.S.C. § 1201"]. law.cornell.edu. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref>

[[Richard Hauptmann]], a 34-year-old German immigrant carpenter, was arrested near his home in [[the Bronx]], New York, on {{nowrap|September 19}}, 1934, after paying for gasoline with one of the ransom bills. $13,760 of the ransom money and other evidence was found in his home. Hauptmann went on trial for kidnapping, murder and extortion on {{nowrap|January 2}}, 1935, in a circus-like atmosphere in [[Flemington, New Jersey]]. He was convicted on {{nowrap|February 13}},<ref>Linder, Douglas. [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Hauptmann/AccountHauptmann.html "The Trial of Richard "Bruno" Hauptmann: An Account"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709013003/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Hauptmann/AccountHauptmann.html |date=July 9, 2009}}. law.umkc.edu. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref> sentenced to death, and electrocuted at [[New Jersey State Prison|Trenton State Prison]] on {{nowrap|April 3}}, 1936.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1936/04/06/archives/hoffman-carries-fight-to-critics-insists-lindbergh-case-is-not.html  "Hoffman Carries Fight to Critics; Insists Lindbergh Case Not Fully Solved"]. ''The New York Times'', April 6, 1936, p. 42.</ref>
{{clear left}}

===In Europe (1936{{ndash}}1939)===
An intensely private man,<ref>Berg, A. Scott (Author of the 1998 biography ''Lindbergh'') ''Booknotes'' (Interview conducted by Brian Lamb) C-SPAN, November 20, 1998.</ref> Lindbergh became exasperated by the unrelenting public attention in the wake of the kidnapping and Hauptmann trial,<ref name="The Press: Hero & Herod.">[https://archive.today/20130204083201/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,755581,00.html "The Press: Hero & Herod"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', January 6, 1936.</ref><ref name="Press Calls For Action">Lyman, Lauren D. "Press Calls For Action: Hopes the Public Will Be Roused to Wipe Out a 'National Disgrace{{'"}}. ''The New York Times'', December 24, 1935, p. 1.</ref> and was concerned for the safety of his three-year-old second son, Jon.<ref>Ahlgren and Monier 1993, p. 194.</ref><ref>"A Family Seeks Safety", ''The Literary Digest'' January 4, 1936, p. 27</ref> Consequently, in the predawn hours of Sunday, {{nowrap|December 22}}, 1935, the family "sailed furtively"<ref name="The Press: Hero & Herod."/> from [[Manhattan]] for [[Liverpool]],<ref>"Shipping and Mails" ''The New York Times'' December 22, 1935, p. S8.</ref> the only three passengers aboard the [[United States Lines]] freighter SS ''American Importer''.{{refn|Lindbergh's "flight to Europe" ship SS ''American Importer'' was sold to Société Maritime Anversoise, Antwerp, Belgium in February 1940 and renamed ''Ville de Gand''. Just after midnight on August 19, 1940, the vessel was torpedoed by the German submarine U-48 about 200 miles west of Ireland while sailing from Liverpool to New York and sank with the loss of 14 crew.<ref>SS ''Ville de Gand'' [http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/469.html uboat.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213044126/http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/469.html |date=February 13, 2009}}</ref>|group=N}} They traveled under assumed names and with diplomatic passports issued through the personal intervention of former U.S. Treasury Secretary [[Ogden L. Mills]].<ref>Milton 1993, p. 342.</ref>

News of the Lindberghs' "flight to Europe"<ref name="The Press: Hero & Herod."/> did not become public until a full day later,<ref>Walker, Stanley. "What Makes a Good Reporter?", ''The American Mercury''. February 1946, p. 211.</ref><ref name="Lyman">Lyman, Lauren D. "Lindbergh Family Sails for England To Seek a Safe, Secluded Residence; Threats on Son's Life Force Decision". ''The New York Times'', December 23, 1935, p. 1.</ref> and even after the identity of their ship became known<ref name="Press Calls For Action"/> [[Radiogram (message)|radiograms]] addressed to Lindbergh on it were returned as "Addressee not aboard".<ref name="The Press: Hero & Herod."/>
They arrived in Liverpool on {{nowrap|December 31}}, then departed for South Wales to stay with relatives.<ref name="McNamee">McNamee, Graham. [http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675030776_Lindbergh-couple_harbor_SS-American-Importer_taxi_crowd_jon-lindbergh "The Lindberghs Fleeing From U.S. Land in England"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403131019/http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675030776_Lindbergh-couple_harbor_SS-American-Importer_taxi_crowd_jon-lindbergh |date=April 3, 2012}}. ''[[Universal Newsreel]]'', January 8, 1936.</ref><ref>Lindberghs Rest in English Hotel: They Seclude Themselves in Liverpool Before Departing for South Wales Today. Flier Bars Interviews. Telescopic Cameras Used To Get Photos – Appeal for Privacy is Broadcast". ''The New York Times'', January 1, 1936, p. 3.</ref>

[[File:Long barn.JPG|thumb|right|[[Long Barn]], the Lindberghs' rented home in England]]

The family eventually rented "[[Long Barn]]" in [[Sevenoaks Weald]], Kent.<ref name="Inc1939">{{cite magazine |author=Frederic Sondhern Jr. |title=Lindbergh Walks Alone |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lk0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA70|date=April 3, 1939 |page=70 |via=Google Books}}</ref> In 1938, the family (including a third son, Land, born May 1937 in London) moved to [[Île Illiec]], a small {{convert|4|acre|ha|spell=in|adj=on}} island Lindbergh purchased off the [[Brittany|Breton]] coast of France.<ref>Batten, Geoffrey. [http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/illiec.asp "Our visit to Ile Illiec"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612040432/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/illiec.asp |date=June 12, 2008}}. charleslindbergh.com. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref>

Except for a brief visit to the U.S. in December 1937,<ref>"Lindberghs Arrive Home On Surprise Holiday Visit: Try to Slip In as Secretly as They Left U. S. 2 Years Ago, but Are Recognized Leaving Ship—Silent on Their Plans Here". ''The New York Times'', December 6, 1937, p. 1.</ref> the Lindberghs lived and traveled extensively around Europe in their personal [[Miles M.12 Mohawk]] two person airplane, before returning to the U.S. in April 1939 and settling in a rented seaside estate at [[Lloyd Harbor, New York|Lloyd Neck]], Long Island, New York.<ref name=Butterfield>Butterfield, Roger. "Lindbergh: A Stubborn Young Man of Strange Ideas Becomes the Leader of the Wartime Opposition". ''Life'', August 11, 1941.</ref><ref>"Lindbergh's Wife and Children Back: Closely Guarded by Policemen, They Speed to Morrow Home in Englewood, NJ". ''The New York Times'', April 29, 1939, p. 14.</ref> The return was prompted by a personal request by [[Henry H. Arnold|General H. H. ("Hap") Arnold]], the chief of the [[United States Army Air Corps]] in which Lindbergh was a reserve colonel, for him to accept a temporary return to active duty to help evaluate the Air Corps's readiness for war.<ref>Milton 1993, p. 375.</ref><ref>"Lindbergh Here Guarded by Police: Declines to Meet Press to Discuss Reports About His Return Home". ''The New York Times'', April 15, 1939, p. 8.</ref> His duties included evaluating new aircraft types in development, recruitment procedures, and finding a site for a new air force research institute and other potential air bases.<ref name="Wright Field">Mosley 1976, p. 249.</ref> Assigned a [[Curtiss P-36 Hawk|Curtiss P-36]] fighter, he toured various facilities, reporting back to [[Wilbur Wright Field]].<ref name="Wright Field"/> Lindbergh's brief four-month tour was also his first period of active military service since his graduation from the Army's Flight School fourteen years earlier in 1925.<ref name=Butterfield/>

==Scientific activities==
[[File:MIH-film101jpg.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|"Lindbergh Hour Angle" watch, produced by [[Longines]] ]]

Lindbergh wrote to the [[Longines]] watch company and described a watch that would make navigation easier for pilots. First produced in 1931, they called it the "Lindbergh Hour Angle watch",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.longines.com/company/history/20th/1939|title=History of Longines in 1939 - 1939|website=www.longines.com|access-date=February 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206030805/https://www.longines.com/company/history/20th/1939|archive-date=February 6, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>  and it remains in production today.<ref name="New York Times">Pask, Bruce. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9905EEDA1339F933A25757C0A9679D8B63 "As Time Flies By"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329142126/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9905EEDA1339F933A25757C0A9679D8B63 |date=March 29, 2017}}. ''The New York Times'', (Lifestyle Section) p. 3, April 10, 2011. Retrieved: July 8, 2012.</ref>

In 1929, Lindbergh became interested in the work of rocket pioneer [[Robert H. Goddard]]. By helping Goddard secure an [[Financial endowment|endowment]] from [[Daniel Guggenheim]] in 1930, Lindbergh allowed Goddard to expand his research and development. Throughout his life, Lindbergh remained a key advocate of Goddard's work.<ref>Lehman, Milton. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uFIEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Goddard+and+Lindbergh&pg=PA124 "How Lindbergh gave a lift to rocketry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515224814/https://books.google.com/books?id=uFIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=Goddard+and+Lindbergh&source=bl&ots=LYvVWpVYBI&sig=AjBMg02KeXZFLgmpQ7YtmHHlJ9w&hl=en&ei=Uok3TfSOEcKBlAfs7JDaBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Goddard%20and%20Lindbergh&f=false |date=May 15, 2016}}. ''Life'', October 4, 1963, pp. 115–122, 124, 127. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref>

[[File:Lindbergh perfusion pump in Putnam Gallery, 2009-11-24.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|A Lindbergh [[perfusion]] pump, {{circa|1935}}]]
In 1930, Lindbergh's sister-in-law developed a fatal heart condition.<ref name=Redman>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/save-his-dying-sister-law-charles-lindbergh-Invented-medical-device-180956526/|title=To Save His Dying Sister-In-Law, Charles Lindbergh Invented a Medical Device|last=Redman|first=Emily|website=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|access-date=May 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504083304/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/save-his-dying-sister-law-charles-lindbergh-Invented-medical-device-180956526/|archive-date=May 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Lindbergh began to wonder why hearts could not be repaired with surgery. Starting in early 1931 at the [[Rockefeller University|Rockefeller Institute]] and continuing during his time living in France, Lindbergh studied the [[perfusion]] of organs outside the body with [[Nobel Prize]]-winning French surgeon [[Alexis Carrel]]. Although perfused organs were said to have survived surprisingly well, all showed progressive [[Degenerative disease|degenerative]] changes within a few days.<ref>[http://www.ctsnet.org/edmunds/Chapter1section7.html "The Development of Cardiopulmonary Bypass"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203130828/http://www.ctsnet.org/edmunds/Chapter1section7.html |date=February 3, 2007}} ctsnet.org. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref> Lindbergh's invention, a glass perfusion pump, named the "Model T" pump, is credited with making future [[Cardiac surgery|heart surgeries]] possible. In this early stage, the pump was far from perfected. In 1938, Lindbergh and Carrel described an [[artificial heart]] in the book in which they summarized their work, ''The Culture of Organs'',<ref>Frazier et al. 2004, pp. 1507–1514.</ref> but it was decades before one was built. In later years, Lindbergh's pump was further developed by others, eventually leading to the construction of the first [[Cardiopulmonary bypass|heart-lung machine]].<ref>Levinson, Dr. Mark M. [http://www.hsforum.com/stories/storyReader$1486 "The Heart Lung Machine"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616062304/http://www.hsforum.com/stories/storyReader%241486 |date=June 16, 2011}} ''The Heart Surgery Forum''. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref>

==Pre-war activities and politics==
===Overseas visits===
In July 1936, shortly before the opening of the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] in Berlin, American journalist [[William L. Shirer]] recorded in his diary: "The Lindberghs are here [in Berlin], and the Nazis, led by Göring, are making a great play for them."

This 1936 visit was the first of several that Lindbergh made at the request of the U.S. military establishment between 1936 and 1938, with the goal of evaluating German aviation.<ref name="Time, January 19, 1939">''Time'', January 19, 1939.</ref> During this visit, the Lufthansa airline held a tea for the Lindberghs, and later invited them for a ride aboard the massive four-engine [[Junkers G.38]] that had been christened ''Field-Marshal Von Hindenburg''. Shirer, who was on the flight, wrote:

{{poemquote|Somewhere over Wannsee Lindbergh took the controls himself and treated us to some very steep banks, considering the size of the plane, and other little manoeuvres, which terrified most of the passengers.  The talk is that the Lindberghs have been favorably impressed by what the Nazis have shown them.  He has shown no enthusiasm for meeting the foreign correspondents, who have a perverse liking for enlightening visitors on the Third Reich, as they see it, and we have not pressed for an interview."<ref>William L. Shirer, ''Berlin Diary'', ©1942 reprinted 2011 by Rosetta Books, entry for July 27, 1936</ref>}}

[[Hanna Reitsch]] demonstrated the [[Focke-Wulf Fw 61]] helicopter to Lindbergh in 1937,<ref name=Reitsch>Reitsch, H., 1955, ''The Sky My Kingdom'', London: Biddles Limited, Guildford and King's Lynn, {{ISBN|978-1-85367-262-0}}</ref>{{rp|121}} and he was the first American to examine Germany's newest bomber, the [[Junkers Ju 88]], and Germany's front-line [[fighter aircraft]], the [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]], which he was allowed to pilot. He said of the Bf 109 that he knew of "no other pursuit plane which combines simplicity of construction with such excellent performance characteristics".<ref name="Time, January 19, 1939"/><ref name="Herman, Arthur pp. 289-93">Herman, Arthur. ''Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II'', pp. 289–93, 304–5, Random House, New York {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6964-4}}.</ref>

There is disagreement on how accurate Lindbergh's reports were, but Cole asserts that the consensus among British and American officials was that they were slightly exaggerated but badly needed.<ref name="Cole 1974" /> [[Arthur Krock]], the chief of ''[[The New York Times]]''{{'s}} Washington Bureau, wrote in 1939, "When the new flying fleet of the United States begins to take air, among those who will have been responsible for its size, its modernness, and its efficiency is Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh. Informed officials here, in touch with what Colonel Lindbergh has been doing for his country abroad, are authority for this statement, and for the further observation that criticism of any of his activities – in Germany or elsewhere – is as ignorant as it is unfair."<ref name="Duffy 2010 83">{{Cite book|title=Lindbergh vs. Roosevelt|last=Duffy|first=James|publisher=MJF Books|year=2010|isbn=978-1-60671-130-9|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lindberghvsroose0000duff/page/83 83]|url=https://archive.org/details/lindberghvsroose0000duff/page/83}}</ref> [[General Henry H. Arnold]], the only U.S. Air Force general to hold five-star rank, wrote in his autobiography, "Nobody gave us much useful information about Hitler's air force until Lindbergh came home in 1939."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Lindbergh vs. Roosevelt |last=Duffy |first=James |publisher=MJF Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-60671-130-9 |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lindberghvsroose0000duff/page/82 82] |url=https://archive.org/details/lindberghvsroose0000duff/page/82}}</ref> Lindbergh also undertook a survey of aviation in the [[Soviet Union]] in 1938.<ref>Cole 1974, pp. 39–40.</ref>

[[File:Hermann Goering gives Charles Lindbergh a Nazi medal.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]'' [[Hermann Göring|Göring]] presenting [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] Lindbergh with a medal on behalf of [[Adolf Hitler]] in October 1938]]

In 1938, [[Hugh R. Wilson|Hugh Wilson]], the American ambassador to Germany, hosted a dinner for Lindbergh with Germany's air chief, ''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]'' [[Hermann Göring]], and three central figures in German aviation: [[Ernst Heinkel]], [[Adolf Baeumker]], and [[Willy Messerschmitt]].<ref>{{Citation|chapter=Conclusion: Hitler and the End of a Greater Reich|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0441-4|doi=10.9783/9780812204414.279|title=Hitler and America|year=2011|pages=279–290}}</ref> At this dinner, Göring presented Lindbergh with the Commander Cross of the [[Order of the German Eagle]]. Lindbergh's acceptance became controversial when, only a few weeks after this visit, the Nazi Party carried out the ''[[Kristallnacht]]'', a nation-wide anti-Jewish pogrom which is now considered a key inaugurating event of the [[Holocaust]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Carrier, Jerry, 1948-|title=Tapestry the history and consequences of America's complex culture|date=2014|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-1-62894-050-3|oclc=984784037}}</ref> Lindbergh declined to return the medal, later writing, "It seems to me that the returning of decorations, which were given in times of peace and as a gesture of friendship, can have no constructive effect. If I were to return the German medal, it seems to me that it would be an unnecessary insult. Even if war develops between us, I can see no gain in indulging in a spitting contest before that war begins."<ref>Ross 2006, p. 44.</ref> Regarding this, Ambassador Wilson later wrote to Lindbergh, "Neither you, nor I, nor any other American present had any previous hint that the presentation would be made. I have always felt that if you refused the decoration, presented under those circumstances, you would have been guilty of a breach of good taste. It would have been an act offensive to a guest of the Ambassador of your country, in the house of the Ambassador."<ref name="Duffy 2010 83"/>

Lindbergh's reaction to the ''Kristallnacht'' was entrusted to his diary: "I do not understand these riots on the part of the Germans", he wrote. "It seems so contrary to their sense of order and intelligence. They have undoubtedly had a difficult '[[Jewish question|Jewish problem]]', but why is it necessary to handle it so unreasonably?"<ref>Wallace 2005, p. 193.</ref> Later though, many would note the careful and orderly fashion in which the Holocaust was carried out, with Jews identified, shipped to concentration camps, and most murdered.<ref>Martin Gilbert, Holocaust Journey (1997)</ref>

Lindbergh had planned to move to Berlin for the winter of 1938–39. He had provisionally found a house in [[Wannsee]], but after Nazi friends discouraged him from leasing it because it had been formerly owned by Jews,<ref name="Wallace p. 175">Wallace 2005, p. 175.</ref> it was recommended that he contact [[Albert Speer]], who said he would build the Lindberghs a house anywhere they wanted. On the advice of his close friend [[Alexis Carrel]], he cancelled the trip.<ref name="Wallace p. 175" />

===Isolationism and America First Committee===
In 1938, the U.S. [[Air Attaché]] in Berlin invited Lindbergh to inspect the rising power of [[Luftwaffe|Nazi Germany's Air Force]]. Impressed by German technology and the apparently-large number of aircraft at their disposal and influenced by the staggering number of deaths from [[World War I]], he opposed U.S. entry into the impending European conflict.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> In September 1938, he stated to the French cabinet that the ''Luftwaffe'' possessed 8,000 aircraft and could produce 1,500 per month. Although this was seven times the actual number determined by the ''[[Deuxième Bureau]]'', it influenced France into trying to avoid conflict with Nazi Germany through the [[Munich Agreement]].<ref>Bouverie, Tim (2019). ''Appeasement: Chamberlain, Hitler, Churchill, and the Road to War'' (1 ed.). New York: [[Tim Duggan Books]]. pp. 292-293. {{ISBN|978-0-451-49984-4}}. {{OCLC|1042099346}}.</ref> At the urging of U.S. Ambassador [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Kennedy]], Lindbergh wrote a secret memo to the British warning that a military response by Britain and France to Hitler's violation of the [[Munich Agreement]] would be disastrous; he claimed that France was militarily weak and Britain over-reliant on its navy. He urgently recommended that they strengthen their air power to force Hitler to redirect his aggression against "Asiatic [[Communism]]".<ref name="Cole 1974">Cole 1974{{Page needed |date=March 2012}}</ref>

{{anchor|America First}}Following Hitler's invasion of Czechoslovakia and Poland, Lindbergh opposed sending aid to countries under threat, writing "I do not believe that repealing the [[arms embargo]] would assist democracy in Europe" and<ref name="ReferenceA">October 13, 1939, speech excerpted in CharlesLindbergh.com</ref> "If we repeal the arms embargo with the idea of assisting one of the warring sides to overcome the other, then why mislead ourselves by talk of neutrality?"<ref name="ReferenceA" /> He equated assistance with war profiteering: "To those who argue that we could make a profit and build up our own industry by selling munitions abroad, I reply that we in America have not yet reached a point where we wish to capitalize on the destruction and death of war".<ref name="ReferenceA" />

In August 1939, Lindbergh was the first choice of [[Einstein|Albert Einstein]], whom he met years earlier in New York, to deliver the [[Einstein–Szilárd letter]] alerting President Roosevelt about the vast potential of [[nuclear fission]]. However, Lindbergh did not respond to Einstein's letter or to [[Leo Szilard|Szilard]]'s later letter of September 13. Two days later, Lindbergh gave a nationwide radio address, in which he called for [[isolationism]] and indicated some pro-German sympathies and antisemitic insinuations about Jewish ownership of the media, saying "We must ask who owns and influences the newspaper, the news picture, and the radio station,&nbsp;... If our people know the truth, our country is not likely to enter the war". After that, Szilard stated to Einstein: "Lindbergh is not our man."<ref name="Isaacson">{{Citation |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |date=2007 |title=Einstein: His Life and Universe |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster|Simon & Schuster Paperbacks]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-7432-6473-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/einsteinhislifeu0000isaa |access-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613083500/https://archive.org/details/einsteinhislifeu0000isaa |archive-date=June 13, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|475}}

In October 1939, following the outbreak of hostilities between Britain and Germany, and a month after the [[Canadian declaration of war on Germany]], Lindbergh made another nationwide radio address criticizing [[Canada]] for drawing the [[Western Hemisphere]] "into a European war simply because they prefer the Crown of England" to the independence of the [[Americas]].<ref name="can1">{{cite book |title=Canada on the Doorstep: 1939 |publisher=Dundurn |year=2011 |first=William |last=Raynor |isbn=978-1-55488-992-1 |page=188}}</ref><ref name="can2">{{cite book |title=Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge to American Intervention, 1939-1941 |first=Justus D. |last=Doenecke |year=2003 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-0785-2 |page=208}}</ref> Lindbergh went on to further state his opinion that the entire continent and its surrounding islands needed to be free from the "dictates of European powers".<ref name="can1" /><ref name="can2" />

In November 1939, Lindbergh authored a controversial ''[[Reader's Digest]]'' article in which he deplored the war, but asserted the need for a German assault on the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Cole 1974" /> Lindbergh wrote: "Our civilization depends on peace among Western nations&nbsp;... and therefore on united strength, for Peace is a virgin who dare not show her face without Strength, her father, for protection".<ref>Lindbergh, Col. Charles A. {{cite web |url=http://www.churchoftrueisrael.com/identity/lindberg.html |title=Aviation, Geography, and Race. |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404092239/http://www.churchoftrueisrael.com/identity/lindberg.html |archive-date=4 April 2005 |access-date=15 August 2007}} ''Reader's Digest'', November 1939.</ref><ref name="Rosen">{{cite book |first=Christine |last=Rosen |title=Preaching Eugenics: Religious Leaders and the American Eugenics Movement |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York City |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-515679-9}}</ref>

In late 1940, Lindbergh became the spokesman of the isolationist [[America First Committee]],<ref>Mosley 1976, p. 257.</ref> soon speaking to overflow crowds at [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]] and Chicago's [[Soldier Field]], with millions listening by radio. He argued emphatically that America had no business attacking Germany. Lindbergh justified this stance in writings that were only published posthumously:

{{blockquote|I was deeply concerned that the potentially gigantic power of America, guided by uninformed and impractical idealism, might crusade into Europe to destroy Hitler without realizing that Hitler's destruction would lay Europe open to the rape, loot and barbarism of [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Russia]]'s forces, causing possibly the fatal wounding of Western civilization.<ref>Lindbergh 1977, p. 177</ref>}}

[[File:Amrally.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Lindbergh speaking at an [[America First Committee|AFC]] rally]]

In April 1941, he argued before 30,000 members of the America First Committee that "the British government has one last desperate plan&nbsp;... to persuade us to send another [[American Expeditionary Forces|American Expeditionary Force]] to Europe and to share with England militarily, as well as financially, the fiasco of this war."<ref>{{cite book |last=Shirer |first=William |author-link=William Shirer |date=1959 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: a History of Nazi Germany |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=827fn |isbn=978-1-4516-5168-3}}</ref>

In his 1941 testimony before the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|House Committee on Foreign Affairs]] opposing the [[Lend-Lease|Lend-Lease bill]], Lindbergh proposed that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Germany.<ref>{{cite news |title=Urges Neutrality: Aviator Testifies He Wants Neither Side to Win Conflict |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 24, 1941|page=1}}</ref> President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] publicly decried Lindbergh's views as those of a "defeatist and appeaser", comparing him to [[Clement Laird Vallandigham|U.S. Rep. Clement L. Vallandigham]], who had led the [[Copperheads (politics)|"Copperhead"]] movement opposed to the [[American Civil War]]. Following this, Lindbergh resigned his colonel's commission in the U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve on April 28, 1941, writing that he saw "no honorable alternative" given that Roosevelt had publicly questioned his loyalty; the next day, ''The New York Times'' ran an above the fold, front-page article about his resignation.<ref name="NYT-1941">{{cite news |date=April 29, 1941 |title=Lindbergh Quits Air Corps; Sees His Loyalty Questioned |page=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/04/29/archives/lindbergh-quits-air-corps-sees-his-loyalty-questioned-writes.html |quote=Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh resigned yesterday his colonel's commission in the United States Army Air Corps Reserve, saying that he could see "no honorable alternative".}}</ref>

At an America First rally in September, Lindbergh accused three groups of "pressing this country toward war; the British, the Jewish, and the Roosevelt Administration":{{sfn |Bryson |2013 |p=439}}

{{blockquote|It is not difficult to understand why Jewish people desire the overthrow of [[Nazi Germany]]. The persecution they suffered in Germany would be sufficient to make bitter enemies of any race.

No person with a sense of the dignity of mankind can condone the persecution of the Jewish race in Germany. But no person of honesty and vision can look on their pro-war policy here today without seeing the dangers involved in such a policy both for us and for them. Instead of agitating for war, the Jewish groups in this country should be opposing it in every possible way for they will be among the first to feel its consequences.

Tolerance is a virtue that depends upon peace and strength. History shows that it cannot survive war and devastations. A few far-sighted Jewish people realize this and stand opposed to intervention. But the majority still do not.

Their greatest danger to this country lies in their large ownership and influence in our motion pictures, our press, our radio and our government.
<ref>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/speech.asp "America First Speech"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211101356/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/speech.asp |date=February 11, 2006}}. charleslindbergh.com. Retrieved: December 21, 2010.</ref>}}

He continued:

{{blockquote|I am not attacking either the Jewish or the British people. Both races, I admire. But I am saying that the leaders of both the British and the Jewish races, for reasons which are as understandable from their viewpoint as they are inadvisable from ours, for reasons which are not American, wish to involve us in the war.

We cannot blame them for looking out for what they believe to be their own interests, but we also must look out for ours. We cannot allow the natural passions and prejudices of other peoples to lead our country to destruction.<ref name="Des Moines">Extract from: [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lindbergh/filmmore/reference/primary/desmoinesspeech.html "Des Moines Speech"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130053403/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lindbergh/filmmore/reference/primary/desmoinesspeech.html |date=January 30, 2017}}. PBS. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref>}}

His message was popular throughout many [[Northern United States|Northern]] communities and especially well received in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], while the [[Southern United States|American South]] was [[Anglophilia|anglophilic]] and supported a pro-British foreign policy.<ref>Gordon, David. [http://libraryautomation.com/nymas/americafirst.html "America First: the Anti-War Movement, Charles Lindbergh and the Second World War, 1940–1941"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302065250/http://libraryautomation.com/nymas/americafirst.html |date=March 2, 2007}}. [[New York Military Affairs Symposium]], September 26, 2003.</ref> The South was the most pro-British and interventionist part of the country.<ref>Bell 2001, p. 152.</ref> Responding to criticism of his speech,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795477,00.html |title=Jew Baiting |magazine=Time |date=September 22, 1941 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511152339/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795477,00.html |archive-date=May 11, 2008}}</ref> Anne Lindbergh felt that the speech might tarnish Lindbergh's reputation unjustly; she wrote in her diary:
{{blockquote|I have the greatest faith in [Lindbergh] as a person{{mdashb}}in his integrity, his courage, and his essential ''goodness'', fairness, and kindness{{mdashb}}his nobility really&nbsp;... How then explain my profound feeling of grief about what he is doing? If what he said is the truth (and I am inclined to think it is), why was it wrong to state it? He was naming the groups that were pro-war. No one minds his naming the British or the Administration. But to name "Jew" is un-American{{mdashb}}even if it is done without hate or even criticism. Why?<ref name=annemorrow>Anne Morrow Lindbergh 1980, p. 198.</ref>}}

In his diaries, he wrote, "We must limit to a reasonable amount the Jewish influence&nbsp;... Whenever the Jewish percentage of total population becomes too high, a reaction seems to invariably occur. It is too bad because a few Jews of the right type are, I believe, an asset to any country."

==Antisemitism and views on race==
Lindbergh's [[anticommunism]] resonated deeply with many Americans, while his pro-[[eugenics]] views and [[Nordic race|Nordicism]] enjoyed social acceptance.<ref name="Rosen"/> His speeches and writings reflected his adoption of views on race, religion, and eugenics, similar to those of the German [[Nazi Party|Nazis]], and he was suspected of being a Nazi sympathizer.<ref>''The Wartime Journals of Charles Lindbergh''</ref><ref>Wallace 2005, pp. 83–85.</ref> However, during a speech in September 1941, Lindbergh stated "no person with a sense of the dignity of mankind can condone the persecution of the Jewish race in Germany."<ref name="Lindbergh Said to Regret Misperceptions Over Jews">{{cite web |last=Mitgang |first=Herber |title=Lindbergh Said to Regret Misperceptions Over Jews |url=http://charleslindbergh.com/ny/105.asp |website=Charles Lindbergh |publisher=Spirit of St. Louis 2 Project |access-date=April 9, 2020 |ref=266 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409150930/http://charleslindbergh.com/ny/105.asp |archive-date=April 9, 2020}}</ref> [[Interventionism (politics)|Interventionist]] pamphlets pointed out that his efforts were praised in [[Nazi Germany]] and included quotations such as "Racial strength is vital; politics, a luxury."<ref>{{cite web |first=Leon Milton |last=Birkhead |author-link=Leon Milton Birkhead |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/pdf/Lindbergh.pdf |title=Is Lindbergh a Nazi? |website=charleslindbergh.com |access-date=January 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123201907/http://charleslindbergh.com/pdf/Lindbergh.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Roosevelt disliked Lindbergh's outspoken opposition to his administration's interventionist policies, telling Treasury Secretary [[Henry Morgenthau Jr.|Henry Morgenthau]], "If I should die tomorrow, I want you to know this, I am absolutely convinced Lindbergh is a Nazi."<ref>Cole 1974, p. 131.</ref> In 1941 he wrote to Secretary of War [[Henry Stimson]]: "When I read Lindbergh's speech I felt that it could not have been better put if it had been written by [[Joseph Goebbels|Goebbels]] himself. What a pity that this youngster has completely abandoned his belief in our form of government and has accepted Nazi methods because apparently they are efficient."<ref>{{cite book |first=James P. |last=Duffy |title=Lindbergh vs. Roosevelt: The Rivalry That Divided America |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Regnery Publishing]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-59698-601-5 |page=181}}</ref> Shortly after the war ended, Lindbergh toured a [[Nazi concentration camp]], and wrote in his diary, "Here was a place where men and life and death had reached the lowest form of degradation. How could any reward in national progress even faintly justify the establishment and operation of such a place?"<ref name="Lindbergh Said to Regret Misperceptions Over Jews"/>

Lindbergh seemed to state that he believed the survival of the [[white race]] was more important than the survival of democracy in Europe: "Our bond with Europe is one of race and not of political ideology," he declared.<ref name="Speeches-1939-40">[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/speech3.asp "Two Historic Speeches, October 13, 1939 & August 4, 1940"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114061134/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/speech3.asp |date=November 14, 2007}}. charleslindbergh.com. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref> Critics have noticed an apparent influence on Lindbergh of German philosopher [[Oswald Spengler]].<ref name="Eagle to Earth">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772983,00.html |title=Eagle to Earth |magazine=Time |date=January 12, 1942 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930072019/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772983,00.html |archive-date=September 30, 2007}}</ref> Spengler was a conservative [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] popular during the [[interwar period]], though he had fallen out of favor with the Nazis because he had not wholly subscribed to [[Nazi eugenics|their theories]] of [[racial purity]].<ref name="Eagle to Earth" />

Lindbergh developed a long-term friendship with the automobile pioneer [[Henry Ford]], who was well known for his antisemitic newspaper ''[[The Dearborn Independent]]''. In a famous comment about Lindbergh to [[Detroit]]'s former FBI field office special agent in charge in July 1940, Ford said: "When Charles comes out here, we only talk about the Jews."<ref>Collier and Horowitz 1987, pp. 205 and note, p. 457. The citation is from the FBI file of Harry Bennett.</ref><ref>Hoberman, J. [http://www.forward.com/article/4269/ "Fantasies of a Fascist America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504154135/http://www.forward.com/article/4269/ |date=May 4, 2008}}. ''[[The Forward]]'', October 1, 2004. Retrieved: April 5, 2010.</ref>

Lindbergh considered Russia a "semi-Asiatic" country compared to Germany, and he believed [[Communism]] was an ideology that would destroy the West's "racial strength" and replace everyone of European descent with "a pressing sea of Yellow, Black, and Brown". He stated that if he had to choose, he would rather see America allied with Nazi Germany than [[Soviet Russia]]. He preferred [[Nordic race|Nordics]], but he believed, after [[Marxism–Leninism|Soviet Communism]] was defeated, Russia would be a valuable ally against potential aggression from [[East Asia]].<ref name="Eagle to Earth"/><ref name="preface">MacDonald, Kevin. [http://www.csulb.edu/~kmacd/books-Preface.html "The Culture of Critique: An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in Twentieth-Century Intellectual and Political Movements"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006031740/http://www.csulb.edu/~kmacd/books-Preface.html |date=October 6, 2006}} California State University Long Beach. Retrieved: April 5, 2010.</ref>

Lindbergh elucidated his beliefs regarding the [[White people|white race]] in a 1939 article in ''Reader's Digest'':

{{blockquote|text=We can have peace and security only so long as we band together to preserve that most priceless possession, our inheritance of European blood, only so long as we guard ourselves against attack by foreign armies and dilution by foreign races.<ref name=agr1939>Lindbergh, Charles. [http://library.flawlesslogic.com/lindy.htm "Aviation, Geography, and Race"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308201741/http://library.flawlesslogic.com/lindy.htm |date=March 8, 2015}}. Racial Nationalist Library. Retrieved: February 25, 2015.</ref>}}

Lindbergh said certain races have "demonstrated superior ability in the design, manufacture, and operation of machines",<ref>Cole 1974, pp. 81–82.</ref> and that "The growth of our [[Western world|western civilization]] has been closely related to this superiority."<ref>Cole 1974, p. 82.</ref> Lindbergh admired "the German genius for science and organization, the English genius for government and commerce, the French genius for living and the understanding of life". He believed, "in America they can be blended to form the greatest genius of all".<ref>''[[Vital Speeches of the Day]]'', Volume 5, pp. 751–752.</ref>

In his book ''The American Axis'', [[Holocaust]] researcher and investigative journalist [[Max Wallace]] agreed with Franklin Roosevelt's assessment that Lindbergh was "pro-Nazi". However, he found that the Roosevelt Administration's accusations of [[dual loyalty]] or [[treason]] were unsubstantiated. Wallace considered Lindbergh to be a well-intentioned but bigoted and misguided Nazi sympathizer whose career as the leader of the isolationist movement had a destructive impact on [[Jews|Jewish people]].<ref>Wallace 2005, p. 358.</ref>

Lindbergh's [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning biographer, [[A. Scott Berg]], contended that Lindbergh was not so much a supporter of the Nazi regime as someone so stubborn in his convictions and relatively inexperienced in political maneuvering that he easily allowed rivals to portray him as one. Lindbergh's receipt of the [[Order of the German Eagle]], presented in October 1938 by ''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]'' [[Hermann Göring]] on behalf of ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]], was approved without objection by the [[Embassy of the United States, Berlin|American embassy]]. Lindbergh returned to the United States in early 1939 to spread his message of [[nonintervention]]. Berg contended Lindbergh's views were commonplace in the United States in the [[Interwar period|interwar era]]. Lindbergh's support for the [[America First Committee]] was representative of the sentiments of a number of American people.<ref>Berg 1998{{Page needed|date=March 2012}}</ref>

Berg also noted: <blockquote>"As late as April 1939{{mdashb}}after Germany overtook [[Czechoslovakia]]{{mdashb}}Lindbergh was willing to make excuses for [[Adolf Hitler]]. 'Much as I disapprove of many things Hitler had done', he wrote in his diary on {{nowrap|April 2}}, 1939, 'I believe she [Germany] has pursued the only consistent policy in Europe in recent years. I cannot support her broken promises, but she has only moved a little faster than other nations&nbsp;... in breaking promises. The question of right and wrong is one thing by law and another thing by history.{{'"}}</blockquote> Berg also explained that leading up to the war, Lindbergh believed the great battle would be between the Soviet Union and Germany, not fascism and democracy.

Wallace noted that it was difficult to find any social scientists among Lindbergh's contemporaries in the 1930s who found validity in racial explanations for human behavior. Wallace went on to observe, "throughout his life, eugenics would remain one of Lindbergh's enduring passions".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqpXJdnA3u4C&q=%22throughout+his+life%2C+eugenics+would+remain+one+of+Lindbergh%27s+enduring+passions.%22&pg=PT149 |title=The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and the Rise of the Third Reich |first=Max |last=Wallace |date=December 13, 2004 |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4299-3924-9 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
After Jews began to be murdered on a large scale in 1940 and '41,<ref>Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews</ref> many of those who had tolerated Hitler began to oppose the regime, but Lindbergh continued to support the regime until the U.S. declared war on Germany.

Lindbergh always championed military strength and alertness.<ref>Lindbergh, Charles A. [http://www.charleslindbergh.com/pdf/TheAirDefenseofAmerica.pdf "Air Defense of America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507185709/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/pdf/TheAirDefenseofAmerica.pdf |date=May 7, 2006}}. charleslindbergh.com, May 19, 1940.</ref><ref>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/speech2.asp "America First Speech"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507185755/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/speech2.asp |date=May 7, 2006}}. charleslindbergh.com. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref> He believed that a strong defensive war machine would make America an impenetrable fortress and defend the Western Hemisphere from an attack by foreign powers, and that this was the U.S. military's sole purpose.<ref>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/index.asp "Charles Lindbergh's Noninterventionist Efforts & America First Committee Involvement"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523033525/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/index.asp |date=May 23, 2006}}. charleslindbergh.com. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref>

While the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] came as a shock to Lindbergh, he did predict that America's "wavering policy in the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Philippines]]" would invite a brutal war there, and in one speech warned, "we should either fortify these islands adequately, or get out of them entirely."<ref>{{cite book |last=Berg |first=A.S. |title=Lindbergh |publisher=Simon & Schuster UK |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4711-3008-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bAAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT422 |access-date=18 July 2023 |page=422}}</ref>

==World War II==
[[File:WWII U.S. Marine aces Joe Foss and Marion Carl with Charles Lindbergh (Press Photo).jpg|left|thumb|Lindbergh with [[United States Marine Corps Aviation|Marine Corps]] aces [[Joe Foss]] and [[Marion Eugene Carl|Marion Carl]] in May 1944]]
In January 1942, Lindbergh met with Secretary of War, [[Henry L. Stimson]], seeking to be recommissioned in the Army Air Forces. Stimson was strongly opposed because of the long record of public comments.<ref>Berg, pp 435-437.</ref> Blocked from active military service, Lindbergh approached a number of aviation companies and offered his services as a consultant. As a technical adviser with Ford in 1942, he was heavily involved in troubleshooting early problems at the [[Willow Run]] [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]] bomber production line. As B-24 production smoothed out, he joined [[United Aircraft]] in 1943 as an engineering consultant, devoting most of his time to its [[Chance-Vought|Chance-Vought Division]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Herman|title=Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II|year=2012|pages=232–6|publisher=[[Random House]]|location=New York City|isbn=978-1-4000-6964-4}}</ref>[[File:Thomas B. McGuire (L) and Charles Lindbergh (R).jpg|thumb|Lindbergh with ace [[Thomas McGuire]] on [[Biak|Biak Island]] in 1944. The aircraft is a [[Lockheed P-38 Lightning|P-38 Lightning]]  ]]In 1944 Lindbergh persuaded United Aircraft to send him as a technical representative to the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] to study aircraft performance under combat conditions. In preparation for his deployment to the Pacific, Lindbergh went to [[Brooks Brothers]] to buy a naval officer's uniform without insignia and visited [[Brentano's|Brentano's bookstore]] at [[Rockefeller Center]] in New York to buy a [[New Testament]], writing in his wartime journal entry for April 3, 1944: "Purchased a small New Testament at Brentano's. Since I can only carry one book—and a very small one—that is my choice. It would not have been a decade ago; but the more I learn and the more I read, the less competition it has."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindbergh |first=Charles A. |url=https://archive.org/details/wartimejournalso0000lind/page/774/mode/2up?q=%22small+New+Testament+at+Brentano%27s%22 |title=The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh |date=1970 |publisher=New York : Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich |isbn=978-0-15-194625-9 |pages=775}}</ref> He demonstrated how [[United States Marine Corps Aviation]] pilots could take off safely with a bomb load double the [[Vought F4U Corsair]] fighter-bomber's rated capacity. At the time, several Marine squadrons were flying bomber escorts to destroy the Japanese stronghold of [[Rabaul]], [[New Britain]], in the Australian [[Territory of New Guinea]]. On {{nowrap|May 21}}, 1944, Lindbergh flew his first combat mission: a strafing run with [[VMF-222]] near the Japanese garrison of Rabaul.<ref name="mersky"/> He also flew with [[VMF-216]], from the Marine Air Base at [[Torokina]], [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]]. Lindbergh was escorted on one of these missions by Lt. Robert E. (Lefty) McDonough, who refused to fly with Lindbergh again, as he did not want to be known as "the guy who killed Lindbergh".<ref name="mersky"/>
[[File:Charles Lindbergh with a Lockheed P-38J Lightning.jpg|left|thumb|Lindbergh with a P-38J Lightning in 1944]]
In his six months in the Pacific in 1944, Lindbergh took part in fighter bomber raids on Japanese positions, flying 50 combat missions (again as a civilian).<ref>Bauer, Daniel (1989) "Fifty Missions: The Combat Career of Col. Charles A. Lindbergh", ''Air Classics 25th Anniversary Edition'', pp. 19–25, 128–130.</ref> His innovations in the use of [[Lockheed P-38 Lightning]] fighters impressed a supportive Gen. [[Douglas MacArthur]].<ref>[http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/ozatwar/lindbergh.htm "Charles Augustus Lindbergh Helps the 5th Air Force During WW2"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904045629/http://home.st.net.au/%7Edunn/ozatwar/lindbergh.htm |date=September 4, 2006}}. home.st.net.au. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref> Lindbergh introduced [[Air–fuel ratio|engine-leaning techniques]] to P-38 pilots, greatly improving fuel consumption at cruise speeds, enabling the long-range fighter aircraft to fly longer-range missions. P-38 pilot Warren Lewis quoted Lindbergh's fuel-saving settings, "He said, '...&nbsp;we can cut the RPM down to 1400RPMs and use 30 inches of mercury (manifold pressure), and save 50–100 gallons of fuel on a mission.{{'"}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VL54IWnkchA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/VL54IWnkchA| archive-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Battle Stations: P38 Lockheed Lightning (War History Documentary)|access-date=May 4, 2021|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The U.S. Marine and Army Air Force pilots who served with Lindbergh praised his courage and defended his patriotism.<ref name="mersky"/><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Herman|title=Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II|year=2012|page=287|publisher=[[Random House]]|location=New York City|isbn=978-1-4000-6964-4}}</ref>

On {{nowrap|July 28}}, 1944, during a P-38 bomber escort mission with the [[433d Weapons Squadron|433rd Fighter Squadron]] in the [[Seram Island|Ceram]] area, Lindbergh shot down a [[Mitsubishi Ki-51]] "Sonia" observation plane, piloted by Captain Saburo Shimada, commanding officer of the 73rd Independent Chutai.<ref name=475thFighterGroup>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/wwii/ "Charles Lindbergh and the 475th Fighter Group"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220060939/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/wwii/ |date=December 20, 2005}}. charleslindbergh.com. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref><ref name="mersky">Mersky 1993, p. 93.</ref> Lindbergh's participation in combat was revealed in a story in the ''[[Herald News|Passaic Herald-News]]'' on October 22, 1944.<ref name="Colonel Lindbergh On Combat Mission" />

In mid-October 1944, Lindbergh participated in a joint Army-Navy conference on fighter planes at [[NAS Patuxent River]], Maryland.<ref>Associated Press, [https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SBS19441022.1.16&srpos=1&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-%22Lindbergh+Assists+In+Plane+Data+Study%22-------1 "Lindbergh Assists In Plane Data Study"], ''The San Bernardino Daily Sun'', San Bernardino, California, Sunday October 22, 1944, Volume 51, page 16.</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:1954 Press Photo - Charles Lindbergh sworn in as Brigadier General by Air Force Secretary Talbott.jpg|thumb|Air Force Secretary [[Harold E. Talbott|Harold Talbott]] swearing in Lindbergh as a U.S. Air Force Reserve [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] in April 1954, after President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] nominated him]]
After World War II, Lindbergh lived in [[Darien, Connecticut]], and served as a consultant to the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force]] and to [[Pan American World Airways]]. With most of eastern Europe under communist control, Lindbergh continued to voice concern about Soviet power, observing: "Freedom of speech and action is suppressed over a large portion of the world...[[Polish People's Republic|Poland]] is not free, nor the [[Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)|Baltic states]], nor the Balkans. Fear, hatred, and mistrust are breeding."<ref name="Berg-1998">{{Cite book |last=Berg |first=A. Scott |url=http://archive.org/details/lindbergh000berg |title=Lindbergh |publisher=New York: G.P. Putnam's |year=1998 |isbn=0-399-14449-8 |pages=469–471}}</ref> In Lindbergh's words, Soviet and communist influence over the post-war world meant that "while our soldiers have been victorious," America had nonetheless not "accomplished the objectives for which we went to war," and he declared: "We have not established peace or liberty in Europe."<ref name="Berg-1998" />

Commenting on the post-war world, Lindbergh said that "a whole civilization is in disintegration," and believed America needed to support Europe against communism. Because America had "taken a leading part" in World War II, he said it therefore could not "retire now and leave Europe to the destructive forces" that the war had "let loose."<ref name="Berg-1998" /> While he still believed his prewar non-interventionism was correct, Lindbergh said the United States now had a responsibility to support Europe, because of "honor, self-respect, and our own national interests."<ref name="Berg-1998" /> Furthermore, he wrote that "we could not let atrocities such as those of the concentration camps go unpunished," and he firmly supported the [[Nuremberg trials]].<ref name="Berg-1998" />

After the war, Lindbergh toured Germany, covering "almost two thousand miles during his last two weeks" in the country, and also traveled to Paris and participated in "conferences with military personnel and the American Ambassador" during the same trip.<ref name="Berg-1998" /> While in Germany in June 1945, he toured [[Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp|Dora concentration camp]], inspecting the tunnels of Nordhausen and viewing [[V-1 flying bomb|V-1]] and [[V-2 rocket|V-2 missile]] parts. He attempted to "reconcile," as Berg wrote, the technology he saw with how the "forces of evil had harnessed it."<ref name="Berg-1998" /> Reflecting on what happened in the camps, Lindbergh wrote in his wartime journal that it "seemed impossible that men—civilized men—could degenerate to such a level. Yet they had."<ref name="Berg-1998" /><ref name="Lindbergh-1970">{{Cite book |last=Lindbergh |first=Charles A. |url=http://archive.org/details/wartimejournalso0000lind |title=The wartime journals of Charles A. Lindbergh |publisher=New York : Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-15-194625-9 |pages=996–997}}</ref> In the following page in his journal, he also lamented the mistreatment of Japanese people by Americans and other Allied personnel during the war, comparing these "incidents" to what the Germans did.<ref name="Lindbergh-1970" /> As Berg wrote in 1998, Lindbergh returned from this two-month European journey "more alarmed about the state of the world than ever," but nonetheless "he knew that the American public no longer gave a hoot for his opinions."<ref name="Berg-1998" /> Drawing lessons from the war, Lindbergh stated: "No peace will last that is not based on Christian principles, on justice, on compassion...on a sense of the dignity of man. Without such principles there can be no lasting strength...The Germans found that out."<ref name="Berg-1998" /> Soon after returning to America, Lindbergh paid a visit to his mother in Detroit, and on the train home he wrote a letter wherein he mentioned a "spiritual awareness," speaking of how important it was to spend time in the garden, take in the sun, and listen to birds.<ref name="Berg-1998" /> In Berg's words, this letter "revealed a changed man."<ref name="Berg-1998" /> As time went on, Lindbergh became increasingly spiritual in his outlook and grew concerned with the impact science and technology had on the world. In 1948, his ''Of Flight and Life'' was published, a book that has been described as an "impassioned warning against the dangers of scientific materialism and the powers of technology."<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.bibliopolis.com |title=Of Flight and Life by Charles Lindbergh on Manhattan Rare Book Company |url=https://www.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/350/charles-lindbergh/of-flight-and-life?soldItem=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203085149/https://www.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/350/charles-lindbergh/of-flight-and-life?soldItem=true |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Manhattan Rare Book Company |language=en-US}}</ref> In this book, he wrote of his experiences as a combat pilot in the Pacific theater, and declared his conversion from a worshiper of science to a worshiper of the "eternal truths of God," expressing concern for humanity's future.<ref name="Cevasco-2009" /> In 1949, he received the [[Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy]] and declared in his acceptance speech: "If we are to be finally successful, we must measure scientific accomplishments by their effect on man himself."<ref name="Cevasco-2009" />
[[File:President John F. Kennedy with Aviator Charles A. Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh.jpg|left|thumb|Lindbergh and his wife, Anne, with President [[John F. Kennedy]] at the White House in May 1962]]
On April 7, 1954, on the recommendation of President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], Lindbergh was commissioned a [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] in the [[U.S. Air Force Reserve]]; Eisenhower had nominated Lindbergh for promotion on February 15.<ref name="Interim" /><ref name="TimesLindbergh" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Charles Lindbergh Biography|url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/|url-status=live|access-date=October 7, 2021|website=www.charleslindbergh.com|quote=President Dwight D. Eisenhower restored Lindbergh's commission and appointed him a brigadier general in the Air Force in 1954.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010604022120/http://www.charleslindbergh.com:80/history/ |archive-date=June 4, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Timeline|url=https://www.mnhs.org/lindbergh/learn/timeline|url-status=live|access-date=October 7, 2021|website=Minnesota Historical Society|quote=1954&nbsp;... President Dwight D. Eisenhower appoints him a brigadier general in the Air Force.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819064004/http://www.mnhs.org:80/lindbergh/learn/timeline |archive-date=August 19, 2018}}</ref> Also in that year, he served on a Congressional advisory panel that recommended the site of the [[United States Air Force Academy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cpr.org/2014/04/03/how-a-dirty-trick-and-charles-lindbergh-helped-bring-air-force-academy-to-colorado-springs/|title=How a dirty trick and Charles Lindbergh helped bring Air Force Academy to Colorado Springs|date=April 3, 2014|access-date=May 18, 2022|work=CPR News|publisher=[[Colorado Public Radio]]}}</ref> He also won the Pulitzer Prize for biography in 1954 with his book, ''[[The Spirit of St. Louis (book)|The Spirit of St. Louis]]'', which focuses on his 1927 flight and the events leading up to it.<ref name="pulitzer">[http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1954 "1954 Winners."] ''The Pulitzer Prizes''. Retrieved: November 22, 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Grutzner |first=Charles |date=1954-05-04 |title=' 54 Pulitzer Play Is 'Teahouse'; Lindbergh Wins Biography Prize; ' TEAHOUSE' WINS PULITZER AWARD |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/05/04/archives/-54-pulitzer-play-is-teahouse-lindbergh-wins-biography-prize.html |access-date=2023-02-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In May 1962, Lindbergh visited the White House with his wife and met President [[John F. Kennedy]], having his picture taken by White House photographer Robert Knudsen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit of Charles A. Lindbergh {{!}} JFK Library |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkwhp-1962-05-11-d#?image_identifier=JFKWHP-KN-21721 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.jfklibrary.org}}</ref>

In December 1968, he visited the astronauts of [[Apollo 8]] (the first crewed mission to orbit the Moon) the day before their launch, and in July 1969 he witnessed the launch of [[Apollo 11]].<ref>"Private Pilot Textbook GFD". ''[[Jeppesen]]''. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref><ref name="Cevasco-2009" /> In conjunction with the first lunar landing, he shared his thoughts as part of [[Walter Cronkite]]'s live television coverage. He later wrote the foreword to Apollo astronaut [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]'s autobiography.<ref>{{cite book | last = Collins | first = Michael | title = Carrying the fire : an astronaut's journeys | publisher = Farrar, Straus and Giroux | location = New York | year = 2009 |isbn=978-0-374-53194-2}}</ref> While he continued his interest in technology, Lindbergh began to focus more on protecting the natural world, and after viewing the Apollo 11 launch, he "participated in a [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]-sponsored dedication of a 900-acre bird preserve."<ref name="Cevasco-2009" />

===Double life and secret German children===
Beginning in 1957, General Lindbergh engaged in lengthy sexual relationships with three women while remaining married to Anne Morrow. He fathered three children with hatmaker Brigitte Hesshaimer (1926–2001), who had lived in the small Bavarian town of [[Geretsried]]. He had two children with her sister Mariette, a painter, living in [[Grimisuat]]. Lindbergh also had a son and daughter (born in 1959 and 1961) with Valeska, an [[East Prussia]]n [[Junker|aristocrat]] who was his private secretary in Europe and lived in [[Baden-Baden]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Reeve|last=Lindbergh|author-link=Reeve Lindbergh|title=Forward From Here: Leaving Middle Age and Other Unexpected Adventures|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|location=New York City|date=2008|isbn=978-0-7432-7511-8|page=201}}</ref><ref>Ländler, Mark. [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/02/world/a-newspaper-reports-lindbergh-fathered-3-children-in-germany.html  "A Newspaper Reports Lindbergh Fathered 3 Children in Germany"] ''The New York Times'' August 2, 2003, p. A4</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Rudolf|last1=Schröck|first2=Dyrk|last2=Hesshaimer|first3=Astrid|last3=Bouteuil|first4=David|last4=Hesshaimer|title=Das Doppelleben des Charles A. Lindbergh, Der berühmteste Flugpionier aller Zeiten – seine wahre Geschichte |trans-title=The Double Life of Charles A. Lindbergh|publisher=Wilhelm Heyne Verlag|location=Munich, Germany|date=2005|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Bojan|last=Pancevski|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1491010/Aviator-Lindbergh-fathered-children-by-three-mistresses.html|title=Aviator Lindbergh fathered children with mistresses|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|location=London, England|date=May 29, 2005|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416134822/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1491010/Aviator-Lindbergh-fathered-children-by-three-mistresses.html|archive-date=April 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> All seven children were born between 1958 and 1967.<ref name="Schröck">Schröck, Rudolf [http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=236 The Lone Eagle's Clandestine Nests. Charles Lindbergh's German secrets"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503204848/http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=236 |date=May 3, 2008}}. ''The Atlantic Times'', June 2005</ref>

Ten days before he died, Lindbergh wrote to each of his European mistresses, imploring them to maintain the utmost secrecy about his illicit activities with them even after his death.<ref>Lindbergh letter to Brigitte Hesshaimer dated August 16, 1974, reproduced in ''Das Doppelleben des Charles A. Lindbergh''</ref> The three women (none of whom ever married) all managed to keep their affairs secret even from their children, who during his lifetime (and for almost a decade after his death) did not know the true identity of their father, whom they had only known by the alias Careu Kent and seen only when he briefly visited them once or twice a year. However, after reading a magazine article about Lindbergh in the mid-1980s, Brigitte's daughter Astrid deduced the truth; she later discovered photographs and more than 150 love letters from Lindbergh to her mother. After Brigitte and Anne Lindbergh had both died, she made her findings public; in 2003 [[DNA test]]s confirmed that Lindbergh had fathered Astrid and her two siblings.<ref name="Schröck"/><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/29/world/dna-proves-lindbergh-led-a-double-life.html  "DNA Proves Lindbergh Led a Double Life"] ''The New York Times'' November 29, 2003, p. A6</ref> [[Reeve Lindbergh]], Lindbergh's youngest child with Anne, wrote in her personal journal in 2003, "This story reflects absolutely Byzantine layers of deception on the part of our shared father. These children did not even know who he was! He used a pseudonym with them (To protect them, perhaps? To protect himself, absolutely!)"<ref>Lindbergh, Reeve (2008) pp. 203 and 210</ref>

=== Environmental and tribal causes ===
[[File:Charles Lindbergh on April 12, 1972 with Major Bruce Ware USAF, 31st ARRS.jpg|thumb|Lindbergh with Air Force Maj. Bruce Ware in 1972 in front of a [[Sikorsky S-61R]], following Ware's air rescue of Lindbergh in the [[Philippines]]]]
In later life Lindbergh was heavily involved in [[conservation movement]]s, and was deeply concerned about the negative impacts of new technologies on the natural world and [[Indigenous peoples|native peoples]], focusing on regions like [[Hawaii]], Africa, and the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Gray1988">{{cite book|author=Susan M. Gray|title=Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma: The Conflict of Technology and Human Values|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfQ9rfHVg2sC&pg=PA90|year=1988|publisher=Popular Press|isbn=978-0-87972-422-1|pages=89–90}}</ref><ref name="Davis1999">{{cite book|author=Lucile Davis|title=Charles Lindbergh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enCKD3-O-twC&pg=PA21|year=1999|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7368-0204-8|page=21}}</ref><ref name="Cevasco-2009" /> He campaigned to protect [[endangered species]] including the [[humpback whale]], [[blue whale]],<ref name="Davis1999" /><ref name="Cevasco-2009" /> [[Philippine eagle]], and the [[tamaraw]] (a rare dwarf Philippine buffalo), and was instrumental in establishing protections for the [[Tasaday]] and [[Agta]] people, and various African tribes such as the [[Maasai people|Maasai]].<ref name=Environmentalist/><ref name="Davis1999" /> Alongside [[Laurance S. Rockefeller]], Lindbergh helped establish the [[Haleakalā National Park]] in Hawaii.<ref name="Winks2013">{{cite book|author=Robin W. Winks|title=Laurance S. Rockefeller: Catalyst For Conservation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFVh9Ka_SzAC&pg=PA71|date=April 15, 2013|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-61091-090-3|page=71}}</ref> He also worked to protect [[Arctic wolf|Arctic wolves]] in Alaska, and helped establish [[Voyageurs National Park]] in northern Minnesota.<ref name="Environmentalist" />

In an essay appearing in the July 1964 ''[[Reader's Digest]]'', Lindbergh wrote about a realization he had in [[Kenya]] during a trip to see land being considered for a national park.<ref name="Cevasco-2009">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTSIPaCr2DYC&dq=%22I+would+rather+have+birds+than+airplanes.%22+1964&pg=PA260 |title=Modern American Environmentalists: A Biographical Encyclopedia |last2= |first2= |date=2009-06-15 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-9524-1 |editor-last=Cevasco |editor-first=George A. |pages=259–262 |language=en |editor-last2=Harmond |editor-first2=Richard P.}}</ref> He contrasted his time amid the African landscape with his involvement in a supersonic transport convention in New York, and while "lying under an [[Acacia|acacia tree]]," he realized how the "construction of an airplane" was simple compared to the "evolutionary achievement of a bird." He wrote "that if I had to choose, I would rather have birds than airplanes."<ref name="Cevasco-2009" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mosley |first=Leonard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-83bnBqUJh0C&dq=%22I+realized+that+If+I+had+to+choose,+I+would+rather+have+birds+than+airplanes.%22&pg=PA365 |title=Lindbergh: A Biography |date=2000-01-01 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-40964-1 |pages=365 |language=en}}</ref> In this essay, he questioned his old definition of "progress," and concluded that nature displayed more actual progress than humanity's creations.<ref name="Cevasco-2009" /> He wrote several more essays for ''Reader's Digest'' and ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'', urging people to respect the self-awareness that came from contact with nature, which he called the "wisdom of wildness," and not merely follow science.<ref name="Cevasco-2009" /> As David Boocker wrote in 2009, Lindbergh's essays, appearing in popular magazines, "introduced millions of people to the [[Conservation in the United States|conservation cause]]," and he made an important "appeal to lead a life less complicated by technology."<ref name="Cevasco-2009" />

On May 14, 1971, Lindbergh received the Philippine [[Order of the Golden Heart (Philippines)|Order of the Golden Heart]] at a formal dinner at [[Malacañang Palace]] in [[Manila]].<ref name="Philippines-1971" /> He was described as an aviation pioneer who had symbolized the advance of technology, and who now was a symbol of the drive to protect natural life from technology.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 16, 1971 |title=Names & Faces in the News: Charles A. Lindbergh |pages=2 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/435823837/ |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref> Lindbergh actively participated in both conservation and advocacy for tribal minorities in the Philippines, frequently visiting the country and working to protect species including the tamaraw and Philippine eagle, which he described as a "magnificent bird," lending his name to a law against killing or trapping the animal.<ref name="Star-Phoenix-1971">{{Cite news |date=August 26, 1971 |title=Another 'magnificent' animal fights for rights against man |pages=15 |work=[[Star-Phoenix]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/509530841 |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref> In August 1971, in [[Davao City]], he ceremonially received a young Philippine eagle kept in captivity after its mother was killed by a hunter, delaying his return to the United States so he could take part in the presentation.<ref name="Star-Phoenix-1971" /> Arturo Garcia, a movie theater manager in Davao, had bought the bird for $40 in March 1970 after the hunting incident, and built a large cage for it behind his house. Lindbergh entered the cage with Jesus Alvarez, director of the Philippines park and wildlife commission, received the eagle, and then turned it over to Alvarez, remarking: "Now we have to see if the bird can go back to its natural place."<ref name="Star-Phoenix-1971" /> The [[Associated Press]] reported on both Lindbergh's reception of the Order of the Golden Heart and the presentation of the eagle.<ref name="Star-Phoenix-1971" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 15, 1971 |title=President Marcos Honors Lindbergh |pages=3 |work=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/269495402 |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref>
[[File:LakeSebuSunset 01.jpg|left|thumb|[[Lake Sebu]] on [[Mindanao]], near where Lindbergh made his 1972 trip to investigate the [[Tasaday]] people]]
Lindbergh's speeches and writings in later life centered on technology and nature, and his lifelong belief that "all the achievements of mankind have value only to the extent that they preserve and improve the quality of life".<ref name="Gray1988" /> In 1972, Lindbergh undertook an expedition with a television news crew to [[Mindanao]], in the Philippines, to investigate reports of a lost tribe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swopes |first=Bryan R. |date=2017 |title=12 April 1972 |url=https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/lockheed-hc-130n-combat-king/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106004947/https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/lockheed-hc-130n-combat-king/ |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |website=This Day in Aviation |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rescue of General Charles Lindbergh Easter Sunday, 1972 by Bruce Ware |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/1972.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106062828/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/1972.asp |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.charleslindbergh.com |quote=Gen. Lindbergh had been airlifted into the position, along with an American news team}}</ref> The [[Tasaday]], a [[Philippine]] [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|indigenous people]] of the [[Lake Sebu]] area, were attracting much media attention at the time. Although both ''[[NBC Evening News]]'' and ''[[National Geographic]]'' ran stories about the supposed discovery of the tribe, a controversy emerged over whether the Tasaday were truly [[Uncontacted peoples|uncontacted]], or had just been portrayed that way for media attention—particularly by [[Manuel Elizalde|Manuel Elizalde Jr.]], a Philippine politician who publicized the tribe—and were in reality "not completely isolated."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=James |first=Jamie |date=2003-05-19 |title=The Tribe Out of Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,452856,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en-US |issn=0040-781X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020235018/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,452856,00.html |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |access-date=2022-10-20 |quote=Hemley, who concludes that although the Tasaday were not completely isolated, as Elizalde, National Geographic and others had first presented them, some of the original claims, particularly those based on linguistic evidence, cannot be easily dismissed.}}</ref> Lindbergh himself cooperated with Elizalde to get a "proclamation from President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] to preserve more than 46,000 acres of Tasaday country."<ref name="Cevasco-2009" /> However, during Lindbergh's expedition, the support helicopter for his team had mechanical trouble, creating the prospect of a three-day return trek through difficult jungle terrain. On April 2, ''The New York Times'' ran a [[United Press International|UPI]] report stating Lindbergh's party had "sent a radio message from the rain forests of the southern Philippines saying their food was nearly gone and they needed help."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1972-04-02 |title=Lindbergh's Party Radios For Help in the Philippines |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/02/archives/lindberghs-party-radios-for-help-in-the-philippines.html |access-date=2022-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107005816/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/02/archives/lindberghs-party-radios-for-help-in-the-philippines.html |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Henry A. Byroade]], [[List of ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines|U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines]], called upon the [[31st Rescue Squadron|31st Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron]] at [[Clark Air Base]] on the island of [[Luzon]] to perform a rescue.<ref name="Ware-2007" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rescue of General Charles Lindbergh Easter Sunday, 1972 by Bruce Ware |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/1972.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106062828/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/1972.asp |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.charleslindbergh.com |quote=the U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines...was notified. He called the 31st Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron}}</ref> U.S. Air Force [[Major (United States)|Maj.]] Bruce Ware and his crew—co-pilot [[Lieutenant colonel|Lt. Col.]] Dick Smith, flight engineer [[Staff sergeant|SSgt]] Bob Baldwin, and pararescueman [[Airman first class|Airman 1st Class]] Kim Robinson—flew their [[Sikorsky HH-3E Jolly Green Giant]] over {{convert|600|mi|km}} to rescue Lindbergh and his news crew on April 12, 1972.<ref name="Swopes-2022">{{Cite web |last=Swopes |first=Bryan R. |title=Lockheed HC-130N Combat King Archives |url=https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/lockheed-hc-130n-combat-king/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106004947/https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/lockheed-hc-130n-combat-king/ |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=This Day in Aviation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Doeden |first=Dennis |date=2021-05-28 |title=Retired Air Force colonel who rescued Lindbergh visits Bemidji area as part of RV tour of the Mississippi |url=https://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/retired-air-force-colonel-who-rescued-lindbergh-visits-bemidji-area-as-part-of-rv-tour-of-the-mississippi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106062836/https://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/retired-air-force-colonel-who-rescued-lindbergh-visits-bemidji-area-as-part-of-rv-tour-of-the-mississippi |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Bemidji Pioneer |language=en |quote=}}</ref><ref name="Ware-2007">{{Cite web |last=Ware |first=Bruce |date=20 Aug 2007 |title=The following is the narrative of the mission on which I was credited for saving Gen Charles Lindbergh's life on Easter Sunday, 1972. |url=https://www.rotorheadsrus.us/documents/Linberg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106065648/https://www.rotorheadsrus.us/documents/Linberg.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |website=www.rotorheadsrus.us}}</ref> Lindbergh and the news team were stranded on a {{convert|3000|ft|m|adj=on}} high jungle ridge line, and because of this terrain the Sikorsky "had to hover with the nose wheel on one side of the ridge, and the main wheels on the other, with the boarding steps a few feet over the ridge top."<ref name="Swopes-2022" /> During the operation, the helicopter had to refuel twice, causing Lindbergh to comment that although he had helped develop [[in-flight refueling]], he had never been aboard a helicopter during the procedure, nor on the receiving end of it.<ref name="Swopes-2022" /><ref name="Ware-2007" /> After more than twelve hours, and a total of eight trips to a nearby drop point, the mission was finally complete, and all 46 individuals stranded on the ridge were extracted. With Lindbergh aboard, the helicopter then flew to [[Mactan Air Base]], on the island of Cebu, where photographers were waiting for him.<ref name="Swopes-2022" /><ref name="Ware-2007" /> Ware rested in the pilot's seat for several minutes after landing, and Lindbergh was hesitant to disembark before him. He told Ware he was certain he could not have made the "hard" three day journey back.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ware |first=Bruce |date=August 20, 2007 |title=The following is the narrative of the mission on which I was credited for saving Gen Charles Lindbergh's life on Easter Sunday, 1972. |url=https://www.rotorheadsrus.us/documents/Linberg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106065648/https://www.rotorheadsrus.us/documents/Linberg.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |website=www.rotorheadsrus.us |quote=}}</ref><ref name="Doeden-2021">{{Cite web |last=Doeden |first=Dennis |date=2021-05-28 |title=Retired Air Force colonel who rescued Lindbergh visits Bemidji area as part of RV tour of the Mississippi |url=https://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/retired-air-force-colonel-who-rescued-lindbergh-visits-bemidji-area-as-part-of-rv-tour-of-the-mississippi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106062836/https://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/retired-air-force-colonel-who-rescued-lindbergh-visits-bemidji-area-as-part-of-rv-tour-of-the-mississippi |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Bemidji Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> Lindbergh, with other passengers, was then loaded on a [[Lockheed HC-130|HC-130]] and flown to Manila.<ref name="Ware-2007" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=April 3, 1972 |title=Lindbergh Party Flown To Safety by Air Force; TASADAY FOREST, Philippines, April 2 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/03/archives/lindbergh-party-flown-to-safety-by-air-force.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |page=3 |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]]}}</ref> As reported by the Associated Press, Lindbergh remarked after his rescue: "We were in no danger but we were stranded and running low on food."<ref name=":0" />

Maj. Ware received the Distinguished Flying Cross for his actions, and the other Sikorsky crew members received the [[Air Medal]].<ref name="Swopes-2022" /> In 2021, Ware described how he received his medal "in less than a week," remarking that it normally "takes several months. But when you've got an international hero, it kind of gains some momentum.”<ref name="Doeden-2021" /> The helicopter involved in the rescue, Sikorsky HH-3E 66-13289 (c/n 61-588),<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rescue of General Charles Lindbergh Easter Sunday, 1972 by Bruce Ware |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/1972.asp |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.charleslindbergh.com |quote=HH-3E, tail number 66-13289 (Jolly 36 or AF Rescue 289) lifted off Clark AB, Republic of the Philippines at 0320 Hrs. on Easter Sunday morning, 1972.}}</ref> was itself lost in the South China Sea later in 1972, following a rescue from a freighter west of [[Luzon]], when its main transmission cracked and began leaking oil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swopes |first=Bryan R. |title=Lockheed HC-130N Combat King Archives |url=https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/lockheed-hc-130n-combat-king/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=This Day in Aviation |language=en-US |quote=The helicopter...was lost in the South China Sea in 1972, following a rescue from a freighter west of Luzon, Philippine Islands. Notified by the accompanying HC-130 that the helicopter was trailing smoke, the aircraft commander...made an emergency landing at sea. It was determined that the main transmission had cracked and was leaking oil.}}</ref>
[[File:Haw-maui-beilindbergh.jpg|left|thumb|[[Maui]] coastline near Lindbergh's retirement home in [[Kipahulu, Hawaii|Kipahulu]], where he supported [[Conservation in the United States|conservation]] efforts during his later years]]
Lindbergh also joined with early aviation industrialist, former Pan Am executive vice president, and longtime friend, Samuel F. Pryor Jr., in "efforts by the Nature Conservancy to preserve plants and wildlife in Kipahulu Valley" on the [[Hawaiian Islands|Hawaiian island]] of [[Maui]].<ref name="NYT-1985">{{Cite news |date=1985-09-19 |title=S. F. Pryor Jr., Airline Pioneer |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/19/us/s-f-pryor-jr-airline-pioneer.html |access-date=2022-11-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="LA-Times-1985" /> Lindbergh chose the [[Kipahulu, Hawaii|Kipahulu]] Valley for retirement, building an A‐frame cottage there in 1971;<ref name="NYT-1974">{{Cite news |date=1974-08-27 |title=Lindbergh Dies of Cancer in Hawaii at the Age of 72 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/27/archives/lindbergh-dies-of-cancer-in-hawaii-at-the-age-of-72-lindbergh-dies.html |access-date=2022-11-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Pryor moved there in 1965 with his wife, Mary, after retiring from Pan Am.<ref name="LA-Times-1985" /><ref name="NYT-1985" /><ref name="PHPS-2022" /> Lindbergh's choice of Maui as a retirement home "represented his love of natural places" and his "lifelong commitment to the ideal of simplicity."<ref name="Gray-1988a">{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfQ9rfHVg2sC&q=maui |title=Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma: The Conflict of Technology and Human Values |date=1988 |publisher=Popular Press |isbn=978-0-87972-422-1 |pages=105 |language=en}}</ref> Commenting on Lindbergh's profound concern with the impact of technology on humanity, Richard Hallion wrote: "He recognized the narrow margin on which society trod in the unstable nuclear era, and his work after World War II confirmed his fear that humanity now had the ability to destroy in minutes what previous generations had taken centuries to create. And so Lindbergh the technologist changed to Lindbergh the philosopher, protector of the Tasaday, preaching a turn from the materialistic, mechanistic society toward a society based on 'simplicity, humiliation, contemplation, prayer.'"<ref name="Gray-1988b">{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfQ9rfHVg2sC |title=Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma: The Conflict of Technology and Human Values |date=1988 |publisher=Popular Press |isbn=978-0-87972-422-1 |pages=106 |language=en}}</ref> In her 1988 book, ''Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma'', Susan M. Gray wrote that Lindbergh "established his 'middle ground' between technology and human values, embracing both, rejecting neither."<ref name="Gray-1988b" />

===Death===
[[File:Charles A. Lindbergh Tombstone, October 5, 2006.jpg|thumb|Lindbergh's grave at Palapala Ho'omau Church in Kipahulu, [[Hawaii]], with an epitaph from {{Bibleverse|Psalm|139:9|KJV}}]]
Lindbergh spent his last years on Maui in his small, rustic seaside home. In 1972, he became sick with cancer and ultimately died of [[lymphoma]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Choosing Life: Living Your Life While Planning for Death |url=http://www.cancersupportivecare.com/plan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218033803/http://www.cancersupportivecare.com/plan.html |archive-date=February 18, 2022 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Cancer Supportive & Survivorship Care}}</ref> on the morning of {{nowrap|August 26}}, 1974, at age 72.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfQ9rfHVg2sC |title=Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma: The Conflict of Technology and Human Values |date=1988 |publisher=Popular Press |isbn=978-0-87972-422-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Davis1999" /> After his cancer diagnosis, Lindbergh "sketched a simple design for his grave and coffin,"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palapala Ho'omau Church {{!}} Charles Lindbergh grave on Road to Hana |url=https://roadtohana.com/palapala-hoomau-church.php |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=roadtohana.com}}</ref> helping to design his grave in the "traditional Hawaiian style."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kessner |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJXdVyREaYcC |title=The Flight of the Century: Charles Lindbergh and the Rise of American Aviation |date=2010-07-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975264-5 |pages=240 |language=en |quote=He was buried in Maui on August 26, 1974, in a grave he helped design in the traditional Hawaiian style}}</ref> Following “a series of radiation treatments, he spent several months in Maui recuperating,” and also made a 26‐day stay in the Columbia‐Presbyterian Medical Center in New York, but with little improvement.<ref name="NYT-1974" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Meachum |first=Virginia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khR_nz9chHwC |title=Charles Lindbergh: American Hero of Flight |date=2002 |publisher=Enslow |isbn=978-0-7660-1535-7 |pages=109 |language=en}}</ref> After he realized the treatment would not save him, he decided to leave Columbia hospital and made a final return to Kipahulu with his wife Anne, flying to [[Honolulu]] on August 17 and then traveling to Maui by small plane, dying a week later.<ref name="Davis1999" /><ref name="NYT-1974" /> He was buried on the grounds of the Palapala Ho'omau Church in Kipahulu, Maui, a Congregational church first established in 1864, which fell into disuse in the 1940s and was restored beginning in 1964 by Samuel F. Pryor Jr., whose family cooperated with the Lindbergh family to set up an endowment for the upkeep of the property.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Palapala Ho'omau Preservation Society |url=https://www.palapalahoomau.org/contact |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107023610/https://www.palapalahoomau.org/contact |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=Palapala Ho'omau Congregational Church |language=en}}</ref><ref name="PHPS-2022">{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Palapala Ho'omau Church |url=https://www.palapalahoomau.org/history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107023611/https://www.palapalahoomau.org/history |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=Palapala Ho'omau Congregational Church |language=en}}</ref><ref name="LA-Times-1985">{{Cite web |last=L.A. Times Archives |date=1985-09-20 |title=Samuel F. Pryor, Pioneer Aviation Industrialist |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-20-me-6390-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108071212/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-20-me-6390-story.html |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |quote=}}</ref> Lindbergh took part in the church restoration with his old friend Pryor, and both men agreed to make their final resting place in the small cemetery they cleared.<ref name="LA-Times-1985" /> Lindbergh was buried eight hours after he died in a eucalyptus casket, and was laid to rest in "simple work clothes."<ref name="Gray-1988a" /> For his funeral service he chose readings from the Bible and Native American poetry, among other selections.<ref name="Gray-1988a" /> On the evening of August 26, President [[Gerald Ford]] made a tribute to Lindbergh, saying that the courage and daring of his Atlantic flight would never be forgotten, describing him as a selfless, sincere man, and stating: "For a generation of Americans, and for millions of other people around the world, the 'Lone Eagle' represented all that was best in our country."<ref name="NYT-1974" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1974-08-27 |title=President Leads the Nation in Tribute to Lindbergh |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/27/archives/president-leads-the-nation-in-tribute-to-lindbergh.html |access-date=2022-11-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> His [[epitaph]], on a simple stone following the words "Charles A. Lindbergh Born Michigan 1902 Died Maui 1974", quotes {{Bibleverse|Psalm|139:9|KJV}}: "If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea&nbsp;... C.A.L."<ref name="Stoff2014">{{cite book|last=Stoff|first=Joshua|title=Charles A. Lindbergh: The Life of the "Lone Eagle" in Photographs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUTDBAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA213|date=October 6, 2014|publisher=Courier Corporation|location=North Chelmsford, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-486-15397-1|page=213}}</ref>

==Honors and tributes==
[[File:Bourget-statue.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Statue in honor of [[François Coli|Coli]], [[Charles Nungesser|Nungesser]], and Lindbergh at [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport]]]]
[[File:CoolidgeLindbergh.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|President [[Calvin Coolidge]] presents Lindbergh with a [[Hubbard Medal]], 1928]]
* Lindbergh was a recipient of the [[Silver Buffalo Award]], the highest adult award given by the [[Boy Scouts of America]], on April 10, 1928, in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Scouts Offer Medal To Unknown Soldier |work=The New York Times |date=April 11, 1928 |page=36}}</ref>
* On {{nowrap|May 8}}, 1928, a statue was dedicated at the entrance to [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]] in [[Paris]] honoring Lindbergh and his New York to Paris flight as well as Charles Nungesser and François Coli who had attempted the same feat two weeks earlier in the other direction aboard ''[[L'Oiseau Blanc]]'' (''The White Bird''), disappearing without a trace.
* [[San Diego International Airport]] was named Lindbergh Field from 1928 to 2003. A replica of his plane hangs above baggage claim.
* In 1933, the [[Lindbergh Range]] ({{lang-da|Lindbergh Fjelde}}) in [[Greenland]] was named after him by Danish Arctic explorer [[Lauge Koch]] following aerial surveys made during the 1931–1934 [[Three-year Expedition to East Greenland]].<ref name="cat">{{cite web|title=Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland |publisher=Geological Survey of Denmark |url=http://www.geus.dk/publications/bull/nr21/nr21_p117-368.pdf3 |access-date=July 31, 2016}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
* In [[St. Louis County, Missouri]], a [[Lindbergh School District|school district]], [[Lindbergh High School (Missouri)|high school]] and [[Lindbergh Boulevard|highway]] are named for Lindbergh, and he has a star on the [[St. Louis Walk of Fame]].<ref>[http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement "St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031162946/http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement |date=October 31, 2012}}. St. Louis Walk of Fame. Retrieved: April 25, 2013.</ref> 
* In 1937, a transatlantic race was proposed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of Lindbergh's flight to Paris, though it was eventually modified to take a different course of similar length (''see'' [[1937 Istres–Damascus–Paris Air Race]]).
* He was inducted into the [[National Aviation Hall of Fame]] in 1967.
* The [[Royal Air Force Museum]] in London minted a medal with his image as part of a 50 medal set called ''The History of Man in Flight'' in 1972.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The History of Man in Flight |magazine=[[Flight International]] |location=London, England |publisher=IPC Business Press |date=November 16, 1972 |pages=6–7 |type=Advertisement}}</ref>
* The original Lindbergh residence in Little Falls, Minnesota, is maintained as a museum, and is listed as a [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref>[http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/lh/ "Minnesota Historic Sites: Charles A. Lindbergh Historic Site"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411171626/http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/lh/ |date=April 11, 2008}}. [[Minnesota Historical Society]]. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref><ref>Westfall, Donald A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LzK3tTPTPAAC&pg=PA30 "Charles A. Lindbergh House"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129235153/https://books.google.com/books?id=LzK3tTPTPAAC&pg=PA30 |date=November 29, 2015}}. [[Minnesota Historical Society]]. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref>
* In February 2002, the [[Medical University of South Carolina]] at [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], within the celebrations for the Lindbergh 100th birthday established the Lindbergh-Carrel Prize,<ref>[http://research.musc.edu/lindbergh/prize.htm "Lindbergh-Carrel Prize"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004947/http://research.musc.edu/lindbergh/prize.htm |date=September 27, 2007}} research.musc.edu. Retrieved: April 5, 2010.</ref> given to major contributors to "development of perfusion and bioreactor technologies for organ preservation and growth". M. E. DeBakey and nine other scientists<ref>[http://research.musc.edu/lindbergh/laureates.htm "Laureates of Lindbergh-Carrel Prize"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207000237/http://research.musc.edu/lindbergh/laureates.htm |date=February 7, 2012}} research.musc.edu. Retrieved: April 5, 2010.</ref> received the prize, a bronze statuette expressly created for the event by the Italian artist C. Zoli and named "Elisabeth", after Elisabeth Morrow, sister of Lindbergh's wife Anne Morrow, who died as a result of heart disease.<ref name="Carrel">[http://research.musc.edu/lindbergh/prize.htm "Foundation Alexis Carrel: Lindbergh-Carrel Prize"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004947/http://research.musc.edu/lindbergh/prize.htm |date=September 27, 2007}} Charles Lindbergh Symposium. Retrieved: May 19, 2013.</ref> Lindbergh was disappointed that contemporary medical technology could not provide an artificial heart pump that would allow for heart surgery on Elisabeth and that led to the first contact between Carrel and Lindbergh.<ref name="Carrel"/>

===Awards and decorations===

[[File:Congressional Gold Medal presented to Col. Charles A. Lindbergh.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.4|The [[Congressional Gold Medal]] presented in 1930 to Lindbergh by President [[Herbert Hoover]] ]]

[[File:Col. Lindbergh receives Harmon trophy. The highlight of today's session of the International Civil Aeronautics Conference was the presentation of the Harmon Trophy to Col. Charles A. LCCN2016889126.jpg|thumb|Lindbergh receiving the [[Harmon Trophy]] on December 13, 1928, at the International Civil Aeronautics Conference in Washington, D.C. He was escorted to the platform by [[Orville Wright]], standing at Lindbergh's left.<ref>{{cite news |date=December 14, 1928 |title=Lindbergh Shares Honor with Wright|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/12/14/archives/lindbergh-shares-honor-with-wright-inventor-escorts-ocean-flier-to.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 25, 2023}}</ref>]]

Lindbergh received many awards, medals and decorations, most of which were later donated to the [[Missouri Historical Society]] and are on display at the Jefferson Memorial, now part of the [[Missouri History Museum]] in [[Forest Park (St. Louis, Missouri)|Forest Park]] in [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]].<ref name="Missouri History Museum">[http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h3262.html "Missouri History Museum"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623081713/http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h3262.html |date=June 23, 2013}}. u-s-history.com. Retrieved: January 30, 2013.</ref>

;United States government
* [[File:Medal of Honor ribbon.svg|border|100px]] [[Medal of Honor]] (December 14, 1927)
* [[Image:Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg|border|100px]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (June 11, 1927)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Distinguished Flying Cross Awarded to Charles A. Lindbergh |url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/1927-044-0056 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=The Missouri Historical Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Today in History - June 11 |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/june-11/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref>
* [[Langley Gold Medal]] from the [[Smithsonian Institution]] (1927)
* [[Congressional Gold Medal]] (Approved May 4, 1928,<ref>Glassman, Matthew E. (2011). ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Congressional_Gold_Medals_1776_2010/yntUk64Y4cAC?hl=en&gbpv=0 Congressional Gold Medals, 1776-2010.]'' United States: [[Congressional Research Service]]. p. 24 ISBN 9781437984552</ref> presented August 15, 1930)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoover |first=Herbert |date=August 15, 1930 |title=Remarks on Presenting a Special Congressional Medal to Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-presenting-special-congressional-medal-colonel-charles-lindbergh |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu |publisher=[[UC Santa Barbara]]}}</ref>
;Other U.S. awards
* [[Orteig Prize]] (1927, see details above)
* [[Harmon Trophy]] (1927)
* [[Hubbard Medal]] (1927)
* Honorary Scout ([[Boy Scouts of America]], 1927)<ref name="time29aug1927">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723029,00.html |title=Around the World |magazine=Time |date=August 29, 1927 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827053321/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723029,00.html |archive-date=August 27, 2013}}</ref>
* [[New York (state)|New York State]] Medal for Valor (June 13, 1927)<ref name="Kessner-2010">{{Cite book |last=Kessner |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJXdVyREaYcC&dq=%22New+York+State%27s+Medal+of+Valor%22&pg=PA127 |title=The Flight of the Century: Charles Lindbergh and the Rise of American Aviation |date=2010-07-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975264-5 |pages=127 |language=en |quote=Then the caravan continued up to Central Park, where Governor Al Smith presented Lindbergh with New York State's Medal of Valor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=New York Medal of Valor Presented to Charles A. Lindbergh |url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/1927-044-0069 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=The Missouri Historical Society |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Silver Buffalo Award]] (Boy Scouts of America, 1928)<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Scouts Offer Medal To Unknown Soldier |work=The New York Times |date=April 11, 1928 |page=36|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/04/11/archives/scouts-offer-medal-to-unknown-soldier-lindbergh-among-seven-to-whom.html}}</ref>
* [[Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy]] (1949)
* [[Daniel Guggenheim Medal]] (1953)
* [[Pulitzer Prize]] (1954)
;Non-U.S. awards
* [[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|100px|border]] Commander of the [[Légion d'honneur|Legion of Honor]] ([[France]], initial award May 23, 1927,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=French Legion of Honor Medal Given to Charles A. Lindbergh |url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/1927-044-0075 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=The Missouri Historical Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 1927 |title=Lindbergh decorated by French, inundated by celebrity - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1927/05/23/Lindbergh-decorated-by-French-inundated-by-celebrity/1131940718428/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=[[UPI]] |language=en}}</ref> promoted to ''Commandeur'' October 25, 1930)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=French Legion of Honor Commandeur Rank Medal Given to Charles A. Lindbergh |url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/1933-040-0179 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=The Missouri Historical Society |language=en}}</ref><ref name="LegionHonor">[https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/hec2013006220/ "Lindbergh receives French decoration. Col. Charles A. Lindbergh receives the cross of Commander of the Legion of Honor, bestowed by the French government in commemoration of his famous Atlantic flight, presented by French Ambassador Paul Claudel. Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd will receive a similar decoration on {{nowrap|March 27}}. 1/18/31"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113113249/http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/hec2013006220/|date=January 13, 2017}} ''Library of Congress''. Retrieved: January 8, 2016.</ref>
* [[File:Order of Leopold (Belgium) Ribbon bar.svg|100px|border]] Knight of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] ([[Belgium]], May 28, 1927)<ref name="UPI-1927" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=MacDonald |first=Carlyle |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=May 28, 1927 |title=BELGIAN DECORATION AWAITS LINDBERGH; King Albert Will Bestow the Order of Leopold on Flier in Brussels Today. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/05/28/archives/belgian-decoration-awaits-lindbergh-king-albert-will-bestow-the.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=[[The New York Times]] |pages=1 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Belgian Medal of the Chevalier de L'Ordre de Leopold Presented to Charles Lindbergh |url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/1927-044-0076 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=The Missouri Historical Society |language=en}}</ref>
* [[File:UK AFC ribbon.svg|100px|border]] [[Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)|Air Force Cross]] ([[United Kingdom]], May 31, 1927)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=Missouri Historical |title=Silver Royal Air Force Cross Medal Given to Charles Lindbergh by King George |url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/1927-044-0077 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=The Missouri Historical Society |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Reynolds-1927" /><ref name=":1" />
* [[File:COL Order of Boyaca - Silver Cross BAR.svg|100x100px|border]] [[Order of Boyacá|Silver Cross of Boyacá]] ([[Colombia]], January 28, 1928)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=Missouri Historical |title=Silver Cross of Boyaca, Colombia, Presented to Charles Lindbergh |url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/1928-066-0032 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=The Missouri Historical Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Jay |date=2021 |title=The Man Who Crossed the Seas: Charles Lindbergh's Goodwill Tour, 1927-1928 |url=https://afsa.org/man-who-crossed-seas-charles-lindberghs-goodwill-tour-1927-1928 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923151001/https://afsa.org/man-who-crossed-seas-charles-lindberghs-goodwill-tour-1927-1928 |archive-date=2023-09-23 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=afsa.org |publisher=[[American Foreign Service Association]]}}</ref>
* [[File:Ribbon bar for the Order of the Liberator (Venezuela) as presented to Charles Lindbergh on January 29, 1928.jpg|100x100px]] [[Order of the Liberator]], Commander ([[Venezuela]], January 29, 1928)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Venezuelan Order of the Liberator Medal Given to Charles A. Lindbergh |url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/1928-060-0024 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=The Missouri Historical Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Venezuelan Order of the Liberator Ribbon Pin Given to Charles A. Lindbergh |url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/1928-060-0023 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=The Missouri Historical Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindbergh |first=Charles A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIld6SrHeW4C |title=The Spirit of St. Louis |publisher=Scribner |year=1953 |isbn=978-0-684-85277-5 |edition= |series=Scribner classics |location=New York, NY |pages=519}}</ref>
* [[File:Order of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes - Grand Cross (Cuba) - ribbon bar v. 1926.png|100x100px|border]] [[Order of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes]], Grand Cross ([[Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)|Cuba]], February 10, 1928)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=Missouri Historical |title=Grand Cross of the Order of Carlos Manuel de Cespedes Presented to Charles A. Lindbergh from Cuba |url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/1928-066-0003 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=The Missouri Historical Society |language=en}}</ref>
* [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 3Class BAR.svg|100x100px|border]] [[Order of the Rising Sun]], Third Class ([[Empire of Japan|Japan]], September 9, 1931)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Third Class Order of the Rising Sun Medal Awarded to Charles Lindbergh by Emperor Hirohito of Japan |url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/1931-034-0048 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The Missouri Historical Society |language=en}}</ref>
* [[File:ROU Aeronautical Virtue Order 2002 Knight BAR.svg|100x100px|border]] [[Order of Aeronautical Virtue|Aeronautical Virtue Order]] ([[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], January 13, 1933)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Romanian Royal Order of Aeronautical Virtue Medal Given to Charles A. Lindbergh |url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/1933-040-0180 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=The Missouri Historical Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1933-01-14 |title=HONORS LINDBERGH AND MISS EARHART; Rumania Confers Highest Aeronautical Award on Them at Ceremony Here. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/01/14/archives/honors-lindbergh-and-miss-earhart-rumania-confers-highest.html |access-date= |work=[[The New York Times]] |pages=30 |language=en-US |issn=}}</ref>
* [[File:Ribbon of Order of the German Eagle.svg|100px|border]] [[Order of the German Eagle]] with Star ([[Nazi Germany]], {{nowrap|October 19}}, 1938)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.axishistory.com/other-aspects/uniforms-militaria/360-germany-unsorted/militaria/8693-order-of-the-german-eagle|title=Order of the German Eagle|first=Marcus|last=Wendel|access-date=June 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822214102/http://www.axishistory.com/other-aspects/uniforms-militaria/360-germany-unsorted/militaria/8693-order-of-the-german-eagle|archive-date=August 22, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Order of the Golden Heart (Philippines)|Order of the Golden Heart]] ([[Philippines]], May 14, 1971)<ref name="Philippines-1971">{{Cite web |title=President's Week in Review: May 14 – May 20, 1971 {{!}} GOVPH |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1971/03/24/presidents-week-in-review-may-14-may-20-1971/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206205615/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1971/03/24/presidents-week-in-review-may-14-may-20-1971/ |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |date=March 24, 1971 |language=en-US |quote=In the evening, the President [Marcos] conferred the Order of the Golden Heart on Gen. Charles A. Lindbergh “for his persevering concern regarding the kind of impact civilization makes on the quality of all forms of life on earth—human life, and other life as well.”}}</ref>
* [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]] FAI Gold Medal (1927)
* ICAO Edward Warner Award (1975)<ref>[http://www.icao.int/icao/en/trivia/warner.htm "ICAO Edward Warner Award"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115182244/http://www.icao.int/icao/en/trivia/warner.htm |date=November 15, 2008}}. ''International Civil Aviation Organization – ICAO'', 1975. Retrieved: September 24, 2010.</ref>
* [[Royal Swedish Aero Club]]s Gold plaque (1927)<ref name="Erik Rudberg 1928">''[[Svenska Dagbladet]] yearbook: 1927'', red. Erik Rudberg & Edvin Hellblom, Stockholm 1928, page 188</ref>

===Medal of Honor===
[[File:Charles Lindberg, Medal of Honor.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|Lindbergh's [[Medal of Honor]]]]

Rank and organization: Captain, U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve. Place and date: From New York City to Paris, France, {{nowrap|May 20–21}}, 1927. Entered service at: Little Falls, Minn. Born: {{nowrap|February 4}}, 1902, Detroit, Mich. G.O. No.: 5, W.D., 1928; Act of Congress {{nowrap|December 14}}, 1927.<ref>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/moh.asp "Charles Lindbergh Medal of Honor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811210151/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/moh.asp |date=August 11, 2007}}. ''Charles Lindbergh an American Aviator''. 1998–2007. Retrieved: March 26, 2008.</ref>{{refn|In 1927, the Medal of Honor could still be awarded for extraordinarily heroic non-combat actions by active or reserve service members made during [[List of Medal of Honor recipients during Peacetime|peacetime]] with almost all such medals being awarded to active-duty members of the [[United States Navy]] for rescuing or attempting to rescue persons from drowning. In addition to Lindbergh, [[Floyd Bennett]] and [[Richard Evelyn Byrd]] of the Navy, were also presented with the medal for their accomplishments as explorers for their participation in the first successful heavier-than-air flight to the North Pole and back.<ref>[http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/interim1920-40.html "Medal of Honor recipients: Interim (1920–1940)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420102912/http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/interim1920-40.html |date=April 20, 2010}}. [[United States Army Center of Military History]]. Retrieved: November 11, 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1927/12/11/archives/house-cheers-lindbergh-votes-him-congress-medal-cuba-invites-noted.html  "House Cheers Lindbergh, Votes Him Congress Medal"]. ''The New York Times'', December 11, 1927, p. 1</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1927/12/13/archives/lindbergh-medal-voted-by-senate-chamber-unanimously-concurs-with.html  "Lindbergh Medal Voted by Senate"]. ''The New York Times'', December 12, 1927, p. 1</ref>|group=N}}

;Citation:
{{blockquote|For displaying heroic courage and skill as a navigator, at the risk of his life, by his nonstop flight in his airplane, the "Spirit of St. Louis", from New York City to Paris, France, {{nowrap|20–21 May}} 1927, by which Capt. Lindbergh not only achieved the greatest individual triumph of any American citizen but demonstrated that travel across the ocean by aircraft was possible.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmohs.org/recipient-detail/2489/lindbergh-charles-a.php |title=Lindbergh, Charles A. |publisher=Congressional Medal of Honor Society |access-date=May 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145617/http://www.cmohs.org/recipient-detail/2489/lindbergh-charles-a.php |archive-date=June 29, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

===Other recognition===
* 1934–1939 Trustee of the [[Carnegie Institution]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Carnegie Institution of Washington. Year Book No. 47, July 1, 1947 – June 30, 1948|year=1948|location=Washington, DC|page=vi|url=http://shelf2.library.cmu.edu/Tech/01116801N47.pdf}}</ref>
* 1965 [[International Aerospace Hall of Fame]] Inductee<ref>Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. ''These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame''. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-57864-397-4}}.</ref>
* 1991 [[Scandinavian-American Hall of Fame]] Inductee<ref>[http://hostfest.com/sahf/sahf-inductees/ "Norsk Høstfest Inductees; 1991"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417022620/http://hostfest.com/sahf/sahf-inductees/ |date=April 17, 2019}}. ''Norsk Høstfest''. Retrieved: January 11, 2016.</ref>
* Ranked No. 3 on ''[[Flying (magazine)|Flying]]'' magazine's 51 Heroes of Aviation<ref>[http://www.flyingmag.com/photo-gallery/photos/51-heroes-aviation?pnid=41851 "51 Heroes of Aviation"]. ''[[Flying (magazine)|Flying]]'', July 24, 2013. Retrieved: January 8, 2016.</ref>
* Member of the [[Independent Order of Odd Fellows]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3pLGZWs0wLIC&pg=PT53 "Charles Lindbergh"]. ''The Extraordinary Catalog of Peculiar Inventions''. Retrieved: January 8, 2016.</ref>

==Writings==
In addition to ''"[["WE" (1927 book)|WE]]"'' and ''[[The Spirit of St. Louis (book)|The Spirit of St. Louis]]'', Lindbergh wrote prolifically over the years on other topics, including science, technology, nationalism, war, materialism, and values. Included among those writings were five other books: ''The Culture of Organs'' (with [[Alexis Carrel|Dr. Alexis Carrel]]) (1938), ''Of Flight and Life'' (1948), ''The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh'' (1970), ''Boyhood on the Upper Mississippi'' (1972), and his unfinished ''Autobiography of Values'' (posthumous, 1978).<ref>[http://www.goodreads.com/author/list/158062.Charles_A_Lindbergh "List of books by Charles Lindbergh"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001092958/http://www.goodreads.com/author/list/158062.Charles_A_Lindbergh |date=October 1, 2013}} Goodreads.com</ref><ref>Goldman, Eric F. [http://www.times.com/books/98/09/27/specials/lindbergh-autobio.html "Flyer's Reflections" (A review of ''Autobiography of Values'').] ''The New York Times Book Review'', February 5, 1978.</ref>

==In popular culture==
===Literature===
In addition to many biographies, such as A. Scott Berg's 1998 award-winning bestseller ''[[Lindbergh (book)|Lindbergh]]'', Lindbergh also influenced or was the model for characters in a variety of works of fiction.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=917118 "List of books about Charles Lindbergh"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001003614/http://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=917118 |date=October 1, 2013}} Amazon.com</ref> Shortly after he made his famous flight, the [[Stratemeyer Syndicate]] began publishing a series of books for juvenile readers called the ''[[Ted Scott Flying Stories]]'' (1927–1943), which were written by a number of authors all using the ''[[pen name|nom de plume]]'' "[[Franklin W. Dixon]]", in which the pilot hero was closely modeled after Lindbergh. Ted Scott duplicated the solo flight to Paris in the series' first volume, entitled ''Over the Ocean to Paris'' published in 1927.<ref>Dixon, Franklin ''Over the Ocean to Paris'' New York: Grosset & Dunlop (1927) First edition dusk jacket notes.</ref> Another reference to Lindbergh appears in the [[Agatha Christie]] novel (1934) and movie ''[[Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)|Murder on the Orient Express]]'' (1974) which begins with a fictionalized depiction of the [[Lindbergh kidnapping]].<ref>Lee, Amy [http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=3395 "Agatha Christie: Murder on the Orient Express"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921215738/http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=3395 |date=September 21, 2013}} The Literary Encyclopedia</ref>

There have been several [[alternate history]] novels depicting Lindbergh's alleged Nazi-sympathies and non-interventionist views during the first half of [[World War II]]. In [[Denis MacEoin|Daniel Easterman]]'s ''K is for Killing'' (1997), a fictional Lindbergh becomes president of a fascist [[United States]]. The [[Philip Roth]] novel ''[[The Plot Against America]]'' (2004) explores an alternate history where [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] is defeated in the [[1940 United States presidential election|1940]] presidential election by Lindbergh, who allies the United States with [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>[[Paul Berman|Berman, Paul]] (October 3, 2004). [http://nyti.ms/1E4wSPs "The Plot Against America"]. ''The New York Times''.</ref> The novel draws heavily on Lindbergh's comments concerning Jews as a catalyst for its plot.<ref name="Speeches-1939-40" /> The [[Robert Harris (novelist)|Robert Harris]] novel ''[[Fatherland (novel)|Fatherland]]'' (1992) explores an alternate history where the Nazis won the war, the United States still defeats [[Japan]], [[Adolf Hitler]] and President [[Joseph Kennedy]] negotiate peace terms, and Lindbergh is the [[US Ambassador to Germany]]. The [[Jo Walton]] novel ''[[Farthing (novel)|Farthing]]'' (2006) explores an alternate history where the [[United Kingdom]] made peace with Nazi Germany in 1941, Japan never attacked [[Pearl Harbor]], thus the United States never got involved with the war, and Lindbergh is president and is seeking closer economic ties with the [[Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere]].

===Film and television===
* Lindbergh has been the subject of numerous documentary films, including ''Charles A. Lindbergh'' (1927), a UK documentary by De Forest Phonofilm; ''40,000 Miles with Lindbergh'' (1928), featuring Lindbergh himself; and ''The American Experience{{mdashb}}Lindbergh: The Shocking, Turbulent Life of America's Lone Eagle'' (1988).<ref>Adams, Mike "Lee de Forest: King of Radio, Television, and Film" New York:Copernicus Books (2012) p. 302</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0149562/ ''40,000 Miles with Lindbergh'' (1928)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210005311/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0149562/ |date=February 10, 2017}} Internet Movie Database</ref><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lindbergh/filmmore/description.html ''The American Experience—Lindbergh: The Shocking, Turbulent Life of America's Lone Eagle'' (1988)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217163111/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lindbergh/filmmore/description.html |date=February 17, 2017}} Public Broadcasting System</ref>
* The 1942 [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] picture ''[[Keeper of the Flame (film)|Keeper of the Flame]]'', starring [[Katharine Hepburn]] and [[Spencer Tracy]], features Hepburn as the widow of a "Lindbergh-like" national hero.<ref>Hoberman, J. [http://www.forward.com/article/4269/ "Fantasies of a Fascist America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504154135/http://www.forward.com/article/4269/ |date=May 4, 2008}}. ''The Jewish Daily Forward'', October 1, 2004.</ref>
* In the major motion picture ''[[The Spirit of St. Louis (film)|The Spirit of St. Louis]]'' (1957), directed by [[Billy Wilder]], Lindbergh was played by [[James Stewart]], an admirer of Lindbergh and himself a World War{{nbsp}}II aviator. The film largely centers around Lindbergh's record-breaking 1927 flight.<ref>Phillips, Gene D. ''Some Like It Wilder: The Life and Controversial Films of Billy Wilder'' (Screen Classics). Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 2009., p. 180.</ref> Prior to the casting of Stewart, [[John Kerr (actor)|John Kerr]] declined to play the role because of Lindbergh's alleged pro-Nazi beliefs.<ref name=KerrObit>{{cite news| last=Vitello| first=Paul| title=John Kerr, Star of 'Tea and Sympathy,' Dies at 81| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/09/movies/john-kerr-star-of-tea-and-sympathy-dies-at-81.html| access-date=June 13, 2022| newspaper=The New York Times | date=February 8, 2013}}</ref> 
* In 1976, [[Buzz Kulik]]'s TV movie ''[[The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case]]'', with [[Anthony Hopkins]] as [[Richard Bruno Hauptmann]], premiered on [[NBC]].<ref>The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074801/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114135126/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074801/|date=January 14, 2020}} (1976) Internet Movie Database</ref>
* Lindbergh was the theme of prolific director [[Orson Welles]]'s final living film project in 1984, ''[[The Spirit of Charles Lindbergh]]'', where Welles speaks of the human spirit while quoting Lindbergh's journal. Although never intended to be viewed by the public, a brief clip can be seen at the end of Vassili Slovic's 1995 documentary ''Orson Welles: the One-Man Band''.
* The 2020 [[HBO]] alternate history miniseries ''[[The Plot Against America (miniseries)|The Plot Against America]]'', based on the Philip Roth [[The Plot Against America|book of the same name]], features actor Ben Cole as a fictionalized President Lindbergh following his defeat of Roosevelt in 1940. The series portrays Lindbergh as a [[xenophobic]] [[populist]] with strong ties to Nazi Germany.
* [[Chuck McGill|Charles Lindbergh "Chuck" McGill]], a fictional character in the TV series ''[[Better Call Saul]]'' (2015–2022), was named after Lindbergh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Herzog|first=Kenny|date=August 6, 2018|title=Better Call Saul Recap: Waiting to Exhale|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/08/better-call-saul-recap-season-4-episode-1-smoke.html|access-date=January 28, 2021|website=[[vulture.com|Vulture]]}}</ref>

===Music===
Within days of the flight, dozens of [[Tin Pan Alley]] publishers rushed a variety of popular songs into print celebrating Lindbergh and the ''Spirit of St. Louis'' including "[[Lindbergh (The Eagle of the U.S.A.)]]" by Howard Johnson and [[Al Sherman]], and "[[Lucky Lindy!]]" by [[L. Wolfe Gilbert]] and Abel Baer. In the two-year period following Lindbergh's flight, the U.S. Copyright Office recorded three hundred applications for Lindbergh songs.<ref>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/music/ ''Charles Lindbergh Music Clips''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928020230/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/music/ |date=September 28, 2013}} CharlesLindbergh.com</ref><ref>[https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,731884,00.html "Aeronautics: Lucky Lindy"]. ''Time'', June 4, 1928.</ref> [[Tony Randall]] revived "Lucky Lindy" in an album of [[Jazz Age]] and [[Great Depression|Depression]]-era songs that he recorded titled ''Vo Vo De Oh Doe'' (1967).<ref>[http://www.starpulse.com/Actors/Randall,_Tony/ "Tony Randall Biography"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405202237/http://www.starpulse.com/Actors/Randall,_Tony/ |date=April 5, 2008}}. ''starpulse.com''. Retrieved: April 5, 2010.</ref>

While the exact origin of the name of the [[Lindy Hop]] is disputed, it is widely acknowledged that Lindbergh's 1927 flight helped to popularize the dance: soon after "Lucky Lindy" "hopped" the Atlantic, the Lindy Hop became a trendy, fashionable dance, and songs referring to the "Lindbergh Hop" were quickly released.<ref>Lindbergh Arrives After Record Hops, ''The New York Times'', Front Page, May 13, 1927</ref><ref>Bastin, Bruce, ''The Melody Man: Joe Davis and the New York Music Scene'', 1916–1978, University Press of Mississippi, 2012</ref><ref>Jazz Odyssey ''The Sound Of Harlem'' Volume III Original 1964 3×LP Vinyl Box Set Columbia Records C3L 33 Mono Jazz Archive Series Various Artist in High Fidelity Sound with 40-Page Booklet, produced by Frank Driggs</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/800020937/BVE-47008-Lindberg_hop|title=Victor matrix BVE-47008. Lindberg hop / Memphis Jug Band|website=Discography of American Historical Recordings|access-date=July 18, 2023}}</ref>

In 1929, [[Bertolt Brecht]] wrote a cantata called ''Der Lindberghflug'' (''Lindbergh's Flight'') with music by [[Kurt Weill]] and [[Paul Hindemith]]. Because of Lindbergh's apparent Nazi sympathies, in 1950 Brecht removed all direct references to Lindbergh and renamed the piece ''[[The Flight across the Ocean|Der Ozeanflug]]'' (''The Flight Across the Ocean'').<ref>Schwartz, Steven [http://www.classical.net/music/recs/reviews/c/cap60012a.php ''Der Lindberghflug'' (The Lindbergh Flight)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927140625/http://www.classical.net/music/recs/reviews/c/cap60012a.php |date=September 27, 2013}} Classical net review of Capriccio recording (1999)</ref>

In the early 1940s [[Woody Guthrie]] wrote "Lindbergh" or "Mister Charlie Lindbergh"<ref>Woody Guthrie Publications|url=https://woodyguthrie.org/Lyrics/Mister_Charlie_Lindburgh.htm</ref> which criticizes Lindbergh's involvement with the [[America First Committee]] and his suspected sympathy for Nazi Germany.

===Postage stamps===
{{Multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 260
| image1            = Lindbergh Airmail Stamp c10.jpg
| caption1          = Lindbergh made numerous flights in the ''[[Spirit of Saint Louis]]'' which was depicted on a 10¢ U.S. [[Airmails of the United States|Air Mail stamp]],  issue of {{nowrap|June 11}}, 1927 (C-10)
| image2            = SoSL US Stamps.jpg
| caption2          = Scott C-10 and #1710 with {{nowrap|May 20}}, 1977 First Day of Issue CDS
}}
Lindbergh and the ''Spirit'' have been honored by a variety of world postage stamps over the last eight decades, including three issued by the United States. Less than three weeks after the flight the [[United States Post Office Department|U.S. Post Office Department]] issued a 10-cent "Lindbergh Air Mail" stamp (Scott C-10) on {{nowrap|June 11}}, 1927, with engraved illustrations of both the ''Spirit of St. Louis'' and a map of its route from New York to Paris. This was also the first U.S. stamp to bear the name of a living person.<ref>[http://usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=be3cc23151953a49b9b7b7c7919b6c3b6d0c68f6&Lindberghs_plane__Spirit_of_St_Louis____flight_route&st=&ss=&t=&s=4&syear=1926&eyear=1950 10-cent "Lindbergh Air Mail" issue (1927)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928063504/http://usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=be3cc23151953a49b9b7b7c7919b6c3b6d0c68f6&Lindberghs_plane__Spirit_of_St_Louis____flight_route&st=&ss=&t=&s=4&syear=1926&eyear=1950 |date=September 28, 2013}} US Stamp Gallery</ref> A half-century later, a 13-cent commemorative stamp (Scott #1710) depicting the ''Spirit'' flying low over the Atlantic Ocean was issued on {{nowrap|May 20}}, 1977, the 50th anniversary of the flight from [[Roosevelt Field]].<ref>[http://usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=d2df16bee9d37212d9dc0a9709c3a8579fedcfff&Spirit_of_St_Louis&st=lindbergh 13-cent "Lindbergh Flight" issue (1977)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928063509/http://usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=d2df16bee9d37212d9dc0a9709c3a8579fedcfff&Spirit_of_St_Louis&st=lindbergh |date=September 28, 2013}} US Stamp Gallery</ref> On {{nowrap|May 28}}, 1998, a 32¢ stamp with the legend "Lindbergh Flies Atlantic" (Scott #3184m) depicting Lindbergh and the ''Spirit'' was issued as part of the [[Celebrate the Century]] stamp sheet series.<ref>[http://usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=47631c9c60fc3e409da9b707a4e6170f849c53dc 32-cent "Lindbergh Flies Atlantic" issue (1998)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928055145/http://usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=47631c9c60fc3e409da9b707a4e6170f849c53dc |date=September 28, 2013}} US Stamp Gallery</ref>

===Other===
During World War II, Lindbergh was a frequent target of [[Dr. Seuss]]'s first political cartoons, published in the New York magazine ''[[PM (newspaper)|PM]]'', in which Geisel criticized Lindbergh's isolationism, antisemitism, and supposed Nazi sympathies.<ref>Richard H. Minear, ''Dr. Seuss goes to war: the World War II editorial cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisel'' (The New Press, 2001).</ref>

Lindbergh's ''[[Spirit of St. Louis]]'' is featured in the opening sequence of ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise#Opening sequence and theme song|Star Trek: Enterprise]]'' (2001–2005), which aimed to follow the "evolution of exploration" by featuring significant designs throughout history, starting with the frigate [[HMS Enterprise (1705)|HMS ''Enterprise'']] and [[Montgolfier brothers|''Montgolfière'' balloon]], to the [[Wright Flyer III|''Wright Flyer'' III]], ''Spirit of St. Louis'' and [[Bell X-1]], up through the [[Lunar Module Eagle|Lunar Module ''Eagle'']], [[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Space Shuttle ''Enterprise'']], [[Sojourner (rover)|Mars rover ''Sojourner'']], and [[International Space Station]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Opening credit sequence for Star Trek: Enterprise |url=http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/features/documentaries/article/3686.html |website=StarTrek.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031218170729/http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/features/documentaries/article/3686.html |archive-date=December 18, 2003 |url-status=dead |access-date=September 24, 2021}}</ref>

St. Louis area–based [[GoJet Airlines]] uses the callsign "Lindbergh" after Charles Lindbergh.

==See also==
{{Colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[History of antisemitism in the United States]]
* [[History of aviation]]
* [[List of firsts in aviation]]
* [[List of Medal of Honor recipients in non-combat incidents]]
* [[List of peace activists]]
* ''[[Uncommon Friends of the 20th Century]]'' (1999 documentary)

{{Colend}}

==Notes==
{{div col}}
{{Reflist|group=N}}
{{end div col}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<!-- UNUSED REF <ref name="dr. seuss political cartoons">
* {{cite web |last1=Klein |first1=Christopher |title=When Dr. Seuss Went to War |url=https://www.history.com/news/when-dr-seuss-went-to-war |website=[[History (American TV network)|History]] |date=August 29, 2018}}
* {{cite web |last1=Gilbert |first1=Sophie |title=The Complicated Relevance of Dr. Seuss's Political Cartoons |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/01/dr-seuss-protest-icon/515031/ |website=The Atlantic |date=January 31, 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=Dr. Seuss Political Cartoons |url=https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/search?f%5Bcollection_sim%5D%5B%5D=Dr.+Seuss+Political+Cartoons&f%5Bsubject_topic_sim%5D%5B%5D=Lindberg%2C+Charles |website=library.ucsd.edu |publisher=UC San Diego}}
* {{cite web |last1=Macdonald |first1=Fiona |title=The surprisingly radical politics of Dr Seuss |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20190301-the-surprisingly-radical-politics-of-dr-seuss |website=BBC |date=March 2, 2019 |quote=Spiegelman explains how they 'rail against isolationism, racism, and anti-semitism with a conviction and fervor lacking in most other American editorial pages of the period&nbsp;... virtually the only editorial cartoons outside the communist and black press that decried the military's Jim Crow policies and Charles Lindbergh's anti-semitism'.}}</ref> -->
}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=One Summer: America, 1927 |isbn=978-0767919401 |last=Bryson|first=Bill |year=2013 |publisher=Doubleday |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780767919401}}
* {{cite book |author=Lindbergh, Charles A. |title="WE"|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons  |year=1927 |isbn=978-4871876339 |url=https://archive.org/details/welind00lind |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author=Lindbergh, Charles A. |title=The Spirit of St. Louis |publisher= C. Scribner's Sons |year=1953 |isbn=	978-0743237055 |url=https://archive.org/details/spiritofstlouis0000lind_q7l5 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author=Lindbergh, Charles A. |title=The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh  |publisher=Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich |date=1970 |isbn=978-0151946259 |url=https://archive.org/details/wartimejournalso0000lind |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author=Lindbergh, Charles A. |title=Charles A. Lindbergh: Autobiography of Values |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |date=1977 |isbn=978-0151102020 |url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofv00lind}}.
*{{cite web |first= |last= |title=Lindbergh: U.S. Air Mail Service Pioneer |publisher=Lindbergh Foundation |year= |access-date=October 29, 2023 |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/airmail/ |ref=airmail}} 
*{{cite web |first= |last= |title=Pan Am's First Routes from Brownsville |publisher=The Pan Am Historical Foundation |year= |access-date=October 29, 2023 |url=https://www.panam.org/explorations/539-pan-am-s-base-at-brownsville-2 |ref=panam}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
===Articles===
* {{cite magazine |author=Brody, Richard |date=February 1, 2017 |title=The Frightening Lessons of Philip Roth's 'The Plot Against America' |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-frightening-lessons-of-philip-roths-the-plot-against-america}}
* {{cite magazine |author=Hampton, Dan |date=May 19, 2017 |title=The World Over Which Charles Lindbergh Flew |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |url=https://time.com/4779923/charles-lindbergh-excerpt/}}

* Singer, Saul Jay. "The Anti-Semitism Of Charles Lindbergh," ''Jewish Press'' March 6, 2019 [https://www.jewishpress.com/sections/features/features-on-jewish-world/the-anti-semitism-of-charles-lindbergh/2019/03/06/ online]

* {{cite magazine |author=Thomas, Louisa |date=July 24, 2016 |title=America First, for Charles Lindbergh and Donald Trump |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/america-first-for-charles-lindbergh-and-donald-trump |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}

===Books===
* {{cite book |author=Bak, Richard |title=The Big Jump: Lindbergh and the Great Atlantic Air Race |publisher=Wiley |year=2011 |isbn=978-0471477525 |url=https://archive.org/details/bigjumplindbergh0490bakr |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author= Berg, A. Scott |title=Lindbergh |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |year=1998 |isbn=978-0425170410 |url=https://archive.org/details/lindbergh0000berg |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author=Cole, Wayne S. |title=Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle Against American Intervention in World War II |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-15-118168-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/charlesalindberg00wayn |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author= Duffy, James P. |title=Lindbergh vs. Roosevelt: The Rivalry That Divided America |publisher=Regnery Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1596986015 |url=https://archive.org/details/lindberghvsroose0000duff |url-access=registration}} [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rAiVCRELHsQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=Lindbergh+Jews&ots=WD66KzlEi3&sig=ZvPG2eibXKWIiIc9C7HoVRty5lM online]
* Dunn, Susan. ''1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler—the election amid the storm'' (Yale University Press, 2013). [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9ZUniR1uQcUC&oi=fnd&pg=PP8&dq=Lindbergh+Jews&ots=rs7UphU8Pc&sig=J9dsT6Fy7aUkzBe4Z2GGP4vDRZs online]
* Gehrz, Christopher. ''Charles Lindbergh: A Religious Biography of America's Most Infamous Pilot'' (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2021) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=fcuAEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT14&dq=%22Charles+Lindbergh%22&ots=0uOXlF4DzY&sig=AZjXq2d7ufNOBaSZS0IPQR5_uHc online] also see [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/church-history/article/abs/charles-lindbergh-a-religious-biography-of-americas-most-infamous-pilot-by-christopher-gehrz-library-of-religious-biography-grand-rapids-michigan-william-b-eerdmans-publishing-company-2021-xi-265-pp-2800-cloth/BF3DA414220DB9B40209F3041F6F5FE1 online book review].

* {{cite book |author=Groom, Winston |title=The Aviators: Eddie Rickenbacker, Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and the Epic Age of Flight |publisher=National Geographic |year=2013 |isbn=978-1426211560 |url=https://archive.org/details/aviatorseddieric0000groo_n3e7 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author=Jackson, Joe |title=Atlantic Fever: Lindbergh, His Competitors, and the Race to Cross the Atlantic |publisher=Macmillan |year=2012 |isbn=978-0374106751 |url=https://archive.org/details/atlanticfeverlin0000jack |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author=Kessner, Thomas |title=The Flight of the Century: Charles Lindbergh and the Rise of American Aviation |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-532019-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195320190 |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book |author=Lindbergh, Anne Morrow |title=North To The Orient |publisher=Mariner Books |year=1966 |isbn=978-0156671408 |url=https://archive.org/details/northtoorient0000lind_l4r9 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author=Lindbergh, Reeve |title=Under A Wing: A Memoir |publisher=Delta |year=1999 |isbn=978-1439148839 |url=https://archive.org/details/underwingmemoir00lind |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book |author=Milton, Joyce |title=Loss of Eden: A Biography of Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1993 |isbn=978-0060165031 |url=https://archive.org/details/lossofedenbiogra00milt |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author=Mosley, Leonard |title=Lindbergh: A Biography |publisher=Doubleday |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-385-09578-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/lindberghbiograp0000mosl |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book |author= Olson, Lynne |title=Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II |publisher=Random House |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4000-6974-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZnbVFDisUC&dq=Lindbergh+Roosevelt&pg=PA15 |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book |author=Wallace, Max |title=The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh and the Rise of the Third Reich |publisher=Macmillan |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-312-33531-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanaxis00maxw |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book |author=Winters, Kathleen |title=Anne Morrow Lindbergh: First Lady of the Air |publisher=Macmillan |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4039-6932-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/annemorrowlindbe00wint |url-access=registration}}

===Series===
* {{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/lindbergh-daredevil/ |work=[[PBS]] |title=Lindbergh: Daredevil}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/lindbergh-spirit-st-louis/ |work=[[PBS]] |title=Lindbergh: The Spirit of St. Louis}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/lindbergh-transatlantic-flight-new-york-paris/ |work=[[PBS]] |title=Lindbergh: Transatlantic Flight, New York to Paris}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/lindbergh-kidnapping/ |work=[[PBS]] |title=Lindbergh: The Kidnapping}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/lindbergh-fallen-hero/ |work=[[PBS]] |title=Lindbergh: Fallen Hero}}

==External links==
{{commons|Charles Lindbergh}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.mnopedia.org/person/lindbergh-charles-1902-1974 Charles A. Lindbergh in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia]
* [http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3125&sug=y/ Lindbergh's first solo flight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518114234/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3125&sug=y%2F |date=May 18, 2013}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100918231213/http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/famcases/lindber/lindbernew.htm FBI History – Famous cases: The Lindbergh kidnapping]
* [https://vault.fbi.gov/Charles%20Lindbergh FBI Records: The Vault – Charles Lindbergh] at fbi.gov
* {{PM20|FID=pe/011463}}
* [[Finding aid]]s to archival collections:
** [https://archivesspace.amherst.edu/repositories/2/resources/463 Morrow-Lindbergh-McIlvaine Family Papers] at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections
** [https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/4817 Charles Augustus Lindbergh papers (MS 325)]. Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
** The [http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/P1675.xml Lindbergh Family Papers], including some materials of Charles Lindbergh, available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society

{{Charles Lindbergh}}
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