Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Chochangachakha language

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Bhutan}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Chocha Ngacha
| altname = Tsamang
| region = [[Bhutan]]
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| speakers = 20,000
| ref = <ref name=vanDriem93/>
| date = 1993
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Kanauri languages|Tibeto-Kanauri]] ?
| fam3 = [[Bodish languages|Bodish]]
| fam4 = [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]]
| fam5 = Dzongkha–Lhokä
| script = [[Tibetan alphabet]]
| iso3 = cgk
| glotto = choc1275
| glottorefname = Chocangacakha
}}
The '''Chocha Ngacha language''' or ''Chochangachakha'' ({{lang-dz|ཁྱོད་ཅ་ང་ཅ་ཁ་}} {{bo|w=Khyod ca nga ca kha}} "'You' and 'I' language";<ref name=Driem>{{cite book|last1=Driem|first1=George van|title=Dzongkha = rdoṅ-kha|date=1998|publisher=Research School, CNWS|location=Leiden|isbn=978-9057890024|page=13}}<!--|access-date=5 October 2014--></ref> also called "Kursmad-kha", "Maphekha", "rTsamangpa'i kha", and "Tsagkaglingpa'i kha") or '''Tsamang''' is a [[Tibetic languages|Southern Tibetic language]] spoken by about 20,000 people in the [[Kuri Chhu|Kurichu Valley]] of [[Lhuntse District|Lhuntse]] and [[Mongar District]]s in eastern [[Bhutan]].<ref name=vanDriem93>{{cite web |url=http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:3003 |format=PDF |last=van Driem |first=George L. |author-link=George van Driem |title=Language Policy in Bhutan |publisher=[[School of Oriental and African Studies|SOAS]] |location=[[London]] |year=1993 |access-date=2011-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101084255/http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo%3A3003 |archive-date=2010-11-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=SIL1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cgk |title=Chocangacakha |work=[[Ethnologue]] Online |publisher=[[SIL International]] |location=[[Dallas]] |year=2006 |access-date=2011-01-18}}</ref>

==Chocha Ngacha and Dzongkha==
Chocha Ngacha is a "sister language" to [[Dzongkha]].{{quote|Curiously, the most closely related language to Dzongkha in the kingdom is spoken in the east of the country along the Kurichu and represents an ancient [[Ngalop people|'Ngalong]] ''[[wikt:Einwanderung|Einwanderung]]'' in the east. [...] Cho-cha-nga-cha-kha is more conservative in its pronunciation of many words than Dzongkha [....] Most verbal suffixes are cognate to their Dzongkha counterparts, but Cho-cha-nga-cha-kha has adopted the [[Bumthang language|Bumthang]] infinitival ending -''mala''[.]<ref name="Driem" />|sign=|source=}} Under pressure to assimilate into the mainstream Dzongkha-speaking Ngalop culture, this proximity has resulted in significant loss of its particularly distinctive Kurichu linguistic substrate.<ref name=vanDriem93/><ref name=vanDriem2007>{{cite book|title=Language diversity endangered |volume=181 |series=Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs, Mouton Reader |author-link=George van Driem |last=van Driem |first=George |page=312 |editor=Matthias Brenzinger |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-11-017050-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p6b5GQ4Q4YC}}</ref>
Nicholas Tournadre writes:
{{quote|Among the eighteen Tibeto-Burman languages (henceforth TB) found in Bhutan, seven belong to the Tibetic group ... which was earlier called “Central Bodish” (see Tournadre, 2014). These languages include Dzongkha {{bo-textonly|lang=dz|རྫོང་ཁ}}, Chocha Ngacha {{bo-textonly|ཁྱོ་ཅ་ང་ཅ་ཁ་}}, Lakha {{bo-textonly|ལ་ཁ་}}, and Merak-Saktengkha {{bo-textonly| མེ་རག་སག་ང་ཁ་}}, Layakha {{bo-textonly|ལ་ཡ་ཁ}}, Durkha {{bo-textonly|ȭར་ཁ་}} and Trashigang Kham {{bo-textonly|བཀྲ་ཤིས་Ȉང་ཁམས་ǰད་}}. Lakha, Merak-Saktengkha, Layakha and Durkha are remnants of [[yak]]-herding [[pastoralism|pastoralist]] communities, while Dzongkha and Chocha-ngachakha were traditionally cultivator communities. These seven languages are all derived from a form of [[Old Tibetan]] (hence OT) and are closely related to [[Classical Tibetan]] (hence CT) or CHOS SKAD ({{bo-textonly|ཆོས་སྐད}}), as it is often referred to in Dzongkha. This proximity to CT makes it easy to transcribe most words using the Classical orthography. Despite their close genetic relationship, however, these languages do not allow for good mutual intelligibility.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tournadre|first1=Nicholas|title=Outline of Chocha-ngachakha: An undocumented language of Bhutan related to Dzongkha|journal=Himalayan Linguistics|year=2015 |volume=14|issue=2|pages=49–50|doi=10.5070/H914225395 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/76g8736c|doi-access=free}}</ref>|sign=|source=}}

==See also==
*[[Dzongkha]]
*[[Languages of Bhutan]]
*[[Language shift]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Bodic languages}}
{{Languages of Bhutan}}

[[Category:Languages of Bhutan]]
[[Category:South Bodish languages]]
[[Category:Languages written in Tibetan script]]


{{St-lang-stub}}
{{Bhutan-stub}}
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