Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Cinema of Indonesia

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Filmmaking industry in Indonesia}}

{{EngvarB|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox cinema market
| name = Cinema of Indonesia
| image = Indonesia film clapperboard.svg
| image_size = 
| alt = 
| caption = 
| screens = 2088 (2022)<ref name=JG1>{{cite news|url=https://industri.kontan.co.id/news/penonton-di-bioskop-membludak-gpbsi-yakin-industri-perfilman-indonesia-akan-membaik|title=Penonton di Bioskop Membludak, GPBSI Yakin Industri Perfilman Indonesia Akan Membaik|newspaper=Kontan|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref>
| screens_per_capita = 
| distributors = <!-- {{br separated entries|entry1|entry2|entry3}} <ref name=distributors_uis>{{cite web|title=Table 6: Share of Top 3 distributors (Excel)|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> -->
| produced_year = 2022
| produced_ref = <ref name=prod_avg_uis>{{cite web|title=Daftar film berdasarkan tahun "2022"|url=http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/list/year/2022}}</ref> 
| produced_total = 126 {{increase}}
| produced_fictional = 
| produced_animated = 
| produced_documentary = 
| admissions_year = 2018
| admissions_ref = <ref name=adm_gross_uis>{{cite web|title=Table 11: Exhibition – Admissions & Gross Box Office (GBO)|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5538|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-date=3 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103112139/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5538|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| admissions_total = 51,100,000
| admissions_national = 
| box_office_year = 2017
| box_office_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia the next biggest box office market|publisher=Film Journal|url=http://www.filmjournal.com/features/nation-rise-indonesia-emerges-one-watch-asia-pacific-growth-markets|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127191947/http://www.filmjournal.com/features/nation-rise-indonesia-emerges-one-watch-asia-pacific-growth-markets|archive-date=27 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
| box_office_total = $345 million
| box_office_national = <!-- ${{Format price| }} -->
}}{{Culture of Indonesia}}
The '''cinema of Indonesia''' refers to films produced domestically in [[Indonesia]]. The [[statutory corporation|statutory]] {{ill|Indonesian Film Board|id|Badan Perfilman Indonesia}}, or BPI, defines Indonesian films as "movies that are made by or using Indonesian resources whose [[Intellectual property|Intellectual Property Right]] is owned either entirely or partly by Indonesian citizen or Indonesian legal entity".<ref>{{Cite web |title=BPI – About |url=https://www.bpi.or.id/english/tentang.html |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Badan Perfilman Indonesia}}</ref>

Cinema in Indonesia dates back to the early 1900s.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=2}} Until the 1920s, most cinemas in Indonesia were created by foreign studios, mostly from [[Cinema of Europe|Europe]] and the [[Cinema of United States|United States]], whose films would then be imported to the country. Most of these films were silent [[documentaries]] and [[feature film]]s from [[Cinema of France|France]] and the United States. Many documentaries about the nature and life of Indonesia were sponsored by the [[Dutch East Indies]] government, and were usually made by Dutch or Western European studios. The first domestically produced documentaries in Indonesia were produced in 1911.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=53}} However, the first domestically produced film in the Dutch East Indies was in 1926: ''[[Loetoeng Kasaroeng]]'', a silent film and adaptation of the [[Lutung Kasarung|Sundanese legend]] of the same name.<ref name="Guinness Book">{{cite book |last=Robertson |first=Patrick |title=The Guinness Book of Movie Facts & Feats |publisher=Abbeville Press |isbn=978-1-55859-697-9 |date=September 1993 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofmo00patr }}</ref> During 1926, there were two movie theatres, the Oriental and the Elita, in [[Bandung]].<ref name="loetoeng">{{cite web
 |title=Loetoeng Kasaroeng 
 |language=id 
 |url=http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-l017-26-052414_loetoeng-kasaroeng 
 |work=filmindonesia.or.id 
 |publisher=Konfidan Foundation 
 |location=Jakarta 
 |access-date=21 July 2012 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203603/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-l017-26-052414_loetoeng-kasaroeng
 |archive-date=2 December 2013
 |ref={{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Loetoeng Kasaroeng}} 
 |url-status=dead
}}</ref>{{sfn|Biran|2009|pp=66–68}} The first movie theatre in [[Jakarta]] was the Alhamra Theatre, which opened in 1931.<ref name="m.liputan6.com">{{cite news|url=https://m.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/2472281/potret-bioskop-di-jakarta-dari-masa-ke-masa|title=Potret Bioskop di Jakarta dari Masa ke Masa|newspaper=Liputan 6|access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref>

Indonesian cinema began dominating most movie theaters in big cities in the 1980s and started to compete in international film festivals. Around this era, young stars like Onky Alexander, [[Meriam Bellina]], [[Lydia Kandou]], [[Nike Ardilla]], [[Paramitha Rusady]], and [[Desy Ratnasari]] dominated the silver screen with films like [[Catatan Si Boy|''Catatan si Boy'' (Boy's Diary)]] and ''Blok M''.

Indonesian film slowly lost its place and popularity due to the domination of [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] and foreign films in movie theaters throughout the 1990s. In the wake of the Indonesian [[1997 Asian financial crisis|financial crisis]] and [[Fall of Suharto|political movements]], the industry struggled to raise public interest in attending movie theaters, and most films stuck to teenage dramas, [[Indonesian horror|horror]], and [[Pornographic film|adult]] genres. After the [[Post-Suharto era in Indonesia|Reform]] in the beginning of 2000, the Indonesian film industry was strengthened by a growing number of young filmmakers. While the industry was still adjusting to the new constitutions, Indonesian cinema started to reconstruct its identity and regain its former popularity.

The film industry is currently the fastest-growing subsector of Indonesia's creative economy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://southeastasiaglobe.com/indonesia-film-industry-joko-anwar/|title=Rising from a century of lost hopes|newspaper=Southeast Asia Globe|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> The number of moviegoers in the country were more than 52 million in 2019. The Indonesian film industry released 230 films in 2019.<ref name="thejakartapost.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2021/01/07/indonesian-film-industry-in-stasis-but-for-the-better.html|title=Indonesian film industry in stasis, but for the better|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theconversation.com/amp/coming-soon-in-2019-a-year-to-watch-in-indonesian-cinema-108504|title=Coming soon in 2019, a year to watch in Indonesian cinema|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there were about 2,000 screens in Indonesia, which was expected to reach 3,000 by 2020.{{needs update|date=May 2022}} [[21 Cineplex]] (which owns PT Omega Film, which monopolizes distribution of films distributed by the American [[major film studios]]), [[CJ CGV|CGV Cinemas]] (previously [[CGV Cinemas Indonesia|Blitzmegaplex]]), and [[Cinépolis]] (previously [[Cinemaxx (Indonesia)|Cinemaxx]]) currently dominate the movie theatre industry in Indonesia.<ref name="thejakartapost.com" /><ref name="JG1" />

==History==

===Colonial era===
{{See also|Classical Indonesian cinema}}
[[File:Loetoeng Kasaroeng p67.jpg|thumb|Advertisement for ''[[Loetoeng Kasaroeng]]'', the first [[fiction film]] produced in what is now Indonesia.]]
The first showing of films in the Dutch East Indies was in 1900,{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=2}} and over the next twenty years, foreign productions—which were mostly from the United States—were imported and shown throughout the country.{{sfn|Biran|2009|pp=33–35}} Domestic production of documentaries began in 1911{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=53}} but were unable to compete with imported works.{{sfn|Biran|2009|pp=33–35}} By 1923, a local feature film production spearheaded by the Middle East Film Co. was announced, but the work was not completed.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=57}}

The first domestically produced film in the Indies was ''[[Loetoeng Kasaroeng]]'', a 1926 silent film by [[Dutch people|Dutch]] director L. Heuveldorp. This adaptation of the [[Lutung Kasarung|Sundanese legend]] was made with local actors by the NV Java Film Company in [[Bandung]] and premiered on 31 December 1926 at the Elite and Majestic Theatres in Bandung.<ref name="Guinness Book"/> The following year, [[G. Krugers]]—who had served as a technician and cinematographer for ''Loetoeng Kasaroeng''{{sfn|Biran|2009|pp=60–61}}—released his directorial debut (the second film in the Indies), ''[[Eulis Atjih]]''. Owing to ''Loetoeng Kasaroeng''{{'s}} limited release, Kruger was able to advertise his film as the colony's first.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=73}} A year later, the second novel to be adapted to film in Indonesia, ''[[Setangan Berloemoer Darah]]'', was produced by [[Tan Boen Soan]].{{sfn|Woodrich|2014|p=27}}

[[Chinese Indonesians|Ethnic Chinese]] directors and producers, capitalising on the success of films produced in [[Shanghai]], China, became involved in the colony's cinema beginning in 1928, when [[Wong brothers|Nelson Wong]] completed ''[[Lily van Java]]''.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=77}}{{sfn|JCG, Lily van Java}} Although the Wongs went on hiatus, other ethnic Chinese became involved in film. Several Chinese-owned start-ups are recorded from 1929 onward, including Nancing Film with ''[[Resia Boroboedoer]]'' (1928) and [[Tan's Film]] with ''[[Njai Dasima (1929 film)|Njai Dasima]]'' (1929).{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=379}} By the early 1930s, Chinese-owned businesses were the dominating force in the country's film industry.{{sfn|Biran|2009|pp=380–381}}

After the [[Great Depression]] reached the Indies, production slowed tremendously. The Dutch East Indies government collected higher taxes and cinemas sold tickets at lower prices, ensuring that there was a meagre [[profit margin]] for local films. As a result, cinemas in the colony mainly showed [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] productions, while the domestic industry decayed.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=145}} [[The Teng Chun]], who had made his debut in 1931 with ''[[Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang (1931 film)|Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang]]'', was the only producer able to release films during 1934 and early 1935; his low-budget but popular films were mainly inspired by [[Chinese mythology]] or [[martial arts]], and although aimed at ethnic Chinese, proved popular among [[Native Indonesians|native audiences]] because of their action sequences.{{sfn|Biran|2009|pp=147–150}}

[[File:Terang Boelan p311.jpg|thumb|Poster for ''[[Terang Boelan]]'', one of three films credited with reviving the Indies' failing film industry.]]
In an attempt to show that locally produced, well-made films could be profitable, the Dutch journalist [[Albert Balink]], who had no formal film experience,{{sfn|Jakarta City Government, Albert Balink}} produced ''[[Pareh]]'' in 1935 in collaboration with Nelson Wong and his brothers. Though the film, costing 20 times as much as most contemporary productions, was an ultimate failure, it affected The Teng Chun's directorial style; the latter took less traditional stories.{{sfn|Biran|2009|pp=160–162}} Balink's next attempt, ''[[Terang Boelan]]'', was released two years later. Unlike ''Pareh'', ''Terang Boelan'' was a marked commercial success, earning 200,000 [[Straits dollar]]s (then equivalent to [[US$]]114,470<!--, or £23,180-->{{sfn|New York Times 1938, Foreign Exchange}}) in two months.{{sfnm|Biran|2009|p=171}} According to American visual anthropologist [[Karl G. Heider]], these two films are Indonesia's most important films of the 1930s.<ref name="Heider1991">{{cite book|last=Heider|first=Karl G.|title=Indonesian Cinema: National Culture on Screen|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiancinema0000heid|url-access=registration|access-date=23 July 2012|year=1991|publisher=U of Hawaii P|isbn=9780824813673|page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesiancinema0000heid/page/15 15]}}</ref>

The triple successes of ''Terang Boelan'', ''[[Fatima (1938 film)|Fatima]]'' (1938), and ''[[Alang-Alang (film)|Alang-Alang]]'' (1939) revived the domestic film industry.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=182}} Four new [[production house]]s were established in 1940,{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=205}} and actors and actresses previously attached to theatrical troupes entered the film industry, which was reaching new audiences.{{sfn|Said|1982|p=27}} The new works—fourteen in 1940 and thirty in 1941{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=380–383}}—generally followed the formula established by ''Terang Boelan'': songs, beautiful scenery, and romance.{{sfnm|1a1=Biran|1y=2009|1p=25|2a1=Said|2y=1982|2p=25}} Others, such as ''[[Asmara Moerni]]'', attempted to reach the growing [[native Indonesians|native]] intelligentsia by drawing journalists or figures from the [[Indonesian National Awakening|growing nationalist movement]] into cinema.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=260}}

===Japanese occupation===
After its genesis during the [[Dutch Ethical Policy and Indonesian National Revival|Dutch colonial era]], the Indonesian film industry was co-opted by [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese occupiers]] during the [[Second World War]] as a [[propaganda]] tool. The Japanese government immediately halted all production of film. Then, the Office of Cultural Enlightenment ({{lang|ja|啓民文化指導所}}), which was headed by Ishimoto Tokichi, appropriated facilities from all filmmaking organisations, consolidating them into a single studio which became the Jakarta branch of {{nihongo||[[:ja:日本映画社|日本映画社]]|Nippon Eigasha}}, or Nichi'ei.<ref name=Baskett>{{cite book | last = Baskett | first = Michael | year = 2008 | title = The Attractive Empire: Transnational Film Culture in Imperial Japan | publisher = [[University of Hawai'i Press]] | location = Honolulu | isbn = 978-0-8248-3223-0 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lx4QfrTyvWEC}}</ref> The majority of films made in Indonesia under the Japanese were educational films and newsreels produced for audiences in Japan. The Jakarta branch was strategically placed at the extreme southern end of Japan's empire and soon became a centre of newsreel production. Popular news serials such as ''News from the South'' and ''Berita Film di Djawa'' were produced. Japanese newsreels promoted such topics as conscripted "[[romusha]]" labourers ({{lang|ja|ロムシャの生活}}, 1944), voluntary enlistment into the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] ({{lang|ja|南の願望}}, 1944), and Japanese language acquisition by Indonesian children ({{lang|ja|ニッポン語競技会}}, 1944).<ref name="ReferenceA">Baskett, ''The Attractive Empire''.</ref>

Local Japanese-sponsored film production (other than newsreels) remained essentially negligible, and the domestic exhibition market was too underdeveloped to be financially viable. However, Nichi'ei{{'s}} occupation of the Indonesian film industry was a strategic victory over the West, demonstrating that a non-Western Asian nation could displace Hollywood and the Dutch. Indonesia was one of the last areas in the empire to surrender, and many who worked at Nichi'ei stayed on after defeat to work for Indonesian independence from the Dutch.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Korean director Hae Yeong (or Hinatsu Eitaro) migrated to Java from Korea in 1945, where he made the controversial documentary ''[[Calling Australia]]'' ({{lang|ja|豪州の呼び声}}, 1944). ''Calling Australia'' was commissioned by the Imperial Japanese Army and depicted Japanese prisoner of war camps in a positive light, showing prisoners feasting on steak and beer, swimming, and playing sports. After the war, the film caused such a stir that the Netherlands Indies Film Unit rushed into production of the counterpoint film ''Nippon Presents'' (1945), which used some of the P.O.W.s from ''Calling Australia'' to reject that film's viewpoint. Two decades later, Australian filmmaker [[Graham Shirley]] assembled the remaining survivors to make ''Prisoners of Propaganda'' (1987), yet another documentary about how, in his view, both regimes had conspired to exploit the prisoners each for their own purposes.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> After the war, Hae changed his name to Dr. Huyung, married an Indonesian woman with whom he had two sons, and directed three films before his death in 1952: ''Between Sky and Earth'' (1951), ''Gladis Olah Raga'' (1951), and ''Bunga Rumar Makan'' (1952).

===After independence===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Becak bij bioscoop Megaria TMnr 20018029.jpg|thumb|Former cinema [[Megaria]] ({{Tooltip|ca.|circa}} 1960–80), today Cinema Metropole XXI]]

{{See further|List of highest-grossing films in Indonesia}}
After independence, the [[Sukarno]] government used the film industry for [[nationalism|nationalistic]], [[anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] purposes and foreign film imports were banned. After the overthrow of Sukarno by [[Suharto]]'s [[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]] regime, films were regulated through a [[censorship]] code that aimed to maintain the social order and Suharto's grip on society.<ref name="Krishna Sen">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Krishna |editor=Giecko, Anne Tereska |title=Contemporary Asian Cinema, Indonesia: Screening a Nation in the Post-New Order |publisher=Berg |year=2006 |location=Oxford/New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/contemporaryasia0000unse/page/96 96–107] |isbn=978-1-84520-237-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryasia0000unse/page/96 }}</ref> [[Usmar Ismail]], a director from [[West Sumatra]], made a major impact in Indonesian film in the 1950s and 1960s through his company [[Perfini]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey|title=The Oxford History of World Cinema|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|location=Oxford/New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof/page/690 690]|isbn=978-0-19-811257-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof/page/690}}</ref> [[Djamaluddin Malik]]'s Persari Film often emulated [[Cinema of the United States|American genre films]] and the working practices of the Hollywood studio system, as well as remaking popular [[Cinema of India|Indian films]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Kuhn, Annette|title=A Dictionary of Film Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|location=Oxford/New York|page=229|isbn=978-0-19-958726-1}}</ref>

In the late 1950s, a number of political aspects impacted the film industry, not only in production but also in distribution. Threats of burning the movie theaters and film boycotts by anti-imperialist movements meant that the profit for movie theaters dropped drastically. In 1954, a first Indonesian superhero film, ''[[Sri Asih (1954 film)|Sri Asih]]'', was made.<ref name=":0" /> This film was directed by Tan Sing Hwat, and starred Turino Djunaedy and [[Mimi Mariani]] as [[Bumilangit Cinematic Universe|Sri Asih]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Andryanto |first=S. Dian |date=2022-07-09 |title=Trailer Film Sri Asih Dirilis, Siapa Sebenarnya Tokoh Rekaan RA Kosasih Ini? |url=https://seleb.tempo.co/read/1610271/trailer-film-sri-asih-dirilis-siapa-sebenarnya-tokoh-rekaan-ra-kosasih-ini |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Tempo |language=en}}</ref> Around 1964 there were 700 movie theaters in Indonesia, which fell to 350 in 1965. The post-independence era was greatly influenced by the [[30 September Movement]], which led to a dilemma for local movie theater owners when the local films produced weren't enough to fill the program slot. The economic crash had put the growing industry on hold and paralyzed people's purchasing power; however, at the end of the 1960s, the film industry had survived mostly because of popular foreign imports.

===1980s===
The industry reached its peak in the 1980s, with successful films such as ''[[Nagabonar]]'' (1987) and ''[[Catatan Si Boy|Catatan si Boy]]'' (1989). [[Warkop|Warkop's]] comedy films, directed by [[Arizal (Indonesia)|Arizal]], also proved to be successful. The industry also found appeal among teens with films such as ''Pintar-pintar Bodoh'' (1982) and ''Maju Kena Mundur Kena'' (1984). Actors during this era included [[Deddy Mizwar]], [[Eva Arnaz]], Lidya Kandou, Onky Alexander, [[Meriam Bellina]], [[Rano Karno]], and [[Paramitha Rusady]].<ref name="kompascinema">{{cite news |last=Kristianto |first=JB |title=Sepuluh Tahun Terakhir Perfilman Indonesia |language=id |publisher=Kompas |date=2 July 2005 |url=http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0507/02/Bentara/1857854.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052204/http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0507/02/Bentara/1857854.htm |archive-date=13 January 2008 |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> The film ''[[Tjoet Nja' Dhien]]'' (1988) won 9 [[Citra Award]]s at the 1988 [[Indonesian Film Festival]].{{sfn|Monash 2007-08-03, Tjoet Nja' Dhien}} It was also the first Indonesian movie chosen for screening at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].{{sfn|Monash 2007-08-03, Tjoet Nja' Dhien}}{{sfn|Siapno|2006|p=25}}

===1990s===
By the 1990s, imports of foreign films resumed, and the quantity of Indonesian films was reduced due to competition, especially from the [[Cinema of the United States|United States]] and [[Cinema of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]. The number of movies produced decreased significantly, from 115 in 1990 to 37 in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/Paris/7229/film.htm |title=Kondisi Perfilman di Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/19991221232226/http://www.geocities.com/Paris/7229/film.htm |archive-date=21 December 1999 |url-status=dead|language = id }}</ref>

In 1992, the Law Number 8 on Film categorized production as a non-obligatory activity and lifted the requirement of production permits. These permits had previously served as a connection between filmmakers and production houses and the government. As a result, data on film production—both commercial and independent—decreased in number and accuracy throughout the 1990s.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Rampant [[counterfeit]]ing and the increasing popularity of [[television]] also contributed to the decline of Indonesian cinema. Multivision Plus (under [[Raam Punjabi]]) controlled one of many cinema companies who produced ''[[Soap opera|sinetron]]'' (soap operas). The majority of films produced were [[Exploitation film|exploitaive]], adult-themed [[B-movie]]s shown in budget cinemas, [[outdoor cinema|outdoor screenings]], [[direct-to-video]], or on television.<ref name="kompascinema" /> In 1996, 33 films were made in Indonesia, the majority of which were filled with adult-themed content. This number continued to decrease significantly; only seven domestic films were made in 1999.[[File:Number of feature films produced in Indonesia.svg|thumb|Number of feature films produced in Indonesia from 1926 to 2017|alt=|300x300px]]

===2000s===
Under the [[Post-Suharto era in Indonesia|Reform era]], [[independent film]]making lead to a rebirth of the film industry in Indonesia, where films started addressing previously banned topics such as religion, race, and love.<ref name="Krishna Sen"/>

The number of domestic films made increased from six in 2001 to ten in 2002. It continued to increase significantly as the years passed on. Notable films included ''[[Ada Apa Dengan Cinta?]]'', directed by [[Rudi Soedjarwo]] in 2002; ''Eliana Eliana,'' directed by [[Riri Riza]]; and ''[[Arisan!]],'' starring [[Tora Sudiro]]. 2005 saw the release of ''Beauty and Warrior'', Indonesia's first [[animation|animated]] [[feature film]], and ''[[Gie]]'', directed by [[Riri Riza]] and based on the life of Indonesian activist [[Soe Hok Gie]].

''[[Verses of Love|Ayat-Ayat Cinta]]'' (2008), directed by [[Hanung Bramantyo]], was notable in that it attracted Muslim audiences like never before in Indonesian film history, thanks to its narrative crossover between [[Islam]] and modern romance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kompas.com/kompascetak.php/read/xml/2008/04/04/01293097|title=Pertemuan Baru Islam dan Cinta|last=Sasono|first=Eric|work=Kompas|date=4 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719105821/http://www.kompas.com/kompascetak.php/read/xml/2008/04/04/01293097|archive-date=19 July 2013}}</ref>

In 2009, Infinite Frameworks released their first full-length animation movie ''[[Sing to the Dawn (2008 film)|Sing to the Dawn]]'' (''Meraih Mimpi)''. The movie itself features some foreigners, but all artists and dubbers were Indonesian, with most of the dubbers being celebrities such as [[Gita Gutawa]], [[Surya Saputra]], and [[Jajang C. Noer]].

===2010s===
From 2010 to 2011, due to the substantial increase in [[value-added tax]] (VAT) applied to foreign films, cinemas no longer had access to many foreign films. This has caused a massive ripple effect on the country's economy. It is assumed that this increased the purchasing of unlicensed DVDs.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} In 2011, the minimum cost to view a foreign film not screened locally was [[Indonesian rupiah|IDR]] 1,000,000, equivalent to US$100, as it included a plane ticket to Singapore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/indonesia/new-import-policy-will-kill-indonesian-film-industry-noorca/423632|title=New Import Policy Will Kill Indonesian Film Industry: Noorca|work=[[Jakarta Globe]]|date=21 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923200931/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/indonesia/new-import-policy-will-kill-indonesian-film-industry-noorca/423632|archive-date=23 September 2012|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref>

The Indonesian film market is in the C, D, and E classes,{{Clarify|date=March 2023}} and due to this, foreign porn stars such as [[Sasha Grey]], [[Vicky Vette]], [[Maria Ozawa]], [[Sora Aoi]], and Rin Sakuragi were invited to play a part in movies. Most locally made movies were low-budget horror films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/29/world/asia/29indonesia.html|title=Porn Stars, Clad? They Seem to Appeal to Indonesian Filmgoers|last=Belford|first=Aubrey|date=28 March 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref>

Since 2011, locally made films were increasingly critically acclaimed. This was attested by the international release of films such as ''[[The Raid (2011 film)|The Raid]]'' (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/may/17/the-raid-review|title=The Raid – review|author=Bradshaw, Peter|work=The Guardian|date=17 May 2012|access-date=27 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227202504/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/may/17/the-raid-review|archive-date=27 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[The Raid 2|its 2014 sequel]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.viva.co.id/gaya-hidup/475889-the-raid-2-berandal-mengguncang-festival-film-internasional|title="The Raid 2: Berandal" Mengguncang Festival Film Internasional|author=Rizky Sekar Afrisia|publisher=Viva|date=24 January 2014|access-date=6 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407084900/https://www.viva.co.id/gaya-hidup/475889-the-raid-2-berandal-mengguncang-festival-film-internasional|archive-date=7 April 2018|language=id|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''[[Ritual (2012 film)|Modus Anomali]]'' (2012), ''[[Dilema (film)|Dilema]]'' (2012), ''[[Lovely Man]]'' (2012), ''[[Java Heat]]'' (2013), and ''[[Satan's Slaves (2017 film)|Pengabdi Setan]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/04/03/pengabdi-setan-opens-at-no-1-in-hong-kong.html|title='Pengabdi Setan' opens at No. 1 in Hong Kong|author=Yosephina, Liza|publisher=The Jakarta Post|date=3 April 2018|access-date=5 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406043704/http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/04/03/pengabdi-setan-opens-at-no-1-in-hong-kong.html|archive-date=6 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Indonesian horror|Indonesian horror films]], particularly the work of director [[Joko Anwar]], attracted international attention in the 2010s, aided by [[Streaming media|streaming services]]. ''[[The Queen of Black Magic]]'', ''[[Satan's Slaves]],'' and ''[[Impetigore]]'' have been perceived as part of a new wave of [[folk horror]] films from [[Southeast Asian cinema|Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferrarese|first=Marco|title='New kinds of monsters': The rise of Southeast Asian horror films|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/2/zombie-films-breathe-new-life-into-malaysian-and-indonesia-horror|access-date=2022-01-24|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New wave of horror flicks puts Indonesian cinema on map|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Arts/New-wave-of-horror-flicks-puts-Indonesian-cinema-on-map|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en-GB}}</ref>

During the decade, Indonesian cinema experienced significant improvements in industry production and distribution compared to previous decades. New associations appeared to support production, and new movie theaters were constructed in areas outside the island of [[Java]].

Domestically, the government's efforts to promote local films with the regulation of Law Number 33 on Film in 2009 had a positive impact on the development of the industry. Article 10 explained that film activities and show business actors must prioritize Indonesian films, and prioritize the use of domestic power sources. Additionally, Article 12 clarifies that actors are prohibited from showing films from only one production house, and imported films are prohibited from exceeding 50% of the showing hours within six consecutive months in order to avoid monopolistic practices or external competition.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Indonesian films increasingly appeared at international festivals. The decade also saw an increase in film collaboration with other countries in distribution and production.

=== 2020s ===
The [[COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia|COVID-19 pandemic]] in early 2020 paralyzed the domestic and foreign film industry. Indonesia became one of the countries with the highest infection rate in the world in July 2021, with around {{Significant figures|44,721|3}} active cases.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} This forced the government to make an emergency decision to [[Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement|enforce restrictions on community activities]] (PPKM), namely the restriction of various group activities. As a result, film-making activities were ordered to be closed or temporarily suspended nationally from mid-March 2020. Nationally, 68 cinemas were closed: 387 screens spread across 33 cities and 15 provinces in Indonesia.

Although limited by the obligation to keep distance and work online, Indonesian filmmakers have not stopped writing and making films, and production house entrepreneurs continue working through online platforms. These adaptations paralleled the rise in popularity of online [[streaming services]], and encouraged local industries to improve the quality of their platforms and cooperate with national television channels to avoid the economic crisis caused by the pandemic. Various independent production houses have started to produce their films with independent online platforms such as [[Vidio]] and [[Viddsee]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

In this decade, Indonesian films gained widespread attention from the international public especially at International Film Festivals, where [[Vengeance Is Mine, All Others Pay Cash (film) |Vengeance Is Mine, All Others Pay Cash]] directed by [[Edwin(director) | Edwin]] won the Golden Leopard Award from [[Locarno International Film Festival]], [[Yuni(film) | Yuni]] directed by [[Kamila Andini]] won the Platform Prize at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] along with [[Penyalin Cahaya]] directed by [[Wregas Bhanuteja]] and [[Autobiography (film) | Autobiography]] debut film from [[Makbul Mubarak]], along with several other films actively screened and toured throughout international festivals. 
From [[Netflix]] streaming as well, [[The Big 4]] directed by [[Timo Tjahjanto]] also received widespread international public recognition by topping the global movie chart for several weeks.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==Film festivals==
The major [[film festival]] of Indonesia is the [[Jakarta International Film Festival]] (JiFFest), held every year in December since 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jiffest – Jakarta International Film Festival |url=https://www.filmfestivals.com/festival/jiffest_jakarta_international_film_festival |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=www.filmfestivals.com |language=en}}</ref> The eighth festival began on 8 December 2006,{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} with ''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'', a film starring [[Brad Pitt]] and [[Cate Blanchett]].{{Relevant?|date=March 2023}} The festival experienced a two-year hiatus in 2011 and 2012, but resumed in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A new chapter for JiFFest |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/11/17/a-new-chapter-jiffest.html |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}</ref>

Jakarta also hosted film festivals such as the 52nd [[Asia-Pacific Film Festival]] (APFF) on 18–22 November 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frater,AP |first=Patrick |last2=Frater |first2=Patrick |last3=AP |date=2009-12-21 |title=Quake fails to shake awards |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/quake-fails-shake-awards-92531/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>

Another event is the [[Indonesian Film Festival]] (Festival Film Indonesia, or FFI), which has been held intermittently since 1955. From 1973 to 1992, the festival was held annually and then discontinued until it was later revived in 2004. It hosts a competition, which hands out the [[Citra Award]].

==National film market==
=== Movie theaters ===
[[File:La Piazza 21 Kelapa Gading Jakarta.JPG|thumb|Exterior of La Piazza, which housed La Piazza 21 (later La Piazza XXI) in [[Jakarta]], since closed and as of March 2023 being demolished]]
Records show that there were movie theatres named as Oriental and Elita during 1926 in [[Bandung]].<ref name="loetoeng" />{{sfn|Biran|2009|pp=66–68}} The earliest cinema hall in Jakarta was the Alhamra Theater at [[Sawah Besar]], which was established in 1931. Other old cinema halls in Jakarta were the Astoria, Grand, [[Metropole, Jakarta|Metropole]], Rex, Capitol, Rivoli, Central, and Orion.<ref name="m.liputan6.com"/>

As of 2019, there were about 2,000 screens in Indonesia, which was expected to reach 3,000 by 2020.<ref name="JG1" />

The largest cinema chain in Indonesia is [[21 Cineplex]], which has cinemas spread throughout Indonesia. Founded in 1987, Cinema XXI currently (as of July 2023) operates 1,235 screens across 230 theaters in 71 cities, with a target of reaching 2,000 screens within the next five years. It has three separate brands to target different markets: Cinema 21, Cinema XXI, and The Premiere. Since 2012, Cinema 21 outlets are gradually being renovated to become Cinema XXI.

Another cinema chain is [[Blitzmegaplex]], which opened its first location in 2006 and became the second biggest movie theater in the country. In 2017, the brand name was changed to [[CGV Cinemas Indonesia|CGV]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://jakartaglobe.id/features/cgv-blitz-rebrands-changes-name-cgv-cinemas/|title=CGV Blitz Rebrands, Changes Name to CGV Cinemas|newspaper=The Jakarta Globe|access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref> As of January 2019, it had opened 57 theaters with 249 screens in 21 cities across Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://properti.kompas.com/read/2019/01/16/130837021/kontrak-habis-cgv-moi-ditutup|title=Kontrak Habis, CGV MoI Ditutup|newspaper=Kompas|access-date=2019-01-15}}</ref> The company's Megaplex at [[Grand Indonesia]] in Jakarta is dubbed Indonesia's largest cineplex by the [[Indonesian Record Museum|MURI (Indonesian Record Museum)]].

[[Cinemaxx (Indonesia)|Cinemaxx]], launched by [[Lippo Group]], opened its first cinema at [[The Plaza Semanggi]] on 17 August 2014. In 2018, Cinemaxx (now [[Cinépolis]]) operated 45 cinemas with 203 screens in Indonesia.<ref name="JG1" /> In 2018, it expected to open 300 cinemas with 2,000 screens spread across 85 cities within the ten years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.beritasatu.com/saujana/509099-cinemaxx-hadir-di-mall-living-world-pekanbaru.html|title=Cinemaxx Hadir di Mall Living World Pekanbaru| newspaper=Berita Satu|access-date=2018-09-28}}</ref>

In May 2017, Agung Sedayu Group opened FLIX Cinema, with its first outlet at PIK Avenue, [[North Jakarta]]. Three months later, it opened its second outlet at [[Grand Galaxy Park]], [[Bekasi]]. It plans to open outlets at District 8 Shopping Centre, [[South Jakarta]], and the [[Mall of Indonesia]], North Jakarta (replacing CGV).

Many smaller independent cinemas also exist, such as Platinum, New Star, BES Cinema, Surya Yudha Cinema, and Dakota Cinema.

=== Movie-goers ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2022}}
In the regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 34 of 2019 concerning the Circulation, Performance, Export and Import of Films, Article 17 explains the need for monthly notification of the number of viewers of a film through a data collection system in order to carry out functions in the field of cinema development. This data collection is carried out digitally. For each film entered in national cinemas, including local films and imported films, it includes the audience gains based on show hours and detailed locations.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Year'''
|'''Movie-goers'''
|-
|2011
|15,565,132
|-
|2012
|18,887,258
|-
|2013
|12,716,790
|-
|2014
|15,657,406
|-
|2016
|34,088,298
|-
|2017
|39,135,910
|}

==See also==
* [[Cinema of Asia]]
* [[Cinema of the world]]
* [[Culture of Indonesia]]
* [[Media of Indonesia]]
* [[Southeast Asian cinema]]
* [[World cinema]]
{{Portal|Film|Indonesia}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Works cited ==
{{refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite encyclopedia
 |title=Albert Balink 
 |url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/782 
 |language=id 
 |publisher=Jakarta City Government 
 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Jakarta 
 |access-date=24 July 2012 
 |archive-date=17 October 2012
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017031745/http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/782
 |ref={{sfnRef|Jakarta City Government, Albert Balink}} 
 |url-status=dead
 |df=dmy 
}}
*{{cite book
 |title=[[Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa]]
 |trans-title=History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java
 |language=id
 |last=Biran
 |first=Misbach Yusa
 |author-link=Misbach Yusa Biran
 |location=Jakarta
 |publisher=Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council
 |year=2009
 |isbn=978-979-3731-58-2
}}
*{{Cite journal
 |title=Foreign Exchange
 |date=8 June 1938
 |journal=The New York Times
 |location=New York
 |access-date=24 November 2012
 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/06/09/archives/foreign-exchange-range-of-rates-sight-exchaige.html
 |ref={{sfnRef|New York Times 1938, Foreign Exchange}}
}} {{subscription required}}
* {{Cite book
 |last=Imanjaya
 |first=Ekky
 |title=A to Z about Indonesian Film
 |publisher=DAR! Mizan : Didistribusikan oleh Mizan Media Utama
 |year=2006
 |location=Bandung
 |language=id
}}
* {{Cite book
 |last=Kristanto
 |first=JB
 |title=Katalog Film Indonesia 1926–2005
 |publisher=Nalar bekerjasama dengan Fakultas Film dan Televisi, Institut Kesenian Jakarta [dan] Sinematek Indonesia
 |year=2005
 |isbn=9789799939531
 |location=Jakarta
 |language=id
}}
*{{cite encyclopedia
 |title=Lily van Java 
 |language=id 
 |url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/1659 
 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Jakarta 
 |publisher=Jakarta City Government 
 |location=Jakarta 
 |access-date=21 August 2012 
 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6A4fwxwEY?url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/1659
 |archive-date=21 August 2012
 |ref={{sfnRef|JCG, Lily van Java}} 
 |url-status=dead
 |df=dmy 
}}
* {{cite web
 |title=Tjoet Nja Dhien|date=21 May 1988
 |publisher=Monash University
 |url=http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/mai/tjoet-nja-dhien/
 |ref={{sfnRef|Monash 2007-08-03, Tjoet Nja' Dhien}} 
 |access-date=19 August 2011}}
*{{cite book
 |title=Profil Dunia Film Indonesia
 |trans-title=Profile of Indonesian Cinema
 |language=id
 |last=Said
 |first=Salim
 |publisher=Grafiti Pers
 |location=Jakarta
 |year=1982
 |oclc=9507803
}}
* {{cite book
 |title=Gender, Islam, nationalism and the state of Aceh
 |last=Siapno
 |first=Jacqueline Aquino
 |year=2006
 |publisher=Routledge-Curzon
 |location=London
 |isbn=978-0-7007-1513-8
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DHFijnwBk4C&pg=PA25
}}
*{{Cite thesis
 |last=Woodrich
 |first=Chris
 |title= Ekranisasi Awal: Adapting Films to the Silver Screen in the Dutch East Indies
 |type=Master of Arts thesis
 |url= https://www.academia.edu/7050110
 |year= 2014
 |publisher=Gadjah Mada University
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
<!---far too many ELs - see [[WP:EL]] and cut down--->
* [https://us.imdb.com/Sections/Countries/Indonesia/ Indonesian films] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061223175239/http://www.jiffest.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=jiffest2006.welcome&ver=english Jakarta International Film Festival]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110810111148/http://www.21cineplex.com/ 21 Cineplex]&nbsp;– Indonesian movie-theater chain
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080520105639/http://www.blitzmegaplex.com/ Blitz Megaplex] – Indonesian multiplex chain
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071126055409/http://www.acmi.net.au/indonesianfilms.htm Indonesian film notes]
* [https://kineria.com/layar/indonesia Streaming Film Indonesia]
* [http://www.engagemedia.org/taxonomy/countries/ID EngageMedia] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916231229/http://www.engagemedia.org/taxonomy/countries/ID |date=16 September 2012 }}) – Social change film online from Indonesia and the Asia-Pacific
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511201613/http://rumahfilm.org/ Rumah Film] – Resource of Indonesian film (in Indonesian language)
* [http://www.filmindonesia.or.id filmindonesia.or.id] – Online version of JB Kristanto's film catalogue and article archive on Indonesian films (in Indonesian language)

{{Indonesia topics}}
{{CinemaofIndonesia}}
{{Worldcinema}}
{{Asia in topic|Cinema of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indonesia (cinema)}}
[[Category:Cinema of Indonesia| ]]
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