Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Clarín (Argentine newspaper)

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Argentine daily newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand Spanish|Clarín (periódico)|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name         = Clarín
| logo         = Clarín logo.svg
| logo_size  = 150px
| image        = Clarín-Frontpage-20151213.jpg
| image_size   = 250px
| caption      = Front page of {{lang|es|Clarín}} from 13 December 2015
| type         = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format       = [[tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]
| foundation   = {{start date|1945|8|28|df=yes}}
| political    = [[Social liberalism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/opinion/verdadero-progresismo-liberal_0_lCwLLsuE6.html|title=El verdadero progresismo es liberal|first=Julio|last=Montero|date=March 4, 2019|website=www.clarin.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/opinion/mundo-liberal-conservador_0_axIeEA6.html|title=Un mundo menos liberal y más conservador|first=Francisco de|last=Santibañes|date=September 12, 2019|website=clarin.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/opinion/liberalismo-vs-populismo_0_sJkiBAcv.html|title=Liberalismo vs. populismo|first=José María|last=Lasalle|date=February 24, 2020|website=clarin.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/opinion/liberalismo-preocupa-desigualdad_0_BJJ-xkijPXe.html|title=Al liberalismo no le preocupa la desigualdad|date=February 19, 2013|website=clarin.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/revista-enie/ideas/liberalismo-reduce-libre-mercado_0_rJOyIVxal.html|title=Liberalismo no se reduce a libre mercado|date=April 7, 2017|website=clarin.com}}</ref><br />''Formerly:''<br />[[Developmentalism]]<ref>https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7442024.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
| owners       = [[Clarín Group]]
| headquarters = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
| publisher = [[Héctor Magnetto]]
| chiefeditor = Ricardo Kirschbaum
| maneditor = Ricardo Roa
| circulation  = 270,444 (Print, 2012)<br />100,000 (Digital, 2018)<ref name="Argentine newspaper circulation">{{cite news|title=Clarín vende un 32% menos que en 2003 y reduce su presencia en el mercado de diarios (Clarin sells 32% less than in 2003 and reduced its presence in the market daily)|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201308/30704-clarin-vende-un-32-menos-que-en-2003-y-reduce-su-presencia-en-el-mercado-de-diarios.html|access-date=18 February 2014|newspaper=Telam|date=30 August 2013}}</ref>
| website      = {{official URL}}
}}
'''{{lang|es|Clarín}}''' ({{IPA-es|klaˈɾin}}, {{lit|Bugle}}) is the largest newspaper in [[Argentina]] and the second most circulated in the [[Spanish-speaking world]]. It was founded by [[Roberto Noble]] in 1945, published by the [[Clarín Group]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2010/08/argentinas_media|newspaper=The Economist|title=Pressed|date=25 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grupoclarinsustentable.com/contenidos-con-valor/nuestros-valores/|title=Nuestros Valores}}</ref>

For many years, its director was [[Ernestina Herrera de Noble]], the founder's wife.<ref name="Grupo Clarin">{{cite web|title=Origin and Evolution|url=http://www.grupoclarin.com/en/institutional/origin-and-evolution|website=grupoclarin.com|publisher=Grupo Clarín|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119144922/http://www.grupoclarin.com/en/institutional/origin-and-evolution|archive-date=19 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{lang|es|Clarín}} is part of ''Periódicos Asociados Latinoamericanos'' ([[Latin American Newspaper Association]]), an organization of fourteen leading newspapers in [[South America]].

==History==
[[File:Primera edición del diario argentino Clarín.jpg|thumb|left|180px|{{lang|es|Clarín}}'s first cover, 28 August 1945]]

{{lang|es|Clarín}} was created by [[Roberto Noble]], former minister of the Buenos Aires Province, on 28 August 1945. It was one of the first Argentine newspapers published in [[tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]] format. It became the highest sold Argentine newspaper in 1965, and the highest sold Spanish-speaking newspaper in 1985. It was also the first Argentine newspaper to sell a magazine with the Sunday edition, since 1967. In 1969, the news were split into several supplements by topic. In 1976, high color printing was benefited by the creation of Artes Gráficas Rioplatense (AGR).

For many years the Argentine author [[Horacio Estol]] was the New York correspondent of {{lang|es|Clarín}}, writing about aspects of US life of interest to Argentines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aca.org.ar/institucional/autoclubeng/mediosiglo.htm|title=After Half a Century and 200 Issues ...|publisher=Automóvil Club Argentino|access-date=26 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725065201/http://www.aca.org.ar/institucional/autoclubeng/mediosiglo.htm|archive-date=25 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Roberto Noble died in 1969, and his widow [[Ernestina Herrera de Noble]] succeeded him as director. The newspaper bought ''[[Papel Prensa]]'' in 1977, together with ''[[La Nación]]'' and ''La Razón''. In 1982, it joined a group of 20 other newspapers to create the "''Diarios y Noticias''" informative agency. The Sunday magazine was renamed in 1994 to "''Viva''", a name that would last up to the modern day. The newspaper started a [[media conglomerate]] in 1999 after a law reformation which allows it to collect many media supports, that would be named after the newspaper, ''[[Grupo Clarín]]''. This conglomerate would operate in radio, television, Internet, other newspapers and other areas beyond {{lang|es|Clarín}} itself.

On 27 December 1999, The Clarín Group and [[Goldman Sachs]], an American investment firm, subscribed an investment agreement where the consortium, managed by Goldman Sachs, made a direct investment in Clarín Group. The operation implied an increase of capital to the Clarín Group and the incorporation of Goldman Sachs as minority partner, with a participation of 18% of the stocks.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

{{lang|es|Clarín}} launched clarin.com, the website for the newspaper, in March 1996. The site served nearly 6 million unique visitors daily in Argentina in April 2011, making it the fifth most visited website in the country that month and the most widely visited of any website based in Argentina itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2011/6/Facebook_Users_in_Argentina_Spend_9_Hours_a_Month_on_Site|title=Facebook Users in Argentina Spend 9 Hours a Month on Site, Second Only to Israel in User Engagement|publisher=comScore|date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

==Editorial stance==
This newspaper is defined as an [[independent politician|independent newspaper]]. This publication has always been identified by a [[centre-right]] editorial line and defends the [[developmentalism|developmentalist]] ideology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lifeder.com/periodicos-izquierda-derecha/|title=Los 24 Periódicos de Izquierda y Derecha Más Importantes}}</ref>

On [[1946 Argentine general election|1946 general election]] {{lang|es|Clarín}} supported [[José Tamborini]], the candidate of the [[Radical Civic Union]], against the populist [[Juan Perón]]. The newspaper declared that "the Argentine people are aware that they vote for the maintenance of the [[Constitution of Argentina]] and the basic laws of the republic, for the institutional order, for the regime of freedom and for the honorable Argentine tradition."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infocielo.com/peron/la-tapa-clarin-del-dia-la-eleccion-que-gano-peron-n706215|title=Clarín: 75 años de antiperonismo|language=es|website=infocielo.com|date=22 December 2023 }}</ref>

[[File:Robertonoble y frondizi.jpg|thumb|left|Founder Roberto Noble (left) and President of Argentina Arturo Frondizi in 1960]]
{{lang|es|Clarín}} was in favor of [[Revolución Libertadora]], which overthrew Juan Domingo Perón in 1955.<ref>[https://www.laizquierdadiario.com/Clarin-de-los-origenes-a-la-Libertadora-I De la mano de un político conservador, hace 75 años nacía Clarín] by Claudia Ferri, La Izquierda Diario, 27 Aug 2020</ref> On September 22, it published the biography of [[Eduardo Lonardi]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.enorsai.com.ar/politica-nota-28688-mira-esta-nota-para-entender-porque-clarin-no-llama-golpe-al-golpe.html|title=Mirá esta nota para entender porque Clarín no llama Golpe al Golpe|website=www.enorsai.com.ar}}</ref> The next day it wrote: "An appointment of honor with [[freedom]]. For the Republic, too, the night is behind us. Enthusiastic and standard bearer of Buenos Aires incident to Lonardi."<ref name="auto1"/>

The most distinctive feature of this newspaper was its adherence to [[developmentalism]], a ideology it maintained until the 1980s. It has been identified with the industry and is considered an 'industrialist' newspaper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/domingo/simbolo-de-la-nacion.phtml|title=Símbolo de 'La Nación'|date=October 20, 2018|website=Perfil}}</ref>

[[Hector Magnetto]], now publisher of the newspaper, was hired as an advisor to [[Ernestina Herrera de Noble]] on March 2, 1972, and was affiliated with the pro-industry political party, the [[Integration and Development Movement]] (MID).

Despite its large circulation, {{lang|es|Clarín}} suffered financial difficulties when Mrs. Noble inherited the director's post from its founder, [[Roberto Noble]], as his widow. She turned to one of the latter's most prominent allies, economist and wholesaler [[Rogelio Julio Frigerio]], who lent {{lang|es|Clarín}} US$10 million in 1971. The paper continued to endorse Frigerio's [[centrism|centrist]] MID platform, which centered on government support for [[public works|infrastructure investment]] and [[import substitution industrialization]]. On Frigerio's advice, Mrs. Noble brought in Magnetto, who took later charge of the newspaper's finances.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Néstor Kirchner, close to Magnetto, renewed the group's transmission licenses for 10 years in 2005 and later approved the acquisition of cable company Cablevisión. But relations collapsed in 2008 when {{lang|es|Clarín}} backed farmers through export taxes.<ref name="auto">{{cite web| last =Gilbert| first =Jonathan| title =Showdown looms between Argentina's Kirchner and her biggest media critic| work =CS Monitor| date =Dec 5, 2012| url =http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2012/1205/Showdown-looms-between-Argentina-s-Kirchner-and-her-biggest-media-critic}}</ref>

The magazine "Noticias", from the newspaper [[Perfil]], accused {{lang|es|Clarín}} of having signed a "pact" with [[Néstor Kirchner]]. He denounced the former president used the newspaper as his own news agency. According to Darío Gallo, one of the Perfil Editors, the investigation points to "[[Grupo Clarin]]'s new businesses in the [[telecommunications]] market that need government support."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seniales.blogspot.com/2008/03/el-pacto-kirchner-clarn-es-por-telecom.html|title=Señales: El pacto Kirchner-Clarín, es por Telecom|date=March 1, 2008}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align             = 
| total_width       = 300
| image1            = Cristina-kirchner-clarin.jpeg
| image2            = Todo negativo.jpg
| footer            = ''(Left)'': President Cristina Fernández holding a copy of {{lang|es|Clarín}} in 2012. She and her late husband Néstor Kirchner had a long-standing conflict with the newspaper, which included "anti-{{lang|es|Clarín}}" propaganda ''(right)''
}}
President [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]]'s battle with the press intensified when she implemented a controversial media law that, according to her administration, encourages plurality of voices and that opponents call an attack on freedom of expression and democracy.<ref name="auto"/>

{{lang|es|Clarín}}, once an ally of [[Cristina Kirchner]] and her late husband and predecessor, was now openly opposed to the government. The group owns Argentina's best-selling newspaper and controls 59 and 42 percent of the cable TV and radio markets, respectively, according to AFSCA, the law enforcement agency.<ref name="auto"/>

Some feared that the media law could lead to a deficit of independent reporting: {{lang|es|Clarín}} is one of the few news organizations that does not depend on the government through advertising subsidies. "There is no freedom of expression without an independent press," said Héctor Magnetto, general director of {{lang|es|Clarín}}. "If one weakens, both could be at risk.".<ref name="auto"/>

== Circulation ==
{{lang|es|Clarín}} prints and distributes around 330,000 copies throughout the country, but by 2012, circulation had declined to 270,444 copies and {{lang|es|Clarín}} accounted for nearly 21 percent of Argentine newspaper market, compared to 35 percent in 1983.<ref name="Argentine newspaper circulation"/> {{lang|es|Clarín}} has a 44 percent market share in Buenos Aires.

According to third-party [[web analytics]] providers [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]] and [[SimilarWeb]], {{lang|es|Clarín}}'s website is the 10th and 14th most visited in Argentina respectively, as of August 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/clarin.com | title=clarin.com Site Overview | publisher=Alexa | access-date=2 August 2015 | archive-date=18 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118023549/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/clarin.com | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="similar">{{cite web | url=http://www.similarweb.com/website/clarin.com | title=Clarin.com Analytics | publisher=SimilarWeb | access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref> SimilarWeb rates the site as the 3rd most visited news website in Argentina, attracting almost 32 million visitors per month.<ref name="similar" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.similarweb.com/country_category/argentina/news_and_media | title=Top 50 sites in Argentina for News And Media | publisher=SimilarWeb | access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Clarín Awards]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{official website}}
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050904003817/http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/0204/0402/noticias040204/prensa-argentina/prensa-argentina-clarin.htm The Holding] {{in lang|es}}
* [http://www.infoamerica.org/diarios/clarin_ar_1.htm Clarín's Profile] on InfoAmerica

{{Grupo Clarín}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clarin (Newspaper)}}
[[Category:1945 establishments in Argentina]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1945]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in Argentina]]
[[Category:Clarín Group]]
[[Category:Spanish-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Spanish-language websites]]
[[Category:Mass media in Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:Argentine news websites]]
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