Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Clark Air Base

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Philippine Air Force base on Luzon Island}}
{{For|the civilian use of this facility|Clark International Airport}}
{{redirect|Clark Field}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=September 2022}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Tone|date=July 2017}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2012}}}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name         = Clark Air Base
|partof       = the [[United States Air Force]] and [[Philippine Air Force]]
|location     = Located at the [[Clark Freeport Zone]], Philippines
|coordinates  = {{Coord|15|11|09|N|120|33|35|E|name=Clark Air Base}}
|image        = Clark Air Base aerial 1989.JPEG
|image_size   = 300px
|caption      = Clark Air Base in 1989 as part of [[United States Pacific Air Forces]]
|type         = Air base
|code         = 
|built        = September 1, 1903
|builder      = {{flag|United States|1896}}
|materials    = 
|height       = 
|used         = {{flag|United States|1912}}<br>1903–1942<br />{{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}}<br>1942–1945<br />{{flag|United States}}<br>1945–1991<br />{{flag|Philippines}}<br>1991–present
|demolished   = 
|condition    = [[Clark International Airport|Renovated]]
|ownership    = {{PHI}}
|controlledby = [[File:Roundel of the Philippines.svg|30px]] [[Philippine Air Force]]
|commanders   = 
|garrison     = 
<div>
* 1st Air Division
* 410th Maintenance Wing
* 420th Supply Wing
* 600th Air Base Wing
* 710th Special Operations Wing
* Air Force Logistics Command
* Air Force Reserve Command
</div>
|battles      = 
|events       = 
}}
{{Infobox airport
| name                = Airfield information
| IATA                = CRK
| ICAO                = RPLC
| elevation-f         = 484
| elevation-m         = 148
| coordinates         = {{coord|15|11|09|N|120|33|35|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map         = Philippines
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Clark Air Base in the Philippines
| pushpin_label       = CRK/RPLC
| metric-elev         = yes
| metric-rwy          = yes
| r1-number           = 02R/20L
| r1-length-f         = 10,499
| r1-length-m         = 3,200
| r1-surface          = Asphalt/concrete
| r2-number           = 02L/20R
| r2-length-f         = 10,499
| r2-length-m         = 3,200
| r2-surface          = Asphalt/concrete
}}

'''Clark Air Base''' is a [[Philippine Air Force]] base on [[Luzon Island]] in the [[Philippines]], located {{convert|3|mi}} west of [[Angeles City]], and about {{convert|40|mi}} northwest of [[Metro Manila]]. Clark Air Base was previously a United States military facility, operated by the [[U.S. Air Force]] under the aegis of [[Pacific Air Forces]] (PACAF) and their predecessor organizations from 1903 to 1991. The base covered {{convert|14.3|sqmi}} with a military reservation extending north that covered another {{convert|230|sqmi}}.

The base was a stronghold of the combined Philippine and American forces during the final months of [[World War II]] and a backbone of logistical support during the [[Vietnam War]] until 1975. Following the departure of American forces in 1991 due to the [[1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo|eruption of Mount Pinatubo]] and rejection by the [[Senate of the Philippines|Philippine Senate]] for renewing the presence of U.S. military bases in the Philippines,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oberdorfer |first=Don |date=1991-09-10 |title=U.S. BASE REJECTED IN PHILIPPINES |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/09/10/us-base-rejected-in-philippines/d580e52d-5060-4cf8-9443-48e689593149/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Francisco |first=Katerina |date=2016-09-16 |title=LOOK BACK: When the Senate said 'no' to US bases renewal |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/146410-look-back-senate-no-us-base-renewal-1991/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=RAPPLER |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Politics, Pinatubo and the Pentagon: The Closure of Subic Bay – Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training |url=https://adst.org/2016/05/politics-pinatubo-pentagon-closure-subic-bay-philippines/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=adst.org}}</ref> the base became the site of [[Clark International Airport]], as well as the [[Clark Freeport Zone]] and the Air Force City of the [[Philippine Air Force]].

In April 2016, an Air Contingent of USAF [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10s]] and [[Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk|HH-60s]] was deployed from U.S. air bases in Pyeongtaek and Okinawa to Clark. The Air Contingent was composed of five A-10C Thunderbolt IIs from the [[51st Fighter Wing]], [[Osan Air Base|Osan AB]], South Korea; three HH-60G Pave Hawks from the [[18th Wing]], Kadena AB, Japan; and approximately 200 personnel deployed from multiple Pacific Air Force units.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/723312/pacaf-airmen-stand-up-air-contingent-in-philippines.aspx|title=PACAF Airmen stand up air contingent in Philippines|website=U.S. Air Force|access-date=April 30, 2016}}</ref> The primary mission of the contingent appears to be to patrol disputed South China Sea islands, "to provide greater and more transparent air and maritime domain awareness to ensure safety for military and civilian activities in international waters and airspace."<ref name=":0" /> The air contingent builds upon previous deployments by [[U.S. Navy]] [[P-8 Poseidon]] aircraft to Clark.

==History==
[[File:Harold Melville Clark.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Maj. [[Harold M. Clark]], the namesake of Clark Air Base]]
{{main|History of Clark Air Base}}

Clark Air Base was originally established as [[Fort Stotsenburg]] in [[Sapang Bato]], [[Angeles City|Angeles, Pampanga]] in 1903 under control of the [[U.S. Army]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clark Air Base History |url=http://clarkab.org/history/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=clarkab.org}}</ref> A portion of Fort Stotsenburg was officially set aside for the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps and named Clark Field in September 1919 after [[Harold M. Clark]]. Clark later served as a landing field for [[U.S. Army Air Corps]] medium bombers and accommodated half of the heavy bombers stationed in the Philippines during the 1930s. It was very large for an air field of its day, and in the late summer and fall of 1941, many aircraft were sent to Clark in anticipation of a war with [[Imperial Japan]]. However, most of them were destroyed on the ground during an [[attack on Clark Field|air raid nine hours after the Pearl Harbor attack]].

The base was attacked by [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese forces]] on December 8, 1941 destroying dozens of aircraft and the base was evacuated on December 24. American forces on [[Bataan]] and [[Corregidor]] fell on April 9,1942 leading a few days later to the brutal [[Bataan Death March]]. Clark became a major center for Japanese air operations throughout the war. Japanese aircraft flying out of Clark participated in the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]], the largest naval battle of the [[Second World War]].<ref name="Morison1956">{{cite book | chapter = Leyte, June 1944 – January 1945 |title=[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]] |volume=XII |last=Morison | first =Samuel E. |year=1956 |publisher=Little & Brown |location=Boston }}</ref><ref name="Woodward1947">{{cite book |title=The Battle for Leyte Gulf |last=Woodward |first=C. Vann |year=1947 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York }}</ref>

During the war, the Allied prisoners on the [[Bataan Death March]] passed by the main gate of Clark Air Base as they followed the railway tracks north towards [[Camp O'Donnell]]. During October 1944 through January 1945 American air raids damaged or destroyed over 1500 Japanese aircraft. On January 31, 1945 American forces regained possession of Clark Field after [[Philippines Campaign (1944–45)|three months of fierce fighting]] to liberate the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clark Air Base History |url=http://clarkab.org/history/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=clarkab.org}}</ref> It was immediately returned to [[U.S. Army Air Forces]] control.

Clark grew into a major American air base during the [[Cold War]], it being launching pad for [[Korean War]]<ref>[https://www.deseret.com/1991/8/4/18934279/92-closure-of-clark-air-base-will-mark-end-of-an-era-rich-in-drama-and-history 92 CLOSURE OF CLARK AIR BASE WILL MARK END OF AN ERA RICH IN DRAMA AND HISTORY] By Deseret News August 4, 1991.</ref> and serving as an important logistics hub during the [[Vietnam War]]. Before extensive damage from the [[Mount Pinatubo]] volcanic eruption of 1991, the Philippine government offered to renew the leases on Clark, Subic and a handful of smaller bases for $825 million annually. After the volcanic eruption, the U.S. offered about $200 million annually and only for Subic; the lease for Clark was not renewed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/18/world/us-and-manila-agree-on-terms-for-10-year-lease-of-subic-bay.html|title=U.S. and Manila Agree on Terms For 10-Year Lease of Subic Bay|first=Philip|last=Shenon|date=July 18, 1991|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref>

In November 1991, the [[United States Air Force]] lowered the U.S. flag and transferred Clark Air Base to the Philippine government. With the United States military's withdrawal from Clark, the base was systematically looted by the local population and was left abandoned for several years. It finally became the [[Clark Freeport Zone]], the site of [[Clark International Airport]] (CIA) and parts of it are still owned and operated by the Philippine Air Force, retaining the same name, Clark Air Base.

In June 2012, the Philippine government, under pressure from Chinese claims to their seas, agreed to the return of American military forces to Clark.<ref>{{cite news|last=Munoz|first=Carlo|title=The Philippines re-opens military bases to US forces|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/operations/231257-philippines-re-opens-military-bases-to-us-forces-|access-date=July 3, 2013|newspaper=The Hill|date=July 6, 2012}}</ref>

===Military units===
{{Further|List of military units of Clark Air Base}}
During much of the Cold War, Clark Air Base's activity largely revolved around the [[405th Fighter Wing]], later renumbered as the [[3rd Tactical Fighter Wing]] in September 1974 and its fleet of [[F-4 Phantom II]] fighter jets. It also hosted an interceptor squadron and a flight school, all of which flew a variety of other combat aircraft. Transient aircraft of many types, especially cargo jets, were common.

Fighter planes regularly visited to participate in aerial warfare exercises at [[Crow Valley]] about {{convert|30|mi}} to the northwest. In November 1973, headquarters for the [[374th Tactical Airlift Wing]] was transferred from [[Ching Chuan Kang Air Base]], Taiwan, to Clark Air Base. With this move came two squadrons of [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130E]] transport aircraft, the [[21st Tactical Airlift Squadron]] and the [[776th Tactical Airlift Squadron]].

Clark was served regularly by cargo and passenger flights to and from [[Andersen AFB]], Guam; [[Kadena AB]], Japan; [[Diego Garcia]]; Jakarta, Indonesia; [[Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base|Bangkok]] and [[Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base|Ubon]] Thailand; and [[Saigon]], South Vietnam (until 1975). During the 1970s, passengers arrived via [[Trans International Airlines|Trans International]] [[Douglas DC-8]] and Braniff International DC-8s (the Pickle and the Banana) flights from [[Travis AFB]], California (via Honolulu and Guam).

By 1980, the base had grown to such an extent that weekly [[Flying Tiger Line|Flying Tigers]] [[Boeing 747]] service to St. Louis (via Kadena AB Japan; Anchorage; and Los Angeles) had begun. The 747 service was taken over by [[Tower Air]] sometime in the late 1980s and was augmented with a weekly [[Hawaiian Airlines]] [[Lockheed L-1011|L-1011]] or [[Douglas DC-8]] to Guam-Honolulu-Los Angeles.

===Shootings===
On October 29, 1987, unidentified gunmen shot and killed three airmen.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-10-29-mn-17388-story.html|title=3 Americans Shot to Death Near U.S. Philippine Base|date=October 29, 1987|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

On May 14, 1990, suspected [[New People's Army]] (NPA) communist rebels shot and killed two airmen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/|title=The Washington Post|website=Washingtonpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-14/news/mn-127_1_american-bases | title=2 U.S. Airmen Killed at Base in Philippines : Military: The shootings, believed to be the work of Communist rebels, come on the eve of talks on the future of American bases. | date=May 14, 1990| first=Bob | last=Drogin | newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]| access-date=November 9, 2018 }}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Map of Clark Air Force Base, Philippines, September 1986.jpg|thumb|400px|A map of Clark Air Base, 1986]]

Clark Air Base was arguably the most urbanized military facility in history and was the largest American base overseas. At its peak around 1990, it had a permanent population of 15,000. It had a base exchange, large commissary, small shopping arcade, branch department store, cafeterias, teen centers, hotel, miniature golf, riding stables, zoo, and other concessions.

===Recreation===
[[Angeles City]] bars were legendary, particularly around the red-light district on Fields Avenue. As a result, Clark's servicemen's clubs were under considerable pressure to serve its members with wholesome entertainment. All three were large-scale operations: the Officer's Club (CABOOM) near the parade ground, the Top Hat Club for non-commissioned officers (NCOs) near Lily Hill, which moved to near the Silver Wing in 1986, and the Coconut Grove Airmen Open Mess (AOM) housed in a large vaulted room that contained palm trees. The officer's club featured a four star dining room, but catered to NCO's during lunchtime. The airman's club got first dibs on Broadway shows and swing bands due to an agreement that whoever paid transportation costs got priority. The NCO club came second. The airman's club had numerous theme bars and rental girls for dance partners during swing band tenures on the large dance floor. The club security (bouncers) were outfitted in formal PI wear each evening of a different hue. The PI formal wear for men was lace shirts (the barong Tagalog) with French cuffs, traditional and very elegant. The volume of enlisted troops flowing through PI to Vietnam created a large audience for AOM offerings. The NCO Club was still a very extensive operation and operated an upscale dining room, an in-house thrift shop, a pinball arcade, and a calendar of daily activities. It regularly brought major bands and artists from the United States to perform.

At least a hundred sponsored clubs and organizations were active on the base, including the [[Knights of Columbus]], a Latino American club, the Civil Air Patrol, and martial arts dojos. Two major movie theaters operated daily: the Bobbitt Theater which played first-run films, and the Kelly Theater which showed older releases. By 1988 the Kelly Theater ceased showing films and was used mainly for Commander's Calls and large squadron-sized meetings. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, movies were also shown at the Bamboo Bowl, the football stadium on base.

The Bamboo Bowl, later renamed Challenger Field, was used mainly for high school football games as the school did not have its own athletic field. In addition to high school football games, it also hosted recreational league football games for ages 8–18. The high school football teams were included as part of the recreational league. The base's sole high school, Wagner High, had multiple football teams. It was also used for the base's 11-man tackle football league, which not only included teams from Clark but from Subic Naval Base as well.

To keep the residents entertained at home, Clark had an active broadcast center called FEN, or Far East Network Philippines, a division of [[American Forces Network]]. A television station broadcast on Channel 8, then Channel 17 after 1981. It showed about 20 hours per day of syndicated programs from the "big three" networks in the United States, with local news and talk programs. The content was locally syndicated until 1983 when it began airing live programming by satellite from Los Angeles.

FEN had two 24-hour radio stations: an AM station which broadcast news and popular music, and stereo FM which was dedicated to easy-listening and classical music. Local Filipino TV also aired newer American shows than FEN did. Unlike the local TV stations in Europe, they were broadcast in the same format as American TV and not dubbed in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], the local language.  Likewise, several American-styled radio stations in Manila were popular with Clark residents: one notable example in the 1980s was 99.5 [[DWRT-FM]].

Two major annual events at Clark were the annual Chili Cookoff, held near the Silver Wing recreation center around September, and the Happening on the Green ("the HOG") in February. The HOG attracted thousands of residents. Amusements and rides were built and operated not only by Filipino entertainment contractors but also by individual Air Force units seeking to boost unit morale, showcase their talents, and raise unit funds.

Because of the warm climate and the large number of units, slow pitch softball tournaments were held quarterly. There were at least two gymnasiums, three walking/running tracks and seven softball fields on base. There were also tennis courts, a clubhouse with tennis merchandise, and tennis pros available for a couple of dollars per hour to hit with you at any time. They had a local tournament each year.

===Pop culture references===
In 2013, author Nick Auclair published ''Steel's Treasure'', a fictional novel set on Clark Air Base.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/capitalcommunitynews/docs/hill-rag-magazine-july-2017/120|title=Hill Rag Magazine|date=July 1, 2017|access-date=September 9, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/shelfunbound/docs/shelf_unbound_december-january_2014/38|title=Shelf Unbound Magazine|date=December 1, 2013|access-date=September 9, 2021}}</ref>

The 1969 novel "One to Count Cadence", by James Crumley, has its initial setting in an Army unit stationed at Clark Air Base, and has become the "Catch 22" novel of the Vietnam War.

===Education===
The [[Department of Defense Dependents Schools]] (DoDDS) operated six schools at Clark Air Base, serving children from kindergarten to twelfth grade.

* '''Elementary schools''' (kindergarten-5th grade): MacArthur Elementary School, V. I. Grissom Elementary School, and Wurtsmith Elementary School. The latter two were located in the hill housing area.  Most officers and senior enlisted families attended Grissom. 
* '''Middle schools''' (6th–8th grade): Lily Hill Middle School, and Wagner Middle School. The latter primarily served the hill housing area and officer dependents.
* '''High school''': Wagner High School, known as Clark Dependent School in the 1950s and Wurtsmith Memorial High School in the 1960s.

Clark was also home to several community colleges, namely the Pacific Far East Campus of [[Central Texas College]]. Most classes were held in the evenings at Wagner High School.

==Higher commands==
Clark Air Base was assigned to the following major commands:
* War Dept, 1903
* Philippine Dept, 1917
* The Adjutant General of the Army, Dept of the Philippines, 1919
* Air Forces, United States Army Forces in the Far East, August 4, 1941
* [[Fifth Air Force|Philippines Dept Air Force]], September 20, 1941
: Redesignated: Far East Air Force, December 20, 1941
* ''Occupied by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] between December 20, 1941, and February 10, 1945''
* [[Sixth United States Army]], February 16, 1945
* [[Eighth United States Army]], May 15, 1945
* [[Far East Air Force (United States)|Far East Air Force]], June 1945
: Redesignated: Pacific Air Command, USA, December 6, 1945
: Redesignated: Far East Air Force, January 1, 1947
: Redesignated: [[Pacific Air Forces]], July 1, 1957 – December 16, 1991

==Climate==
Climate at the base is characterized by two distinct seasons: a "dry season" from November through April, and a "rainy season" with monsoon rains that occur from May through October.  During the dry season, winds are usually northeasterly and skies are fair.  Some afternoon showers tend to appear by April.  April brings the highest average temperatures of any month, though the hottest days of the year tend to occur in May.<ref>CLIMATOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES NO. 81, Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days, No. 91, Pacific Islands, NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE, DATA, AND INFORMATION SERVICE.</ref> Due to the very dry state of vegetation at this time, ash and soot often falls on Clark Air Base as farmers [[slash-and-burn|burn their fields]] for planting.  During drought years, wildfires occasionally broke out in the overgrown areas west of the golf course and northeast of the airfield.

Rainy season normally arrives during the month of June.  July and August are wet, with many dark overcast days, and frequent afternoon and evening rains.  Typhoons are common in late summer and fall, approaching from the east.  They are rarely strong at Clark Air Base as the facilities are far inland, and the typhoon circulation is disrupted by the [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]] mountain range on the east coast.  Rain and typhoon activity diminishes sharply by November and December, when the dry season arrives once again.  Temperatures are at their coolest, with nighttime lows sometimes falling to 64&nbsp;°F (18&nbsp;°C) or lower.

From 1953 to 1991, the mean daily low was {{convert|73.6|F}} and the mean daily high was {{convert|88.1|F}}, with April being warmest and January coolest. The average annual rainfall was {{convert|78.39|in}}.

{{Weather box
|location = Clark Air Base, Angeles City, Republic of the Philippines (1961–90)
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|Jan high F = 86
|Feb high F = 88
|Mar high F = 90
|Apr high F = 93
|May high F = 92
|Jun high F = 89
|Jul high F = 87
|Aug high F = 86
|Sep high F = 87
|Oct high F = 87
|Nov high F = 87
|Dec high F = 86
|Jan low F = 70
|Feb low F = 71
|Mar low F = 72
|Apr low F = 75
|May low F = 76
|Jun low F = 76
|Jul low F = 75
|Aug low F = 75
|Sep low F = 75
|Oct low F = 75
|Nov low F = 73
|Dec low F = 72
|Jan precipitation inch = 0.51
|Feb precipitation inch = 0.68
|Mar precipitation inch = 1.07
|Apr precipitation inch = 2.28
|May precipitation inch = 7.82
|Jun precipitation inch = 11.76
|Jul precipitation inch = 15.87
|Aug precipitation inch = 16.04
|Sep precipitation inch = 12.44
|Oct precipitation inch = 7.29
|Nov precipitation inch = 4.04
|Dec precipitation inch = 1.54
|source 1 = [[National Climatic Data Center]].<ref>Summary of day data for National Weather Service (U.S.) and Department of Defense (U.S. and foreign) sites, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville NC, 1991.</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

==See also==
* [[Clark Freeport Zone]]
* [[Clark International Airport]]
* [[Clark Veterans Cemetery]]

''Other United States Air Force installations in the Philippines:''
* [[Camp O'Donnell]]
* [[Crow Valley Range Complex]]
* [[John Hay Air Base]]
* [[Mactan Air Base]]
* [[Wallace Air Station]]

'''General:'''
* [[Geography of the Philippines]]
* [[Military History of the Philippines]]
* [[Military History of the United States]]
* [[United States Army Air Forces in the South West Pacific Theatre]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Fletcher, Harry R. (1989) Air Force Bases Volume II, Active Air Force Bases outside the United States of America on September 17, 1982. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. {{ISBN|0-912799-53-6}}
* Mandocdoc, M. and David, C.P. 2008. Dieldrin Contamination of the Groundwater in a Former US Military Base (Clark Air Base, Philippines). CLEAN Air, Soil, Water Journal 36 (10–11), 870–874.
* Martin, Patrick (1994). Tail Code: The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings. Schiffer Military Aviation History. {{ISBN|0-88740-513-4}}.
* Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. {{ISBN|0-89201-092-4}}.
* Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. {{ISBN|0-912799-12-9}}.
* Rogers, Brian (2005). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Hinkley, England: Midland Publications. {{ISBN|1-85780-197-0}}.
* Auclair, Nick (2013). Steel's Treasure. On The Fence Writers. {{ISBN|0989173607}}. 
* {{Cite book
 | last = Sheftall
 | first = M.G.
 | year = 2005
 | title = Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze
 | publisher = NAL Caliber
 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/blossomsinwindhu00shef/page/480 480pp]
 | isbn = 0-451-21487-0
 | url-access = registration
 | url = https://archive.org/details/blossomsinwindhu00shef/page/480
 }}
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Anderegg |first=C.R. |date=2000 |title=The Ash Warriors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGvxjbWok4IC|isbn=978-0-16-086941-9|publisher=Government Printing Office }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.clarkab.org Clark Air Base website] - contains numerous maps and diagrams
* [http://pages.suddenlink.net/church Clark Field Baptist Church] - history of Clark Field Baptist Church
* [https://www.steelstreasure.com/ ''Steels Treasure'' website]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - fiction novel set on Clark Air Base

{{USAF Vietnam War}}
{{USAAF 5th Air Force World War II}}
{{Airports in the Greater Manila Area}}
{{Military Bases of the Philippines}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Installations of the United States Air Force in the Philippines]]
[[Category:1903 establishments in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Military facilities in Pampanga]]
[[Category:Air force installations of the Philippines]]
[[Category:History of Pampanga]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Angeles City]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mabalacat]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]