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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Any feature of a timepiece beyond the display of hours, minutes and seconds}}
[[File:Gallet navigator chronograph (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Three complications on a [[Gallet & Co.|Gallet]] MultiChron Navigator (1943): a crown-controlled synchronizable second hand, a direction-finding 24-hour hand, and a 45-minute recording chronograph]]
In [[horology]], a '''complication''' is any feature of a [[timepiece]] beyond the display of hours, minutes and seconds. A timepiece indicating only hours, minutes and seconds is known as a simple [[movement (clockwork)|movement]]. Common complications include date or day-of-the-week indicators, alarms, [[chronograph]]s (stopwatches), and automatic winding mechanisms. Complications may be found in any clock, but they are most notable in [[mechanical watches]] where the small size makes them difficult to design and assemble. A typical date-display chronograph may have up to 250 parts, while a particularly complex watch may have a thousand or more parts. Watches with several complications are referred to as ''grandes complications.''

== Types ==
{{prose|section|date=October 2021}}
{{unreferenced|section|date=October 2021}}

=== Timing ===

* [[Chronograph]], with a second hand that can be stopped and started to function as a stopwatch.
** [[Double chronograph]] or ''rattrapante'', multiple second hands for split-second, lap timing or timing multiple events
** [[Flyback chronograph]], allowing rapid reset of the chronograph as it is running
** [[Counter chronograph]]
** Independent second-hand chronograph
** Jumping second-hand chronograph
* [[Calendar date]]
* [[Day of the week]]
* [[24-hour watch]] (with an hour hand sweeping through 24 divisions rather than twelve)
* Display of [[time zone]]s (usually, a second hour hand displays the [[Coordinated Universal Time]])
* [[World clock|world time]]
* Quickset date
* small seconds - seconds are displayed in a subdial
* ''Foudroyante'' (also called "flying seconds"- a dedicated hand that completes a full rotation in one second indicating fractions of a second)

Many of these complications can result in watch defects, often due to watch owners manipulating mechanisms without an instruction manual, or disregarding "no-set-periods", time periods when no setting should be attempted, such as a certain phase before midnight when a watch with a date complication is already in the process of internally shifting discs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meine |first1=Thomas M. and Matthew Stannard |title=Collecting (Vintage) Watches Wristwatches, Antique- and Vintage Pocket Watches |date=2021 |publisher=Books on Demand |isbn=978-3744894920 |page=56 |edition=12th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m48wDwAAQBAJ&dq=tissot+camping&pg=PA50 |access-date=26 September 2023}}</ref>

=== Mechanical ===

* [[Automatic watch|Self-winding]], using the motion of the wrist and arm to recapture energy
* [[Power reserve indicator]] or ''réserve de marche''
* [[Tourbillon]], a mechanical refinement to an escapement that mitigates the effects of gravity on the operation of a timepiece
* Retrograde indication (hands sweep through an arc of a circle instead of the full circle, usually 90°, they spring back to 0° when they reach the 90° point and start sweeping again)
* Dead second (the second hand moves once per second instead of once per oscillation as in common mechanical movements)

=== Astronomical ===

* [[Annual calendar]]
* [[Perpetual calendar]]
* [[Equation of time]] and variations within the year
* Time of [[sunset]] and [[sunrise]]
* [[Date of Easter]]
* Sign of the [[zodiac sign|Zodiac]]
* [[Moon phases]]
* Mechanized [[star chart]]
* [[Astrolabe]] dial
* Planetarium dial
* Display of zone [[solar time]] (as opposed to [[standard time]])
* Display of true local [[solar time]]
* Display of [[sidereal time]]

=== Striking ===

* Alarm
* Passing strike (chiming watch)
* [[Repeater (horology)|repeaters]]

=== Non-horological ===

By some definitions, a display on a watch may be a complication even if it is unrelated to time-telling. Some horologists{{who|date=March 2020}} discount non-horological features (even those tangential to timekeeping such as winding limitations mechanisms or power reserves) as being true complications. Examples include:

* [[Thermometer]]s
* [[Barometer]]s
* [[Compass]]es
* [[Altimeter]]s

== Grand(e) complications ==
[[File:MarieAntoinetteWatch.jpg|thumb|Тhe [[Breguet (brand)|Breguet]] [[Marie Antoinette (watch)|No. 160 grand complication]]]]
A ''grand(e) complication'' is a watch with several complications, the most complex achievements of ''haute horlogerie'', or fine watchmaking.  Although there is no official definition,<ref>{{cite web | last=Perez | first=Carlos | title=Of the Blood Royal | date=June 10, 2001 | work=Carlos' Journal | publisher=TimeZone.com | url=http://www.timezone.com/library/cjrml/cjrml0007 | access-date=2008-04-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226060042/http://www.timezone.com/library/cjrml/cjrml0007 | archive-date=February 26, 2008 | url-status=dead }}</ref> one common criterion is that a watch contain at least one (visible) timing complication, one astronomical complication, and one striking complication.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nicolet|first=J.C.|year=1999|title=What does the term 'complication' mean, and how does it differ from 'grand complication'?|url=https://www.europastar.com/watch-knowledge/1004082410-complications.html#highlight=what+does+the+term+complication+mean|url-status=live|access-date=2008-07-09|work=Questions in Time|publisher=Europa Star magazine online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530075252/http://www.europastar.com:80/watch-knowledge/1004082410-complications.html |archive-date=2010-05-30 }}</ref>

Ultra-complicated watches are produced in strictly limited numbers, with some built as unique instruments. Some watchmaking companies known for making ultra-complicated watches are [[Breguet (watch)|Breguet]], [[Patek Philippe]], and [[Vacheron Constantin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://watches.infoniac.com/index.php?page=post&id=61|title=Ultra-Complicated Watches - Unlimited Sophistication Watches Channel|website=watches.infoniac.com}}</ref> The initial ''ultra-complicated'' watches appeared due to watchmakers' ambitious attempts to unite a great number of functions in a case of a single timepiece. The mechanical clocks with a wide range of functions, including astronomical indications, suggested ideas to the developers of the first [[Pocket watch|pocket watches]]. As a result, as early as in the 16th century, the horology world witnessed the appearance of numerous complicated and even ultra-complicated watches.

As of November 2018, the top four most complicated mechanical watches ever created are manufactured by [[Vacheron Constantin]] and [[Patek Philippe SA|Patek Philippe]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reference57260.vacheron-constantin.com/en2/the-worlds-most-complicated-watch|title=Vacheron Constantin reference 57260 - the most complicated watch|website=reference57260.vacheron-constantin.com|access-date=2018-11-30|archive-date=2015-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920150531/http://reference57260.vacheron-constantin.com/en2/the-worlds-most-complicated-watch|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/live-photos-of-vacheron-57260|title=Hands-On: The Vacheron Constantin 57260, The Most Complicated Watch In The World (Exclusive Live Photos, Thoughts) - HODINKEE|work=HODINKEE|access-date=2018-11-30|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/a-patek-philippe-caliber-89-for-sale-at-christies-new-york|title=Hands-On: A Patek Philippe Caliber 89, For Sale At Christie's New York - HODINKEE|work=HODINKEE|access-date=2018-11-30|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123112127/https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/a-patek-philippe-caliber-89-for-sale-at-christies-new-york|archive-date=2018-11-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> In particular, the [[Patek Philippe Henry Graves Supercomplication]] currently holds the title of the second [[List of most expensive watches sold at auction|most expensive watch ever sold at auction]], with a final price of US$24 million (23,237,000 [[Swiss franc|CHF]] [Swiss francs]) sold in [[Geneva]] on November 11, 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/arieladams/2014/11/12/24000000-patek-philippe-supercomplication-pocket-watch-beats-its-own-record-at-auction/#39f2160c20dc|title=$24,000,000 Patek Philippe Supercomplication Pocket Watch Beats Its Own Record At Auction|last=Adams|first=Ariel|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://time.com/3578825/expensive-watch-soethbys-patek-philippe/|title=Swiss Pocket Watch Sells for Record $24 Million|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/24-million-gold-watch-sothebys-record-patek-philippe/index.html|title=Patek Philippe gold watch sells for record $24.4M - CNN|date=2014-11-12|work=CNN Style|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2014/important-watches-ge1404/lot.345.html|title=Patek Philippe (THE HENRY GRAVES JR. SUPERCOMPLICATION)|website=Sotheby's|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135505/http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2014/important-watches-ge1404/lot.345.html|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> Two [[Patek Philippe Calibre 89]] also currently rank among the top 10 [[List of most expensive watches sold at auction|most expensive watches ever sold at auction]], with final prices over 5 million US dollars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/patek-philippe-lot-222-364?browse_all=1&page=1&q=Patek+Philippe+Calibre+89|title=The Yellow Gold Calibre 89 Patek Philippe|website=catalog.antiquorum.swiss|access-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124003703/https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/patek-philippe-lot-222-364?browse_all=1&page=1&q=Patek+Philippe+Calibre+89|archive-date=2018-11-24|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/a-patek-philippe-caliber-89-for-sale-at-christies-new-york|title=Hands-On: A Patek Philippe Caliber 89, For Sale At Christie's New York - HODINKEE|work=[[HODINKEE]]|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123112127/https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/a-patek-philippe-caliber-89-for-sale-at-christies-new-york|archive-date=2018-11-23|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/patek-philippe-lot-51-301?browse_all=1&page=2&q=Patek+Philippe+Calibre+89|title=Patek, Philippe, Genève. The white gold "Calibre 89"|website=catalog.antiquorum.swiss|access-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124003638/https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/patek-philippe-lot-51-301?browse_all=1&page=2&q=Patek+Philippe+Calibre+89|archive-date=2018-11-24|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jckonline.com/editorial-article/patek-philippe-calibre-89-sold-for-5-million/|title=Patek Philippe Calibre 89 sold for $5 million|work=JCK|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123112137/https://www.jckonline.com/editorial-article/patek-philippe-calibre-89-sold-for-5-million/|archive-date=2018-11-23|url-status=dead}}</ref>

# [[The Vacheron Constantin Reference 57260]] is now widely regarded as the most complicated watch in the world. It is a mechanical pocket watch which features 57 complications, introduced by [[Vacheron Constantin]] in 2015. The company claims that it is the most complicated mechanical pocket watch ever created. The Reference 57260 took eight years to assemble, and has 2826 parts and 31 hands. It weighs {{Convert|957|g|lb|2|abbr=on}}, and spans {{Convert|98|mm|in}}.
# The [[Patek Philippe Calibre 89]] has 33 complications, using a total of 1728 parts. It was released in 1989 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the company.<ref>[http://www.swissworld.org/en/economy/key_sectors/watches/ Watches - Switzerland - Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305034250/http://www.swissworld.org/en/economy/key_sectors/watches/ |date=2012-03-05 }} - swissworld.org, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, General Secretariat, Presence Switzerland.</ref> The complications include the date of [[Easter]], [[sidereal time]], and a 2800-star celestial chart.
# The [[Patek Philippe Henry Graves Supercomplication|Supercomplication]] delivered to [[Henry Graves (banker)|Henry Graves, Jr.]] in 1933 has 24 complications. The watch was reportedly the culmination of a watch arms race between Graves and [[James Ward Packard]]. The Super-complication took three years to design and five to build, and sports a chart of the nighttime sky at Graves' home in New York. It remains the most complicated watch (920 parts)<ref name="bloom-most-exp">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-12/swiss-pocket-watch-sold-for-record-27-million/5884170|title=Most Expensive Watch: Patek Philippe Supercomplication Sets Record at $24 Million|last1=Mulier|first1=Thomas|date=November 12, 2014|access-date=November 12, 2014|publisher=Bloomberg.com|last2=Pulvirent|first2=Stephen}}</ref> built without the assistance of computers.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-30002096 | work=BBC News | title=The story of the 'most complicated' watch in the world | date=November 11, 2014}}</ref>
# The Star Caliber 2000 has 21 complications. They include sunrise and sunset times and the lunar orbit, and it is capable of playing the melody of [[Westminster quarters]] (from [[Big Ben]], the clock tower of the [[Houses of Parliament]] in London).

The [[Franck Muller]] Aeternitas Mega 4 is the world's most complicated wristwatch. It has 36 complications, 25 of them visible, 1483 components and 1000-year calendar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://professionalwatches.com/2010/01/worlds_most_complicated_wristw.html |title=World's Most Complicated Wristwatch: Franck Muller Aeternitas Mega 4 |date=January 11, 2010 |access-date=January 11, 2010 |archive-date=January 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118091245/http://professionalwatches.com/2010/01/worlds_most_complicated_wristw.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Blancpain]] is famous for being the creator of one of the most complicated [[mechanical watch]]es ever made, the Blancpain 1735, which is a true grand complication ([[Tourbillon]], [[minute repeater]], [[perpetual calendar]], [[Double chronograph|split chrono]]), a limited edition of 30 pieces only, production of just one piece per year.

The Hybris Mechanica Grande Sonnerie is the world's second most complicated wristwatch.  Powered by the [[Jaeger LeCoultre]] Calibre 182 movement, with 27 complications and over 1300 parts. The movement is housed in a 44mm by 15mm 18k white gold case.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://professionalwatches.com/2009/06/jaeger-lecoultre_hybris_mechan.html#more |title=Jaeger-LeCoultre: Hybris Mechanica à Grande Sonnerie |date=June 19, 2009 |access-date=August 8, 2009 |archive-date=June 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621141436/http://professionalwatches.com/2009/06/jaeger-lecoultre_hybris_mechan.html#more |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Use in smartwatches==
In [[smartwatch]]es, complications are features other than time display, implemented in software.<ref>"Watch face complications", Android developers [https://developer.android.com/training/wearables/watch-faces/complications]</ref><ref>a. "Complications", Apple Developer Human Interface Guidelines, [https://developer.apple.com/design/human-interface-guidelines/watchos/overview/complications/]<br/>b. "Creating Complications for Your watchOS App" [https://developer.apple.com/documentation/clockkit/creating_complications_for_your_watchos_app]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Solar-powered watch]]
*[[Radio-controlled clock|Radio-controlled watch]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web
| last=Perez
| first=Carlos
| title=Of the Blood Royal
| date=June 10, 2001
| work=Carlos' Journal
| publisher=TimeZone.com
| url=http://www.timezone.com/library/cjrml/cjrml0007
| access-date=2008-04-20
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226060042/http://www.timezone.com/library/cjrml/cjrml0007
| archive-date=February 26, 2008
| url-status=dead
}}

{{Time Topics}}
{{Time measurement and standards}}
{{timezones}}

[[Category:Timekeeping components]]
[[Category:Watches]]
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