Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency

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'''Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency''' is an uncommon form of [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] (CAH) resulting from a mutation in the [[gene]] [[CYP17A1]], which produces the [[enzyme]] 17α-hydroxylase.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Uwaifo |first=Gabriel |date=Feb 24, 2023 |title=C-17 Hydroxylase Deficiency |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117140-overview?form=fpf |access-date=Feb 8, 2024 |website=Medscape}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency: MedlinePlus Genetics |url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/17-alpha-hydroxylase-17-20-lyase-deficiency/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> It causes decreased synthesis of [[cortisol]] and [[sex steroid|sex hormone]]s, with resulting increase in [[mineralocorticoid]] production. Thus, common symptoms include mild [[hypocortisolism|cortisol deficiency]], [[ambiguous genitalia]] in men or [[amenorrhea]] at puberty in women, and [[Hypokalemia|hypokalemic]] [[hypertension]].<ref>{{OMIM|609300|CYTOCHROME P450, FAMILY 17, SUBFAMILY A, POLYPEPTIDE 1; CYP17A1}}</ref> However, partial (incomplete) deficiency often has inconsistent symptoms between patients,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yanase |first1=Toshihiko |last2=Imai |first2=Tsuneo |last3=Simpson |first3=Evan R. |last4=Waterman |first4=Michael R. |title=Molecular basis of 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency |journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=973–9 |year=1992 |pmid=22217842 |doi=10.1016/0960-0760(92)90325-D |s2cid=20706555 }}</ref> and affected women may be asymptomatic except for [[infertility]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levran |first1=David |last2=Ben-Shlomo |first2=Izhar |last3=Pariente |first3=Clara |last4=Dor |first4=Jehoshua |last5=Mashiach |first5=Shlomo |last6=Weissman |first6=Ariel |title=Familial Partial 17,20-Desmolase and 17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency Presenting as Infertility |journal=Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=21–8 |year=2003 |pmid=12645864 |pmc=3455798 |doi=10.1023/A:1021206704958 }}</ref>

==Pathophysiology==
[[Image:17aOHdeficiency.svg|thumb|right|300px|17α-hydroxylase converts [[pregnenolone]] and [[progesterone]] to their 17α-hydroxy forms. It corresponds to the red arrows in this reaction scheme.]]

This form of CAH results from deficiency of the [[enzyme]] [[17α-hydroxylase]] (also called [[CYP17A1]]). It accounts for less than 5% of the cases of [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] and is inherited in an [[autosomal recessive]] manner with a reported incidence of about 1 in 1,000,000 births. <ref name=":0" />

The most common forms of this condition impair both the 17α-hydroxylase activity and the 17,20-lyase activity of CYP17A1. Like other forms of CAH, 17α-hydroxylase deficiency impairs the efficiency of [[cortisol]] synthesis, resulting in high levels of [[ACTH]] secretion and [[hyperplasia]] of the adrenal glands. Clinical effects of this condition include overproduction of [[mineralocorticoid]]s and deficiency of prenatal and [[puberty|pubertal]] [[sex steroid|sex hormone]]s. {{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

CYP17A1 functions in [[steroidogenesis]], where it converts [[pregnenolone]] and [[progesterone]] to their 17α-hydroxy forms. The enzyme itself is attached to the smooth [[endoplasmic reticulum]] of the steroid-producing cells of the [[adrenal gland|adrenal cortex]] and [[gonad]]s. CYP17A1 functions as both a 17α-hydroxylase and a 17,20-lyase. The dual activities mediate three key transformations in [[cortisol]] and [[sex steroid|sex hormone]] synthesis:{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
* As 17α-hydroxylase it mediates [[pregnenolone]] → [[17α-hydroxypregnenolone]]
* and [[progesterone]] → [[17α-hydroxyprogesterone]].
* As 17,20-lyase it mediates 17α-hydroxypregnenolone → [[DHEA]].
* An expected second 17,20-lyase reaction (17α-hydroxyprogesterone → [[androstenedione]]) is mediated so inefficiently in humans as to be of no known significance.

The hydroxylase reactions are part of the synthetic pathway to cortisol as well as sex hormones, but the lyase reaction is only necessary for sex hormone synthesis. Different alleles of the CYP17A1 gene result in enzyme molecules with a range of impaired or reduced function that produces a range of clinical problems.<ref>{{OMIM|202110|ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL, DUE TO 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY}}</ref>

The dual enzyme activities were for many decades assumed to represent two entirely different genes and enzymes. Thus, medical textbooks and diagnostic manuals formerly described two different diseases: ''17α-hydroxylase deficient CAH'', and a distinct and more rare defect of sex steroid synthesis termed ''17,20-lyase deficiency'' (which is not a form of CAH). In the last decade it has become clearer that the two diseases are different forms of defects of the same gene.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Walter L. |title=The Syndrome of 17,20 Lyase Deficiency |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=59–67 |year=2012 |pmid=22072737 |pmc=3251937 |doi=10.1210/jc.2011-2161 }}</ref> The clinical features of the two types of impairment are described separately in the following sections.

===Mineralocorticoid effects===
The adrenal cortex is hyperplastic and overstimulated, with no impairment of the mineralocorticoid pathway. Consequently, levels of DOC, [[corticosterone]], and [[18-hydroxycorticosterone]] are elevated. Although these precursors of [[aldosterone]] are weaker mineralocorticoids, the extreme elevations usually provide enough volume expansion, blood pressure elevation, and potassium depletion to suppress [[renin]] and aldosterone production. Some people with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency develop [[hypertension]] in infancy, and nearly 90% do so by late childhood. The low-renin [[hypertension]] is often accompanied by [[hypokalemia]] due to urinary potassium wasting and [[metabolic alkalosis]]. These features of mineralocorticoid excess are the major clinical clues distinguishing the more complete 17α-hydroxylase deficiency from the 17,20-lyase deficiency, which only affects the sex hormones. Treatment with glucocorticoid suppresses ACTH, returns mineralocorticoid production toward normal, and lowers blood pressure.<ref name=EMedicine117140>{{EMedicine|article|117140|C-17 Hydroxylase Deficiency Medication}}</ref>

===Glucocorticoid effects===
Although production of cortisol is too inefficient to normalize ACTH, the 50- to 100-fold elevations of [[corticosterone]] have enough weak [[glucocorticoid]] activity to prevent glucocorticoid deficiency and [[adrenal crisis]].<ref name=EMedicine117140/>

===Sex hormone effects===
Genetic females affected by total 17α-hydroxylase deficiency are born with normal female primary sex characteristics. At the expected time of [[puberty]] neither the adrenals nor the ovaries can produce sex hormones, so neither breast development nor pubic hair appear. Testing yields elevated [[gonadotropin]]s and normal karyotype, while imaging confirms the presence of ovaries and an underdeveloped uterus. Discovery of hypertension and hypokalemic [[alkalosis]] usually suggests the presence of one of the proximal forms of CAH, and the characteristic mineralocorticoid elevations confirm the specific diagnosis.{{fact|date=April 2016}}

Milder forms of this deficiency in genetic females allow some degree of sexual development, with variable reproductive system dysregulation that can include incomplete [[Tanner scale]] development, retrograde sexual development, irregular menstruation, early menopause, or – in very mild cases – no physical symptoms beyond infertility.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taniyama |first1=Matsuo |last2=Tanabe |first2=Makito |last3=Saito |first3=Hiroshi |last4=Ban |first4=Yoshio |last5=Nawata |first5=Hajime |last6=Yanase |first6=Toshihiko |title=Subtle 17α-Hydroxylase/17,20-Lyase Deficiency with Homozygous Y201N Mutation in an Infertile Woman |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=2508–11 |year=2005 |pmid=15713706 |doi=10.1210/jc.2004-2067 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miura |first1=K |last2=Yasuda |first2=K |last3=Yanase |first3=T |last4=Yamakita |first4=N |last5=Sasano |first5=H |last6=Nawata |first6=H |last7=Inoue |first7=M |last8=Fukaya |first8=T |last9=Shizuta |first9=Y |title=Mutation of cytochrome P-45017 alpha gene (CYP17) in a Japanese patient previously reported as having glucocorticoid-responsive hyperaldosteronism: with a review of Japanese patients with mutations of CYP17 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=3797–801 |year=1996 |pmid=8855840 |doi=10.1210/jcem.81.10.8855840 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yanase |first1=Toshihiko |last2=Kagimoto |first2=Masaaki |last3=Suzuki |first3=Shin |last4=Hashiba |first4=Kunitake |last5=Simpson |first5=Evan R. |last6=Waterman |first6=Michael R. |title=Deletion of a phenylalanine in the N-terminal region of human cytochrome P-450(17 alpha) results in partial combined 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=264 |issue=30 |pages=18076–82 |year=1989 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84680-X |pmid=2808364 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2808364 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Evidence suggests that only 5% of normal enzyme activity may be enough to allow at least the physical changes of female puberty, if not [[ovulation]] and fertility.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} In women with mild cases, elevated blood pressure and/or infertility is the presenting clinical problem.

17α-hydroxylase deficiency in genetic males results in moderate to severe reduction of fetal [[testosterone]] production by adrenal glands and testes. [[virilization|Undervirilization]] is variable and sometimes complete. The appearance of the external [[genitalia]] ranges from normal female to ambiguous to mildly underdeveloped male. The most commonly described phenotype is a small [[phallus]], [[perineum|perineal]] [[hypospadias]], small blind pseudovaginal pouch, and intra-abdominal or [[inguinal canal|inguinal]] testes. [[Wolffian duct]] derivatives are hypoplastic or normal, depending on degree of testosterone deficiency. Some of those with partial virilization develop [[gynecomastia]] at puberty even though masculinization is reduced. The presence of hypertension in the majority distinguishes them from other forms of partial androgen deficiency or [[androgen insensitivity syndrome|insensitivity]]. Fertility is impaired in those with more than minimal testosterone deficiency.{{fact|date=April 2016}}

==17,20-lyase deficiency==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=May 2020}}
{{Main|Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency}}

A very small number of people have reportedly had an abnormal allele that resulted primarily in a reduction of 17,20-lyase activity, rather than both the hydroxylase and lyase activities as described above.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fernández-Cancio|first1=Mónica|last2=Camats|first2=Núria|last3=Flück|first3=Christa E.|last4=Zalewski|first4=Adam|last5=Dick|first5=Bernhard|last6=Frey|first6=Brigitte M.|last7=Monné|first7=Raquel|last8=Torán|first8=Núria|last9=Audí|first9=Laura|date=2018-04-29|title=Mechanism of the Dual Activities of Human CYP17A1 and Binding to Anti-Prostate Cancer Drug Abiraterone Revealed by a Novel V366M Mutation Causing 17,20 Lyase Deficiency|journal=Pharmaceuticals|language=en|volume=11|issue=2|pages=37|doi=10.3390/ph11020037|pmid=29710837|pmc=6027421|doi-access=free}}</ref> In these people the defect had the effect of an isolated impairment of [[sex steroid]] (e.g., DHEA in the adrenal, but also gonadal testosterone and estrogens) synthesis, whereas [[mineralocorticoid]] (e.g., aldosterone) and [[glucocorticoid]] (e.g., cortisol) levels remain normal.

Normal aldosterone level can be attributed to the fact that aldosterone is independent of hypothalamus-pituitary axis feedback system, being mainly controlled by the level of serum potassium. Because of the normal aldosterone level, hypertension is not expected.

Normal cortisol level can be explained by the strong negative feedback mechanism of cortisol on hypothalamus-pituitary axis system. That is, in the beginning, 17,20-lyase deficiency will block synthesis of sex steroid hormones, forcing the pathways to produce more cortisol. However, the initial excess of cortisol is rapidly corrected by negative feedback mechanism—high cortisol decreases secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from zona fasciculata of adrenal gland. Thus, there is no mineralocorticoid overproduction. Also, there is no adrenal hyperplasia.

It has also been observed in patients that the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) level remains in the normal range. The reason for this is still unclear.

The sex steroid deficiency produces effects similar to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency. Severely affected genetic females (XX) are born with normal internal and external genitalia and there are no clues to abnormality until adolescence, when the androgenic and estrogenic signs (e.g., breasts and pubic hair) of puberty fail to occur. Gonadotropins are high and the uterus infantile in size. The ovaries may contain enlarged follicular cysts, and ovulation may not occur even after replacement of estrogen.

==Treatment==

Hypertension and mineralocorticoid excess is treated with [[glucocorticoid]] replacement, as in other forms of CAH.
Most genetic females with both forms of the deficiency will need replacement estrogen to induce puberty. Most will also need periodic progestin to regularize menses. Fertility is usually reduced because egg maturation and ovulation is poorly supported by the reduced intra-ovarian steroid production.
The most difficult management decisions are posed by the more ambiguous genetic (XY) males. Most who are severely undervirilized, looking more female than male, are raised as females with surgical removal of the nonfunctional testes. If raised as males, a brief course of testosterone can be given in infancy to induce growth of the penis. Surgery may be able to repair the hypospadias. The testes should be salvaged by [[orchiopexy]] if possible. Testosterone must be replaced in order for puberty to occur and continued throughout adult life.{{cn|date=September 2021}}

==See also==
* [[Cytochrome b5 deficiency|Cytochrome b<sub>5</sub> deficiency]]
* [[Inborn errors of steroid metabolism]]
* [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
* [[Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency]]
* [[Disorders of sexual development]]
* [[Intersex]]uality, [[pseudohermaphroditism]], and [[ambiguous genitalia]]
* [[CYP17A1]] (17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Krone |first1=Nils |last2=Dhir |first2=Vivek |last3=Ivison |first3=Hannah E. |last4=Arlt |first4=Wiebke |title=Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and P450 oxidoreductase deficiency |journal=Clinical Endocrinology |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=162–72 |year=2007 |pmid=17223983 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02740.x |s2cid=26037794 |doi-access=free }}
== External links ==
{{Medical resources
|   DiseasesDB     = 1841
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|   OMIM           = 202110
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|   eMedicineSubj  = med
|   eMedicineTopic = 380
|   MeshID         = D000312
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{{Adrenal gland disorder}}
{{Defects of steroid metabolism}}
[[Category:Adrenal gland disorders]]
[[Category:Autosomal recessive disorders]]
[[Category:Cholesterol and steroid metabolism disorders]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders of endocrine system]]
[[Category:Endocrine-related cutaneous conditions]]
[[Category:Genetic diseases and disorders]]
[[Category:Intersex variations]]
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