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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Byzantine aristocrat and general}}
{{Other people|Constantine Dalassenos|Constantine Dalassenos (disambiguation){{!}}Constantine Dalassenos}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox military person
| name              = Constantine Dalassenos
| image         =John the Orphanotrophos sends Ergodotes to Constantine Dalassenos.jpg
| image_size = 300px
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| caption       =John the Orphanotrophos sends Ergodotes to Constantine Dalassenos, miniature from the ''[[Madrid Skylitzes]]''
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| birth_date    = {{circa}} 965 to 970<!-- {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}} if dead -->
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| death_date    = Unknown <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} death date first, then birth date -->
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| rank          = ''[[Patrikios]]'', ''[[dux|doux]]'' of Antioch
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| battles       = [[Battle of Azaz (1030)]]
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'''Constantine Dalassenos''' ({{lang-gr|Κωνσταντίνος Δαλασσηνός|Kōnstantinos Dalassēnos}}) was a prominent [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] aristocrat of the first half of the 11th century. An experienced and popular general, he came close to ascending the imperial throne by marriage to the ''[[porphyrogenita]]'' Empress [[Zoe (empress)|Zoe]] ({{reign|1028|1050}}) in 1028. He accompanied the man Zoe did marry, Emperor [[Romanos III Argyros]] ({{reign|1028|1034}}), on campaign and was blamed by some chroniclers for Romanos' humiliating defeat at the [[Battle of Azaz (1030)|Battle of Azaz]].

He suffered a long period of imprisonment under [[Michael IV the Paphlagonian]] ({{reign|1034|1041}}), who feared that Dalassenos plotted against him. When Michael's successor was deposed in 1042, Zoe invited Dalassenos to an audience with a view to marrying him and making him emperor; displeased by his haughty manner she chose a more pliant man, [[Constantine IX Monomachos]].

==Biography==
===Early life===
Constantine may have been born at some point between 965 and 970.{{sfn|Cheynet|Vannier|1986|p=77}} He was the eldest son of the ''[[magistros]]'' [[Damian Dalassenos]], who held the important post of ''[[dux|doux]]'' of [[Antioch]] from 995 or 996 until his [[Battle of Apamea|death in battle]] against the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] at [[Apamea (Syria)|Apamea]] in 998. Constantine, with his brothers Romanos and [[Theophylact Dalassenos|Theophylact]], was also present at the battle.<ref name="ODB">{{harvnb|ODB|loc="Dalassenos" (A. Kazhdan), p. 578}}.</ref><ref name="EHW3">{{harvnb|Krsmanović|2003|loc=[http://www.ehw.gr/asiaminor/Forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7622&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_3 Chapter 3]}}.</ref>{{sfn|Cheynet|Vannier|1986|pp=78, 80}} He was probably one of the two sons of the ''magistros'' who, according to the Christian [[Arabs|Arab]] historian [[Yahya of Antioch]], were captured by the Fatimids, taken to [[Cairo]], and ransomed only in 1008.<ref>{{harvnb|Krsmanović|2003|loc=[http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=7622#noteendNote_5 Note 5]}}.</ref>{{sfn|Cheynet|Vannier|1986|p=80}}

===High rank===
Constantine's career between 1008 and 1024 is unknown, but historians speculate he probably held a succession of military commands.<ref name="ODB"/>{{sfn|Cheynet|Vannier|1986|p=80}} He reappears in spring 1024, when he held his father's old post as [[Duchy of Antioch|''doux'' of Antioch]], with the rank of ''[[patrikios]]'', the Empire's senior honorific title, which was limited to a small number of holders. He enjoyed the favour of Emperor [[Constantine VIII]] ({{reign|1025|1028}}). The Dalassenoi were one of the few powerful patrician families who had been unswervingly loyal to the Macedonian dynasty.{{sfn|Norwich|1991|p=269}} On his deathbed, Constantine summoned Dalassenos to marry his oldest daughter [[Zoe (empress)|Zoe]]. Constantine Dalassenos set out from his estates in the [[Armeniac Theme]], but before reaching [[Constantinople]] the situation changed: the Emperor's advisors, who preferred a weak ruler whom they could control, had persuaded the dying Emperor to choose Romanos III Argyros instead. Dalassenos was ordered to return home.{{sfn|Cheynet|Vannier|1986|p=80}}{{sfn|Patlagean|2007|pp=131–132}}{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=584}}

Under Romanos III, Dalassenos served as a commander in the 1030 campaign against the Emir of Aleppo which concluded in the [[Battle of Azaz (1030)|Battle of Azaz]]. After the Byzantine scouts were ambushed, Dalassenos led an attack against the Arabs, but was defeated, and fled back to the camp.{{sfn|Wortley|2010|pp=359–360}} That night Dalassenos took part in an imperial council at which the demoralised Byzantines resolved to abandon the campaign and return to Byzantine territory. Romanos also ordered his siege engines to be burned.{{sfn|Zakkar|1971|p=116}} On 10{{nbs}}August 1030 the army abandoned its camp and marched for Antioch. Discipline broke down in the Byzantine army, with Armenian mercenaries using the withdrawal as an opportunity to pillage the camp's stores.{{sfn|Zakkar|1971|p=116}} The Emir launched an attack and the imperial army broke and fled. Both Dalassenos and Romanos had close escapes during the rout; according to the chronicler Yahya, two senior commanders were killed and another captured.{{sfn|Wortley|2010|pp=359–360}} Arab sources and the chronicle of [[Matthew of Edessa]] blame Dalassenos and his conspiring against Romanos for the expedition's failure.{{sfn|Cheynet|Vannier|1986|p=80}}{{sfn|Kazhdan|Epstein|1985|p=64}}

[[File:The Arabs drive the Byzantines to flight at Azazion.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|Arab cavalry pursue fleeing Byzantines after the [[Battle of Azaz (1030)|Battle of Azaz]], from the ''Madrid Skylitzes'']]
During the reign of Argyros's successors, [[Michael IV the Paphlagonian]] ({{reign|1034|1041}}) and [[Michael V Kalaphates|Michael V]] ({{reign|1041|1042}}), Dalassenos emerged as the leader of the aristocratic opposition. Several prominent [[Anatolia]]n families, notably the powerful [[Doukai]], supported him; the later emperor [[Constantine X Doukas]] ({{reign|1059|1067}}) was married to Dalassenos's daughter. According to historian [[Michael Psellos]], Dalassenos also enjoyed strong support from the populace in Constantinople and especially in his old command, Antioch.<ref name="EHW4">{{harvnb|Krsmanović|2003|loc=[http://www.ehw.gr/asiaminor/Forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7622&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_4 Chapter 4]}}.</ref>

===Fall===

[[File:John the Orphanotrophos sends Phagitzes with relics to Constantine Dalassenos.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|[[John the Orphanotrophos]] sends Phagitzes with relics to Constantine Dalassenos, miniature from the ''Madrid Skylitzes'']]
[[File:John the Orphanotrophos exiles Constantine Dalassenos.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|John the Orphanotrophos sends Constantine Dalassenos to exile at [[Yassıada|Plate Island]], miniature from the ''Madrid Skylitzes'']]

The accession of the low-born Michael IV reportedly enraged Dalassenos, who derided the new emperor as a vulgar and base-born. Consequently, Michael's eunuch brother and chief minister, [[John the Orphanotrophos]], attempted to neutralise him. With the promise of titles and honours, he tried to lure Dalassenos from his estates in the Armeniac Theme to Constantinople. Dalassenos at first refused, but after receiving assurances for his safety, guaranteed by an oath on some of the Empire's holiest relics, he left for the imperial capital.{{sfn|Kazhdan|Epstein|1985|p=64}}{{sfn|Cheynet|Vannier|1986|pp=80–81}} Initially he was treated well, receiving a promotion and gifts, but in summer 1034 a revolt broke out in Antioch against the local governor, Michael IV's brother Niketas. The uprising was triggered by heavy taxation, but John the Orphanotrophos chose to blame it on the Dalassenoi: Constantine, his brothers and relatives and other nobles associated with them, including his son-in-law Constantine Doukas, were imprisoned or exiled.{{sfn|Cheynet|Vannier|1986|p=81}}{{sfn|Kazhdan|Epstein|1985|pp=64–65}}{{sfn|Patlagean|2007|pp=132–133}}

Constantine himself was first exiled to an island in the [[Sea of Marmara]], but later, to prevent his escape, he was transferred to a tower in the [[Walls of Constantinople]], along with Constantine Doukas, the future emperor. His military expertise, however, continued to be so highly valued that John the Orphanotrophos considered sending him to his brother Constantine as a military advisor in a campaign against [[Abasgia]].{{sfn|Cheynet|Vannier|1986|p=81}} However, the emperor saw him as an arch-enemy and he remained imprisoned.{{sfn|Norwich|1991|p=303}} A later tradition has it that during Dalassenos's detention in the capital, Zoe, who had yet to conceive a child, carried out a secret relationship with him in hopes of getting pregnant.{{sfn|Patlagean|2007|pp=132–133}} At some point in 1041 Constantine was also forced to become a [[monk]]. The accounts here are contradictory: Psellos writes that Michael V did this upon his accession in December, but [[Michael Attaleiates]], in contrast, records that Michael V had Dalassenos liberated from confinement.<ref name="EHW4"/>{{sfn|Cheynet|Vannier|1986|p=81}}

===Marriage proposal===

After Michael V was deposed in a popular uprising in April 1042, Constantine VIII's daughters Zoe and [[Theodora (11th century)|Theodora]] were left as ''de facto'' rulers of the Byzantine Empire. Following both custom and her own inclination, Zoe decided to choose another husband (her third), who would also become the new emperor. The elderly but still handsome{{sfn|Norwich|1991|p=306}} Constantine Dalassenos, who had almost become her first husband in 1028, was her first choice. He was brought for an audience before the Empress, but during their conversation his independent and forceful manner displeased Zoe, and he was passed over in favour of the more pliant and amenable Constantine Artoklines, with whom Zoe was rumoured to have dallied a decade earlier. Artoklines' wife poisoned him before he could divorce her; Zoe married a third good-looking Constantine, [[Constantine IX Monomachos|Constantine Monomachos]], who reigned as Constantine IX ({{Reign|1042|1055}}). Constantine Dalassenos disappears thereafter from the sources.<ref name="EHW4"/>{{sfn|Cheynet|Vannier|1986|p=81}}{{sfn|Norwich|1991|p=306}}{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=590}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cheynet|first1=Jean-Claude|last2=Vannier|first2=Jean-François|title=Études Prosopographiques|location=Paris|publisher=Publications de la Sorbonne|year=1986|isbn=978-2-85944-110-4 |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7a1cRMNz3UC}}
* {{Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium|ref={{harvid|ODB}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kazhdan|first1=Alexander|last2=Epstein|first2=Ann Wharton|title=Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California |publisher=University of California Press|year=1985|isbn=978-0-520-05129-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qlU37xo9LeUC}}
* {{cite web|last=Krsmanović|first=Bojana|date=11 September 2003|title=Dalassenoi|website=Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor|location=Athens|publisher=Foundation of the Hellenic World|url=http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7622|access-date=24 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009040055/http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7622|archive-date=9 October 2011}}
* {{Cite book|title=Byzantium: The Apogee|last=Norwich|first=John|author-link=John Julius Norwich |publisher=Penguin|year=1991|isbn=978-0-670-80252-4|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Patlagean|first=Évelyne|title=Un Moyen Âge grec: Byzance, IXe–XVe siècle|year=2007 |location=Paris|publisher=Albin Michel|language=French|isbn=978-2-226-17110-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVloAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{A History of the Byzantine State and Society}}
* {{John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057}}
* {{cite book|last=Zakkar|first=Suhayl|title=The Emirate of Aleppo: 1004–1094|date=1971|publisher=Dar al-Amanah|location=Aleppo|oclc=977126570|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbltAAAAMAAJ}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Konstantinos Dalassenos}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-vac|unknown|unknlast=Michael the ''koitonites'' (1011)}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Duchy of Antioch|<em>Doux</em> of Antioch]]
| years = 1024–1025
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Michael Spondyles]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalassenos, Constantine}}
[[Category:10th-century births]]
[[Category:11th-century deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century Byzantine people]]
[[Category:Byzantine generals]]
[[Category:Dalassenos family|Constantine]]
[[Category:Patricii]]
[[Category:Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars]]
[[Category:Byzantine prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Generals of Basil II]]
[[Category:Byzantine prisoners of war]]
[[Category:Byzantine governors of Antioch]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the Fatimid Caliphate]]
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