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{{Short description|Australian police information}}
{{About||crime in each state and territory|Crime in Australia#See also|major crimes in Australia|Timeline of major crimes in Australia|and|List of Australian criminals}}
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
[[File:WA Police caged vehicle in Perth CBD.jpg|thumb|Police vehicle in the streets of [[Perth]].]]
'''Crime in Australia''' is managed by various [[Law enforcement in Australia|law enforcement bodies]] (federal and state-based police forces and local councils), the [[Judiciary of Australia|federal and state-based criminal justice systems]] and [[punishment in Australia|state-based correctional services]].

The [[Department of Home Affairs (Australia)|Department of Home Affairs]] oversees federal law enforcement, [[national security]] (including [[cyber security]], [[transit police|transport security]], [[criminal justice]], [[emergency management]], [[multiculturalism|multicultural affairs]], [[immigration]] and [[Border control#Border security|border-related functions]]).  It comprises the [[Australian Federal Police]], [[Australian Border Force]], the [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]], the [[Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission]], the [[Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre]] and the [[Australian Institute of Criminology]] {{as of|lc=yes|February 2019}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/| website=Australian Government. Department of Border Affairs|title=Home|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref> Each state and territory runs its own police service.

The national justice system is overseen by the [[Attorney-General's Department (Australia)|Attorney-General's Department]], with each state and territory having its own equivalent.

[[Punishment in Australia|Prison services]] are run independently by correctional services department in each state and territory.

[[Crime statistics]] are collected on a state basis and then collated and further analysed by the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]. Between 2008–09 and 2017–18 the national victimisation rate decreased for personal crime in all categories except sexual assault, and also all household crimes selected in the national statistics. Approximately 5.0% (966,600) of Australians aged 15 years and over experienced personal crime.<ref name=ABSkey2018>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4530.0~2017-18~Main%20Features~Key%20findings%20~1|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=13 February 2019|access-date=17 February 2019|title=4530.0 - Crime Victimisation, Australia, 2017-18}}</ref>

==Law enforcement==
{{Main article|Law enforcement in Australia}}
Law enforcement in Australia is served by law enforcement officers under the control of [[Government of Australia|federal government]], [[States and territories of Australia|states and territories]]  and [[Local government in Australia|local]] agencies. A number of state, territory and federal agencies also administer a wide variety of legislation related to [[white-collar crime]]. Police are responsible for the administration of [[criminal law]]. [[Sheriff]]s and [[bailiff]]s in each state and territory are responsible for the enforcement of the judgments of the courts exercising [[civil law (common law)]] jurisdictions. The various [[state police]] forces are responsible for enforcing state law within their own states, while the [[Australian Federal Police]] (AFP) are responsible for the enforcement of and investigation of crimes against Commonwealth law which applies across the whole country.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

==Justice==

{{main|Judiciary of Australia}}

==Prison services==

{{main|Punishment in Australia}}

==Immigration detention centres==

In addition to the standard prisons run by the states (and not included in prisoner statistics), the Department of Home Affairs also operates a separate system of [[Australian immigration detention facilities]] to detain non-citizens who have breached the terms of or lack a [[travel visa|visa]].<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/asylum-seekers-and-refugees/projects/immigration-detention-and-human-rights|title=Immigration detention and human rights|first=Sarah|last=Dillon|publisher=Australian Human Rights Commission|date=8 November 2013|access-date=13 Nov 2018|website=www.humanrights.gov.au}}</ref> Some of these immigration detention centres are used to [[indefinite detention without trial|indefinitely]] detain<ref name="auto5">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/may/18/australias-indefinite-detention-of-refugees-illegal-un-rules|title=Australia's indefinite detention of refugees illegal, UN rules|first=Ben|last=Doherty|date=17 May 2016|website=The Guardian}}</ref> [[asylum in Australia|asylum seekers]] and [[refugees]], often without [[criminal trial|trial]] and in many cases for several years.<ref name="auto5"/>

==Crime and crime prevention since colonisation==

{{further|History of Australia}}

===Convicts===
{{Main article|Convicts in Australia}}
During the late-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, large numbers of [[convict]]s were [[Penal transportation|transported]] to the various [[:Category:Australian penal colonies|Australian penal colonies]] by the UK Government.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Shorter Oxford English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|year=2002 |isbn=0-19-860575-7 |quote='''convictism''' noun (Hist.) the system of penal settlements for convicts; the body of convicts so transported M19 }}</ref> One of the primary reasons for the British settlement of Australia was the establishment of a [[penal colony]] to alleviate pressure on their overburdened [[Gaol|correctional]] facilities. Over a period of eighty years, more than 165,000 British convicts were transported to Australia.<ref>[http://landing.ancestry.co.uk/intl/au/convict/ Convict Records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527025021/http://landing.ancestry.co.uk/intl/au/convict/ |date=27 May 2009 }}, Ancestry.co.uk</ref>
Discipline was poor among the early convicts, with high rates of theft, physical and sexual assault. Law enforcement was initially the preserve of the [[New South Wales Marine Corps]], which accompanied the [[First Fleet]]. Australia's first civilian crime prevention force was established in August 1789, comprising a twelve-man nightwatch authorised to patrol the settlement at Sydney Cove and with powers "for the apprehending and securing for examination" anyone suspected of "felony, trespass or misdemeanour."<ref>Governor Arthur Phillip and Advocate-General David Collins, Regulations for the night-watch, 7 August 1789. Cited in {{cite book |title =Sydney Cove: 1789-1790 | first =John | last =Cobley | year =1963 | publisher =Angus & Robertson | page=77|isbn =0207141711}}</ref>

===Aboriginal massacres===

{{Main|List of massacres of Indigenous Australians}}

From the earliest days of settlement at [[Sydney Cove]], settlers clashed with the [[Aboriginal Australians|indigenous peoples]]. Governor [[Arthur Phillip]] himself gave ex-convicts muskets which were utilised to shoot at Aboriginal people in the area, and also deployed soldiers to their allotted areas, who "dispersed" about 50 Aboriginal people.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hunter|first1=John|title=An Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island including the Journals of Governors Phillip and King|date=1793|publisher=John Stockdale|location=Piccadilly|page=474|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0tfAAAAcAAJ|access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref> Hidden or sanctioned massacres continued through to the 20th century, the last recorded being in 1928 at [[Coniston massacre]] in [[Western Australia]].

===Bushrangers (1788–1880s)===
{{Main article|Bushranger}}

Bushrangers were originally escaped [[convicts in Australia|convicts]] in the early years of the [[History of Australia (1788–1850)|British settlement of Australia]] who used the [[The bush#Australia|Australian bush]] as a refuge to hide from the authorities. By the 1820s, the term "bushranger" had evolved to refer to those who took up "[[armed robbery|robbery under arms]]" as a way of life, using the bush as their base. Bushranging thrived during the [[Australian gold rushes|gold rush]] years of the 1850s and 1860s when the likes of [[Ben Hall (bushranger)|Ben Hall]], [[Frank Gardiner]] and [[John Gilbert (bushranger)|John Gilbert]] led notorious gangs in the country districts of New South Wales.

===Riots===
{{See also|Civil disturbances in Western Australia}}

Civil disturbances and prison [[riots]], have occurred throughout the history of European settlement in Australia, a selection of which follows:

<!-- Not sure of the point of just listing these here... -->
* [[Riots at Fremantle Prison|Riots at Fremantle Prison, WA]] (many, between 1854 and 1988)
* [[Lambing Flat riots|Goldfields riots in NSW]] (1860-1861)
* [[Bathurst riots|Bathurst prison riots, NSW]] (1970 and 1974)
* [[Palm Island, Queensland#Palm Island riots|2004 Palm Island riots, Qld]]
* [[2004 Redfern riots|2004 Redfern riots, Sydney]]
* [[2005 Macquarie Fields riots|2005 Macquarie Fields riots, Sydney]]
* [[2005 Cronulla riots|2005 Cronulla riots, Sydney]]

== 21st century statistics ==

The Australian Institute of Criminology hosts an interactive gateway to statistics and information on Australian crime and justice issues, called Crime Statistics Australia. This provides the easiest public access to statistics showing all aspects of crime in Australia, including [[death in custody]], offender and victim statistics, types of crime, drug use, prisons and criminal courts.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Australian Institute of Criminology|title=Crime Statistics Australia|access-date=26 February 2019|url=http://www.crimestats.aic.gov.au/|archive-date=17 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317164434/https://www.crimestats.aic.gov.au/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Crime rates===
In comparison to other English-speaking countries, such as [[New Zealand]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], and the [[United States]], Australia in 2020 had an overall crime rate of 0.87 per 100,000 people, while the overall crime rate in North America was higher, with 2.1 per 100,000 in Canada and 6.5 per 100,000 in the United States. The homicide rate in Australia in 2021 was 0.86 per 100,000, which was lower than New Zealand's 1.0 per 100,000 and 1.3 per 100,000 in the United Kingdom. In comparison to North America in 2021, the United States and Canada had homicide rates of 3.8 and 2.2 per 100,000, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Crime Rates and Statistics |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/AUS/australia/crime-rate-statistics |website=Macrotrends |access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> 

====2016–2017====
The number of offenders proceeded against by police during 2016–2017 increased by 1% from the previous year to approximately 414,000.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4519.0/|title=Main Features - Key Findings|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|website=www.abs.gov.au}}</ref>

In 2016–2017, the offender rate, which is the number of offenders in the population of Australia, increased slightly from 1.98% to 2%. The youth offender rate decreased for the seventh consecutive year in 2016–17; between 2009–10 and 2016–17, the rate fell from 3,339 to 2,330 offenders per 100,000 persons aged 10 to 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4519.0~2016-17~Media%20Release~Youth%20offender%20rate%20falls%20for%20seventh%20consecutive%20year%20(Media%20Release)~17|title=Media Release: Youth offender rate falls for seventh consecutive year|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref>

The most common type of offence in 2016-17 was illicit drug offences (20%), with sexual assault and related offences increasing by 3%, being the sixth successive annual increase and a total increase of 40%.<ref name=":3"/>

====2009–2010====

Data from the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] (ABS) shows that during the 2009/10 year police took action against 375,259 people,<ref name="La Canna">{{cite news| url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/women-increasingly-target-of-police-action-20110224-1b6x2.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | first=Xavier | last=La Canna | title=Women increasingly target of police action | date=24 February 2011}}</ref> up by 4.8 percent from 2008/09 figures.<ref name="La Canna"/> Young offenders aged 10 to 19 comprised about 29 percent of the total offender population across Australia.<ref name="La Canna"/>
In the 2009/10 financial year, 84,100 women had police action taken against them across Australia, up by six percent compared with the previous year.<ref name="La Canna"/> 290,400 men had police action taken against them in 2009/10, an annual increase of 4 percent.<ref name="La Canna"/> About 30 percent of the women were accused of theft, whereas the most common principal offence for men was intention to cause injury and matters related to public order.<ref name="La Canna"/>

====Declining homicide rate====

Between 2016 and 2017, the number of homicide and attempted victims across Australia decreased from 453 victims to 414 victims (down 39 victims or 9%).<ref>{{cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4510.02017?OpenDocument|title=4510.0 - Recorded Crime - Victims, Australia, 2017|date=28 June 2018 |access-date=26 February 2019}} See Table 1.</ref> Since 2017 the homicide rate has stabilised around 0.87 per 100,000 as of 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=DATAUNODC |url=https://dataunodc.un.org/content/homicide-country-data |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref> 

Between the 1989-1990 and 2013-2014 statistical years, the national [[homicide]] rate decreased from 1.8 per 100,000 people to 1 per 100,000.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://theconversation.com/three-charts-on-australias-declining-homicide-rates-79654|title=Three charts on: Australia's declining homicide rates|work=The Conversation|date=21 June 2017|access-date=26 February 2019|first=Terry|last=Goldsworthy}}</ref> There were 238 homicide incidents in Australia in 2013-14 compared with 307 in 1989–90.<ref name=Guardian2017>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/jun/18/australias-rate-falls-to-record-low-of-one-person-per-100000|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=26 February 2019|title=Australia's murder rate falls to record low of one person per 100,000|author=AAP|date=18 June 2017}}</ref> From the National Australian Homicide Monitoring program report 2012: "The homicide rate has continued to decrease each year, since 1989-90. The periods 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 are the lowest homicide rate since data collection began in 1989”.<ref>{{cite report | url=https://aic.gov.au/publications/mr/mr23/homicide-australia-2010-12 | title=Homicide in Australia: 2010–11 to 2011–12: National Homicide Monitoring Program report | publisher=Australian Institute of Criminology | date=2015 | author=Willow Bryant | author2= Tracy Cussen | series=AIC Reports Monitoring Reports | isbn=978-1-922009-83-8 | issn=1836-2095}}</ref>

===Prison statistics===
{{further|Punishment in Australia#Prisoners}}
Prisoner statistics 2000–present can be found on the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] page for ''4517.0 - Prisoners in Australia''.<ref name=ABSprisoner/>

====2018====

Between 2017 and 2018 the national imprisonment rate increased by 3% from 216 to 221 prisoners per 100,000 adult population.<ref name=ABSprisoner/>

In 2018, adult prisoner numbers were up by 4% on the previous year, with female prisoner numbers increasing at a faster rate than male prisoners and with drug offences responsible for the highest rise by category. There were rises in all states except for [[South Australia]]. The breakdown was: acts intended to cause injury (9,659 prisoners or 22%); illicit drug offences (6,779 prisoners or 16%); and sexual assault and related offences (5,283 prisoners or 12%). Males accounted for 92% of all prisoners. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander prisoners accounted for over a quarter of the total Australian prisoner population.<ref name=ABSprisoner>{{cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/second+level+view?ReadForm&prodno=4517.0&viewtitle=Prisoners%20in%20Australia~2018~Latest~06/12/2018&&tabname=Past%20Future%20Issues&prodno=4517.0&issue=2018&num=&view=&|title=4517.0 - Prisoners in Australia, 2018|access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref>

==Deaths in custody==
{{further|Punishment in Australia#Deaths in custody|Aboriginal deaths in custody}}
Research from the Australian Institute of Criminology showed that from 1990 until the middle of 2011, 40 percent of people who were fatally shot by police were suffering from a [[mental illness]]. In NSW, the fatalities included [[Death of Adam Salter|Adam Salter]] (shot dead in Sydney in 2009); Elijah Holcombe (shot dead in [[Armidale, New South Wales|Armidale]] in 2009); and Roni Levi (shot dead on [[Bondi Beach]] in 1997). In Victoria, the fatalities included the 2008 shooting [[death of Tyler Cassidy]]. At age 15, Cassidy is believed to be the youngest person ever shot dead by police in Australia.<ref name=abcabc>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-03-05/shooting-deaths-spark-call-for-mental-health-overhaul/3868754 |title=Shooting deaths spark call for mental health overhaul |author=Quentin McDermott |date=5 March 2012 |work=ABC News }}</ref>

==Indigenous Australians and crime==
{{main|Indigenous Australians and crime}}
[[Indigenous Australians]] are both convicted of crimes and imprisoned at a disproportionately high rate in Australia. The issue is a complex one, to which [[Australian government|federal]] and state governments as well as Indigenous groups have responded with various analyses and numerous programs and measures. Many sources report over-representation of Indigenous offenders at all stages of the criminal justice system.<ref name=Edney241>{{cite book|first1=Richard|last1= Edney|first2= Mirko |last2=Bagaric|title=Australian Sentencing: Principles and Practice|chapter=10: Aboriginality|isbn=9780521689298|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2007|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iLiE7FwXdsEC&pg=PA241|page=241|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=20years2011abstr>{{cite journal|issn=1836-2095|date=25 May 2013|first1=Mathew|last1=Lyneham|first2=Andy|last2=Chan|title=Deaths in custody in Australia to 30 June 2011: twenty years of monitoring by the National Deaths in Custody Program since the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (Abstract)|journal=Aic Reports. Monitoring Reports|series=Monitoring Reports|url=https://aic.gov.au/publications/mr/mr20|quote=...over the 20 years since the Royal Commission, the proportion of prisoners that are Indigenous has almost doubled from 14% in 1991 to 26% in 2011|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=Cunneen2006>{{cite journal|date=March 2006|journal=Current Issues in Criminal Justice|title=Racism, Discrimination and the Over-Representation of Indigenous People in the Criminal Justice System: Some Conceptual and Explanatory Issues|first=Chris|last=Cunneen|volume=17|issue=3|pages=329–346|doi=10.1080/10345329.2006.12036363|s2cid=218511725|url=http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/CICrimJust/2006/1.pdf|access-date=10 October 2019 }}</ref><ref name=stgcomm2011>{{cite book|isbn=978-0-642-79266-2|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|date=2011|title=The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia Doing Time - Time for Doing Indigenous youth in the criminal justice system |author=Government of Australia. House of Representatives. Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/house/committee/atsia/sentencing/report/fullreport.pdf|access-date=10 October 2019}} Also by chapter in html, see [https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Committees_Exposed/atsia/sentencing/report/chapter2 Chapter 2]</ref>

==Gun control laws==
The [[Gun buyback program|gun buy-back program]] which was implemented in 1996, purchased and destroyed mostly semi-automatic and pump action firearms.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/1997-98_Audit_Report_25.pdf|title = The Gun Buy-Back Scheme|date = December 1997|access-date = 2015-10-23|website = www.anao.gov.au|publisher = Australian National Audit Office.|last = Commonwealth of Australia 1997|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160113130203/http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/1997-98_Audit_Report_25.pdf|archive-date = 13 January 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Relatively frequent mass murders committed in the [[United States]] serve to re-ignite the debate on gun control laws from time to time, and [[Gun laws in Australia|Australia's gun control laws]] have been held up as an example of a workable solution for the safer management of guns and gun licensing by citizens of the United States and some members of Congress.<ref name=faking>{{Cite web|title = Faking waves: how the NRA and pro-gun Americans abuse Australian crime stats|url = https://theconversation.com/faking-waves-how-the-nra-and-pro-gun-americans-abuse-australian-crime-stats-11678|website = The Conversation|access-date = 26 February 2019|first=Michael J.I.|last=Brown|date=21 January 2013}}</ref>

Crime statistics before and after the implementation of gun laws have shown a decrease of the use of guns in crime. According to the national homicide monitoring program, the number of homicide incidents involving a firearm decreased by 57% between 1989–90 and 2013–14, from 75 to 32. Firearms were used in 13% of homicide incidents in 2013–14, compared with 24% in 1989–90.<ref>{{cite web|website=Australian Institute of Criminology. Crime Statistics Australia|url=http://crimestats.aic.gov.au/NHMP/1_trends/#causeDeath|title=Homicide in Australia: Trends in homicide, 1980-90 to 2013-14|access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref>

==Civic organisations==
* [[Neighborhood Watch|Neighbourhood Watch]]
* [[Noel McNamara|Crime Victims Support Association]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Australia}}
*[[Christmas Island#Government|Christmas Island]]
* [[Crime in New South Wales]]
* [[Crime in Queensland]]
* [[Crime in South Australia]]
* [[Crime in Tasmania]]
* [[Crime in the Australian Capital Territory]]
* [[Crime in the Northern Territory]]
* [[Crime in Victoria]]
* [[Crime in Western Australia]]
* [[Judiciary of Australia]]
* [[Organised crime in Australia]]
*[[Norfolk Island#Government and politics]]
*[[Timeline of major crimes in Australia]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite Q|Q108489539}}<!--  The Statistics of Crime in Australia -->

==External links==
* [http://www.crimestats.aic.gov.au/ Crime Statistics Australia (Australian Institute of Criminology)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317164434/https://www.crimestats.aic.gov.au/ |date=17 March 2021 }}

{{Oceania in topic|Crime in}}
{{Law enforcement in Australia}}
{{Australian crime}}
{{Australia topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crime In Australia}}
[[Category:Crime in Australia| ]]
[[Category:Organised crime in Australia| ]]
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