Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015}}
{{Redirect2|Cristina Fernández|Christina Fernandez|the Spanish sport shooter|Cristina Fernández (sport shooter)|the American photographer|Christina Fernandez (photographer)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Fernández|Kirchner|lang=Argentine}}
{{Update|part=legal charges|reason=Scant coverage of her extensive legal problems|date=December 2022}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
| image               = Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and Sergio Massa on March 1, 2020-3 (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Fernández de Kirchner in 2020
| office              = [[President of Argentina]]
| vicepresident       = {{ubl|[[Julio Cobos]] (2007–2011)|[[Amado Boudou]] (2011–2015)}}
| term_start          = 10 December 2007
| term_end            = 10 December 2015
| predecessor         = [[Néstor Kirchner]]
| successor           = [[Mauricio Macri]]
| office2             = [[List of vice presidents of Argentina|Vice President of Argentina]]
| president2          = [[Alberto Fernández]]
| term_start2         = 10 December 2019
| term_end2           = 10 December 2023
| predecessor2        = [[Gabriela Michetti]]
| successor2          = [[Victoria Villarruel]]
| office3             = [[Argentine Senate|National Senator]]
| term_start3         = 10 December 2017
| term_end3           = 10 December 2019
| successor3          = <!--[[Jorge Taiana]]-->
| constituency3       = [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]]
| term_start4         = 10 December 2005
| term_end4           = 28 November 2007
| successor4          = <!--[[Eric Calcagno]]-->
| constituency4       = Buenos Aires
| term_start5         = 10 December 2001
| term_end5           = 10 December 2005
| constituency5       = [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz]]
| term_start6         = 10 December 1995
| term_end6           = 3 December 1997
| constituency6       = Santa Cruz
| office7             = [[First Lady of Argentina]]
| term_label7         = In role
| term_start7         = 25 May 2003
| term_end7           = 10 December 2007
| president7          = Néstor Kirchner
| predecessor7        = [[Hilda González de Duhalde]]
| successor7          = Néstor Kirchner<br />(as First Gentleman)
| office8             = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|National Deputy]]
| term_start8         = 10 December 1997
| term_end8           = 10 December 2001
| constituency8       = Santa Cruz
| office9             = Member of the [[1994 amendment of the Constitution of Argentina|Constitutional Convention]]
| term_start9         = 1 May 1994
| term_end9           = 22 August 1994
| constituency9       = Santa Cruz
| office10            = First Lady of Santa Cruz
| term_label10        = In role
| term_start10        = 10 December 1991
| term_end10          = 25 May 2003
| governor10          = Néstor Kirchner
| predecessor10       = Marta Arana de García
| successor10         = María Gloria Ros de Icazuriaga
| office11            = [[Chamber of Deputies of Santa Cruz|Provincial Deputy of Santa Cruz]]
| term_start11        = 10 December 1989
| term_end11          = 10 December 1995
| constituency11      = [[Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz|Río Gallegos]]
| office12            = First Lady of Río Gallegos
| term_label12        = In role
| term_start12        = 10 December 1987
| term_end12          = 10 December 1991
| 1blankname12        = Intendant
| 1namedata12         = Néstor Kirchner
| predecessor12       = Sofía Vicic de Ceperníc
| successor12         = Eva María Henríquez de Martínez
| birth_name          = Cristina Elisabet Fernández
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1953|2|19|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Tolosa, Buenos Aires|Tolosa, Buenos Aires Province]], Argentina
| party               = [[Justicialist Party|Justicialist]]
| otherparty          = {{Plainlist|
* [[Front for Victory]] (2003–2017)
* [[Citizen's Unity]] (2017–2019)
* [[Frente de Todos]] (2019–2023)
* [[Union for the Homeland]] (since 2023)
}}
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Néstor Kirchner]]|1975|2010|reason=[[Death and state funeral of Néstor Kirchner|died]]}}
| children            = 2, including [[Máximo Kirchner|Máximo]]
| occupation          = {{hlist|Politician|lawyer}}
| alma_mater          = [[National University of La Plata]]
| signature           = CF SIGNATURE.svg
}}
'''Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner''' ({{IPA-es|kɾisˈtina eˈlisaβet feɾˈnandes ðe ˈkiɾʃneɾ|-|cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner.ogg}}; born '''Cristina Elisabet Fernández'''{{efn|Fernández legally added "de Kirchner" to her name after her marriage to [[Néstor Kirchner]] in 1975.{{cn|date=December 2023}}}}, 19 February 1953), often referred to by her initials '''CFK''',<ref name="CFK back at Olivos presidential residency after CELAC summit"/><ref name="CFK to Harvard students: there is no 'dollar clamp'; don't repeat monochord questions"/>{{refn|She is variously known as Cristina Fernández,<ref name="CFK to Harvard students: there is no 'dollar clamp'; don't repeat monochord questions" /><ref name="Profile: Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner" /> Cristina K,<ref name="Aerolineas takeover shadows Cristina K visit to Spain"/> or Cristina.<ref name="Profile: Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner"/>|group="note"}} is an Argentine lawyer and politician who served as [[president of Argentina]] from 2007 to 2015 and later as [[vice president of Argentina]] from 2019 to 2023 under President [[Alberto Fernández]], as well as the [[First Lady of Argentina|first lady of Argentina]] during the tenure of her husband, [[Néstor Kirchner]], from 2003 to 2007. She was the second female president of Argentina (after [[Isabel Perón]]) and the first elected female president of Argentina. Ideologically, she identifies herself as a [[Peronist]] and a [[Progressivism|progressive]], with her political approach called [[Kirchnerism]].{{sfn|Petras|Veltmeyer|2016|p=60}}<ref name="left">BBC News. 18 April 2006. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4916270.stm Analysis: Latin America's new left axis.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104093446/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4916270.stm |date=4 November 2013 }}</ref>

Born in [[La Plata]], Buenos Aires Province, she studied law at the [[University of La Plata]], and moved to [[Patagonia]] with her husband [[Néstor Kirchner]] upon graduation. She was elected to the [[Chamber of Deputies of Santa Cruz|provincial legislature]]; her husband was elected mayor of [[Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz|Río Gallegos]]. She was elected national senator in 1995, and had a controversial tenure, while her husband was elected governor of [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz Province]]. In 1994, she was also elected to the constituent assembly that [[1994 amendment of the Constitution of Argentina|amended]] the [[Constitution of Argentina]]. She was the [[First Lady of Argentina|First Lady]] from 2003 to 2007 after her husband was elected president.

Néstor Kirchner did not run for reelection. Instead, his wife was the candidate for the [[Front for Victory]] alliance, becoming president in the [[2007 Argentine general election|2007 presidential election]]. Her first term of office started with a [[2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector|conflict with the agricultural sector]], and her proposed taxation system was rejected. After this she nationalised private pension funds, and [[Bicentennial fund|fired]] the president of the [[Central Bank of Argentina|Central Bank]]. The price of public services remained subsidised and she [[Renationalization of YPF|renationalised energy firm YPF]] as a result. The country had good relations with other South American nations, and strained relations with the [[western bloc]] as part of the regional political movement known as ''[[pink tide]]''. She also continued her husband's human rights policies, and had a [[Conflict between Kirchnerism and the media|rocky relationship]] with the press. Néstor Kirchner [[Death and state funeral of Néstor Kirchner|died]] in 2010, and she was re-elected for a second term in 2011. She won the [[2011 Argentine general election|2011 general election]] with 54.11% of the votes,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-29|title=Elecciones 2011|url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/2011|access-date=2021-11-19|website=Argentina.gob.ar|language=es|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119191808/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/2011|url-status=live}}</ref> the highest percentage obtained by any presidential candidate since 1983. The 37.3% difference between votes for hers and the runner-up ticket Binner-Morandini was the second largest in the history of Argentine general elections.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gallego-Díaz|first1=Soledad|last2=Rebossio|first2=Alejandro|date=2011-10-24|title=Histórica victoria de Cristina Fernández de Kirchner|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/23/actualidad/1319395089_551123.html|access-date=2021-11-19|issn=1134-6582|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119191807/https://elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/23/actualidad/1319395089_551123.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Clarín.com|date=2011-10-24|title=Cerca de la mayor diferencia en la historia, y con el porcentaje más alto desde 1983|url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/cerca-mayor-diferencia-historia-porcentaje_0_ryw4cYi2PXx.html|access-date=2021-11-19|website=Clarín|language=es|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119191807/https://www.clarin.com/politica/cerca-mayor-diferencia-historia-porcentaje_0_ryw4cYi2PXx.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She established [[Argentine currency controls (2011–15)|currency controls]] during her second term, and the country fell into [[sovereign default]] in 2014. She left office in 2015 with approval ratings above 50%.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-10-24|title=Argentina elections: There may be trouble ahead|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-34623236|access-date=2021-11-19|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119193307/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-34623236|url-status=live}}</ref>

During her two terms as president, several corruption scandals took place and subsequently her government faced several demonstrations against her rule. She was charged for fraudulent low price sales of [[Currency future|dollar futures]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Politi |first1=Daniel |title=Argentine Ex-President Faces Trial in $3.5 Billion Fraud Case |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/24/world/americas/argentina-christina-kirchner-trial-peso-macri.html |access-date=13 January 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=24 March 2017 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020159/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/24/world/americas/argentina-christina-kirchner-trial-peso-macri.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and later acquitted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/335393-sobreseyeron-a-cristina-kirchner-y-axel-kicillof-en-la-causa|title=Sobreseyeron a Cristina Kirchner y Axel Kicillof en la causa "dólar futuro" &#124; el fallo fue por unanimidad y asegura que no existió delito|date=13 April 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128104147/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/335393-sobreseyeron-a-cristina-kirchner-y-axel-kicillof-en-la-causa|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, she was indicted for obstructing the investigation into the [[AMIA bombing|1994 AMIA Bombing]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goñi |first1=Uki |title=Argentinian president accused of covering up details about the country's worst terrorist attack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/14/argentina-cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-jewish-community-centre-bombing |access-date=1 February 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=14 January 2015 |archive-date=26 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926091816/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/14/argentina-cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-jewish-community-centre-bombing |url-status=live }}</ref> after [[Alberto Nisman]]'s controversial accusation of [[Memorandum of understanding between Argentina and Iran|a purported "pact" (a memorandum) signed between her government and Iran]] which was supposedly seeking impunity for Iranians involved in the terrorist attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, ex-president of Argentina, faces arrest warrant |url=https://www.dw.com/en/cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-ex-president-of-argentina-faces-arrest-warrant/a-41694194 |access-date=13 January 2020 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=26 October 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729004707/https://www.dw.com/en/cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-ex-president-of-argentina-faces-arrest-warrant/a-41694194 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, an [[arrest warrant]] issued by [[Claudio Bonadio]] for Fernández de Kirchner charged her with "[[treason]]",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Confalonieri |first1=Mariano |title=Por qué Bonadio acusa a Cristina Kirchner de 'traición a la patria' |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/pacto-con-iran-por-que-bonadio-acusa-a-cristina-kirchner-de-traicion-a-la-patria.phtml |access-date=13 January 2020 |work=Perfil |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729002432/https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/pacto-con-iran-por-que-bonadio-acusa-a-cristina-kirchner-de-traicion-a-la-patria.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref> but due to her [[parliamentary immunity]], she did not go to prison, and the ''treason'' accusation was later dropped, while other charges related to Nisman's accusation remained.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mander |first1=Benedict |title=What's at stake as Cristina Fernández goes on trial in Argentina |url=https://www.ft.com/content/27b99176-7ccd-11e9-81d2-f785092ab560 |access-date=13 January 2020 |work=Financial Times |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125163613/https://www.ft.com/content/27b99176-7ccd-11e9-81d2-f785092ab560 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Salinas |first1=Lucia |title=Pacto con Irán: pidieron que Cristina Kirchner vaya a juicio oral por traición a la Patria |url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/pacto-iran-pidieron-cristina-kirchner-vaya-juicio-oral-traicion-patria_0_BkiVmSkBG.html |access-date=13 January 2020 |work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarin]] |language=es |archive-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113055447/https://www.clarin.com/politica/pacto-iran-pidieron-cristina-kirchner-vaya-juicio-oral-traicion-patria_0_BkiVmSkBG.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, she was also indicted for corruption on charges alleging that her administration had accepted bribes in exchange for public works contracts.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-corruption/former-argentina-president-indicted-on-corruption-charges-idUSKCN1LX2I6 |title= Former Argentinian President Indicted |work= Reuters |access-date= 23 November 2018 |date= 18 September 2018 |archive-date= 9 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034114/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-corruption/former-argentina-president-indicted-on-corruption-charges-idUSKCN1LX2I6 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/argentina-president-kirchner-hit-corruption-charges-180918152408543.html |title= Argentina ex-President Kirchner hit with more corruption charges |publisher= Al Jazeera |access-date= 23 November 2018 |archive-date= 23 November 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181123033245/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/argentina-president-kirchner-hit-corruption-charges-180918152408543.html |url-status= live }}</ref> On 30 September 2020, the federal criminal cassation court confirmed the corruption trials of Fernández de Kirchner, ruling the former president's objections to be inadmissible.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buenos Aires Times {{!}} Court confirms corruption trail for Fernández de Kirchner, De Vido|url=https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/court-confirms-corruption-trail-for-fernandez-de-kirchner-de-vido.phtml|access-date=2020-10-15|website=www.batimes.com.ar|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017071413/https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/court-confirms-corruption-trail-for-fernandez-de-kirchner-de-vido.phtml|url-status=live}}</ref> After analyzing the claims of the defendants in the case for the never-ratified Memorandum with Iran, on 7 October 2021, the Federal Oral Court 8 declared the case [[null and void]]. The judges concluded that there was no crime in the signing of the agreement with Iran, and declared a judicial dismissal of Cristina Kirchner and the other defendants.<ref>[https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/sobreseyeron-a-cristina-kirchner-por-la-firma-del-pacto-con-iran-los-jueces-entendieron-que-no-hubo-nid07102021/ Cristina Kirchner was dismissed for signing the Pact with Iran: the judges decided that there was no crime. By Hernán Cappiello] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103185153/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/sobreseyeron-a-cristina-kirchner-por-la-firma-del-pacto-con-iran-los-jueces-entendieron-que-no-hubo-nid07102021/ |date=3 November 2021 }} 10-08-2021, ''[[La Nación]]'' {{in lang|es}}</ref> On 6 December 2022, she was sentenced to six years in prison and a lifetime ban from holding public office for corruption, and has stated her intention to appeal the verdict.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Argentina's Cristina Fernández guilty of corruption |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63872953 |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=BBC News |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206232241/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63872953 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kahn |first=Carrie |date=2022-12-06 |title=Argentina's vice president is found guilty of corruption |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/12/06/1141134320/argentina-cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-corruption-guilty |access-date=7 December 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207055944/https://www.npr.org/2022/12/06/1141134320/argentina-cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-corruption-guilty |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner-joven.jpg|thumb|left|Cristina Fernández at age 17, 1970]]
Cristina Fernández was born on 19 February 1953 in Tolosa, a suburb of [[La Plata]], capital of the [[Buenos Aires Province]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/20/cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-argentina-president-political-turmoil|title= Cristina Fernández de Kirchner: is the fairytale ending for Argentina's new Evita?|author= Uki Goñi|date= 21 February 2015|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 26 July 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160725211547/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/20/cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-argentina-president-political-turmoil|archive-date= 25 July 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> She is the daughter of Eduardo Fernández and Ofelia Esther Wilhelm. Eduardo was a bus driver and an anti-Peronist, and Ofelia was a Peronist union leader and a single mother. Fernández married her and moved into her house when Cristina was two years old. Most details about her childhood such as her elementary school are unknown.<ref name="presidenta">{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/968048-cristina-la-presidenta|title= Cristina, la presidenta|trans-title= Cristina, the president|language= es|author= Carlos Pagni|date= 9 December 2015|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 26 July 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130413040246/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/968048-cristina-la-presidenta|archive-date= 13 April 2013|df= dmy-all}}</ref> She attended high school at Popular Mercantil and Misericordia schools.<ref name="presidenta"/> Three of her grandparents were Spanish immigrants, specifically from [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]].<ref name="LUIS LOPEZ POMBO">{{cite web |last1=CRISTINA FERNANDEZ DE KRISCHNER |first1=GENEALOGÍA |title=EL PORTAL DE GALICIA PARA EL MUNDO |url=https://www.galiciadigital.com/opinion/opinion.4244.php |website=GALICIA DIGITAL |publisher=LUIS LOPEZ POMBO |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629005218/https://www.galiciadigital.com/opinion/opinion.4244.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

She began her college studies at the [[National University of La Plata]]. She studied [[psychology]] for a year, then dropped it and studied law instead. She met fellow student [[Néstor Kirchner]] in 1973. He introduced her to political debates. There were heated political controversies at the time caused by the decline of the [[Argentine Revolution]] military government, the return of the former president [[Juan Perón]] from exile, the election of [[Héctor Cámpora]] as president of Argentina, and the early stages of the [[Dirty War]]. She became influenced by [[Peronism]], [[left-wing politics]], and [[anti-imperialism]]. Despite the presence of sympathizers of the ''[[Montoneros]]'' guerrillas in La Plata, the Kirchners had never been involved themselves. Cristina and Néstor married in a civil ceremony on 9 May 1975. Her mother got them administrative jobs at her union. The [[1976 Argentine coup d'état]] took place the following year. Cristina proposed to move to [[Río Gallegos]], Néstor's home city, but he delayed their departure until his graduation on 3 July 1976.<ref name="presidenta"/>

Cristina had not yet graduated when they moved to Río Gallegos and completed the remaining subjects with [[distance education]]. There have been claims made that she never graduated, and that she may have worked as a lawyer without having a degree. This idea was proposed by the constitutionalist Daniel Sabsay, and fueled by the reluctance of the [[National University of La Plata]] (UNLP) to release her degree.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2014/10/25/cristina-fernandez-challenged-to-show-her-law-degree-and-timerman-described-as-a-traitor|title= Cristina Fernandez challenged to show her law degree and Timerman described as a 'traitor'|date= 25 October 2014|publisher= Merco Press|access-date= 24 July 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160805165703/http://en.mercopress.com/2014/10/25/cristina-fernandez-challenged-to-show-her-law-degree-and-timerman-described-as-a-traitor|archive-date= 5 August 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> She registered at the Tribunal Superior de Justicia of Santa Cruz in 1980, the Comodoro Rivadavia's chamber of appeals in 1985 and worked as an attorney for the Justicialist Party in 1983. There are also logs of minor cases where she acted as a lawyer.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1740094-cristina-no-es-abogada-la-noticia-deseada-de-los-anti-k|title= Cristina no es abogada: la noticia deseada de los anti-K|trans-title= Cristina is not a lawyer: the desired news of the anti-K|language= es|author= Laura Di Marco|date= 2 November 2014|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 17 February 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160301023052/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1740094-cristina-no-es-abogada-la-noticia-deseada-de-los-anti-k|archive-date= 1 March 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> The claim has been sent to trial four times, and the judges Norberto Oyarbide, Ariel Lijo, Sergio Torres, and [[Claudio Bonadio]] all ruled that she has a degree.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1906402-bonadio-sobreseyo-a-cristina-kirchner-por-su-titulo-de-abogada|title= Bonadio sobreseyó a Cristina Kirchner por su título de abogada|trans-title= Bonadio acquitted Cristina Kirchner over her lawyer degree|language= es|author= Hernán Cappiello|date= 7 June 2016|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 29 July 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160813023602/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1906402-bonadio-sobreseyo-a-cristina-kirchner-por-su-titulo-de-abogada|archive-date= 13 August 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

Néstor established a [[law firm]] that Cristina joined in 1979.<ref name="exitosa">{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1512499-como-fueron-los-exitosos-anos-de-cristina-kirchner-como-abogada-en-santa-cruz|title= Cómo fueron los "exitosos años" de Cristina Kirchner como abogada en Santa Cruz|trans-title= How were the "successful years" of Cristina Kirchner in Santa Cruz|language= es|author= Mariela Arias|date= 28 September 2012|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 27 August 2013|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131109020903/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1512499-como-fueron-los-exitosos-anos-de-cristina-kirchner-como-abogada-en-santa-cruz|archive-date= 9 November 2013|df= dmy-all}}</ref> The firm worked for banks and financial groups that filed [[eviction]] lawsuits, which had a growing rate at the time because the 1050 ruling of the [[Central Bank of Argentina|Central Bank]] had increased the interest rates for [[mortgage loan]]s.<ref name="exitosa" /> The Kirchners acquired twenty-one land lots at cheap prices as they were about to be auctioned.<ref name="Majul22">Majul, p. 22</ref> Their law firm defended military personnel accused of committing crimes during the Dirty War.<ref>Majul, p. 20</ref> [[Forced disappearance]]s were common at the time, but unlike other lawyers the Kirchners never signed a ''[[habeas corpus]]''. [[Julio César Strassera]], prosecutor in the 1985 [[Trial of the Juntas]] against the military, criticized the Kirchners' lack of legal actions against the military, and considered their later interest in the issue a form of hypocrisy.<ref name="nunca">{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1752030-los-kirchner-no-firmaron-nunca-un-habeas-corpus|title= Los Kirchner no firmaron nunca un hábeas corpus|trans-title= The Kirchner never signed any habeas corpus|language= es|date= 13 December 2014|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 3 May 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160602223706/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1752030-los-kirchner-no-firmaron-nunca-un-habeas-corpus|archive-date= 2 June 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

==Political career==
Cristina Kirchner was elected deputy for the [[Chamber of Deputies of Santa Cruz|provincial legislature of Santa Cruz]] in 1989. The [[Justicialist Party]] (PJ), led by [[Carlos Menem]], returned to the presidency in the [[1989 Argentine general election|1989 general elections]]. She served as interim governor of Santa Cruz for a couple of days, after the impeachment of [[Ricardo del Val]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.clarin.com/politica/historia-dias-Presidenta-gobernadora_0_1217878217.html|title= La historia de los días en que la Presidenta fue gobernadora|trans-title= The history of the days when the president was governor|language= es|author= Lucía Salinas|newspaper= Clarín|access-date= 14 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161012085625/http://www.clarin.com/politica/historia-dias-Presidenta-gobernadora_0_1217878217.html|archive-date= 12 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> She organized Néstor's political campaign when he was elected [[Governor of Santa Cruz Province|governor of Santa Cruz]] in 1991. In 1994, she was elected to the constituent assembly that [[1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution|amended]] the [[Constitution of Argentina]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.clarin.com/opinion/constituyentes-desmemoriados_0_ryB2jM3wQg.html|title= Constituyentes desmemoriados de aquel 1994|trans-title= Forgetful constituent assembly members of that 1994|language= es|author= Andrés Gil Domínguez|date= 23 June 2012|newspaper= Clarín|access-date= 16 June 2017|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180204000856/https://www.clarin.com/opinion/constituyentes-desmemoriados_0_ryB2jM3wQg.html|archive-date= 4 February 2018|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

She was elected national senator in the [[1995 Argentine general election|1995 general elections]]. She opposed some bills proposed by Menem, such as a treaty with Chilean president [[Patricio Aylwin]] that benefited Chile in a dispute over the [[Argentina–Chile border]].<ref name="recuerdos" /> The Minister of Defense [[Oscar Camilión]] was questioned in Congress about the [[Argentine arms trafficking scandal]]; Kirchner told him that he had to resign, which he refused to do.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/172359-impidio-el-gobierno-la-interpelacion-a-camilion|title= Impidió el Gobierno la interpelación a Camilión|trans-title= The government prevented the interpellation of Camilion|language= es|author= Carlos M. Reymundo Roberts|date= 9 May 1996|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 25 August 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062339/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/172359-impidio-el-gobierno-la-interpelacion-a-camilion|archive-date= 31 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> As a result, she made a name for herself as a troublemaker. She was removed from the PJ bloc in the Congress in 1997 for misconduct.<ref name="recuerdos">{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1403365-cristina-legisladora-10-recuerdos-de-una-opositora-mediatica-y-rebelde|title= Cristina legisladora: 10 recuerdos de una opositora mediática y rebelde|trans-title= Cristina, legislator: 10 scenes of a noteworthy and rebellious opposition|language= es|author= Maia Jastreblansky|date= 5 September 2011|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 16 August 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160731205048/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1403365-cristina-legisladora-10-recuerdos-de-una-opositora-mediatica-y-rebelde|archive-date= 31 July 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> She resigned her senatorial seat that year and ran for national deputy in the [[1997 Argentine legislative election|1997 midterm elections]] instead. Menem ended his term of office in 1999 and was replaced by [[Fernando de la Rúa]]. Fernández de Kirchner took part in a commission to investigate [[money laundering]] with fellow legislator [[Elisa Carrió]], and got into conflicts with her. She ran again for senator in the [[2001 Argentine legislative election|2001 midterm elections]].<ref name="recuerdos"/>

Néstor Kirchner was elected president in 2003, and she became the [[First Ladies and Gentlemen of Argentina|First Lady]]. Under these circumstances, she sought a lower profile in Congress.<ref name="recuerdos" /> Her husband had a political dispute with the previous president, [[Eduardo Duhalde]]. Their dispute continued during the [[Elections in Argentina, 2005|2005 midterm elections]]. Without consensus in the PJ for a single candidate for senator of the Buenos Aires province, both leaders had their respective wives run for the office: [[Hilda González de Duhalde]] for the PJ, and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner for the [[Front for Victory]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/717605-fracaso-la-negociacion-entre-kirchner-y-duhalde|title= Fracasó la negociación entre Kirchner y Duhalde|trans-title= The negotiations between Kirchner and Duhalde failed|language= es|date= 1 July 2005|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 3 May 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160601072536/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/717605-fracaso-la-negociacion-entre-kirchner-y-duhalde|archive-date= 1 June 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> She won the election.<ref name="resq">{{cite web|url= http://www.perfil.com/politica/El-PJ-bonaerense-se-resquebraja-por-la-pelea-Duhalde---Kirchner-20091225-0011.html|title= El PJ bonaerense se resquebraja por la pelea Duhalde – Kirchner|trans-title= The PJ in Buenos Aires gets fragmented by the Duhalde – Kirchner conflict|language= es|author= Ramón Indart|date= 25 December 2009|publisher= Perfil|access-date= 3 May 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160625130639/http://www.perfil.com/politica/El-PJ-bonaerense-se-resquebraja-por-la-pelea-Duhalde---Kirchner-20091225-0011.html|archive-date= 25 June 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

==Presidential campaigns==
===2007 presidential campaign===
{{see also|2007 Argentine general election}}
[[Image:Cristina y Néstor Kirchner - cierre de campaña.jpg|thumb|First Lady Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (right) campaigning alongside her husband, Néstor Kirchner in 2007.]]
The presidential election was held on 28 October 2007.<ref name="Attewill"/> With Fernández de Kirchner leading all the pre-election polls by a wide margin, her challengers focused on forcing her into a [[ballotage in Argentina|ballotage]]. To win in a single round, a presidential candidate in Argentina needs either more than 45% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a lead of more than 10 percentage points over the runner-up. However, with 13 challengers splitting the vote, she won the election decisively in the first round with just over 45% of the vote, compared to 23% for [[Elisa Carrió]] (candidate for the [[Civic Coalition (Argentina)|Civic Coalition]]) and 17% for former Economy Minister [[Roberto Lavagna]].<ref name="Attewill">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/29/argentina.rorycarroll|title=Argentina elects first woman president|first=Fred|last=Attewill|date=29 October 2007|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=1 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714130410/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/29/argentina.rorycarroll|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> Fernández de Kirchner was popular among the suburban working class and the rural poor, while Carrió and Lavagna both received more support from the urban middle class.<ref name="Time2007">{{cite magazine |title=A Mixed Message in Argentina's Vote |first=Uki |last=Goni |location=Buenos Aires |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=29 October 2007 |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1677374,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126103011/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1677374,00.html |archive-date=26 January 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref> She lost the election in the large cities of [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]].<ref name="Time2007"/>

On 14 November, the president-elect announced the names of her new cabinet, which was sworn in on 10 December. Of the twelve ministers appointed, seven had been ministers in Néstor Kirchner's government, while the other five took office for the first time. The selections anticipated the continuation of the policies implemented by Néstor Kirchner.<ref name="cabinet 2007">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2007/11/14/new-argentine-cabinet-targeted-to-face-pending-agenda|title=New Argentine cabinet targeted to face pending agenda|date=24 November 2007|newspaper=Merco Press|access-date=7 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107185939/http://en.mercopress.com/2007/11/14/new-argentine-cabinet-targeted-to-face-pending-agenda|archive-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>

She began a four-year term on 10 December 2007, facing challenges including: inflation, poor public security, international credibility, a faulty energy infrastructure, and protests from the agricultural sectors over an increase of nearly 30% on export taxes.<ref name="cabinet 2007"/> Fernández de Kirchner was the second female president of Argentina, after [[Isabel Perón]] but, unlike Perón, she was elected to the office, whereas Isabel Perón was elected [[Juan Perón]]'s vice president, and automatically assumed the presidency on his death.<ref name="Time2007"/> The transition from Néstor Kirchner to Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was also the first time a democratic head of state was replaced by their spouse<!-- "Spouse", not "wife": this is the first case of either husband-to-wife or wife-to-husband transition --> without the death of either. He remained highly influential during his wife's term,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7461173.stm|title= Argentina's farm row turns to crisis|author= Daniel Schweimler|date= 18 June 2008|publisher= BBC|access-date= 12 June 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160415222039/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7461173.stm|archive-date= 15 April 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> supervising the economy and leading the PJ.<ref name="murky">{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/28/world/americas/28argentina.html|title= Argentine Ex-Leader Dies; Political Impact Is Murky|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|date= 27 October 2010|work= The New York Times|access-date= 12 June 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062307/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/28/world/americas/28argentina.html?_r=0|archive-date= 31 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Their marriage has been compared with those of Juan and [[Eva Perón]] and [[Bill Clinton|Bill]] and [[Hillary Clinton]].<ref name="first">{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-kirchner-idUSN0731956320071207|title= Argentina's Kirchner to become "first gentleman"|author= Kevin Gray|date= 7 December 2007|work= Reuters|access-date= 12 June 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160808172713/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-kirchner-idUSN0731956320071207|archive-date= 8 August 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Media observers suspected that Mr. Kirchner stepped down as president to circumvent the term limit, swapping roles with his wife.<ref name="murky" /><ref name="first"/><ref name="buried">{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-11654291|title= Argentina ex-leader Kirchner to be buried|date= 29 October 2010|publisher= BBC|access-date= 12 June 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160827144941/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-11654291|archive-date= 27 August 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

===2011 presidential campaign===
{{see also|2011 Argentine general election}}
When Néstor Kirchner refused to run for re-election in 2007 and proposed his wife instead, it was rumored that they could alternate in the presidency for the next 12 years to circumvent the constitutional limit of two consecutive terms. This scenario would have had Cristina standing down in favor of Néstor in 2011, and Néstor would in turn hand the [[Front for Victory|FPV]] candidacy back to Cristina in 2015. The death of Néstor Kirchner in 2010 derailed such a plan.<ref name="easy">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/24/world/americas/kirchner-appears-headed-to-second-term-as-argentinas-president.html|title=Kirchner Achieves an Easy Victory in Argentina Presidential Election|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|date=23 October 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=19 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022065232/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/24/world/americas/kirchner-appears-headed-to-second-term-as-argentinas-president.html|archive-date=22 October 2015}}</ref> She had a low positive image, below 30%.<ref name=easy/> On 21 June 2011, she announced that she would run for a second term as president. A few days later, she announced that her economic minister [[Amado Boudou]] would run for vice president on her ticket. She personally chose most of the candidates for deputy in the Congress, favoring members of the Cámpora.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.clarin.com/elecciones/Campora-avanza-listas-oficialismo-pais_0_BJXWSMG6vQl.amp.html|title= La Cámpora avanza en las listas del oficialismo de todo el país|trans-title= The Campora advances in the official tickets in all the country|language= es|first=Nicolás|last=Wiñazki|date= 22 May 2011|newspaper= Clarín|access-date= 16 June 2017|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180204001127/https://www.clarin.com/elecciones/Campora-avanza-listas-oficialismo-pais_0_BJXWSMG6vQl.amp.html|archive-date= 4 February 2018|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[2011 Argentine general election|elections]] took place on 23 October. She was re-elected with 54% of the vote, followed by socialist [[Hermes Binner]], 37 points behind her. The opposition was divided between several candidates and the perceived economic prosperity prevailed over voter's concerns about corruption and cronyism.<ref name=easy/> It was the largest victory percentage in national elections since 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/24/cristina-kirchner-win-argentina-elections|title=Cristina Kirchner re-elected as Argentina's president in landslide|last=Aires|first=Associated Press in Buenos|date=24 October 2011|website=The Guardian|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015433/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/24/cristina-kirchner-win-argentina-elections|url-status=live}}</ref> The Peronist party also won eight of the nine elections for governor held that day, increased their number of senators, and obtained the majority in the chamber of deputies, including the number of legislators needed for [[quorum]]. They had lost that majority in the 2009 elections. She invited children on stage during the celebrations, and Vice President Amado Boudou played an electric guitar. As she had in 2007, she gave a conciliatory speech.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2011/10/argentina%E2%80%99s-presidential-election|title=A one-woman show|date=24 October 2011|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=19 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233801/http://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2011/10/argentina%E2%80%99s-presidential-election|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

==Presidency (2007–2015)==
{{main|Presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner}}

=== Economic policy ===
[[File:CFK y AK.jpg|thumb|Fernández de Kirchner with minister of economy [[Axel Kicillof]]]]
When she first took office, Cristina Kirchner replaced the previous minister of economy, [[Miguel Gustavo Peirano]], who had been appointed by her husband as former president. Peirano was succeeded by [[Martín Lousteau]] in December 2007. He served as the first of several ministers of economy under her presidency. The attempt to increase taxes on agricultural exports caused a [[#Conflict with the agricultural sector|conflict]] with the agricultural sector and [[2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector|protests broke out]]. As a result, taxes were not increased, and Lousteau resigned by April 2008, only a few months after he had been appointed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7366492.stm|title=BBC NEWS {{!}} Business {{!}} Argentina's economy chief quits|date=25 April 2008|work=BBC News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230012649/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7366492.stm|archive-date=30 December 2008}}</ref> He was replaced by Argentina's tax agency chief [[Carlos Rafael Fernández]].<ref name=":0" />

As an alternative to increasing taxes, and facing debt payments the following year, the government nationalized private [[pension fund]]s, known as "''Administradoras de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones''" (AFJP). The amount of money involved in this operation was nearly 30 billion dollars, and debt obligations were nearly 24 billion dollars.<ref name="afjp" /> The nationalization was justified by the president as government protectionism during the crisis and compared with the bank bailouts in Europe and the United States. It was criticized as a threat to property rights and the rule of law.<ref name="afjp">{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/22/business/worldbusiness/22argentina.html|title= Argentina Nationalizes $30 Billion in Private Pensions|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|date= 21 October 2008|work= The New York Times|access-date= 19 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062321/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/22/business/worldbusiness/22argentina.html?_r=0|archive-date= 31 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

Fernández resigned after the Kirchnerist defeat in the 2009 elections, and was replaced by [[Amado Boudou]], president of the [[ANSES]] which had worked for that nationalization. Although inflation was nearing 25% and on the rise, Boudou did not consider it a significant problem.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/28/amado-boudou-argentina|title= Amado Boudou set to be Argentina's first rock'n'roll vice-president|author= Uki Goni|date= 28 August 2011|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 20 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160928010432/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/28/amado-boudou-argentina|archive-date= 28 September 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

In January 2010, Fernández de Kirchner created the [[bicentennial fund]] employing a [[necessity and urgency decree]] in order to pay debt obligations with [[foreign-exchange reserves]]. [[Martín Redrado]], president of the [[Central Bank of Argentina|Central Bank]], refused to implement it, and was fired by another decree.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126289800502920289|title= Kirchner Fires Central Banker, Steering Into Crisis|author= Matt Moffett|date= 8 January 2010|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|access-date= 20 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160927032543/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126289800502920289|archive-date= 27 September 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Judge [[María José Sarmiento]] annulled both decrees on the grounds that the Central Bank was independent. Redrado resigned one month later and was replaced by [[Mercedes Marcó del Pont]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/04/world/americas/04argentina.html|title= Argentine Bank President Is Formally Dismissed|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|date= 3 February 2010|work= The New York Times|access-date= 20 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062327/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/04/world/americas/04argentina.html?_r=0|archive-date= 31 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

In an attempt to combat poverty, the government introduced in 2009 the [[Universal allocation per child|Universal Child Allowance]], a [[cash transfer]] program to parents who are unemployed or in the [[informal economy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Gender Policies in Argentina after Neoliberalism, Opportunities and Obstacles for Women's Rights|last=Lopreite|first=Debora|citeseerx = 10.1.1.859.191 |journal=Latin American Perspectives}}</ref> It was later expanded to cover other disadvantaged groups.<ref name=IPS>{{cite news|last1=Valente|first1=Marcela|title=Poverty Down in Argentina – But By How Much?|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/05/poverty-down-in-argentina-but-how-far/|access-date=16 July 2017|agency=Inter Press Service|date=27 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620093721/http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/05/poverty-down-in-argentina-but-how-far/|archive-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>

The extent to which Kirchner's policies have lowered poverty is controversial, with the government's reported poverty rate being questioned by some experts.<ref name=IPS /> According to a 2017 [[UNICEF]] report, the cash transfers reduced extreme poverty by 30.8% and general poverty by 5.6%.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jueguen|first1=Francisco|title=Según Unicef, hay 5,6 millones de chicos pobres en la Argentina|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2031111-segun-unicef-hay-56-millones-de-chicos-pobres-en-la-argentina|access-date=16 July 2017|work=La Nacion|date=7 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624104654/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2031111-segun-unicef-hay-56-millones-de-chicos-pobres-en-la-argentina|archive-date=24 June 2017}}</ref>

Fernández de Kirchner was reelected in 2011, along with [[Amado Boudou]] as vice president and the [[Front for Victory]] regained control over both chambers of Congress.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1417169-la-nueva-composicion-del-congreso-tras-las-elecciones-2011 |title=El kirchnerismo recupera el control del Congreso |website=La Nación |date=24 October 2012 |access-date=16 November 2012 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116120122/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1417169-la-nueva-composicion-del-congreso-tras-las-elecciones-2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hernán Lorenzino]] became the new minister of economy. The government established [[Argentine currency controls (2011–15)|currency controls]] that limited the power to buy or sell foreign currencies, especially American dollars. Many Argentines kept their savings in dollars as a [[Hedge (finance)|hedge]] against inflation. The government believed the controls were required to prevent the [[capital flight]] and tax evasion.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-15532101|title= Argentina tightens dollar exchange controls|date= 1 November 2011|publisher= BBC|access-date= 20 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160927000108/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-15532101|archive-date= 27 September 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

They initiated a [[2012 fiscal austerity in Argentina|period of fiscal reform]], which included several tax increases, limits to wage increases, but increases in [[protectionism]] and reorganization of state-owned enterprises.<ref>[http://www.lavoz.com.ar/noticias/politica/cristina-apela-sintonia-fina-para-disimular-ajuste Cristina apela a la sintonía fina para disimular el ajuste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011901/http://www.lavoz.com.ar/noticias/politica/cristina-apela-sintonia-fina-para-disimular-ajuste |date=17 January 2013 }} {{in lang|es}}</ref> [[Hugo Moyano]], main [[Trade union|union]] leader, who was a strong supporter of kirchnerism, began to oppose the President.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1433125-el-contrapunto-cristina-moyano |title=El contrapunto Cristina-Moyano |last=Fraga |first=Rosendo |date=15 December 2011 |website=La Nación |access-date=16 November 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108022747/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1433125-el-contrapunto-cristina-moyano |url-status=live }}</ref> Moyano would later organize a big protest at [[Plaza de Mayo]], with 30,000 people, requesting the abolition of [[capital gains tax]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2012/06/27/noticia_0021.html|title= Moyano llenó la Plaza contra la "soberbia abrumadora" de CFK|trans-title= Moyano filled the plaza against the "overwhelming arrogance" of CFK|language= es|date= 27 June 2012|publisher= Perfil|access-date= 22 August 2012|archive-date= 31 May 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150531005036/http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2012/06/27/noticia_0021.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>

[[Axel Kicillof]] was appointed minister in 2013 and served for the remainder of Kirchner's term. He arranged payment of the debt to the [[Paris Club]], and the compensation requested by [[Repsol]] for the [[nationalization of YPF]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentina-strikes-deal-with-paris-club-to-clear-debt-arrears-1401348539|title= Argentina Agrees to Pay $9.7 Billion to Paris Club|author= Ken Parks|date= 29 May 2014|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|access-date= 20 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160926234255/http://www.wsj.com/articles/argentina-strikes-deal-with-paris-club-to-clear-debt-arrears-1401348539|archive-date= 26 September 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> One month later, negotiations with [[hedge funds]] failed, and American judge [[Thomas Griesa]] issued an order that Argentina had to pay to all creditors and not just those who had accepted a reduced payment as outlined in the [[Argentine debt restructuring]] plan.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/31/argentina-government-defiant-debt-default-axel-kicillof|title= Argentina's government blames 'conspiracy' for defaulting on debt|author= Angela Monaghan|date= 31 July 2014|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 20 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160928010508/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/31/argentina-government-defiant-debt-default-axel-kicillof|archive-date= 28 September 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Kicillof refused to agree that the country had fallen into a [[sovereign default]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2014/08/01/saying-argentina-has-defaulted-is-an-atomic-nonsense-underlines-kicillof|title= Saying Argentina has defaulted is 'an atomic nonsense' underlines Kicillof|date= 1 August 2014|publisher= Merco Press|access-date= 20 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160927014708/http://en.mercopress.com/2014/08/01/saying-argentina-has-defaulted-is-an-atomic-nonsense-underlines-kicillof|archive-date= 27 September 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

When Argentina devalued the peso in January 2014, Kicillof placed blame on the [[market speculation|exchange-market speculation]] by [[Juan José Aranguren]], chief of [[Royal Dutch Shell]] in Argentina; later in the year, when the peso was at its lowest ever position in relation to the dollar, he blamed "[[vulture funds]]" from the United States.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
At the 2014 [[United Nations]] conference, she accused the "[[vulture funds]]" of destabilizing the economy of the countries and called them "[[Economic terrorism|economic terrorists]]".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff writers |title=Leaders from Latin America, Caribbean region urge action to erase inequality, spur development |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=48819#.VDoLKVPLeME |agency=UN news center |access-date=15 October 2014 |archive-date=2 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002071617/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=48819#.VDoLKVPLeME |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cristina characterized the vulture funds as "terrorists" and accused them of destabilization |url=http://factcheckargentina.org/cristina-characterized-the-vulture-funds-as-terrorists-and-accused-them-of-destabilization/ |publisher=Fact Check: Argentina |date=25 September 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013125103/http://factcheckargentina.org/cristina-characterized-the-vulture-funds-as-terrorists-and-accused-them-of-destabilization/ |archive-date=13 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to [[The Economist]], the Kirchners returned Argentina to "[[economic nationalism]] and near-[[autarky]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2015/10/15/the-persistence-of-peronism|title=The persistence of Peronism|newspaper=The Economist|date=October 15, 2015|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718174646/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2015/10/15/the-persistence-of-peronism|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Energy policy ===
[[File:Expropiación de YPF.jpg|thumb|Fernández de Kirchner announces the bill to [[Renationalization of YPF|renationalize YPF]]]]
In 2002, Eduardo Duhalde [[Fixed price|fixed]] the prices for public services such as electricity, gas and water supply. These remained fixed during the terms of Duhalde and Néstor and Cristina Kirchner, despite the crisis that motivated them having ended. As the inflation rate grew during the period, the state financed part of these prices with [[Subsidy|subsidies]]. Investment in these areas decreased, and the generation and distribution networks suffered. Argentina lost its self-supply of energy, and had to import it, rather than being able to export surpluses.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.ft.com/content/f91f8318-ae42-11e0-8752-00144feabdc0|title= Argentina restricts foreign trade|author= Jude Webber|date= 14 July 2011|newspaper= Financial Times|access-date= 22 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160923102125/https://www.ft.com/content/f91f8318-ae42-11e0-8752-00144feabdc0|archive-date= 23 September 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

She proposed a [[2012 fiscal austerity in Argentina|fiscal austerity program]] in early 2012, including the gradual removal of subsidies.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203513604577143000000536074|title= Era of Argentine Subsidies Ending|author= Matt Moffett|date= 6 January 2012|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|access-date= 22 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160923115057/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203513604577143000000536074|archive-date= 23 September 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> The proposal turned out to be unpopular, and was not implemented. She opted instead to send a bill to Congress for the [[renationalization of YPF]], privatized in 1993, blaming the Spanish company [[Repsol]] for the energy trade deficit. The bill was approved by the Chamber of Deputies by a 207-32 margin. It was criticized as an authoritarian move, as there was no negotiation with Repsol.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-ypf-idUSBRE8421GV20120504|title= Argentina nationalizes oil company YPF|author= Hugh Bronstein|date= 4 May 2012|work= Reuters|access-date= 22 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161022111023/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-ypf-idUSBRE8421GV20120504|archive-date= 22 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> As well, the [[Vaca Muerta]] oil field had been discovered by this time. However, YPF was unable to afford the costs to exploit the oil at the site, and the rights to drill at Vaca Muerta were sold to the [[Chevron Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324348504578610322993362936|title= Chevron, YPF Sign $1.5 Billion Shale-Oil Deal|author= Taos Turner|date= 16 July 2013|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|access-date= 23 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160924024801/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324348504578610322993362936|archive-date= 24 September 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> The costs of energy imports increased the trade deficit and the inflation rate, and [[power outage]]s became frequent. Outages usually took place on the hottest days of the summer season, as the use of air conditioning increased electricity consumption to peak levels.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2013/12/27/blackouts-continue-in-argentina-while-government-keeps-threatening-power-distributors|title= Blackouts continue in Argentina while government keeps threatening power distributors|date= 27 December 2013|publisher= Merco Press|access-date= 22 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160923112313/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/12/27/blackouts-continue-in-argentina-while-government-keeps-threatening-power-distributors|archive-date= 23 September 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Conflict with the agricultural sector ===
{{main|2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector}}
[[File:Road blockade by agricultural producers in Argentina.jpg|thumb|left|Road blockade during the [[2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector]] in Villa María, Córdoba]]
In March 2008, Fernández de Kirchner introduced a new sliding-scale taxation system for agricultural exports, so that rates fluctuated with international prices. This would effectively raise levies on [[soybean]] exports from 35% to 44% at the time of the announcement. This new taxation scheme, proposed by Minister [[Martín Lousteau]], led to a nationwide [[2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector|lockout by farming associations]], with the aim of forcing the government to back down on new tax system. They were joined on 25 March by thousands of [[Cacerolazo|pot-banging demonstrators]] massed around the [[Obelisco de Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires Obelisk]] and the [[Casa Rosada|presidential palace]]. These demonstrations were followed by others at locations across the country that included road [[blockade]]s and food shortages.<ref name="battle">{{cite news|url= http://www.irishtimes.com/news/argentine-farmers-take-tax-battle-to-parliament-1.941906|title= Argentine farmers take tax battle to parliament|author= Andrew Willis|date= 1 July 2008|newspaper= The Irish Times|access-date= 23 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161005155655/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/argentine-farmers-take-tax-battle-to-parliament-1.941906|archive-date= 5 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

The protests were highly polarizing. The government argued that the new taxes would allow for a better [[Redistribution of income and wealth|redistribution of wealth]] and keep down the food prices. It also claimed the farmers were staging a [[coup d'état]] against Fernández de Kirchner.<ref name="block"/> Farmers argued that the high taxes made cultivation unviable.<ref name="battle"/> The activist [[Luis D'Elía]] interrupted one of the demonstrations leading stick-wielding pro-government supporters, who attacked the participants.<ref name="battle"/> Minister Lousteau resigned during the crisis, and the Peronist governors opted to negotiate on their own with the farmers, ignoring her approach. Her public image plummeted to its lowest level since the election in October 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/25/argentina|title= Argentina turns against new president as strike worsens|author= Oliver Balch|date= 25 May 2008|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 23 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062034/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/25/argentina|archive-date= 31 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> 
 
After four months of conflict and having the majority in both houses of the [[Argentine Congress]], the president introduced the new taxation bill. However, many legislators gave priority to the local agendas of their provinces as their economies depended heavily on agriculture. Many FPV legislators, such as [[Rubén Marín]], opposed the bill. Marín argued: "For us, agriculture is the economy".<ref name="block">{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/18/world/americas/18argentina.html|title= Argentina Blocks Farm Export Tax|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|date= 18 July 2008|work= The New York Times|access-date= 23 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180219031324/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/18/world/americas/18argentina.html?_r=0|archive-date= 19 February 2018|df= dmy-all}}</ref> There were two demonstrations the day of the vote: one against the bill, attended by 235,000 people, and the other in support of the bill, attended by 100,000 people.<ref name="block"/> Farmers had announced that they would continue their demonstrations if the bill was approved without amendments.<ref name="battle"/> Senator [[Emilio Rached]] from Santiago del Estero cast the vote that resulted in a 36–36 tie. In the case of a tie, the vice president, who also serves as president of the Senate but without the right to vote, is required to cast the tie-breaking vote. Julio Cobos voted against the bill, which was then rejected, saying that: "My vote is not in favor, my vote is against".<ref name="block"/> Despite the chilly relations between Cobos and Cristina Kirchner since that event, he completed his term as vice president.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-argentina-fernandez-idUKTRE7B90FV20111210|title= Argentine leader vows to fine-tune model in second term|author= Rosalba O'Brien|date= 10 December 2011|work= Reuters|access-date= 26 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062325/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-argentina-fernandez-idUKTRE7B90FV20111210|archive-date= 31 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Other protests ===
[[File:Cacerolazo en Avenida Santa Fe y Callao (Jueves 19 de Septiembre) 2.jpg|thumb|200,000 people took part in a ''[[September 2012 cacerolazo in Argentina|cacerolazo]]'' against Fernández de Kirchner]]
Fernández de Kirchner was reelected in 2011. The Constitution of Argentina allows only one reelection. Many of her supporters proposed an amendment to the Constitution to allow indefinite reelections. She did not publicly support the proposal but did not discourage or reject it either. The proposal was not taken to the Congress, as the FPV still lacked the required [[Supermajority|two-thirds majority]] to approve an amendment bill. It was rejected by many sectors of society. The first big demonstration (a ''[[cacerolazo]]'') took place in [[September 2012 cacerolazo in Argentina|September 2012]]. It was not called by specific politicians or social leaders, but by the public using [[social network]]s. The massive turnout was completely unexpected by both the government and the opposition.<ref name="Thousands"/> People also protested the [[2012 Buenos Aires rail disaster]], the [[conflict between Kirchnerism and the media]], rising crime rates, and the tight [[Argentine currency controls (2011–15)|currency controls]]. She dismissed the demonstration and said that she would continue working as before.<ref name="Thousands">{{cite web|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2012/09/14/thousands-across-argentina-take-to-the-streets-to-protest-against-re-re-election|title= Thousands across Argentina take to the streets to protest against re-re-election|date= 14 September 2012|publisher= Merco Press|access-date= 27 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161001172954/http://en.mercopress.com/2012/09/14/thousands-across-argentina-take-to-the-streets-to-protest-against-re-re-election|archive-date= 1 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Most of the Fernández de Kirchner loyalists, however, preferred simply to ignore the protest.<ref name="protests">{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/09/argentinians-protest-corruption-crime|title= Argentinians protest against their government, corruption and crime|date= 9 November 2012|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 27 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062243/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/09/argentinians-protest-corruption-crime|archive-date= 31 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

A larger demonstration, the [[8N]], took place two months later. It was attended by nearly half a million people.<ref name="million">{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/09/argentiana-protests-rally-fernandez-kirchner|title= Argentina protests: up to half a million rally against Fernández de Kirchner|author= Uki Goñi|date= 9 November 2012|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 27 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113102/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/09/argentiana-protests-rally-fernandez-kirchner|archive-date= 16 September 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> They protested a variety of issues such as those of the previous demonstration, as well as the growing rate of inflation and the corruption scandals. She promised to keep her policies unchanged, and Senator [[Aníbal Fernández]] dismissed the significance of the demonstrations.<ref name="million" /> Journalist [[Jorge Lanata]] explained the polarization was because the government and its supporters thought they were engaged in a revolution, and this justified being against freedom of the press and other public rights. Cabinet Chief Juan Manuel Abal Medina said the demonstrators belonged to a class that was against social justice and compared the demonstrations to a [[coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/06/fernandez-de-kirchner-reforms-protest|title= Fernández de Kirchner reforms spark Argentina protests|author= Uki Goñi|date= 6 September 2012|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 27 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062306/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/06/fernandez-de-kirchner-reforms-protest|archive-date= 31 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> A similar view was held by Fernández de Kirchner's loyalists.<ref name="protests"/>

Buenos Aires and [[La Plata]] suffered [[2013 Argentina floods|floods]] in April, resulting in more than 70 deaths. Mayor [[Mauricio Macri]] pointed out that the national government had prevented the city from taking out international loans, which would have been used for infrastructure improvements.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/04/world/americas/record-flooding-kills-dozens-in-Argentina.html|title=Dozens of Argentines Die in Flash Flooding|first=Jonathan|last=Gilbert|date=3 April 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=12 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409035611/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/04/world/americas/record-flooding-kills-dozens-in-Argentina.html|archive-date=9 April 2013}}</ref> A week later, Fernández de Kirchner announced a proposed amendment of the Argentine judiciary. Three bills were controversial: the first proposed to limit [[injunction]]s against the state; the second would include people selected in national elections on the body that appoints or removes judges; the third would create a new court that would limit the number of cases heard by the Supreme Court. The opposition considered the bills an attempt to control the judiciary.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323335404578443054019637698|title=Kirchner Targets Argentina's Judiciary|author=Mary Anastasia O'Grady|date=28 April 2013|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=8 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223190941/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323335404578443054019637698|archive-date=23 February 2015}}</ref> The 2013 season of the investigative journalism program ''[[Periodismo para todos]]'' revealed an ongoing case of political corruption involving Néstor Kirchner, called "[[The Route of the K-Money]]", which generated a huge political controversy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/05/15/allegations-of-a-network-of-corruption-money-involves-former-president-kirchner|title=Allegations of a network of corruption money involves former president Kirchner|date=15 May 2013|work=Merco Press|access-date=27 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072817/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/05/15/allegations-of-a-network-of-corruption-money-involves-former-president-kirchner|archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> This led to a new ''cacerolazo'' on 18 April, known as the [[18A]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323309604578431354119119498|title=Thousands March in Argentina to Protest Kirchner's Judicial Plan|author1=Taos Turner|author2=Ken Parks|date=18 April 2013|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=1 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223184427/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323309604578431354119119498|archive-date=23 February 2015}}</ref>

Prosecutor [[Alberto Nisman]], who worked on the investigation of the 1994 Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association) [[AMIA bombing]], accused Fernández de Kirchner of engaging in a criminal, cover-up conspiracy to cover up the attack. He was found dead in his home the day before he was to explain his denunciation in Congress. Argentine law enforcement concluded that Nisman's death was a homicide.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://abcnews.go.com/amp/International/wireStory/argentina-probe-prosecutor-nisman-murdered-50955595 | title=New Argentina probe says prosecutor Nisman was murdered | agency=Associated Press | date=6 November 2017 | publisher=ABC | access-date=5 February 2018 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107035232/https://abcnews.go.com/amp/International/wireStory/argentina-probe-prosecutor-nisman-murdered-50955595 | archive-date=7 November 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The unsolved case was highly controversial. The 18F demonstration took place a month after his death. It was organized as a silent demonstration, as an homage to Alberto Nisman, and was devoid of political flags or banners. The rule was followed, with occasional exceptions, by waves of spontaneous clapping or people singing the Argentine national anthem. The city police estimated that the demonstration was attended by 400,000 people.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/18/buenos-aires-march-alberto-nisman-president-kirchner|title= Buenos Aires marches to honour deceased prosecutor Alberto Nisman|author= Uki Goñi|date= 18 February 2015|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 19 February 2015|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218215441/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/18/buenos-aires-march-alberto-nisman-president-kirchner|archive-date= 18 February 2015|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Allegations of corruption ===
[[File:Madero Center.JPG|thumb|A financial firm located at the [[Madero Center]] hotel was the starting point for [[The Route of the K-Money]] investigation]]
Several high-profile cases took place during the Fernández de Kirchner administration. The first involved the [[Suitcase scandal|detention]] of Venezuelan-American businessman Antonini Wilson in an airport after being found with a suitcase filled with $800,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9803E3D6163DF937A35752C1A96E9C8B63.html|title=Venezuelan Convicted in U.S. Spy Trial Over Suitcase That Rattled South America|last1=Barrionuevo|first1=Alexei|date=4 November 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 February 2018|last2=Aires|first2=CARMEN GENTILE; Alexei Barrionuevo reported from Buenos|issn=0362-4331|last3=Miami|first3=Carmen Gentile from|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142605/https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9803E3D6163DF937A35752C1A96E9C8B63.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This money was illegally provided by Petróleos de Venezuela, the state oil company, to be used for her 2007 general election campaign. Details of the case were explained by businessman Carlos Kauffmann and lawyer Moisés Maiónica, who pleaded guilty.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/09/world/americas/09suitcase.html|title= Venezuelan Given 15 Months in Suitcase of Cash Scandal|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|date= 8 December 2008|work= The New York Times|access-date= 27 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062136/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/09/world/americas/09suitcase.html?_r=0|archive-date= 31 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> The FPV financing of the 2007 elections caused another scandal years later. Three pharmaceutical businessmen, Sebastián Forza, Damián Ferrón, and Leopoldo Bina, were found dead in 2008, a case known as the [[Triple crime|"Triple Crime"]]. Further investigation of Forza, who contributed $200,000 to the campaign, identified him as a provider of [[ephedrine]] to the [[Sinaloa Cartel]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://miamiherald.relaymedia.com/amp/news/nation-world/world/americas/article1989599.html|title= Argentine drug probe zeroes in on Presidential Palace|author= Joel Keep|date= 5 September 2014|newspaper= The Miami Herald|access-date= 27 September 2016|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161002164059/https://miamiherald.relaymedia.com/amp/news/nation-world/world/americas/article1989599.html|archive-date= 2 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> In 2015, Martín Lanatta and José Luis Salerno, convicted for the killings, claimed that Aníbal Fernández was the boss of a mafia ring that ordered those killings to secure the illegal traffic of ephedrine.<ref name="murder"/> Fernández denied the charges, maintaining that it was a set up to undermine his chances in the 2015 general election.<ref name="murder">{{cite web|url= https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/07/argentina-primary-election-anibal-fernandez-murder-drug-allegations|title= Murder and drug trafficking allegations cast pall over Argentina primary election|author= Uki Goñi|date= 7 August 2015|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 27 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160725210208/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/07/argentina-primary-election-anibal-fernandez-murder-drug-allegations|archive-date= 25 July 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> General [[illegal drug trade]] grew in Argentina during Kirchnerism, and saw Mexican and Colombian syndicates working with Peruvian and Bolivian smugglers. Conviction rates for money laundering were almost nonexistent. Mariano Federici, head of the Financial Information Unit, said that the "magnitude of the threat is very serious, and this would never have been possible without collaboration from government officials in this country".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.ft.com/content/53a7083a-c133-11e5-846f-79b0e3d20eaf|title= Mauricio Macri steps up fight against Argentina drug traffickers|author= Benedict Mander|date= 25 January 2016|newspaper= Financial Times|access-date= 27 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161002181455/https://www.ft.com/content/53a7083a-c133-11e5-846f-79b0e3d20eaf|archive-date= 2 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

Amado Boudou, who served as minister of economy during Fernández de Kirchner's first term and vice president during the second, was suspected of [[Boudougate|corruption]] in 2012 case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/11947023/Argentina-elections-Highs-and-lows-of-12-years-of-the-Kirchners.html|title=Argentina elections: Highs and lows of 12 years of the Kirchners|journal=The Daily Telegraph|last=Alexander|first=Harriet|date=10 December 2015|access-date=28 February 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011090738/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/11947023/Argentina-elections-Highs-and-lows-of-12-years-of-the-Kirchners.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Ciccone Calcografica printing company filed for bankruptcy in 2010, but this request was cancelled when businessman Alejandro Vandenbroele bought it. The company received tax breaks to pay its debts, and was selected to print banknotes of the [[Argentine peso]]. It is suspected that Vandenbroele is actually a frontman for Boudou, and that he employed his clout as minister of economy to benefit a company that actually belonged to him.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28069089|title= Argentine Vice-President Boudou charged in corruption case|date= 28 June 2014|publisher= BBC|access-date= 29 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160824043537/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28069089|archive-date= 24 August 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2013, the TV program ''[[Periodismo para todos]]'' launched an investigation in purported political corruption. They named their investigation "[[The Route of the K-Money|the route of the K-Money]]", to imply that former president [[Néstor Kirchner]] and then-president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner were involved. Businessman [[Leonardo Fariña]] said in a television interview that he helped businessman [[Lázaro Báez]] to divert money from public works, and take it to a financial firm located in the [[Madero Center]] luxury hotel. This firm, informally known as "La Rosadita", would have sent the money abroad to tax havens, using shell companies. Given the amounts of money involved, the money was weighed instead of counted to determine the value. Federico Elaskar, owner of the firm, confirmed Fariña's claims in another televised interview. Both of them retracted their statements after the program was aired, but prosecutor [[José María Campagnoli]] confirmed their links with Báez. Báez denied any wrongdoing. Campagnoli was suspended as a prosecutor, accused of leaking information, and abusing his authority.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-argentina-mix-of-money-and-politics-stirs-intrigue-around-kirchner-1406601002|title= In Argentina, Mix of Money and Politics Stirs Intrigue Around Kirchner|author= Taos Turner|date= 28 July 2014|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|access-date= 28 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161022205024/http://www.wsj.com/articles/in-argentina-mix-of-money-and-politics-stirs-intrigue-around-kirchner-1406601002|archive-date= 22 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Báez is also linked with the Kirchners to the [[Hotesur scandal|Hotesur case]], a suspected case of money laundering. According to a criminal complaint by opposition deputy [[Margarita Stolbizer]], his company Valle Mitre S.A. has rented 1,100 rooms per month, for years, at the Hotesur and Alto Calafate hotels, but without occupying them. These hotels, located in the city of [[El Calafate]], belong to the Kirchners.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentine-probe-sparks-dispute-between-government-judiciary-1417130837|title= Argentine Probe Sparks Dispute Between Government, Judiciary|author= Taos Turner|date= 27 November 2014|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|access-date= 28 September 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160818190648/http://www.wsj.com/articles/argentine-probe-sparks-dispute-between-government-judiciary-1417130837|archive-date= 18 August 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> An official investigation into the events related by the "route of the K-Money" case was launched in 2013. In June 2023, the judicial case looking into possible wrongdoing by Fernández de Kirchner was dismissed after the prosecution failed to produce evidence that she had been involved with any embezzled funds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suspenden proceso contra Cristina Kirchner, acusada de lavado de dinero en Argentina |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/mundo/suspenden-proceso-contra-cristina-kirchner-acusada-de-lavado-de-dinero-en-argentina/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=El Universal |language=es |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607043904/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/mundo/suspenden-proceso-contra-cristina-kirchner-acusada-de-lavado-de-dinero-en-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Página{{!}}12 |date=2023-06-05 |title=Cristina Kirchner fue sobreseída en la causa de la "ruta del dinero" {{!}} Un freno al lawfare |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/555497-cristina-kirchner-fue-sobreseida-en-la-causa-de-la-ruta-del- |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=PAGINA12 |language=es |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607043904/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/555497-cristina-kirchner-fue-sobreseida-en-la-causa-de-la-ruta-del- |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Human rights policy ===
[[File:CFK entrega premio a las abuelas.jpg|thumb|President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner with the [[Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo|Mothers]] and [[Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo]]]]
The Fernández de Kirchner presidency continued the trials of military personnel involved in the [[Dirty War]] started by her husband.<ref name="Profile: Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner" /> There have been more than 500 people sentenced, and 1,000 convicted, in a process that was unprecedented in Latin America.<ref name="highlow">{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/11947023/Argentina-elections-Highs-and-lows-of-12-years-of-the-Kirchners.html|title= Argentina elections: Highs and lows of 12 years of the Kirchners|first=Harriet|last=Alexander|date= 10 December 2015|newspaper= The Telegraph|access-date= 6 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161011090738/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/11947023/Argentina-elections-Highs-and-lows-of-12-years-of-the-Kirchners.html|archive-date= 11 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> De facto president [[Jorge Rafael Videla]], who was convicted and given a life sentence in 1985 and pardoned years later, received a new life sentence in 2010. General [[Luciano Benjamín Menéndez]], who waged war against the leftist guerrillas in the northern Argentine provinces, received a life sentence as well.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/23/argentina-dictator-jorge-videla-life|title= Argentina's former dictator Jorge Videla given life sentence|date= 23 December 2010|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 11 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161012083408/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/23/argentina-dictator-jorge-videla-life|archive-date= 12 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

Another related investigation involved the fate of the children of captured pregnant guerrillas, who were given up for adoption by the military junta. An estimated 500 children were involved.<ref name="dna">{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/30/argentina-dna-tests-babies-disappeared|title= Argentina's authorities order DNA tests in search for stolen babies of dirty war|first=Rory|last=Carroll|date= 30 December 2009|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 6 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161010172043/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/30/argentina-dna-tests-babies-disappeared|archive-date= 10 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> The investigation became controversial during the Fernández de Kirchner administration, as those involved had become adults and some of them refused to participate in [[Genetic testing|DNA testing]]. One of those cases was the [[Noble siblings case]], involving the adopted sons of [[Ernestina Herrera de Noble]], owner of the ''Clarín'' newspaper. The Kirchners advanced a bill in Congress to make the genetic testing of suspected victims mandatory. Although the measure had popular support, critics considered it a breach of the [[right to privacy]], and politically motivated because of a dispute between her and the ''Clarín'' newspaper.<ref name="dna" /> The Noble siblings tests in 2011 were negative,<ref name="highlow" /> and the case was closed in January 2016, after Fernández de Kirchner left the presidency.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1859283-la-jueza-sandra-arroyo-salgado-sobreseyo-a-ernestina-herrera-de-noble-en-la-causa-por-apropiacion-de-ninos-durante-la-dictadura|title= La jueza Sandra Arroyo Salgado sobreseyó a Ernestina Herrera de Noble en la causa por apropiación de niños durante la dictadura|trans-title= Judge Arroyo Salgado declared Ernestina Herrera de Noble innocent in the case of baby theft during the dictatorship|language= es|author= Hernán Cappiello|date= 4 January 2016|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 6 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062309/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1859283-la-jueza-sandra-arroyo-salgado-sobreseyo-a-ernestina-herrera-de-noble-en-la-causa-por-apropiacion-de-ninos-durante-la-dictadura|archive-date= 31 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Hilario Bacca, a confirmed son of disappeared guerrillas, appealed a judicial ruling that sought to change his name, asking to keep the name he had been using.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/23/child-argentina-disappeared-adoptive-name|title= Child of Argentina's 'disappeared' fights for right to keep adoptive name|author= Uki Goni|date= 23 September 2011|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 11 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161012000641/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/23/child-argentina-disappeared-adoptive-name|archive-date= 12 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Relationship with the media ===
{{see also|Relation of Kirchnerism with the press}}
[[File:Cristina-kirchner-clarin.jpeg|thumb|left|Kirchner holding a copy of ''[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]'']]
[[Association football|Football]] broadcasting was nationalized on the program ''[[Fútbol para todos]]'' and then filled with pro-government advertisements.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303382004579131063662086126|title=Kirchner Moves Against Argentina's Free Press|author=Mary Anastasia O'Grady|date=13 October 2013|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=1 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226160125/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303382004579131063662086126|archive-date=26 December 2015}}&nbsp;{{subscription required}}</ref> On the other hand, the country's largest selling newspaper ''[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]'', published by the [[Clarín Group]], is not aligned with the government.<ref name=gen>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/oct/10/press-freedom-argentina|title=Global editors group raises alarm over Argentina press freedom threat|first=Roy|last=Greenslade|date=10 October 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=1 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903154307/http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/oct/10/press-freedom-argentina|archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref>

The Fernández de Kirchner government launched an illegal campaign against Clarín Group, which included over 450 legal and administrative acts of harassment, as reported by the [[Global Editors Network]]. One of those actions was a selective use of state advertising, to benefit the media aligned with the government.<ref name=gen/> The government tried to enforce a controversial media law that would see Clarín Group lose licenses and be forced to sell most of its assets. The law was initially sanctioned as a [[competition law]] for the media, but critics pointed out that it was only being used to further the campaign against Clarín Group.<ref name=gen/> The government had little interest in enforcing measures of the law that were not related to Clarín Group.<ref name=stumbles>{{cite news|url=http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/14/kirchner-on-the-offensive-against-media-giant/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0|title=Kirchner Stumbles Again|first=Daniel|last=Politi|date=14 December 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=1 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006175214/http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/14/kirchner-on-the-offensive-against-media-giant/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> Clarín Group launched a constitutional challenge against some articles of the law with the judiciary. The government released an anti-Clarín advertisement claiming it refused to obey the law and may be subverting democracy.<ref name=ipi/> The conflict led to disputes with the judiciary. Minister Julio Alak said that extending an injunction that allowed Clarín Group to keep its assets during the trial would be an insurrection, and it was rumored that judges who did not rule as the government wished might face impeachment. The court extended the injunction.<ref name=stumbles/>

She claims that [[journalistic objectivity]] does not exist, and that all journalists act on behalf of certain interests.<ref name=ipi>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemedia.at/home/singleview/article/ipi-condemns-argentine-governments-attacks-on-grupo-clarin.html|title=IPI condemns Argentine government's attacks on Grupo Clarín|first= Scott|last= Griffen|date=27 September 2012|publisher=International Press Institute|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310081610/http://www.freemedia.at/home/singleview/article/ipi-condemns-argentine-governments-attacks-on-grupo-clarin.html|archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> She also justified the lack of [[press conference]]s, arguing that it is not important for her administration.<ref name=ipi/>

Anthony Mills, deputy director of the [[International Press Institute]], compared the harassment against the press in Argentina with cases in Venezuela and Ecuador. He considered it unfortunate that the president disparaged journalism, and pointed that the [[freedom of the press]] may be declining in Argentina.<ref name=ipi/>

=== Midterm elections ===
[[File:Discurso post electoral de CFK.jpg|thumb|President Kirchner after the defeat at the [[2009 Argentine legislative election|2009 midterm elections]]]]
The [[2009 Argentine legislative election|2009 midterm elections]] took place a year after the crisis with the farmers. The Kirchners were highly unpopular at the time, and people rejected their policies and governing style. The growing rates of inflation and crime also eroded their public support. Seeking to reverse their declining popularity, Néstor Kirchner led the list for deputy candidates at the Buenos Aires province. He was narrowly defeated by [[Francisco de Narváez]], who led a Peronist faction opposed to the Kirchners. The Kirchners lost the majority of Congress as a result of the election.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/29/argentina-cristina-nestor-kirchner|title= Argentina's Kirchners lose political ground in mid-term elections|first=Rory|last=Carroll|date= 30 June 2009|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 12 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160817064852/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/29/argentina-cristina-nestor-kirchner|archive-date= 17 August 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

The Front for Victory recovered the majority in both chambers of the Congress during the 2011 presidential elections, when she was re-elected for a second term. The party had projects to amend the constitution and allow indefinite reelections, but lacked the supermajority required for it. A victory at the [[2013 Argentine legislative election|2013 midterm elections]] would have given such majority, but the party was defeated in most provinces. [[Sergio Massa]], a former cabinet minister of the Kirchners, won in the Buenos Aires Province by nearly 10 points with his new party, the [[Renewal Front]]. Argentina lacked a big opposition party since the collapse of the [[Radical Civic Union]] in 2001. Instead, Massa created an alternative party that also stood for Peronism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324328204578576053901784268|title=Argentine President Stumps for Congressional Candidates|first=Ben|last=Parks|date=29 June 2013|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=19 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225142014/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324328204578576053901784268|archive-date=25 December 2015}}</ref> However, the party still retained a simple majority in Congress. This election was the first one where teenagers from 16 to 18 could vote. President Fernández de Kirchner, who had undergone brain surgery some weeks before, was hospitalized during the election and unable to join the campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/27/kirchner-loser-in-argentina-elections|title= Cristina Fernández's party loses ground to former ally in Argentina's election|author= Jonathan Watts and Uki Goñi|date= 27 October 2013|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 12 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161013001444/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/27/kirchner-loser-in-argentina-elections|archive-date= 13 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-12284208|title=Profile: Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner|date=8 October 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426231017/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-12284208|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Foreign policy===
[[File:Dilma Rousseff Cristina Kirchner.png|thumb|Fernández de Kirchner with Brazilian President [[Dilma Rousseff]] in 2011]] 
[[File:Cristina Fernández with Barack Obama in Cannes 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Fernández de Kirchner with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] at the [[2011 G20 Cannes summit]] in 2011]]
Fernández de Kirchner was part of the "[[pink tide]]", a group of populist, left-wing presidents who ruled several Latin American countries in the 2000s. This group included, among others, [[Néstor Kirchner|Néstor]] and Cristina Kirchner in Argentina, [[Hugo Chávez]] and [[Nicolás Maduro]] in Venezuela, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] and [[Dilma Rousseff]] in Brazil, [[Evo Morales]] in Bolivia and [[Rafael Correa]] in Ecuador.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35060390|title= Latin America: The 'pink tide' turns|author= Nick Caistor|date= 11 December 2015|publisher= BBC|access-date= 13 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160827005800/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35060390|archive-date= 27 August 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> She has been an unconditional supporter of Chávez and Maduro. As Paraguay rejected the incorporation of Venezuela into the [[Mercosur]] trade bloc, she took advantage of the [[impeachment of Fernando Lugo]] to claim that Paraguay had suffered a coup d'état and proposed to temporarily remove the country from the bloc. With the support of the other presidents, Paraguay was removed for a time, and Venezuela was incorporated into the Mercosur.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18636201|title= Mercosur suspends Paraguay over Lugo impeachment|date= 29 June 2012|publisher= BBC|access-date= 13 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161014062628/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18636201|archive-date= 14 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> She maintained her support of Venezuela even during the large [[2014–16 Venezuelan protests|2014 Venezuela protests]] and the imprisonment of its leader, [[Leopoldo López]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-populist-pink-tide-is-ebbing-in-south-america-argentine-vote-suggests-1448326259|title= A Populist 'Pink Tide' Is Ebbing in South America, Argentine Vote Suggests|author= Juan Forero|date= 23 November 2015|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|access-date= 13 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062115/http://www.wsj.com/articles/a-populist-pink-tide-is-ebbing-in-south-america-argentine-vote-suggests-1448326259|archive-date= 31 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

She had a rocky relationship with the United States. Several items from a US Air Force plane, such as drugs and GPS devices, were seized by Argentine officials, which caused a [[2011 Argentina–United States diplomatic crisis|diplomatic crisis]]. US State Department spokesman [[Philip J. Crowley]] said that they were standard tools used in [[counter-terrorism]] tactics which were being taught to the Argentine police during the joint operation, and asked for the return of the seized materials.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://elpais.com/elpais/2011/02/16/inenglish/1297837242_850210.html|title= Argentina accuses US of trying to sneak in illegal drugs and arms|date= 16 February 2011|newspaper= El País|access-date= 13 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231061922/http://elpais.com/elpais/2011/02/16/inenglish/1297837242_850210.html|archive-date= 31 December 2016|df= dmy-all|last1= Gallego-Diaz|first1= S.}}</ref> She blamed the whole country for the 2014 default, ruled by US judge [[Thomas P. Griesa]]. She said in a ''[[cadena nacional]]'' ("national network") address that the US may be trying to oust her from power, or even assassinate her. She said this a few days after accusing the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] of similar assassination plans against her. The idea was rejected by opposition leader [[Elisa Carrió]] as a mere [[conspiracy theory]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/01/argentina-president-claims-us-plot|title= Argentina president claims US plotting to oust her|author= Uki Goñi|date= 1 October 2014|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 13 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161014063331/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/01/argentina-president-claims-us-plot|archive-date= 14 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

The 30th anniversary of the [[Falklands War]] was in 2012, and Fernández de Kirchner was increasingly critical of the UK, reiterating the Argentine claims in the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/apr/02/falklands-argentina-attacks-britain-refusal-negotiate|title= Argentinian president attacks UK refusal to negotiate on Falklands|author= Uki Goñi|date= 2 April 2012|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 14 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161019020601/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/apr/02/falklands-argentina-attacks-britain-refusal-negotiate|archive-date= 19 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> British Prime minister [[David Cameron]] rejected her comments.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/14/falklands-anniversary-david-cameron|title= Falklands anniversary: David Cameron defiant over Argentinian 'threats'|author= Hélène Mulholland|date= 14 June 2012|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 14 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161019030915/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/14/falklands-anniversary-david-cameron|archive-date= 19 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Relations were also strained by recent oil explorations in the area, and she threatened to sue [[Rockhopper Exploration]] for it.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/11635627/New-Falklands-oil-discovery-could-stir-trouble-with-Argentina.html|title= New Falklands oil discovery could stir trouble with Argentina|author= Andrew Critchlow|date= 28 May 2015|newspaper= The Telegraph|access-date= 14 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161018220858/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/11635627/New-Falklands-oil-discovery-could-stir-trouble-with-Argentina.html|archive-date= 18 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

When Archbishop Jorge Bergoglio was elected as [[Pope Francis]], the initial reactions were mixed. Most of Argentine society cheered it, but the pro-government newspaper ''[[Página/12]]'' published renewed allegations about the Dirty War, and the president of the [[National Library of the Argentine Republic|National Library]] described a global conspiracy theory. The president took more than an hour to congratulate him, and only did so in a passing reference within a routine speech. However, due to the Pope's popularity in Argentina, Fernández de Kirchner made what the political analyst Claudio Fantini called a "[[Copernican Revolution (metaphor)|Copernican shift]]" in her relations with him and fully embraced the Francis phenomenon.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/27/christina-fernandez-de-kirchner-pope-francis|title= Cristina Fernández de Kirchner turns Pope Francis from foe to friend|author= Associated Press in Buenos Aires|date= 27 March 2013|newspaper= The Guardian|access-date= 15 March 2014|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140317010556/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/27/christina-fernandez-de-kirchner-pope-francis|archive-date= 17 March 2014|df= dmy-all}}</ref> On the day before his inauguration as pope, Bergoglio, now Francis, had a private meeting with Fernández de Kirchner. They exchanged gifts and lunched together. This was the new pope's first meeting with a head of state, and there was speculation that the two were mending their relations.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.cp24.com/world/pope-s-diplomacy-put-to-test-as-leaders-flock-to-rome-1.1200040|title= Pope's diplomacy put to test as leaders flock to Rome|agency= Associated Press|date= 18 March 2013|publisher= CP24|access-date= 15 May 2015|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150620125831/http://www.cp24.com/world/pope-s-diplomacy-put-to-test-as-leaders-flock-to-rome-1.1200040|archive-date= 20 June 2015|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2013/0318/Making-nice-Argentina-s-Kirchner-and-Pope-Francis-meet-in-Rome-video |title=Making nice? Argentina's Kirchner and Pope Francis meet in Rome |first=Jonathan |last=Gilbert |work=The Christian Science Monitor |date=18 March 2013 |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325221658/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2013/0318/Making-nice-Argentina-s-Kirchner-and-Pope-Francis-meet-in-Rome-video |archive-date=25 March 2013 }}</ref> ''Página/12'' [[Self-censorship|removed]] their controversial articles about Bergoglio, written by [[Horacio Verbitsky]], from their web page, as a result of this change.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://tn.com.ar/tnylagente/noticias/la-nota-completa-que-pagina12-intento-borrar_545658|title= La nota completa que Página/12 intento borrar|trans-title= The complete article that Página 12 attempted to delete|language= es|author= Daniel García|date= 19 November 2014|publisher= [[Todo Noticias]]|access-date= 16 April 2017|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170418084716/http://tn.com.ar/tnylagente/noticias/la-nota-completa-que-pagina12-intento-borrar_545658|archive-date= 18 April 2017|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

Argentina suffered a terrorist attack in 1994, the AMIA bombing targeting a Buenos Aires Jewish center, that killed 85 people and wounded 300. The investigation remained open for years, and prosecutor [[Alberto Nisman]] was appointed to the case. He accused Iran of organizing the attack, and the [[Hezbollah]] group of carrying it out. He intended to prosecute five Iranian officials, including former Iranian president [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]], but Argentina signed a [[Memorandum of understanding between Argentina and Iran|memorandum of understanding]] with Iran for a joint investigation. Nisman accused the president of signing that memorandum for oil and trade benefits, according to hundreds of hours of wiretaps. On 19 January 2015, he was [[Death of Alberto Nisman|found dead]] at his home, a day before a congressional hearing to explain his accusation, which caused a great controversy. As of 2016, both the cases of the AMIA bombing and the death of Nisman remain unresolved, and the courts declined at the time to investigate his denunciation of Fernández de Kirchner.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.timesofisrael.com/one-year-on-nisman-death-still-roils-argentinas-jews/|title= One year on, Nisman death still roils Argentina's Jews|date= 18 January 2016|newspaper= The Times of Israel|access-date= 13 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062248/http://www.timesofisrael.com/one-year-on-nisman-death-still-roils-argentinas-jews/|archive-date= 31 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

Fernández de Kirchner maintained her positions during several speeches at the [[United Nations General Assembly]] (UNGA) during its yearly meetings of September and had a rocky relationship with Iranian President Ahmadinejad. In 2009, Fernández de Kirchner personally asked Iranian President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] to cooperate with the Argentine justice to help bring closure to the AMIA bombing. She pointed the belief of both mandataries in God and condemned Ahmadinejad's [[Holocaust denial|denial of the Holocaust]] as well as other "Western tragedies"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vittori |first1=Gustavo J. |title=¿Con cuál Cristina me quedo? |trans-title=Which Cristina do I prefer? |url=https://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/id_um/110740 |work=El Litoral |date=9 March 2015 |language=Spanish |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503141627/https://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/id_um/110740 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the September 2009 UNGA, she clashed with Ahmadinejad and ordered the Argentine delegation to walk out on Ahmadinejad's speech, denouncing his rhetoric.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosales |first1=Jorge |title=El viaje presidencial / Reuniones en las Naciones Unidas. Cristina Kirchner denunció a Irán en su discurso ante la ONU |trans-title=The presidential trip / Meetings at the United Nations. Cristina Kirchner denounced Iran in her speech to the UN |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/cristina-kirchner-denuncio-a-iran-en-su-discurso-ante-la-onu-nid1178321/ |work=[[La Nación]] |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503132515/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/cristina-kirchner-denuncio-a-iran-en-su-discurso-ante-la-onu-nid1178321/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In return, Iran responded that Argentina's accusations were "unfounded and irresponsible" and denounced the "inept Argentine judicial system and its vulnerabiities to internal and foreign pressures."<ref>{{cite news |title=Irán responde con fuerza a Argentina por atentado contra la AMIA |trans-title=Iran responds strongly to Argentina for attack against AMIA |url=https://www.latercera.com/noticia/iran-responde-con-fuerza-a-argentina-por-atentado-contra-la-amia/ |work=La Tercera |date=3 October 2009 |language=Spanish |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503132515/https://www.latercera.com/noticia/iran-responde-con-fuerza-a-argentina-por-atentado-contra-la-amia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Post-presidency==
[[File:GCBA - Inaguración AU Illia (05).jpg|thumb|Fernández de Kirchner with then-Buenos Aires Mayor and successor [[Mauricio Macri]] in 2014]]

[[Mauricio Macri]], mayor of Buenos Aires, was elected president in the [[2015 Argentine general election|2015 presidential elections]], defeating the Kirchnerist candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] in a [[Ballotage in Argentina|ballotage]]. During the transition period, Macri reported that Fernández de Kirchner was creating obstacles and problems in an attempt to undermine his government. She changed the 2016 budget, increasing spending in several areas (even the broadcasting of soccer matches), despite the huge fiscal deficit. A number of Kirchnerist officials refused to resign their offices to allow Macri to appoint his own people.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/12037587/Cristina-Kirchner-creating-as-many-problems-as-possible-for-the-new-government.html|title= Cristina Kirchner 'creating as many problems as possible for the new government'|first=Harriet|last=Alexander|date= 7 December 2015|newspaper= The Telegraph|access-date= 14 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170501061223/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/12037587/Cristina-Kirchner-creating-as-many-problems-as-possible-for-the-new-government.html|archive-date= 1 May 2017|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Even the [[Inauguration of Mauricio Macri|handover ceremony]] became controversial, as she refused to attend it. It was the first time since the end of military rule in 1983 that the outgoing president did not hand over power to the incoming one.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/12041813/Cristina-Kirchner-refuses-to-attend-Mauricio-Macris-inauguration.html|title= Cristina Kirchner refuses to attend Mauricio Macri's inauguration|first=Harriet|last=Alexander|date= 9 December 2015|newspaper= The Telegraph|access-date= 14 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161111111349/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/12041813/Cristina-Kirchner-refuses-to-attend-Mauricio-Macris-inauguration.html|archive-date= 11 November 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2016, she founded a [[think tank]] under the name of [[Patria Institute]], intended to centralize her post-presidency activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/cristina-lanzo-instituto-patria-redes-sociales_0_VyZ_TIDyW.html|title=Cristina lanzó el Instituto Patria pero desde las redes sociales|work=Clarín|date=13 April 2016|access-date=7 December 2022|language=es|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207024626/https://www.clarin.com/politica/cristina-lanzo-instituto-patria-redes-sociales_0_VyZ_TIDyW.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She also wrote a book called ''[[Sinceramente]]'', which was published in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eltucumano.com/noticia/actualidad/255371/furor-libro-cristina-kirchner-llego-tucuman|language=es|title=El furor por el libro de Cristina Kirchner llegó a Tucumán|date=28 April 2019|accessdate=7 December 2022|work=el tucumano|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207024633/https://www.eltucumano.com/noticia/actualidad/255371/furor-libro-cristina-kirchner-llego-tucuman|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Senatorial run ===
Both Fernández de Kirchner and her former interior minister [[Florencio Randazzo]] wanted to run for senator for the Buenos Aires Province at the [[2017 Argentine legislative election|2017 midterm elections]]. Refusing to run in [[Primary elections in Argentina|primary elections]], she asked for a shared ticket as a condition to run for senator. Randazzo did not accept the proposal. As both candidates enlisted to run in the general election, the FPV broke apart with the Justicialist Party of Buenos Aires Province backing Randazzo and the rest of the FPV parties backing Fernández de Kirchner; the remaining parties formed the [[Citizen's Unity]] (''Unidad Ciudadana'') coalition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/argentina-new-political-party-further-divides-opposition|title=Argentina: A New Political Party Further Divides the Opposition|date=15 June 2017|publisher=Stratfor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908085030/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/argentina-new-political-party-further-divides-opposition|archive-date=8 September 2017|url-status=live|access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> [[Esteban Bullrich]] was the candidate of ''[[Cambiemos]]''.

Fernández de Kirchner won the mandatory primary elections by a slim margin of 0,08%,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-election/macri-ally-gains-ground-in-argentina-senate-election-against-fernandez-idUSKCN1BO1NV|title=Macri ally gains ground in Argentina Senate election against Fernandez|author=Nicolás Misculin|date=13 September 2017|work=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223043614/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-election/macri-ally-gains-ground-in-argentina-senate-election-against-fernandez-idUSKCN1BO1NV|archive-date=23 December 2017|url-status=live|access-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> but lost in the general election 36% to 42%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-22/argentine-poll-shows-macri-ally-with-slim-lead-in-buenos-aires|title=Argentina's Macri Wins Big Endorsement in Midterm Elections|author=Charlie Devereux|date=22 October 2017|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102021/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-22/argentine-poll-shows-macri-ally-with-slim-lead-in-buenos-aires|archive-date=23 December 2017|url-status=live|access-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> However, she still took office according to [[Argentine Senate]] election procedure where the balloting results in two of the three senate seats being claimed by the party winning the largest vote share, with the second-place finisher claiming the third senate seat.

=== Vice presidency ===
[[File:Alberto Fernández y Cristina Fernández de Kirchner en la ESMA - 02.jpg|thumb|Vice President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (right) alongside President [[Alberto Fernández]] (left) in 2021.]]
On 27 October 2019, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner [[2019 Argentine general election|was elected]] [[List of vice presidents of Argentina|vice president]], making her the first former head of state to assume the Argentine vice presidency. She was the running mate of [[Alberto Fernández]] (no relation), who was elected [[President of Argentina|president]]. She resigned from the Senate on 27 November 2019 after assuming the vice presidency, and was replaced by her former foreign minister [[Jorge Taiana]].<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Prensa Latina |title=Argentine Congress welcomes 24 new senators this Wednesday |date=27 November 2019 |access-date=27 November 2019 |url=https://www.plenglish.com/index.php?o=rn&id=49364&SEO=argentine-congress-welcomes-24-new-senators-this-wednesday |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729002432/https://www.plenglish.com/index.php?o=rn&id=49364&SEO=argentine-congress-welcomes-24-new-senators-this-wednesday |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Senado de Argentina |language=es |title=NÚMERO DE EXPEDIENTE 3320/19 |date=27 November 2019 |access-date=28 November 2019 |url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/parlamentario/comisiones/verExp/3320.19/S/CO |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128064703/http://www.senado.gov.ar/parlamentario/comisiones/verExp/3320.19/S/CO |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Legal charges ===
Cristina Fernández de Kirchner faced several charges in court after leaving office. One of those concerned the sale of [[currency future|dollar futures]] at very low prices near the end of her term of office. This became a problem during Macri's presidency. The operation was carried out by the Central Bank, but judge [[Claudio Bonadio]] believes Fernández de Kirchner is the instigator. She is also being investigated for her role in "The Route of the K-Money" scandal. About US$1 million of her assets was frozen while Bonadio investigated the case. She took advantage of the hearing to organize her first political rally since leaving power.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/14/former-argentinian-president-cristina-kirchner-indicted-over-cur/|title= Former Argentinian President Cristina Kirchner indicted over currency trade that lost billions|date= 14 May 2016|newspaper= The Telegraph|access-date= 14 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161018212714/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/14/former-argentinian-president-cristina-kirchner-indicted-over-cur/|archive-date= 18 October 2016|df= dmy-all|last1= Staff|first1= Our Foreign}}</ref> Lázaro Báez who has close ties with the Kirchners was detained in April 2016 as it was suspected that he might flee escape.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2016/04/06/kirchnerite-businessman-arrested-faces-charges-of-money-laundering-and-fiscal-fraud|title= Kirchnerite businessman arrested; faces charges of money laundering and fiscal fraud|date= 6 April 2016|publisher= Merco Press|access-date= 14 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161018211133/http://en.mercopress.com/2016/04/06/kirchnerite-businessman-arrested-faces-charges-of-money-laundering-and-fiscal-fraud|archive-date= 18 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> José López, an official from the ministry of public works, was [[José López scandal|detained]] while trying to hide bags filled with millions in cash at a monastery.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36535048|title= Argentina ex-minister arrested over cash bags at monastery|date= 15 June 2016|publisher= BBC|access-date= 14 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161019051447/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36535048|archive-date= 19 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> On 27 December 2016, Federal Judge [[Julián Ercolini]] ordered the freezing of US$633 million of Fernández de Kirchner's assets and approved charges of illicit association and fraudulent administration against her.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Argentina ex-leader Cristina Fernandez charged in corruption case |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-38443546 |newspaper=BBC News |location=London |date=27 December 2016 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227174827/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-38443546 |archive-date=27 December 2016 }}</ref> The case presented by Nisman was finally opened for investigation in December 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentina-reopens-probe-of-kirchner-related-to-1994-bombing-1483053411|title= Argentina Reopens Probe of Kirchner Related to 1994 Bombing|author= Ryan Dube|date= 29 December 2016|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|access-date= 31 December 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161230224304/http://www.wsj.com/articles/argentina-reopens-probe-of-kirchner-related-to-1994-bombing-1483053411|archive-date= 30 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

In December 2017, Judge Bonadio indicted her and charged her with [[high treason]]. However, as a sitting senator, she enjoyed immunity from prosecution.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/argentine-ex-president-cristina-fernandez-charged-with-treason/2017/12/07/e3e326e0-db80-11e7-a241-0848315642d0_story.html|title= Argentine ex-president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner charged with treason|author= Max Radwin and Anthony Faiola|date= 7 December 2017|newspaper= The Washington Post|access-date= 22 December 2017|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171229044409/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/argentine-ex-president-cristina-fernandez-charged-with-treason/2017/12/07/e3e326e0-db80-11e7-a241-0848315642d0_story.html|archive-date= 29 December 2017|df= dmy-all}}</ref> On 5 March 2018, Fernández de Kirchner was indicted for obstructing investigation into the [[1994 AMIA Bombing]] which killed 85 people, with her allegedly making a deal with the [[Iranian government]] to stop investigating Iranian officials who may have been involved in the attack in exchange for better prices on Iranian oil and other products.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/argentina-leader-trial-alleged-cover-bombing-53537541|title=Argentina ex-leader on trial for alleged cover-up in bombing|work=[[ABC News]]|access-date=7 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307214329/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/argentina-leader-trial-alleged-cover-bombing-53537541|archive-date=7 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> She can still face trial despite her immunity, while legislators also have the choice to strip her of immunity.<ref name=":1" /> [[Human Rights Watch]] claims, based mainly on reports and testimonies made by the ex-secretary-general of [[Interpol]] [[Ronald Noble]], that these charges have no grounds.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-19|title=Argentina: Far-Fetched 'Treason' Charges Against Ex-Officials|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/12/19/argentina-far-fetched-treason-charges-against-ex-officials|access-date=2020-11-10|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030023/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/12/19/argentina-far-fetched-treason-charges-against-ex-officials|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kollmann|first=Raúl|date=2020-06-26|title=Interpol enterró el corazón de la causa por el Memorándum con Irán: punto final a la historia de las alertas rojas Nuevo informe que demuestra que CFK y Timerman nunca intentaron beneficiar a los iraníes|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/274695-interpol-enterro-el-corazon-de-la-causa-por-el-memorandum-co|access-date=2020-11-10|website=PAGINA12|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031045628/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/274695-interpol-enterro-el-corazon-de-la-causa-por-el-memorandum-co|url-status=live}}</ref> Noble refuted the claim of cover-up made by judge Bonadio, calling the judge's report "false, misleading and incomplete".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Politi|first=Daniel|date=2017-12-15|title=Former Interpol Chief Says Argentina Bungled Investigation of '94 Attack (Published 2017)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/15/world/americas/argentina-iran-terrorist-attack-interpol.html|access-date=2020-11-10|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035544/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/15/world/americas/argentina-iran-terrorist-attack-interpol.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2021, Fernández de Kirchner's lawyers anticipated that they will ask for the cause against her regarding the [[memorandum of understanding between Argentina and Iran]] to be nullified, alleging that it was tampered by the visits of two different judges to former President [[Mauricio Macri]], which coincided with the time of indictments on the cause against her.<ref>{{cite news |title=Visitas de jueces a Olivos: el abogado de Cristina Kirchner anunció que pedirá la nulidad del caso del memorándum |trans-title=Visits of judges to Olivos: Cristina Kirchner's lawyer announced that he will request the annulment of the memorandum case |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/visitas-de-jueces-a-olivos-cristina-kirchner-pedira-la-nulidad-del-caso-del-memorandum-nid05042021/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |work=[[La Nación]] |date=5 April 2021 |archive-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405175201/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/visitas-de-jueces-a-olivos-cristina-kirchner-pedira-la-nulidad-del-caso-del-memorandum-nid05042021/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{clarify|reason=What does this mean?|date=November 2021}}

On 6 December 2022, the [[Trial court|Court of First Instance]] found Fernández de Kirchner guilty of "fraudulent administration" over the awarding of a public works contract to a friend, businessman [[Lázaro Báez]].<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-06 |title=Fernández de Kirchner: Argentina vice-president found guilty of corruption |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63872953 |access-date=2022-12-08 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206232241/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63872953 |url-status=live }}</ref> The court sentenced Fernández de Kirchner to six years in prison and a lifetime ban from holding public office for corruption.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Court sentences Vice-President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner to six years in prison for corruption |url=https://batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/argentina-vice-president-cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-court-trial-vialidad-verdict.phtml |website=batimes.com.ar |access-date=7 December 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207084547/https://batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/argentina-vice-president-cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-court-trial-vialidad-verdict.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref> She had temporary immunity and was be able to remain free due to her role as a vice president, and can appeal the verdict. She denied the allegations against her and confirmed that she will not run for reelection in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Delfino |first1=Sahar Akbarzai,Emilia |title=Argentina's Cristina Fernández de Kirchner sentenced to six years in prison for corruption |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/07/americas/argentina-vice-president-fernndez-de-kirchner-sentenced-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN |date=7 December 2022 |language=en |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208125832/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/07/americas/argentina-vice-president-fernndez-de-kirchner-sentenced-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC News"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Molina |first=Federico Rivas |date=2022-12-07 |title=Cristina Fernández de Kirchner redraws political map of Argentina after being handed six-year jail term for corruption |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-12-07/cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-redraws-political-map-of-argentina-after-being-handed-six-year-jail-term-for-corruption.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=EL PAÍS English Edition |language=en-us |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210123857/https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-12-07/cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-redraws-political-map-of-argentina-after-being-handed-six-year-jail-term-for-corruption.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Image==
{{Populism sidebar}}{{Unbalanced section|date=April 2021}}{{main|Public image of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner|Relato K}}
Cristina Kirchner is considered to be a [[Populism|populist]] leader.<ref>Kaiser, p. 17</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/10/23/populism-is-coming-for-latin-america-in-2018/|title= Is Populism Making a Comeback in Latin America?|author= Robert Muggah|date= October 23, 2017|publisher= Foreign Policy|access-date= November 27, 2020|archive-date= 22 November 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201122080156/https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/10/23/populism-is-coming-for-latin-america-in-2018/|url-status= live}}</ref>

She had been accused of building a system of propaganda, referred to by critics as the ''[[Relato K]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://vox.lacea.org/files/Working_Papers/lacea_wps_0034_tella_galiani_schargrodsky.pdf|title= Persuasive propaganda during the 2015 Argentine ballotage |author1=Rafael Di Tella |author2=Sebastian Galiani |author3=Ernesto Schargrodsky |date= October 2019 |publisher= LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION|access-date= November 27, 2020|archive-date= 2 July 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200702151338/http://vox.lacea.org/files/Working_Papers/lacea_wps_0034_tella_galiani_schargrodsky.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref>

[[Axel Kaiser]], a follower of the [[Austrian School]], claims that this propaganda glorifies the state to the detriment of individual rights, uses conspiracy theories to explain the government's mistakes, blames [[neoliberalism]] for poverty, and glorifies democracy while only maintaining the appearance of it,<ref>Kaiser, pp. 21–22</ref> justifies [[economic interventionism]] by describing economic activity as a [[zero-sum game]] (where any wealth is the result of exploitation),<ref>Kaiser, p. 31</ref> and blames [[class conflict]] and [[imperialism]] for problems such as inflation.<ref>Kaiser, p. 30</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Linette Lopez |author-link=Linette Lopez |date=1 August 2014 |title=The President Of Argentina Compared Her Country's Default To Violence In Gaza |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/kirchner-compares-default-to-gaza-2014-8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104004612/http://www.businessinsider.com/kirchner-compares-default-to-gaza-2014-8 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=2 November 2016 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref>

To Kaiser, this system divides the political world into two halves: the people and those against the people, with the Kirchners described as the saviors of the people, interpreting their collective will beyond the boundaries of parliaments and parties. This division is used to justify the rejection of those described as being against the people, and to polarize the population.<ref>Kaiser, p. 22</ref> He claims that Fernández de Kirchner's election in 2011 was used to justify [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian policies]] in the name of the [[general will]], criticism being described as [[antidemocratic]] or as the plotting of a coup.<ref>Kaiser, p. 55</ref>

According to [[Richard Bourke (academic)|Richard Bourke]], political theorist and Kirchner supporter [[Ernesto Laclau]] considered this the perfect form of democracy,<ref>Bourke, p. 354</ref> a vision of that has been criticized by other writers as leaving little room for opposition, reducing the citizen to a spectator unable to contest government policies.<ref>Bourke, p. 355</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Máximo Kirchner Florencia Kirchner 2011-12-10.jpg|thumb|President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in presidential regalia posing with her children, Máximo and Florencia (2011)]]

In 1973, during her studies at the [[National University of La Plata]], she met her future spouse, [[Néstor Kirchner]]. They were married on 9 May 1975 and had two children: [[Máximo Kirchner|Máximo]] (born 1977, currently serving as [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|National Deputy]] for [[Buenos Aires Province]] and the leader for [[Frente de Todos (2019 coalition)|Frente de Todos]] in the chamber) and Florencia (born 1990).<ref name="presidenta"/>

Néstor Kirchner died on 27 October 2010 after suffering a heart attack.<ref name="nestor-nytimes">{{cite news|title=Argentine Ex-Leader Dies; Political Impact Is Murky|last=Barrionuevo|first=Alexei|location=[[São Paulo]]|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 October 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/28/world/americas/28argentina.html|access-date=22 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401044007/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/28/world/americas/28argentina.html|archive-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> Following the death of her husband, she dressed in black for over three years.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://tn.com.ar/politica/definitivo-el-paso-a-paso-de-como-cristina-abandono-el-luto_423689|title= Definitivo: el paso a paso de cómo Cristina abandonó el luto|trans-title= Definitive: the step by step of how did Cristina left her widowness|language= es|date= 26 November 2013|publisher= [[Todo Noticias]]|access-date= 31 October 2014|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141110072506/http://tn.com.ar/politica/definitivo-el-paso-a-paso-de-como-cristina-abandono-el-luto_423689|archive-date= 10 November 2014|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

===Health===
Fernández de Kirchner's health first became a topic of public concern in 2005 when ''[[Noticias (magazine)|Noticias]]'' magazine reported that she might suffer from [[bipolar disorder]]. Journalist Franco Lindner interviewed the psychiatrist who treated her without revealing his name. Journalist [[Nelson Castro (journalist)|Nelson Castro]] investigated further and discovered that the psychiatrist was Alejandro Lagomarsino, who died in 2011.<ref>Castro, p. 25</ref> Lagomarsino was the leading specialist in the treatment of bipolar disorder in Argentina.<ref>Castro, p. 48</ref>

Castro's investigation revealed that Fernández de Kirchner was treated by Lagomarsino for a short period. He could not determine the length of her treatment or the medicine she received, or whether another psychiatrist continued treating her or not.<ref>Castro, p. 29</ref> Castro considers that some of her outlandish phrases or projects, and her frequent periods of hiding from public view, may be explained by the disorder's periods of mania and depression, as well as being a regular political strategy.<ref>Castro, pp. 30–36</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/10/president-cristina-kirchner-expected-to-resume-activities-tuesday|title= President Cristina Kirchner expected to resume activities Tuesday|date= 10 May 2011|publisher= Merco Press|access-date= 17 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161018203731/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/10/president-cristina-kirchner-expected-to-resume-activities-tuesday|archive-date= 18 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> [[Eduardo Duhalde]] said that Néstor Kirchner once confided in him that she had a bipolar disorder, while she was having a violent outburst.<ref>Castro, p. 40</ref>

During the [[United States diplomatic cables leak]] it was revealed that [[Hillary Clinton]] questioned Fernández de Kirchner's mental health and asked the US embassy whether she was receiving treatment or not;<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8169552/WikiLeaks-Hillary-Clinton-questions-the-mental-health-of-Cristina-Kirchner.html|title= WikiLeaks: Hillary Clinton questions the mental health of Cristina Kirchner|first=Toby|last=Harnden|date= 30 November 2010|newspaper= The Telegraph|access-date= 17 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161018210903/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8169552/WikiLeaks-Hillary-Clinton-questions-the-mental-health-of-Cristina-Kirchner.html|archive-date= 18 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> she later apologized to Fernández de Kirchner for those leaks.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2010/12/03/hillary-clinton-rings-cristina-fernandez-and-apologizes-for-the-cables|title= Hillary Clinton rings Cristina Fernandez and apologizes for the cables|date= 3 December 2010|publisher= Merco Press|access-date= 17 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161018210052/http://en.mercopress.com/2010/12/03/hillary-clinton-rings-cristina-fernandez-and-apologizes-for-the-cables|archive-date= 18 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> She said in her book ''[[La Presidenta]]'' that it was all a misunderstanding; it is her sister who suffers from bipolar disorder.<ref>Castro, p. 39</ref>

On 27 December 2011, presidential spokesman Alfredo Scoccimaro announced that Fernández de Kirchner had been diagnosed with [[thyroid cancer]] on 22 December and that she would undergo surgery on 4 January 2012. The standard procedure in these operations is to expose the [[thyroid]] gland so that a pathologist can take a sample, analyze it looking for carcinogenic cells, and then decide whether it needs to be removed. In her case, this step was omitted and the gland was removed directly.<ref>Castro, p. 61</ref> After the operation, it was revealed that she had been misdiagnosed and did not have cancer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Argentina's Fernandez sent home, never had cancer |first1=Hugh |last1=Bronstein |first2=Maximiliano |last2=Rizzi |work=Reuters |date=7 January 2012 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-fernandez-idustre8060CB20120107 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315081535/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/07/us-argentina-fernandez-idUSTRE8060CB20120107 |archive-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2012 }}</ref> On 5 October 2013, doctors ordered Fernández de Kirchner to rest for a month after they found blood on her brain caused by a head injury she received on 8 August 2012.<ref name="Blood on brain, rest ordered for Argentine leader"/> She was re-admitted to hospital and had successful surgery on 8 October 2013 to remove blood from [[Subdural hematoma|under a membrane covering her brain]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cristina Fernández de Kirchner to have surgery following head injury|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/07/cristina-fernndez-de-kirchner-re-admitted-hospital|date=7 October 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=26 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725184116/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/07/cristina-fernndez-de-kirchner-re-admitted-hospital|archive-date=25 July 2016}}</ref>

On 4 November 2021, Fernández de Kirchner was admitted at the Santorio Otamendi after doctors found out that she had a uterine polyp and had to undergo [[hysterectomy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cristina Kirchner será operada este jueves en el Otamendi: le harán una histerectomía|url=https://tn.com.ar/politica/2021/11/03/cristina-kirchner-sera-operada-este-jueves-en-el-otamendi-le-haran-una-histerectomia/?outputType=amp|date=3 November 2021|publisher=Todo Noticias|access-date=23 August 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107101942/https://tn.com.ar/politica/2021/11/03/cristina-kirchner-sera-operada-este-jueves-en-el-otamendi-le-haran-una-histerectomia/?outputType=amp}}</ref> On 6 November 2021, she was later discharged after a successful surgery.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tras ser sometida a una histerectomía, Cristina Kirchner fue dada de alta|url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/sometida-histerectomia-cristina-kirchner-dada-alta_0_ZxygXWzp6.amp.html|date=6 November 2021|publisher=Clarín|access-date=23 August 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=23 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823131336/https://www.clarin.com/politica/sometida-histerectomia-cristina-kirchner-dada-alta_0_ZxygXWzp6.amp.html}}</ref>

=== Assassination attempt ===
{{Excerpt|Attempted assassination of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner|only=paragraphs}}

==Electoral history==
===Executive===
{| border=2 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center;"
|+ {{sronly|Electoral history of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner}}
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Election
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Office
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | List
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan=3 | Votes
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Result
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|2=Reference|Ref}}.
|-
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | Total
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | %
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | {{abbr|2=Position|P}}.
|-
| style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | [[2007 Argentine general election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" | [[President of Argentina]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Front for Victory}};"| 
| [[Front for Victory]]
| 8,652,293
| 45.28%
| 1st
| {{yes2|Elected}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elecciones 2007|url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/2007|website=argentina.gob.ar|date=14 February 2019|publisher=Dirección Nacional Electoral|access-date=4 February 2023|language=es|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205032756/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/2007|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | [[2011 Argentine general election|2011]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Front for Victory}};"| 
| [[Front for Victory]]
| 11,865,055
| 54.11%
| 1st
| {{yes2|Elected}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elecciones 2011|url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/2011|website=argentina.gob.ar|date=29 August 2017|publisher=Dirección Nacional Electoral|access-date=4 February 2023|language=es|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119191808/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | [[2019 Argentine general election|2019]]
| [[Vice President of Argentina]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Frente de Todos}};"| 
| [[Frente de Todos]]
| 12,946,037
| 48.24%
| 1st
| {{yes2|Elected}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elecciones 2019|url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/2019|website=argentina.gob.ar|publisher=Dirección Nacional Electoral|access-date=4 February 2023|language=es}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|}

===Legislative===
{| border=2 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center;"
|+ {{sronly|Electoral history of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner}}
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Election
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Office
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | List
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|2=List number|#}}
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | District
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan=3 | Votes
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Result
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|2=Reference|Ref}}.
|-
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | Total
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | %
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | {{abbr|2=Position|P}}.
|-
| style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | 1989
| rowspan="2" | [[Chamber of Deputies of Santa Cruz|Provincial Deputy]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Justicialist Party}};" | 
| [[Justicialist Party|Santa Cruz Victory Front]]
| 1
| [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz Province]]
| 11.969
| 36.81%
| 1st{{efn|name=fn1|Presented on an [[electoral list]]. The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency.}}
| {{yes2|Elected}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Escrutinio Definitivo|url=http://www.mininterior.gov.ar/asuntos_politicos_y_alectorales/dine/infogral/RESULTADOS%20HISTORICOS/1989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143640/http://www.mininterior.gov.ar/asuntos_politicos_y_alectorales/dine/infogral/RESULTADOS%20HISTORICOS/1989.pdf|archive-date=30 March 2018|website=mininterior.gov.ar|publisher=Subsecretaría de Asuntos Institucionales|access-date=4 February 2023|language=es}}</ref>
|-
| style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | 1993
| style="background-color:{{party color|Justicialist Party}};" | 
| [[Justicialist Party|Santa Cruz Victory Front]]
| 1
| [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz Province]]
| 26,877
| 69.32%
| 1st{{efn|name=fn1}}
| {{yes2|Elected}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Escrutinio Definitivo|url=http://www.mininterior.gov.ar/asuntos_politicos_y_alectorales/dine/infogral/RESULTADOS%20HISTORICOS/1993.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818144955/http://www.mininterior.gov.ar/asuntos_politicos_y_alectorales/dine/infogral/RESULTADOS%20HISTORICOS/1993.pdf|archive-date=18 August 2013|website=mininterior.gov.ar|publisher=Subsecretaría de Asuntos Institucionales|access-date=4 February 2023|language=es}}</ref>
|-
| style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | [[1997 Argentine legislative election|1997]]
| [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|National Deputy]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Justicialist Party}};"| 
| [[Justicialist Party]]
| 1
| [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz Province]]
| 46,885
| 59.69%
| 1st{{efn|name=fn1}}
| {{yes2|Elected}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elecciones 1997|url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/1997|website=argentina.gob.ar|date=6 February 2019|publisher=Dirección Nacional Electoral|access-date=4 February 2023|language=es|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205032807/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/1997|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | [[2001 Argentine legislative election|2001]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Argentine Senate|National Senator]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Justicialist Party}};"| 
| [[Justicialist Party]]
| 1
| [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz Province]]
| 52,499
| 61.91%
| 1st{{efn|name=fn1}}
| {{yes2|Elected}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elecciones 2001|url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/2001|website=argentina.gob.ar|date=7 February 2019|publisher=Dirección Nacional Electoral|access-date=4 February 2023|language=es|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205024504/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/2001|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | [[2005 Argentine legislative election|2005]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Justicialist Party}};"| 
| [[Justicialist Party]]
| 1
| [[Buenos Aires Province]]
| 3,056,572
| 45.77%
| 1st{{efn|name=fn1}}
| {{yes2|Elected}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elecciones 2005|url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/2005|website=argentina.gob.ar|date=8 February 2019|publisher=Dirección Nacional Electoral|access-date=4 February 2023|language=es|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204225434/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/2005|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | [[2017 Argentine legislative election|2017]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Justicialist Party}};"| 
| [[Unidad Ciudadana]]
| 1
| [[Buenos Aires Province]]
| 3,529,900
| 37.31%
| 2nd{{efn|name=fn1}}
| {{yes2|Elected}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elecciones 2017|url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/2017|website=argentina.gob.ar|date=27 September 2017|publisher=Dirección Nacional Electoral|access-date=4 February 2023|language=es|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204214527/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|title=Ancestors of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|9= 9. Isabel Gómez Díaz<ref name="El origen gallego de C.F.K">[http://www.cadena3.com/contenido/2012/04/26/96082.asp El origen gallego de C.F.K.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126070230/http://www.cadena3.com/contenido/2012/04/26/96082.asp |date=26 November 2015 }} The Galician origin of C.F.K.</ref><br />b. Spain
|8= 8. Francisco Fernández de O Campo<ref name="El origen gallego de C.F.K"/><br />b. Spain
|7= 7. María Vicenta Pulido Plaza<br />b. [[Madrid]], Spain
|6= 6. Carlos Wilhelm
|5= 5. Amparo Fernández<br />b. [[Asturias]], Spain
|4= 4. Pascasio Fernández Gómez<ref name="El origen gallego de C.F.K"/> <br />b. 27 February 1862 [[A Fonsagrada]], [[Galicia, Spain]]
|3= 3. Ofelia Esther Wilhelm<br />b. ''circa'' 1930<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perfil.com/politica/Ofelia-Wilhelm-la-madre-de-Cristina-de-empleada-estatal-a-jubilada-VIP-20141121-0063.html|title=Ofelia Wilhelm, la madre de Cristina, de empleada estatal a jubilada VIP|work=Perfil.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125231056/http://www.perfil.com/politica/Ofelia-Wilhelm-la-madre-de-Cristina-de-empleada-estatal-a-jubilada-VIP-20141121-0063.html|archive-date=25 November 2015|date=14 March 2019}}</ref> [[Argentina]]
|2= 2. Eduardo Fernández<br />b. 1921 [[Argentina]]
|1= 1. '''Cristina Fernández de Kirchner'''<ref>[http://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/internacional/noticias/2010/09/06/cristina-kirchner-dijo-sentir-envidia-de-la-furia-roja Cristina Kirchner dijo sentir envidia de la Furia Roja] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222150304/http://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/internacional/noticias/2010/09/06/cristina-kirchner-dijo-sentir-envidia-de-la-furia-roja |date=22 December 2015 }} "España no es un país cualquiera: '''tres de mis cuatro abuelos son españoles''' y para todos los argentinos hay un lazo especial". '''Three of my grandparents are Spanish'''</ref><br />b. 19 February 1953 [[La Plata, Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
}}

==Honours==
[[File:Generic Coat of Arms of the President of Argentina (Order of Isabella the Catholic).svg|thumb|upright|Coat of arms of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner as a member of Order of Isabella the Catholic]]

===Foreign honours===
* {{flag|Brazil}}: Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the Southern Cross]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/dilma-rousseff-se-emociono-al-condecorar-a-cristina-con-la-orden-del-sur-de-brasil|title= Dilma Rousseff se emocionó al condecorar a Cristina con la "Orden del Sur de Brasil"|trans-title= Dilma Rousseff became emotional when she condecorated Cristina with the Brazilian "Order of the Southern Cross"|language= es|date= 17 July 2015|newspaper= Los Andes|access-date= 20 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231061946/http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/dilma-rousseff-se-emociono-al-condecorar-a-cristina-con-la-orden-del-sur-de-brasil|archive-date= 31 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> (2015)
* {{flag|Ecuador}}: Manuela Sánchez Award from the National Assembly of Ecuador.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1942461-cristina-kirchner-en-ecuador|title= Condecoraron a Cristina Kirchner en Ecuador|trans-title= Cristina Kirchner was condecorated in Ecuador|language= es|date= 29 September 2016|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 20 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161021065018/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1942461-cristina-kirchner-en-ecuador|archive-date= 21 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>
* {{flag|Palestine}}: [[Decorations, medals and badges of Palestine|Star of Palestine]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.minutouno.com/notas/1283877-cristina-encabezara-un-acto-el-que-recibira-la-condecoracion-palestina|title= Cristina encabezará un acto en el que recibirá la condecoración de Palestina|trans-title= Cristina led an event where she will receive the Star of Palestine|language= es|date= 12 August 2015|publisher= Minuto Uno|access-date= 20 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161024150558/http://www.minutouno.com/notas/1283877-cristina-encabezara-un-acto-el-que-recibira-la-condecoracion-palestina|archive-date= 24 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> (12 August 2015)
* {{flag|Peru}}: Grand Cross with Diamonds of the [[Order of the Sun of Peru]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.peruviantimes.com/22/president-garcia-awards-the-order-of-the-sun-to-argentinean-head-of-state/5387/ | title=President García awards the Order of the Sun to Argentinean head of state | date=22 March 2010 | newspaper=Peruvian Times | access-date=26 September 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062226/http://www.peruviantimes.com/22/president-garcia-awards-the-order-of-the-sun-to-argentinean-head-of-state/5387/ | archive-date=31 December 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> (22 March 2010)
* {{flag|Spain}}: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1098463-las-gaffes-protocolares-de-la-gira|title= Las gaffes protocolares de la gira|trans-title= The diplomatic mistakes of the tour|language= es|author= Edith Pardo San Martín|date= 11 February 2009|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 20 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161021003207/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1098463-las-gaffes-protocolares-de-la-gira|archive-date= 21 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> (11 February 2009)

===Honorary degrees===
* Honorary Doctorate from the [[National University of La Plata]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.perfil.com/politica/nestor-kirchner-fue-distinguido-post-mortem-como-doctor-honoris-causa-0409-0036.phtml|title= Néstor Kirchner fue distinguido post mortem como Doctor "Honoris Causa"|trans-title= Néstor Kirchner was distinguished post-mortem as "Honoris Causa"|language= es|publisher= Perfil|access-date= 20 October 2016|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161021072128/http://www.perfil.com/politica/nestor-kirchner-fue-distinguido-post-mortem-como-doctor-honoris-causa-0409-0036.phtml|archive-date= 21 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>
* Honorary Doctorate from the [[National University of Quilmes]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.unq.edu.ar/noticias/2326-cristina-fern%C3%A1ndez-de-kirchner-recibir%C3%A1-el-doctorado-honoris-causa.php|title= Cristina Fernández de Kirchner recibirá el Doctorado Honoris Causa|trans-title= Cristina Fernández de Kirchner will receive the "Honoris Causa"|language= es|date= 12 October 2016|publisher= University of Quilmes|access-date= 20 October 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161021003312/http://www.unq.edu.ar/noticias/2326-cristina-fern%C3%A1ndez-de-kirchner-recibir%C3%A1-el-doctorado-honoris-causa.php|archive-date= 21 October 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Aerolineas takeover shadows Cristina K visit to Spain">{{cite news|title= Aerolineas takeover shadows Cristina K visit to Spain|work= MercoPress|date= 9 February 2009|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2009/02/09/aerolineas-takeover-shadows-cristina-k-visit-to-spain|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140628214529/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/02/09/aerolineas-takeover-shadows-cristina-k-visit-to-spain|archive-date= 28 June 2014 }}</ref>
<ref name="Blood on brain, rest ordered for Argentine leader">{{cite news|title=Blood on brain, rest ordered for Argentine leader |first=Michael |last=Warren |agency=Associated Press |date=5 October 2013 |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/blood-brain-rest-ordered-argentine-leader |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628214843/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/blood-brain-rest-ordered-argentine-leader |archive-date=28 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="CFK back at Olivos presidential residency after CELAC summit">{{cite news|title=CFK back at Olivos presidential residency after CELAC summit |url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/150849/cfk-back-at-olivos-presidential-residency-after-celac-summit |newspaper=[[Buenos Aires Herald]] |date=29 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202104503/http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/150849/cfk-back-at-olivos-presidential-residency-after-celac-summit |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="CFK to Harvard students: there is no 'dollar clamp'; don't repeat monochord questions">{{cite news|title=CFK to Harvard students: there is no 'dollar clamp'; don't repeat monochord questions|work=MercoPress|date=28 September 2012|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2012/09/28/cfk-to-harvard-students-there-is-no-dollar-clamp-don-t-repeat-monochord-questions|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202105706/http://en.mercopress.com/2012/09/28/cfk-to-harvard-students-there-is-no-dollar-clamp-don-t-repeat-monochord-questions|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="Profile: Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner">{{cite news|title=Profile: Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner|work=[[BBC News]]|date=8 October 2013|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12284208|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129011536/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12284208|archive-date=29 January 2014}}</ref>
|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Portal|Argentina|Biography|Politics}}
* {{cite book|last=Skard|first=Torild|author-link=Torild Skard|year=2014|chapter=Cristina Fernández de Kirchner |title=Women of Power: Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide|location=Bristol|publisher=[[Policy Press]]|isbn=978-1-4473-1578-0}}
* {{cite book |last= Bourke|first= Richard|date= 2016|title= Popular Sovereignty in Historical Perspective|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jV-cCwAAQBAJ|location= United Kingdom|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-13040-1}} 
* {{cite book |title= La Cámpora|first= Laura|last= Di Marco|publisher= Sudamericana|location= Buenos Aires|year=2012|isbn=978-950-07-3798-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gelb|first1=Joyce|last2=Lief Palley|first2=Marian|year=2009|title=Women & Politics around the world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRCgRUaAKZIC|location=United States|publisher=ABC Clio, Inc|isbn=978-1-85109-988-7}}
* {{cite book |last= Ibarra|first= Vilma|date= 2015|title= Cristina vs. Cristina|location= Argentina|publisher= Planeta|isbn=978-950-49-4613-7}}
* {{cite book |last= Kaiser|first= Axel|date= 2016|title= El engaño populista|trans-title= The populist lie|language= es|location= Colombia|publisher= Ariel|isbn=978-987-38-0439-7}}
* {{cite book |last= Majul|first= Luis|date= 2009|title= El Dueño|url= http://www.hacer.org/pdf/Majul00.pdf|location= Argentina|publisher= Planeta|language= es|isbn=978-950-49-2157-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Mendelevich|first=Pablo|year=2013|title=El Relato Kirchnerista en 200 expresiones|trans-title=The Kirchnerist speech in 200 words|language=es|location=Argentina|publisher= Ediciones B|isbn= 978-987-627-412-8}}
* {{cite book|last=McCloskey|first= Erin|date=September 2011|title=Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMlE62g1hWAC|location=England|publisher=The Globe Pequot Press|isbn=978-1-84162-351-1}}
* {{cite book |last= Panizza|first= Francisco|date= 2014|title= Moments of Truth: The Politics of Financial Crises in Comparative Perspective|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Tf0JAgAAQBAJ|location= United States|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 978-0-415-83411-7}}
* {{cite book |last= Castro|first= Nelson|date= 2015|title= Secreto de estado|location= Argentina|publisher= Sudamericana|isbn=978-950-07-5356-2}}
* {{cite book |last= Vargas Llosa|first= Álvaro|date= 2014|title= Últimas noticias del nuevo idiota iberoamericano|trans-title= Latest news from the new iberoamerican useful idiot|language= es|location= Colombia|publisher= Planeta|isbn=978-950-49-4106-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Petras |first1=James |last2=Veltmeyer |first2=Henry |year=2016 |title=What's Left in Latin America?: Regime Change in New Times |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-76162-3 }}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes}}

* {{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20100926233228/http://www.cristina.com.ar/ Official site of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]
* {{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20121130110830/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/senadores/biografia.php?id_sena=212&iOrden=0&iSen=ASC Senate of the Argentine Republic website]
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/argentina/cristina_fernandez_de_kirchner Extensive biography by CIDOB Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129192951/http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/argentina/cristina_fernandez_de_kirchner |date=29 November 2011 }}
* {{IMDb name|3231417}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/VideosCFKArgentina/featured Youtube channel]
* {{C-SPAN|1026504}}

{{s-start}}
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{{s-aft|after=[[Daniel Scioli]]|rows=2}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Front for Victory]] nominee for [[President of Argentina]]|years=2007, 2011}}
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{{s-aft|after=[[Mauricio Macri]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Gabriela Michetti]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of vice presidents of Argentina|Vice President of Argentina]]|years=2019–2023}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Victoria Villarruel]]}}
{{s-end}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandez De Kirchner, Cristina}}
[[Category:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner| ]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Argentine lawyers]]
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[[Category:Kirchner family|Cristina]]
[[Category:Kirchnerism|Cristina]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic]]
[[Category:Left-wing populism in South America]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies elected in Santa Cruz]]
[[Category:Members of the Argentine Senate for Buenos Aires Province]]
[[Category:Members of the Argentine Senate for Santa Cruz]]
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[[Category:National University of La Plata alumni]]
[[Category:People from La Plata]]
[[Category:Presidents of Argentina]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sun of Peru]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of Argentina]]
[[Category:Women members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies]]
[[Category:Women members of the Argentine Senate]]
[[Category:Women presidents in South America]]
[[Category:Women vice presidents in South America]]
[[Category:Leaders of political parties in Argentina]]
[[Category:20th-century women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century women presidents]]
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