Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Crustacean cardioactive peptide

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
'''Crustacean cardioactive peptide''' (CCAP) is a highly conserved, amidated cyclic [[nonapeptide]] with the primary structure PFCNAFTGC-NH<sub>2</sub> (ProPheCysAsnAlaPheTyrGlyCys-NH<sub>2</sub>) and a disulfide bridge between Cys3 and Cys9. It is found in [[crustacean]]s and [[insect]]s where it behaves as a cardioaccelerator, [[neurotransmitter|neuropeptide transmitter]] for other areas of the [[nervous system]] and a [[hormone]]. CCAP was first isolated from the [[pericardium|pericardial]] organs of the shore crab ''[[Carcinus maenas]]'', where it has a role in regulating heartbeat. It was assumed that this was the peptide's main function and its name reflects this.

== Function ==
As well as ''[[Carcinus maenas|C. maenas]]'', CCAP has cardioacceleratory properties in ''[[Manduca sexta]]'' and ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'';<ref>{{cite journal |author1=R. Nichols |author2=S. Kaminski |author3=E. Walling |author4=E. Zornik |year=1999 |title=Regulating the activity of a cardioacceleratory peptide |journal=[[Peptides (journal)|Peptides]] |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1153–1158 |doi=10.1016/S0196-9781(99)00118-7 |pmid=10573286|s2cid=29101538 }}</ref> it is a highly conserved [[protein]] found in species as diverse as moths and fruit flies in addition to the crustacean it was originally identified in. Under specific conditions, CCAP has also been shown to induce cardiac reversal in ''[[Manduca sexta|M. sexta]]'' and ''[[Drosophila melanogaster|D. melanogaster]]''.<ref>Dulcis et al., 2001</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Davide Dulcis |author2=Richard B. Levine |author3=John Ewer |year=2005 |title=Role of the neuropeptide CCAP in ''Drosophila'' cardiac function |journal=[[Journal of Neurobiology]] |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=259–274 |doi=10.1002/neu.20136|pmid=15898062 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Davide Dulcis |author2=Richard B. Levine |year=2003 |title=Innervation of the heart of the adult fruit fly, ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |journal=[[Journal of Comparative Neurology]] |volume=465 |issue=4 |pages=560–578 |doi=10.1002/cne.10869|pmid=12975816 |s2cid=30506664 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Since CCAP was first identified and its possible role suggested, it has been proven it serves many other functions. It regulates release of [[adipokinetic hormone]] during sustained flight in ''[[Locusta migratoria|L. migratoria]]''. It is also important in [[metabolism]] and [[digestion]] in other species; CCAP is involved as a hormone in the cockroach ''[[Periplaneta americana]]'' <ref>{{cite journal |author1=J. Stangier |author2=C. Hilbich |author3=R. Keller |year=1989 |title=Occurrence of crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) in the nervous system of an insect, ''Locusta migratoria'' |journal=[[Journal of Comparative Physiology B]] |volume=159 |issue=1 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.1007/BF00692677|s2cid=21017290 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Andrew Donini |author2=Hans-Jürgen Agricola |author3=Angela B. Lange |year=2001 |title=Crustacean cardioactive peptide is a modulator of oviduct contractions in ''Locusta migratoria'' |journal=[[Journal of Insect Physiology]] |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=277–285 |doi=10.1016/S0022-1910(00)00112-8|pmid=11119773 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=A. Lange |author2=K. Patel |year=2005 |title=Crustacean cardioactive peptide is an important modulator in the stick insect ''Extradentatum baculum'' |journal=Regulatory Peptides |volume=129 |issue=1–3 |pages=191–201 |doi=10.1016/j.regpep.2005.02.011|pmid=15927716 |s2cid=25108615 }}</ref> by upregulating digestive hormones after the insect has fed on nutritional matter. In the crab ''[[Cancer borealis]]'' CCAP controls passage of food through the foregut by modulating the stomatogastric ganglion's pyloric rhythm.<ref>Heinzel et al., 1997</ref> This suggests CCAP is involved primarily in movement of food along the gut, facilitating digestion by secretion of digestive hormones and increasing flow of blood.

The effects of CCAP on the [[reproductive]] organs of females of the species ''[[Locusta migratoria|L. migratoria]]'' have also been studied. The peptide stimulates the contraction of the [[oviducts]] and [[spermatheca]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rosa da Silva |author2=Angela B. Lange |year=2006 |title=The association of crustacean cardioactive peptide with the spermatheca of the African migratory locust, ''Locusta migratoria'' |journal=[[Journal of Insect Physiology]] |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=399–409 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.01.006 |pmid=16516227}}</ref> There is no CCAP or CCAP-like [[immunoreactivity]] shown in the oviduct or the nerves innervating the oviduct so it is probable that CCAP acts as a [[neurohormone]] to perform these functions.

CCAP is one of several peptides and hormones to be involved in the [[ecdysis|moulting]] process of crustaceans <ref>{{cite journal |author1=[[J. Sook Chung]] |author2=Heinrich Dircksen |author3=Simon G. Webster |year=1999 |title=A remarkable, precisely timed release of hyperglycemic hormone from endocrine cells in the gut is associated with ecdysis in the crab ''Carcinus maenas'' |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=96 |issue=23 |pages=13103–13107 |bibcode=1999PNAS...9613103C |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.23.13103 |pmc=23907 |pmid=10557280 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and insects.

== Effects of lack of CCAP ==
There have been no mutant individuals of any species found to possess CCAP who have a genetic defect meaning they are not able to produce the peptide. It is likely any such [[mutation]] would be lethal. In ''Drosophila'' the destruction of CCAP-containing [[neurons]] during development causes major changes in and disruptions to timing and behaviour of moulting.<ref>Park et al., 2003</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite journal |author=D. R. Nässel |title=Neuropeptides in the nervous system of Drosophila and other insects: multiple roles as neuromodulators and neurohormones |journal=[[Progress in Neurobiology]] |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=1–84 |year=2002 |pmid=12427481 |doi=10.1016/S0301-0082(02)00057-6 |s2cid=24447517 }}

[[Category:Cyclic peptides]]
[[Category:Nonapeptides]]
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