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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Category 5 Australian region cyclone in 1999}}
{{For|the 1989 storm|Cyclone John (1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Severe Tropical Cyclone John
| image = 12-14-1999-John.png
| caption = John near its peak intensity on 14 December
| formed = 9 December 1999
| dissipated = 16 December 1999
}}{{Infobox weather event/Aus
| winds = 110
| pressure = 915
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 130
| pressure = 
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| fatalities = None
| damage = Unknown
| areas = [[Western Australia]]
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1999–00 Australian region cyclone season]]
}}
'''Severe Tropical Cyclone John''' was an intense [[tropical cyclone]] that [[rapid deepening|rapidly deepened]] offshore before devastating areas of [[Western Australia]]. The system was the second cyclone and first severe tropical cyclone of the active [[1999–00 Australian region cyclone season]]. Cyclone John developed from a [[monsoon trough]] positioned northwest of Australia on 9 December 1999. As it moved to the west and later south as the result of a [[subtropical ridge]] under favourable conditions, the cyclone was able to rapidly intensify. John reached peak intensity on 14 December as a Category&nbsp;5 cyclone on the [[tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian cyclone scale]], the highest rating possible. Cyclone John later began interacting with a mid–latitude [[trough (meteorology)|trough]], which slightly weakened the cyclone prior to making landfall near [[Whim Creek]] early on 15 December. Increasingly unfavourable conditions further inland resulted in the cyclone's rapid weakening, before it dissipated during the next day.

Cyclone John extensively affected areas of Western Australia, but damage was not as bad as expected. Widespread [[power outage]]s across the [[Pilbara]] region were caused by John. Strong winds caused minor damage to infrastructure across the coast, as well as [[tree]] damage. 140&nbsp;[[windmill]]s were destroyed by the cyclone on the coast. Further inland, rainfall associated with the cyclone and its remnants brought [[flooding]], which flooded 25&nbsp;houses and caused rivers to overflow. The system was responsible for no deaths and a limited amount of damage. After the season, the name ''John'' was [[List of retired Australian cyclone names#Tropical Cyclone names retired in the 1990s|retired]] from the Australian tropical cyclone naming list.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|John 1999 track.png|alt=A map of a path across the eastern Indian Ocean near Australia. Most of the country can be seen in the right side of the image. Some of the Indonesian islands are visible at the top.}}
In early December, a [[monsoon trough]] north of Australia intensified due to a strong northwest cross–equatorial surge in the [[South China Sea]].<ref name="BOMSeason"/><ref name=SeasonSummary>{{cite journal|title=Western Australia Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 1999-2000|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/wa/2000.shtml|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> This resulted in the formation of a [[tropical low]] southwest of [[Timor]] on 9 December.<ref name="BOMSeason">{{cite journal|author2=Bate, Peter W.|title=The South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1999-2000|journal=Australian Meteorological Magazine|year=2001|volume=50|pages=127|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/2001/paterson.pdf|access-date=1 January 2013|author=Paterson, Linda A.|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321151639/http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/2001/paterson.pdf|archive-date=21 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> At 0600&nbsp;[[UTC]] on 10 December, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) began to monitor the system, designating it as ''02S''.<ref name=besttackjtwc>{{cite web|title=SH02 Best Track|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/2000/2000s-bsh/bsh022000.txt|publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]|access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> As it moved towards the west and subsequently southwards, improving upper–air [[divergence]] allowed the system to intensify, reaching tropical cyclone intensity on the evening of 11 December and thus attaining the name ''John''.<ref name="BOMSeason"/> At the time, a [[Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission]] (TRMM) pass of the system revealed a compact system, with a convective [[rainband]] tightly surrounding a central cloud–filled [[eye (cyclone)|eye]]. A developed [[anticyclone]] positioned over the system provided favorable conditions for development. Due to the presence of a [[subtropical ridge]] to the east over Australia, Cyclone John was forecast to generally move in a south-southwestward direction.<ref name=GPSummary>{{cite web|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary December 1999|url=http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/summ9912.htm|publisher=Australiansevereweather.com|access-date=1 January 2013|author=Smith, Carl|author2=Padgett, Gary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606001327/http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/summ9912.htm|archive-date=6 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Steadily intensifying, the cyclone attained Category&nbsp;3 cyclone intensity on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian cyclone scale]] at 1600&nbsp;UTC on 12 December. TRMM imagery indicated that the cyclone had developed a banding eye feature, and had good [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] and a symmetric structure. Cyclone John continued to intensify under favorable atmospheric conditions, before reaching its peak intensity as a Category&nbsp;5 cyclone on the Australian cyclone scale at 0800&nbsp;UTC on 14 December, while located {{convert|170|km|mi|abbr=on|round=5}} northwest of [[Port Hedland, Western Australia]].<ref name=GPSummary /> At peak intensity, the storm had maximum 10–minute sustained [[wind speed]]s of 205&nbsp;km/h (130&nbsp;mph) and a minimum [[barometric pressure]] of {{convert|915|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.<ref name=TrackDataDec99>{{cite web|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks December 1999|url=http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/trak9912.htm|publisher=Australiansevereweather.com|access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref>

However, after peak intensity, dry air began to become wrapped into the northwestern quadrant of the system. Moving towards the Australian coastline, radar imagery from [[Dampier, Western Australia]] showed a strong [[eyewall]] associated with John. Cyclone John began to become elongated along a northwest–southeast [[Cartesian coordinate system|axis]] as it neared the coast.<ref name=GPSummary /> The cyclone also began interacting with a mid–latitude [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] the southwest. This generated some vertical [[wind shear]], which weakened John slightly and caused it to curve towards the southeast.<ref name=BOMSeason /> Cyclone John made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] near [[Whim Creek, Western Australia]] at 0030&nbsp;UTC on 15 December with a minimum central pressure between 930 and 940&nbsp;mbar (27.46–27.46&nbsp;inHg),<ref name="CycloneJohnReport"/> and around 30 minutes later had maximum 10–minute sustained winds of {{convert|85|kn|km/h mph|round=5}}. The entirety of the cyclone's eye crossed the coast by 0200&nbsp;UTC as the storm moved further inland into an area of wind shear and dry air, which caused it to rapidly weaken. The cyclone was last noted by TCWC Perth and the JTWC on 16 December as it dissipated overland.<ref name="BOMSeason"/>

==Preparations and impact==
[[File:Whim Creek Pub.JPG|thumb|The Whim Creek pub in 2008, which was damaged by Cyclone John|alt=Picture of a red, pentagonal building.]]
Prior to Cyclone John's landfall, hundreds of people were evacuated from homes, primarily in [[Karratha]],<ref name=johnlashes>{{cite news|title=Cyclone John lashes Australia|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/565671.stm|access-date=1 January 2013|date=15 December 1999|agency=BBC News}}</ref> where two shelters were set up.<ref name=recordcyclonebatters>{{cite news|title=Record cyclone batters northwestern Australia|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=loVIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GnADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4674,27374&dq=cyclone+john&hl=en|access-date=1 January 2013|newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date=16 December 1999|agency=[[Associated Press]]|location=Perth, Australia|page=A6}}</ref> In [[Point Samson]], 500&nbsp;people evacuated to shelters in [[Wickham, Western Australia]].<ref name=supercyclone /> TCWC Perth began issuing hourly warnings for potentially affected areas beginning at 1400&nbsp;UTC on 14 December.<ref name=GPSummary /> As the storm made landfall, some residents of Whim Creek took refuge in a [[shipping container]].<ref name=supercyclone>{{cite news|title=Australia mops up after super-cyclone|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/australia-mops-up-after-super-cyclone-1.23277#.UONB69fyj84|access-date=1 January 2013|date=15 December 1999|agency=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]|location=Perth, Australia}}</ref>

Strong winds from the cyclone caused widespread [[power outage]]s to areas in [[Pilbara]].<ref name=johnlashes /> At [[Cape Lambert]], winds averaged {{convert|150|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} for five hours, with a peak wind gust of {{convert|210|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref name=CycloneJohnReport /> Karratha suffered minor damage from John, primarily in the form of wind damage. Various trees were uprooted by strong winds, and some homes suffered minor roof damage.<ref name=GPSummary /> [[Palm frond]]s in Karratha were blown off [[palm trees]] due to strong winds.<ref name=recordcyclonebatters /> In Whim Creek, where the cyclone had made landfall, the top floor of a 113-year-old [[pub]] and [[hotel]] was destroyed.<ref name=GPSummary /> A temporary roof made up of [[tarpaulin]]s later collapsed in a flood event the following month.<ref name=floodedagain>{{cite news|date=25 January 2000|title=Historic hotel flooded|agency=Nationwide News Pty Limited}} (accessed via Lexis Nexis on 1 January 2013)</ref> 140&nbsp;[[windmill]]s between Whim Creek and Newman were destroyed by the cyclone.<ref name=windmillloss>{{cite news|date=23 December 1999|title=$300,000 for windmill loss|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|location=Adelaide|agency=Nationwide News Pty Limited
}} (accessed via Lexis Nexis on 1 January 2013)</ref>

Offshore, 220&nbsp;[[cattle]] aboard a ship died after the ship was battered by rough seas associated with Cyclone John.<ref name=inquirycattlehip>{{cite news|date=11 January 2000|title=Inquiry into cattle ship|newspaper=[[Northern Territory News]]|agency=Nationwide News Pty Limited}} (accessed via Lexis Nexis on 1 January 2013)</ref> Production from an [[oil field]] off the coast of northwest Australia were down 38%, partly due to being shut down in preparation for Cyclone John.<ref name=oilclose>{{cite news|date=31 January 2000|title=Second Quarter Activities Report|agency=[[Australian Associated Press]]}} (accessed via Lexis Nexis on 1 January 2013)</ref> Rough seas from John also caused a maximum [[storm surge]] height of {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}}, recorded in Port Hedland by the Port Hedland Authority on 15 December.<ref name="CycloneJohnReport">{{cite web|author=Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Center |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/pdf/john.pdf |url-status=live |title=Tropical Cyclone John |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=6 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320213025/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/pdf/john.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 }}</ref> Further inland, Cyclone John brought widespread rainfall and [[flooding]]. In [[Newman, Western Australia]], {{convert|240|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain was recorded early on 16 December. As a result, some roads and 25&nbsp;houses were flooded by the rains. By the evening of that day, the rainfall total had increased to {{convert|500|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=GPSummary /> [[Todd River]] was flooded after {{convert|80|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain fell as a result of the cyclone.<ref name=xmas>{{cite news|date=20 December 1999|title=Stop dreaming of a wet Xmas|newspaper=Northern Territory News|agency=Nationwide News Pty Limited}} (accessed via Lexis Nexis on 1 January 2013)</ref><ref name=inlandnt>{{cite news|date=19 December 1999|title=Cyclone rains hit inland NT|newspaper=[[Sunday Territorian]]|agency=Nationwide News Pty Limited}} (accessed via Lexis Nexis on 1 January 2013)</ref> Overall John was responsible for no deaths and a limited amount of damage.<ref name="BOMSeason"/> After the season had ended the name John was [[List of retired Australian cyclone names#Tropical Cyclone names retired in the 1990s|retired]] from the Australian tropical cyclone naming list.<ref name="WMO TCOP">{{cite report|author=RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee|title=Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2012|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|chapter-url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP24_RAVOpPlan_2012.pdf|access-date=13 February 2013|date=12 December 2012|pages=2B-1–2B-4 (23–26)|chapter=List of Tropical Cyclone Names withdrawn from use due to a Cyclone's Negative Impact on one or more countries}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Tropical cyclones in 1999]]
*[[Tropical Storm John|Other storms named John]]
*[[Cyclone Orson]]
*[[Cyclone Joan]]
*[[Cyclone George]]
*[[Cyclone Gwenda]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/?ref=ftr Bureau of Meteorology]
* [http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301105349/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC |date=1 March 2010 }}
* [http://australiasevereweather.com/tropical_cyclones/1999_2000/bom/tropical_cyclone_john.htm Track of Cyclone John] (provided by Australia Severe Weather)

{{Retired Australian cyclones}}
{{Category 5 Australian region tropical cyclones}}

[[Category:1999 in Australia|John, cyclone]]
[[Category:Category 5 Australian region cyclones|John]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Western Australia|John]]
[[Category:Retired Australian region cyclones|John]]
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