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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Category 5 Australian region cyclone in 1989}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Other hurricane uses|List of storms named Orson}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Severe Tropical Cyclone Orson
| image = Orson 1989-04-22 0555Z.jpg
| caption = Orson at peak intensity on 22 April
| formed = 17 April 1989
| low = 23 April 1989
| dissipated = 24 April 1989
}}{{Infobox weather event/BOM
| winds = 130
| pressure = 904
| pressure-suffix = {{small| (Fourth lowest pressure in Australian basin)<ref name="904mbar">{{cite conference|url=http://www.waveworkshop.org/7thWaves/Papers/Buchan_etal.pdf |title=Measured Tropical Cyclone Seas |author1=Buchan, S.J. |author2=Tron, S.M. |author3=Lemm A.J. |date=4 September 2002 |conference=7th International Workshop on Wave hindcasting and forecasting preprints |conference-url=http://www.waveworkshop.org/7thWaves/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921055216/http://www.waveworkshop.org/7thWaves/Papers/Buchan_etal.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2018 |url-status=live |location=Banff, Alberta, Canada |access-date=12 April 2012  }}</ref>}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 140
| pressure = 
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| fatalities = 5 direct
| damage = 16800000
| year = 1989
| areas = [[Western Australia]]
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1988–89 Australian region cyclone season]]
}}
'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Orson''' was the fourth most intense [[tropical cyclone|cyclone]] ever recorded in the [[List of Australian region cyclone seasons|Australian region]].<ref name="BOMBT"/> Forming out of a [[tropical low]] on 17 April 1989, Orson gradually intensified as it tracked towards the west. After attaining Category 5 intensity on 20 April, the storm began to track southward and accelerated. The following day, the cyclone reached its peak intensity with winds of {{convert|250|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (<small>10-minute sustained</small>) and a [[barometric pressure]] of 904&nbsp;hPa (mbar).<ref name="904mbar"/> Orson maintained this intensity for nearly two days before making [[landfall]] near [[Dampier, Western Australia|Dampier]]. The cyclone rapidly weakened after landfall as it accelerated to the southeast. After moving into the [[Great Australian Bight]] on 24 April, the storm dissipated.

Despite Orson's extreme intensity, damage was relatively minimal as it struck a sparsely populated region of [[Western Australia]]. Five people were killed offshore and damages amounted to {{ntsp|20000000||[[Australian dollar|A$]]}} ({{ntsp|16800000||US$}}). The storm damaged a new gas platform, delaying the project for nearly two weeks. The most severe impacts took place in [[Pannawonica, Western Australia|Pannawonica]], where 70 homes were damaged. Following the storm, cleanup costs reached A$5&nbsp;million (US$4.1&nbsp;million). Due to the severity of the storm, the name ''Orson'' was [[List of retired Australian cyclone names|retired]] after the season.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Orson 1989 track.png|alt=A map of a path across the eastern Indian Ocean near Australia. Most of the country can be seen in the right side of the image. Some of the Indonesian islands are visible at the top.}}
Cyclone Orson originated out of a [[Tropical cyclone#tropical depression|tropical low]], monitored by the [[Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|Australian Bureau of Meteorology]], that formed northwest of [[Darwin, Northern Territory]] on 17 April 1989. The system tracked southwest throughout the day before turning due west and strengthening into a [[tropical cyclone]], at which time it received the name ''Orson''.<ref name="Report">{{cite report|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=12 April 2012 |year=1992 |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/pdf/orson_full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320213830/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/pdf/orson_full.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=live |author1=Hanstrum, B. |author2=Foley, G |title=Report on Tropical Cyclone Orson }}</ref> At this time, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) also began monitoring the storm as Tropical Storm 28S.<ref name="JTWC">{{cite report|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Naval Western Oceanography Center |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air force |year=1990 |access-date=6 August 2009 |title=1989 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1989atcr/pdf/1989_complete.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606231751/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1989atcr/pdf/1989_complete.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}</ref> The forward motion of the storm gradually slowed as it intensified and on 19 April, Orson attained Category 3 status on the [[Australian Tropical cyclone Intensity Scale|Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale]], classifying Orson as a severe tropical cyclone.<ref name="BOMBT"/> Later that day, as the storm attained Category 4 status, an [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed. By this time, Orson began to turn towards the southwest and on 20 April,<ref name="Report"/> the storm intensified into a Category 5 cyclone with winds of {{convert|210|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (<small>10-minute sustained</small>).<ref name="BOMBT">{{cite web|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|year=2008|access-date=6 August 2009|title=Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Best Tracks|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/silo/cyclones.cgi}}</ref>

The JTWC also reported significant strengthening during the same period. They assessed Orson to have attained an intensity equivalent to a [[Category 5 hurricane]] on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale]] on 22 April with winds of {{convert|260|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} <small>1-minute sustained</small>).<ref name="JTWC"/> Around this time, the storm tracked directly over the North Rankin gas platform. The platform was in the {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye of Orson for roughly 40 minutes.<ref name="ATCR"/> A weather station there recorded a [[barometric pressure]] of 904&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 26.69&nbsp;[[Inches of mercury|inHg]])<ref name="904mbar"/> and wind gusts of {{convert|250|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} before the station was damaged. This was, at the time, the lowest pressure ever recorded in the Australian region since records began.<ref name="ATCR">{{cite web|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|date=March 1991|access-date=6 August 2009|title=The South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1988–89|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/1991/drosdowsky.pdf|author=Drosdowsky L.|author2=Woodcock F.}}</ref> It was later surpassed by [[1998–99 Australian region cyclone season#Severe Tropical Cyclone Gwenda|Severe Tropical Cyclone Gwenda]] in [[1998–99 Australian region cyclone season|1999]] when that storm attained a pressure of 900&nbsp;hPa (mbar).<ref name="Gwenda">{{cite report|access-date=12 April 2012|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/pdf/gwenda.pdf|title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Gwenda|last=Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre|date=29 April 2009|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology}}</ref> By this time, Cyclone Orson was roughly {{convert|555|km|mi|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref>{{cite book|author2=Lai, L.L.|publisher=Springer Berlin/Heidelberg|author1=Zhang, Q.P.|author3=Sun, W.C.|title=Advances in Machine Learning and Cybernetics |chapter=Location of Tropical Cyclone Center with Intelligent Image Processing Technique |year=2006|access-date=7 August 2009|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/11739685_94|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=3930|pages=898–907|doi=10.1007/11739685_94|isbn=978-3-540-33584-9}}</ref>

[[File:Orson 21&nbsp;apr 1989 0605Z.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Cyclone Orson intensifying on 21&nbsp;April|alt=A mature cyclone over the eastern Indian Ocean near Australia. The storm is matured with a large area of deep thunderstorms and a well-defined eye. Western Australia can be seen in the bottom right of the image and some of the Indonesian islands can be seen at the top.]]
Continuing on a southerly track, accelerating ahead of an approaching [[Weather front|cold front]], Cyclone Orson made landfall, near [[Dampier, Western Australia|Dampier]], around 4:45&nbsp;am [[Time in Australia|AWST]] on 23 April (2045&nbsp;UTC 22 April).<ref name="ATCR"/> with winds of {{convert|220|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (<small>10-minute sustained</small>).<ref name="BOMBT"/> The JTWC also reported that Orson had weakened, with winds at landfall estimated at {{convert|230|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} <small>1-minute sustained</small>).<ref name="JTWCBT">{{cite web|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Naval Western Oceanography Center|publisher=United States Navy, United States Airforce|year=2002|access-date=6 August 2009|title=Tropical Cyclone 28S (Orson) Best Track|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1989/1989s-bsh/bsh261989.txt|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004153344/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1989/1989s-bsh/bsh261989.txt|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tracking at {{convert|28|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, the weakening storm passed over [[Pannawonica, Western Australia|Pannawonica]].<ref name="ATCR"/> Less than 12&nbsp;hours after landfall, the storm weakened below Category 3 status.<ref name="BOMBT"/> By this time, the JTWC was no longer monitoring the system.<ref name="JTWCBT"/> Around 5:00&nbsp;am AWST on 24 April (2100&nbsp;UTC 23 April), Orson weakened to a tropical low while situated over southern Western Australia.<ref name="BOMBT"/> Continuing to accelerate to nearly {{convert|50|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, the remnants of the storm moved over the [[Great Australian Bight]] late on 24 April.<ref name="Report"/> Several hours after moving back over water, the storm dissipated.<ref name="ATCR"/>

The Australian Bureau of Meteorology uses 10-minute [[maximum sustained wind|sustained winds]], while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center uses one-minute sustained winds.<ref name="windchange">{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=2011-06-17|access-date=12 April 2012|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/frequently-asked-questions-1|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air force|archive-date=1 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901174657/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/frequently-asked-questions-1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The conversion factor between the two is 1.14.<ref name="conversion">{{cite web|publisher=United States Navy|year=2009|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/~chu/chap6/se200.htm|title=Section 2 Intensity Observation and Forecast Errors|access-date=6 August 2009|archive-date=30 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830042306/http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/~chu/chap6/se200.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Bureau of Meteorology's peak intensity for Orson was {{convert|250|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} 10-minute sustained, or {{convert|290|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} one-minute sustained.<ref name="BOMBT"/><ref name="conversion"/> The JTWC's peak intensity for Orson was {{convert|260|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} one-minute sustained, or {{convert|220|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} 10-minute sustained.<ref name="JTWCBT"/><ref name="conversion"/>

==Preparations and impact==
{{Most intense Australian cyclones|align=right}}As Cyclone Orson approached the coast of Western Australia, residents were urged to prepare for the storm; people proceeded to clean up litter, secure outdoor items and make sure their disaster kits were stocked. All 200 personnel from a A$1.5&nbsp;billion gas platform off the coast were evacuated ahead of the storm.<ref name="CM4">{{cite news|title=West Stays On Alert As Cyclone Tracks Inland|work=Courier-Mail|date=24 April 1989}} (Accessed via Lexis-Nexis)</ref> Since Cyclone Orson made landfall in a sparsely populated region, its effects were relatively light compared to its intensity.<ref name="Report"/> More than 20 fishermen were reported missing during the storm.<ref name="S&R"/>

On 23 April, a rescue mission with three aircraft recovered roughly 20 fisherman, while one was still missing.<ref name="S&R">{{cite news|work=Sunday Tasmanian|date=23 April 1989|title=Search and Rescue Finds 20 Fishermen}}</ref> Offshore, the storm killed four Indonesian fishermen after their ships sank in [[Swell (ocean)|swells]] up to {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} produced by the storm.<ref name="Report"/> The North Rankin gas platform sustained minor damage despite wind gusts reaching {{convert|270|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Fahey, Martin |publisher=The University of Western Australia |year=2005 |access-date=6 August 2009 |title=North Rankin 'A' Platform, North West Shelf |url=http://www.isfog.civil.uwa.edu.au/perspectives.pps |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913034614/http://www.isfog.civil.uwa.edu.au/perspectives.pps |archive-date=13 September 2009 }}</ref> and waves estimated at {{convert|21|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>Christopher C. Burt and Mark Stroud ''Extreme Weather'' p. 219</ref> The large swells also delayed the find of a major oil field that contained more than {{convert|200|Moilbbl|m3}} of oil. The waves knocked a drill rig used to find oil out of position; it would take several days for the drill rig to be repositioned.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 April 1989|title=Cyclone Delays News of 'Major Oil Find'|work=Sydney Morning Herald|page=23}}</ref> After an assessment of damage, it was found that the drill rig snapped off and broke the chains of two anchors before drifting nearly {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the platform. The repositioning and cleanup of the drill rig delayed the project by nearly two weeks.<ref>{{cite web|author=Luker, Paul|work=The Age |date=9 May 1989|access-date=7 August 2009|title=Woodside faces further delay in WA oil tests|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pWERAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FJcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1418,6526806&dq=cyclone+orson}}</ref> The damages from Cyclone Orson increased the total cost of the platform to roughly {{ntsp|20000000||[[Australian dollar|A$]]}} ({{ntsp|16800000||[[United States dollar|US$]]}}).<ref>{{cite web|author=Hextall, Bruce|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=16 May 1989|access-date=7 August 2009|title=First Shelf gas shipment to Japan likely in July|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ORURAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nOcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2315,5736470&dq=cyclone+orson}}</ref>

Upon making landfall, Orson produced a [[storm surge]] of {{convert|3.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ATCR"/> This came during low tide, having a height of {{convert|1.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Report"/> Severe erosion was recorded along coastal areas, some losing nearly {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} of rocks.<ref name="Report"/><ref name="HM1">{{cite news|title=Cyclone Orson Was Nation's Strongest Ever|work=Holbart Mercury|date=25 April 1989}} (Accessed via Lexis-Nexis)</ref> Wind gusts in Dampier reached {{convert|183|km/h|abbr=on}} and a station near where Orson made landfall recorded a wind gust of {{convert|211|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ATCR"/> Harbour officials stated that several ships were knocked off their moorings and washed up onshore.<ref name="HM1"/> In [[Karratha, Western Australia|Karratha]], the local [[weather radar]] sustained roughly A$900,000 (US$760,000) in damages.<ref name="CM4"/> A nearby airport was also damaged.<ref name="HM1"/> The jetty at [[Point Samson, Western Australia|Point Samson]] was severely damaged and eventually removed.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Karratha and Districts Tourist Information Centre |year=2009 |access-date=13 December 2011 |title=Point Samson |url=http://www.pilbaracoast.com/towns/point-samson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131203527/http://www.pilbaracoast.com/towns/point-samson |archive-date=31 January 2012 }} (Accessed via Lexis-Nexis)</ref>

The most severe damage took place in the mining town of [[Pannawonica, Western Australia|Pannawonica]], where 70 homes were damaged by the storm. Numerous trees and power lines were downed along the storm's path. Before dissipating, the storm left one additional person missing after contact was lost with his yacht.<ref name="HM1"/> Later reports confirmed that the missing person drowned during the storm.<ref>{{cite news|work=Sydney Morning Herald|title=Cyclone Death|date=23 April 1989}} (Accessed via Lexis-Nexis)</ref> Twenty people were also injured during the storm, 60 were left homeless and about 1,000 were affected.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Australian Emergency Management Agency |title=North-western coast, WA: Cyclone |date=13 September 2006 |access-date=13 December 2011 |url=http://www.disasters.ema.gov.au/Browse%20Details/DisasterEventDetails.aspx?DisasterEventID=895 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001932/http://www.disasters.ema.gov.au/Browse%20Details/DisasterEventDetails.aspx?DisasterEventID=895 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref> Total damages from the storm were estimated at A$20&nbsp;million (US$16.8&nbsp;million) and repair costs reached A$5&nbsp;million (US$4.1&nbsp;million).<ref name="Report"/><ref>{{cite news|work=Courier-Mail|title=Cyclone Orson's bill may top $20M|date=25 April 1989}} (Accessed via Lexis-Nexis)</ref> Due to the severity of the storm, the name ''Orson'' was [[List of retired Australian cyclone names|retired]] after the season.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=6 August 2009|author=RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee|title=Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South Pacific and South-East Indian Ocean|year=2008|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP24-English2008.pdf|publisher=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones|Australia}}
*[[Australian region tropical cyclone]]
*[[List of cyclones in Western Australia]]
*[[List of the most intense tropical cyclones]]
*[[Cyclone Ilsa]] (2023) – another powerful tropical cyclone which took a similar path to Orson.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://australiasevereweather.com/tropical_cyclones/1988_1989/bom/tropical_cyclone_orson.htm Track of Cyclone Orson] (provided by Australia Severe Weather)

{{1988–89 Australian region cyclone season buttons}}
{{Retired Australian cyclones}}
{{Category 5 Australian region tropical cyclones}}

{{Featured article}}

[[Category:1989 in Australia|Orson, cyclone]]
[[Category:Category 5 Australian region cyclones|Orson]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Western Australia|Orson]]
[[Category:Retired Australian region cyclones|Orson]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 1989|Orson]]
[[Category:1989 disasters in Australia]]
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