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{{Infobox United Nations
| name = Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic
| formation = 1965
| image = {{box|type=transparent|[[File:Emblem of the United Nations.svg|100px]]}}
| map = DR1965-4 (8161996258).jpg
| map_size = 240px
| map_caption = A Marine sniper monitors the international neutral corridor from a rooftop in Santo Domingo.
| abbreviation = DOMREP
| type = [[Peacekeeping force]]
| status = Completed
| purpose = Observe the ceasefire agreement
| headquarters = [[Santo Domingo]]
| location_country = [[Dominican Republic]]
| sec_gen = [[U Thant]]
| leader_title = Head of Mission
| leader_name = [[José Antonio Mayobre]]
| leader_title2 = Military advisor
| leader_name2 = [[Indar Jit Rikhye]]
| parent_organization = [[Department of Peacekeeping Operations]]
| expenses = $275,831
| staff = 4 including upto to 2 military observers from Brazil, Canada and Ecuador.
| website = https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/domrep/
}}

The '''Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic''' ('''DOMREP''') was a [[peacekeeping]] operation established in 1965 by the [[United Nations|UN]] to observe the ceasefire agreement between the two de facto authorities in the [[Dominican Republic]] during the [[Dominican Civil War]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=dos Santos |first=Bernardo Rodrigues |editor1-first=Joachim A |editor1-last=Koops |editor2-first=Thierry |editor2-last=Tardy |editor3-first=Norrie |editor3-last=MacQueen |editor4-first=Paul D |editor4-last=Williams |url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686049.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199686049-e-25 |title=Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic(DOMREP) |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=5 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686049.013.25 |isbn=978-0-19-968604-9 }}</ref> DOMREP was instructed to report any breaches of the agreements between the Constitutionalists led by [[Juan Bosch (politician)|Juan Bosch]] and [[Francisco Caamaño]], and Loyalists commanded by [[Elías Wessin y Wessin]] and backed by the [[United States]].<ref name=":2" /> Once the new Dominican constitutional government was formed, DOMREP withdrew.<ref name=":2" />

Following the outbreak of civil war three weeks prior in the country, and the subsequent intervention of the United States – under the codename [[Operation Power Pack]] –, the [[United Nations Security Council]] organized DOMREP to oversee a [[ceasefire]] and [[free elections]] in the Dominican Republic.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=dos Santos |first=Bernardo Rodrigues |editor1-first=Joachim A |editor1-last=Koops |editor2-first=Thierry |editor2-last=Tardy |editor3-first=Norrie |editor3-last=MacQueen |editor4-first=Paul D |editor4-last=Williams |url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686049.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199686049-e-25 |title=Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic(DOMREP) |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=6 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686049.013.25 |isbn=978-0-19-968604-9 }}</ref> The [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[U Thant]] appointed Mr [[José Antonio Mayobre]] to oversee the mission until completion.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=dos Santos |first=Bernardo Rodrigues |editor1-first=Joachim A |editor1-last=Koops |editor2-first=Thierry |editor2-last=Tardy |editor3-first=Norrie |editor3-last=MacQueen |editor4-first=Paul D |editor4-last=Williams |url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686049.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199686049-e-25 |title=Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic(DOMREP) |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=2 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686049.013.25 |isbn=978-0-19-968604-9 }}</ref> The UN DOMREP mission was significant because it marked the only peacekeeping mission to occur in the [[Western Hemisphere]] and in the sphere of American influence in the [[Cold War]] era.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neack |first=Laura |date=1995 |title=UN Peace-Keeping: In the Interest of Community or Self? |journal=Journal of Peace Research |volume=32 |issue=2 |page=189 |doi=10.1177/0022343395032002005 |s2cid=109964846 |issn=0022-3433}}</ref>  General elections were held on 1 June 1966, resulting in victory for [[Joaquín Balaguer]], and initiating the withdrawal of the peacekeeping operations in September 1966.<ref name=":1" />

== Background ==
[[File:Rafael Leónidas Trujillo.jpg|thumb|243x243px|[[Rafael Trujillo]] imposed a severe dictatorship over the [[Dominican Republic]] for more than 30 years  (1930–1961)|left]]

=== Under Trujillo's rule ===
The Dominican Republic has been successively colonized by the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]], the [[Kingdom of France|French]], the [[Haiti]]ans and the [[British Empire|British]] since the [[15th century]], though temporarily gaining independence in the late [[19th century]]. Following the establishment of the [[Monroe Doctrine]] in 1823, [[United States|the United States]] had directly or indirectly intervened in the politics, economy and society of [[Latin America–United States relations|Latin America]], seeking to place the entire continent under its own sphere of influence by supporting puppet regimes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grant |first=Ulysses S. |title=The papers of Ulysses S. Grant |date=1967 |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |others=John Y. Simon, John F. Marszalek, Ulysses S. Grant Association |isbn=0-8093-0248-9 |location=Carbondale |oclc=382397}}</ref> Since 1930, the Dominican Republic had been under the dictatorship of [[Rafael Trujillo]] and his family, who were backed by the U.S in order to control Dominica politically and economically.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Bothe |first=Michael |url=https://brill.com/view/title/10972 |title=UN Peacekeeping: A Documentary Introduction |date=2021 |publisher=Brill Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-48024-7 |editor-last=Doerschel |editor-first=Thomas |page=159 |doi=10.1163/9789004480247 }}</ref> Trujillo's [[dictatorship]] isolated the Dominican Republic both financially and diplomatically, with efforts of [[state-sponsored terrorism]] angering the Republic's [[Latin America]]n neighbours. Following Trujillo's [[Assassination attempt of Rómulo Betancourt|attempted assassination]] of the US-Backed Venezuelan President [[Rómulo Betancourt]], the [[Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower Administration]] approved a [[CIA]]-Backed assassination of Trujillo by various Dominican business leaders and military officers on 30 May 1961.<ref>Central Intelligence Agency. (1972). "The Kaplans of the CIA - Approved For Release 2001/03/06 CIA-RDP84-00499R001000100003-2" (PDF). pp. 3–6,  https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/</ref> Trujillo's family failed to maintain control of the country, and fled following the [[Rebellion of the Pilots]] on 19 November 1961.

=== Elections & first coup ===
In 1962, long-time Dominican opposition leader, [[Juan Bosch (politician)|Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño]] won the first free election in the Republic's history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nohlen |first=Dieter |title=Elections in the Americas: a data handbook |date=2005 |isbn=0-19-925358-7 |location=New York |page=247 |oclc=58051010}}</ref> Bosch's government pursued an agenda of civilian control of the [[military]], a [[secular]] constitution and widespread popular [[land reform]]s. This agenda angered both the Dominican Military and Dominican landholders, ending Bosch's government in a [[Coup d'état]] on 25 September 1963. From December 1963 to April 1965, the Dominican Republic became a [[military junta]] under a [[triumvirate]] led by [[Donald Reid Cabral]].

=== Counter-coup & Civil War ===
[[File:Domrep-f2.jpg|thumb|Medical Service officers of the [[American army]] conferring near [[Santo Domingo]] in early May 1965.]]By 1965, however, discontentment following failed reform at stabilizing the country led to a military counter-coup (headed by [[Francisco Caamaño]]) to removed the junta from power.<ref>{{Cite web |last=James Fearon |date=June 26, 2006 |title=Dominican Republic |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/Random%20Narratives/Dominican%20RepublicRN1.2.pdf |access-date=June 27, 2015 |website=Stanford University }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Loyalists towards Reid, led by General [[Elías Wessin y Wessin]] attempted a second counter-coup, beginning the Dominican Civil War. On the advice of the US ambassador to the Dominican Republic, [[William Tapley Bennett Jr.]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=Bruce Jr. |title=Intervention in the Caribbean: the Dominican crisis of 1965 |date=1989 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0-8131-5002-4 |location=Lexington, Ky. |page=9 |oclc=644614080}}</ref> who urged that the U.S should act before an international coalition ever had the time to form, US President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] organized [[Dominican Civil War|Operation Power Pack]], allowing the occupation of the country under the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) by the mobilized [[Inter-American Peace Force]] (IAPF).

== Operation ==
[[File:G.I.'s playing baseball with Dominican kids. Santo Domingo, May 5., 1965 - NARA - 541975.tif|thumb|left|American [[G.I.]]s playing baseball with Dominican kid while the DOMREP is being discussed in the UN.]]
DOMREP was formed both to help broker the ceasefire between the Constitutionalists and Loyalists, as well as to act as a balance against US influence in the Republic under the [[Organization of American States|OAS]].<ref name=":4" /> Initial US intervention had witnessed strong opposition from neighbouring Latin American states, along with [[France]] and the [[Soviet Union]]. The latter claimed that the OAS Force was the usage of an International Organization to legitimize [[American imperialism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fortna |first=Virginia Page |title=Regional Organizations and Peacekeeping: Experiences in Latin America and Africa |publisher=Henry L. Stinson Center |year=1993 |location=Washington DC |page=1}}</ref> The Soviet Union led efforts through the [[Security Council]] on 1 May 1965 to authorize DOMREP. The Mission called for and observed a ceasefire between the Constitutionalist and Loyalist factions of the Dominican military.

DOMREP was authorized on 14 May 1965, however, the UN lacked 'boots on the ground'. The UN Peacekeeping Mission had no real troops assigned to guarantee the ceasefire compliance, counting only with a small team of observers from [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], and [[Ecuador]].<ref>United Nations. (2003). Facts and Figures. "Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic".</ref> Instead, the UN gave the OAS responsibility of providing the military force. Country members of the OAS organized a task force of 12,400 US personnel and 1,763 soldiers from various Latin American countries.<ref name=":3" />

UN Security Council Resolutions 203 and 205 placed the country under Security Council observation, and requested the OAS to inform the UN of its actions within the Dominican Republic.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=United Nations Security Council. |date=1965 |title=Resolution 203 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/90485?ln=en |journal=United Nations Digital Library System |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1965 |title=Security Council Resolution 205 - UNSCR |url=http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/205 |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=unscr.com}}</ref> Venezuelan Executive Secretary José Antonio Mayobre acted as the representative of the UN Secretary-General, accompanied by the [[India]]n Major-General [[Indar Jit Rikhye]] as a military advisor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rikhye |first=Indar Jit |title=Trumpets and tumults: the memoirs of a peacekeeper |date=2002 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=81-7304-409-0 |location=Delhi |page=12 |oclc=49332887}}</ref> The mission faced early criticism. Dominican Foreign Minister [[Horacio Vicioso Soto]] complained that DOMREP did not allow the Dominican Republic [[police]] to act in a sovereign manner in the conflict zone, bringing criticism of UN and OAS violation of the Dominican Republic's status as an independent state.<ref name=":2" />

DOMREP involvement came to an end following the signing of the Act of Dominican Reconciliation on 31 August 1965, led by the OAS. The act agreed on free elections throughout the country to end the conflict. The elections saw the victory of President Joaquín Balaguer against Bosch. The last troops of both the OAS-led [[Inter-American Peace Force|IAPF]] and UN-led DOMREP withdrew on 21 September 1966.<ref name=":1" />

=== Personnel in action ===
[[File:Honduran soldiers, first troops of Inter-American peace force, arrive to assume peace-keeping duties and to render emerg - NARA - 541976.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Honduran soldiers were the first troops to arrive and assume peacekeeping duties in the Dominican Republic.]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+IAPF Forces: 
[[File:Fuerza Interamericana de Paz sello.svg|frameless|83x83px]]
!Country<ref name=":3" />
!Number of Soldiers 
!Special Represesentative
|-
|{{USA}}
|12,400
|Lieutenant-General [[Bruce Palmer Jr.]]
|-
|{{BRA}}
|1.152
|General [[Hugo Panasco Alvim]]
|-
|{{HND}}
|250
|
|-
|{{PRY}}
|178
|
|-
|{{NIC}}
|159
|
|-
|{{CRI}}
|21 [[Military police]]
|
|-
|{{SLV}}
|3 [[Officer (armed forces)|Officers]]
|
|}

== Reactions ==
The United States had presented their mission as [[fait accompli]] (accomplished fact), and were also aware that DOMREP was acting as an observer mission with no peace-keeping forces assigned. The United States, therefore, did not raise its concerns about DOMREP in the United Nations, although there was a lack of a proper working relationship between the DOMREP mission and the OAS mission, contributing to long drawn-out violations with regard to [[human rights]] in addition to the ceasefire.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wainhouse |first=David W. |date=1975 |title=The Thin Blue Line: International Peacekeeping and Its Future. By Indar Jit Rikhye, Michael Harbottle, Bjøfrn Egge. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1974. Pp. xvi, 353. Index. $12.50.) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/the-thin-blue-line-international-peacekeeping-and-its-future-by-indar-jit-rikhye-michael-harbottle-bjofrn-egge-new-haven-and-london-yale-university-press-1974-pp-xvi-353-index-1250/00C9F7F6DCBF7FABC9F1183AA670C40A |journal=American Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=69 |issue=3 |page=153 |doi=10.2307/2199935 |jstor=2199935 |s2cid=150216942 |issn=0002-9300}}</ref>  The mission, although relatively small, had been one of considerable complexity, specifically regarding the unilateral role of the United States and the later role of the IAPF. Despite this, the United Nations also benefited from the presence of the regional organization in the Dominican Republic, by not having to allocate financial resources for a military presence as well as maintaining a legal precedent over all operations in the country. They were further benefited by the reception of Dominican authorities who recognised the UN's commitment to achieving peace and harmony in the region while also repudiating the IAPF in letters that voice strong criticism of their role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DOMREP - Background |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/domrepbackgr.html |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=peacekeeping.un.org}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Food distribution in front of "Yankees come back" sign, Santo Domingo, May 9., 1965 - NARA - 541807.tif|left|thumb|Food distribution centre in [[Santo Domingo]].]]Bernardo Rodrigues dos Santos argues that DOMREP could be viewed as a success from the perspective of having successfully completed its Security Council Mandate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=dos Santos |first=Bernardo Rodrigues |editor1-first=Joachim A |editor1-last=Koops |editor2-first=Thierry |editor2-last=Tardy |editor3-first=Norrie |editor3-last=MacQueen |editor4-first=Paul D |editor4-last=Williams |url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686049.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199686049-e-25 |title=Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic(DOMREP) |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=7 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686049.013.25 |isbn=978-0-19-968604-9 }}</ref> Unlike many of the preceding UN peacekeeping missions, DOMREP was engaged in a mission taking place in the military presence of one of the Cold War powers at the time, without having UN military personnel on the ground. Even though not expressly against the rules of the [[UN Charter]], the United States had initially sent a military intervention without the authorization of the Security Council, which was required in such a circumstance. DOMREP also marked the first occasion in which a UN Peacekeeping Mission was confronted with operating alongside another regional organization pursuing the same objective - in this case the OAS. By checking the power of the United States in their own geopolitical [[sphere of influence]], the mission overall was argued to be a relatively successful attempt of the UN in dealing with unilateral interventionism by one of its own Security Council Permanent Members.<ref name=":0" />

DOMREP has been argued as both a means of US legitimization of their earlier intervention under the OAS, and as a Soviet response to limit US influence in the Dominican Republic.                  

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |title=The Blue Helmets: a review of United Nations peace-keeping. |date=1990 |publisher=UN, Department of Public Information |isbn=92-1-100444-6 |location=New York}}
*{{cite journal |last=Wentges |first=J. Taylor |date=1998 |title=Force, Function and Phase: Three Dimensions of UN Peacekeeping |journal=Journal of International Peacekeeping |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=58–77 |doi=10.1163/187541198X00268}}
*{{cite book |last1=Harrelson |first1=Max |title=Fires All Around the Horizon: The U.N.'s Uphill Battle to Preserve the Peace |date=1989 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-275-92997-8 |location=Westport, United States }}
{{refend}}

{{United Nations}}{{UN Peacekeeping Operations}}{{Dominican Republic topics}}

[[Category:United Nations operations in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:United Nations]]
[[Category:Peacekeeping]]
[[Category:United Nations Security Council]]
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