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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Active volcanic island in the South Shetland archipelago }}
{{About|the island in Antarctica|the island in Washington State|Deception Pass|the island in Chile|List of islands of Chile#Deceit}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox islands
| name             = Deception Island
| image_name       =Deception island.jpg
| image_caption    = Satellite image of the island by [[Sentinel-2]] (March 2023)
| map              = South Shetland Islands#Antarctica
| map_caption      = Location in the South Shetland Islands##Location in Antarctica
| location         = [[Antarctica]]
| coordinates      = {{Coord|62|57|30|S|60|38|30|W|region:AQ_dim:50000|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2         = 79
| length_km        = 12
| width_km         = 12
| highest_mount    = Mount Pond
| elevation_m      = 542
| population       = 0
| country          = None
| treaty_system    = [[Antarctic Treaty System]]
| module = {{Infobox lighthouse | embed=yes | qid = Q33413541}}
}}
[[File:Deception_Island_Map.svg|thumb|Deception Island map with the topography and the location of the stations and protected zones]]
'''Deception Island''' is in the [[South Shetland Islands]] close to the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] with a large and usually "safe" natural harbor, which is occasionally affected by the underlying active volcano.<ref>{{cite web|date=2017-03-30|first=Petar|last=Djajkovski|title=Deception Island: The "safest" harbor in Antarctica until it was abandoned in the 1960s|url=https://www.abandonedspaces.com/uncategorized/deception-island.html|website=Abandoned Spaces}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2020}} This island is the [[caldera]] of an active [[volcano]], which seriously damaged local scientific stations in 1967 and 1969. The island previously held a whaling station. It is now a tourist destination with over 15,000 visitors per year.{{cn|date=February 2024}} Two research stations are operated by Argentina and Spain during the summer season.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Geyer |first1=A. |last2=Álvarez-Valero |first2=A.M. |last3=Gisbert |first3=G. |last4=Aulinas |first4=M. |last5=Hernández-Barreña |first5=D. |last6=Lobo |first6=A. |last7=Marti |first7=J. |date=2019-01-23 |title=Deciphering the evolution of Deception Island's magmatic system |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=373 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-36188-4 |pmid=30674998 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6344569 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9..373G |language=en}}</ref> While various countries have asserted sovereignty, it is still administered under the [[Antarctic Treaty System]].

== Geography ==
[[File:20200101 105347 Telefon Bay Espen Mills.jpg|left|thumb|Telefon Bay]]
[[File:South Shetland-2016-Deception Island–Caldera wall reflection (WSW).jpg|thumb|left|Looking WSW from the center of the caldera]]
Located within the [[Bransfield Strait]], the island is roughly circular and horseshoe-shaped, with a maximum diameter around {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The highest peak, Mount Pond on the east side of the island, has an elevation of {{convert|539|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, while Mount Kirkwood on the west has an elevation of {{convert|452|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Over half (57%) of the island is covered by [[glacier]]s up to 10&nbsp;m thick, ice-cored [[moraine]]s, or ice-covered [[pyroclast]]s. The centre of the island has been flooded by the sea to form a large bay, now called [[Port Foster]], about {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide. The bay has a narrow entrance, just {{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} wide, called [[Neptune's Bellows]]. The port is a [[oceanic basin|basin]] with a flat floor up to {{cvt|170|m}} deep with several small submarine [[volcanic cone|cones]] and [[lava dome|domes]].  The port is rimmed by a shallow [[coastal shelf]] with sandy-[[gravel]]ly beaches. The outer coast of the island is characterized by {{convert|30-70|m|ft|abbr=on}} cliffs of rock or ice.<ref name=smellie>{{cite book |last1=Smellie |first1=J.L. |last2=Lopez-Martinez |first2=J. |editor1-last=Lopez-Martinez |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Smellie |editor2-first=J.L. |editor3-last=Thomson |editor3-first=J.W. |editor4-last=Thomson |editor4-first=M.R.A. |section=Introduction |title=Geology and geomorphology of Deception Island |series=Bas Geomap Series |date=2002 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey |location=Cambridge |issn=0951-8886 |pages=1–4}}</ref>

Raven's Rock, a navigation hazard, lies {{convert|2.5|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} below the water in the middle of the channel. Just inside Neptune's Bellows lies the cove [[Whalers Bay (South Shetland Islands)|Whalers Bay]], which is bordered by a large [[black sand]] beach. Several [[maar]]s line the inside rim of the caldera, with some containing [[Volcanic crater lake|crater lake]]s (including one named Crater Lake). Others form bays within the harbour, such as the {{convert|1|km|adj=on|mi|1|abbr=on}} wide Whalers Bay. Other features of the island include [[Mount Kirkwood]], [[Fumarole Bay]], [[Sewing-Machine Needles]], [[Telefon Bay]], and [[Telefon Ridge]].

The linear [[Costa Recta]] spanning most of the east coast is hypothesised to be a scarp of a retreated submarine fault.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/4107748|title=Costa Recta beach, Deception Island, West Antarctica: A retreated scarp of a submarine fault?|journal=Antarctic Science|year=2005|volume=17|issue=3|page=418|last1=Fernández-Ibáñez|first1=Fermín|last2=Pérez-López|first2=Raul|last3=Martínez-Díaz|first3=José J.|last4=Paredes|first4=Carlos|last5=Giner-Robles|first5=Jorge L.|last6=Caselli|first6=Alberto T.|last7=Ibáñez|first7=Jesús M.|doi=10.1017/S0954102005002841|bibcode=2005AntSc..17..418F|hdl=20.500.12110/paper_09541020_v17_n3_p418_FernandezIbanez |s2cid=54090378|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

A 2016 study on [[Ardley Island]], {{cvt|120|km}} to the northeast, examined lake guano sediments and studied penguin population dynamics over 7,000&nbsp;years. Three of five population growth phases were terminated by a sudden crash, due to volcanic eruptions from the active volcano of Deception Island.<ref>{{cite news |author=Amos, Jonathan |date=11 April 2017 |title=Poo sediments record Antarctic 'penguin Pompeii' |newspaper=[[BBC News Online]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-39565764}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Roberts, Stephen J. |author2=Monien, Patrick |author3=Foster, Louise C. |author4=Loftfield, Julia |author5=Hocking, Emma P. |author6=Schnetger, Bernhard |author7=Pearson, Emma J. |author8=Juggins, Steve |author9=Fretwell, Peter |author10=Ireland, Louise |author11=Ochyra, Ryszard |author11-link=Ryszard Ochyra |author12=Haworth, Anna R. |author13=Allen, Claire S. |author14=Moreton, Steven G. |author15=Davies, Sarah J. |author16=Brumsack, Hans-Jürgen |author17=Bentley, Michael J. |author18=Hodgson, Dominic A. |display-authors=6 |year=2017 |title=Past penguin colony responses to explosive volcanism on the Antarctic Peninsula |journal=Nature Communications |volume=8  |issue=14914 |page=14914 |doi=10.1038/ncomms14914 |pmid=28398353 |pmc=5394244 |bibcode=2017NatCo...814914R}}</ref>
The history of volcanic eruptions is still under investigation, but several larger eruptions happened in the last 10,000&nbsp;years.<ref name="AntoniadesGiralt2018">{{cite journal |last1=Antoniades |first1=Dermot |last2=Giralt |first2=Santiago |last3=Geyer |first3=Adelina |last4=Álvarez-Valero |first4=Antonio M. |last5=Pla-Rabes |first5=Sergi |last6=Granados |first6=Ignacio |last7=Liu |first7=Emma J. |last8=Toro |first8=Manuel |last9=Smellie |first9=John L. |last10=Oliva |first10=Marc |display-authors=6 |year=2018 |title=The timing and widespread effects of the largest Holocene volcanic eruption in Antarctica |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=17279 |issn=2045-2322 |pmid=30467408 |pmc=6250685 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-35460-x |bibcode=2018NatSR...817279A}}</ref>

==Geology==
[[File:Deceptionisland_oli_201882_lrg.jpg|thumb|[[Landsat 8]] satellite photograph taken on 23 March 2018]]
Deception Island is the exposed portion of an active [[shield volcano]] 30&nbsp;km in diameter. The island is associated with [[Bransfield Basin]] [[seafloor spreading]] that includes a volcanic ridge and [[seamount]]s dating back to the [[Pleistocene]]. Deception Island [[volcanic ash]] layers have been found on other South Shetland Islands, the Bransfield Strait, the Scotia Sea and in South Pole [[ice core]]s. [[Volcanic tremor]]s are common, originating from depths less than 10&nbsp;km. Historical eruptions occurred in 1839–1842, 1967, 1969, and 1970.<ref name=smellie/>{{rp|iii}}  [[Stratigraphy]] of the island is characterized by the pre-[[caldera]] Port Foster Group and the post-caldera Mount Pond Group, both within the Deception Island Volcanic Complex. The Port Foster Group's principal [[outcrop]]s are located at South Point, Cathedral Crags near Entrance Point and north of Punta de la Descubierta forming spectacular coastal cliffs along the western portion of the island. The group is composed of the Fumarole Bay Formation consisting of [[hydrovolcanic eruption|hydrovolcanic]] [[tephra]], the Basaltic Shield Formation consisting of [[lava]]s and [[Strombolian eruption|Strombolian]] [[scoria]], and the Outer Coast [[Tuff]] [[formation (geology)|Formation]] consisting of [[lapilli]]-tuffs. The Mount Pond Group dominates the surface geology and consists of the [[Pyroclastic rock|pyroclastic]] Baily Head and Pendulum Cove formations, both formed during hydrovolcanic eruptions, and the Stonethrow Ridge Formation consisting of tuff [[volcanic cone|cone]] and [[maar]] deposits.  The caldera collapsed as either a hydrovolcanic eruption of the Outer Coast Tuff Formation, releasing about 30 [[cubic kilometer]]s of [[magma]], or passively due to regional [[tectonics]], since the island is at the intersection of the Bransfield Strait [[rift]] and the [[orthogonal]] [[Hero Fracture Zone]].<ref name=smellie2>{{cite book |last1=Smellie |first1=J.L. |year=2002 |section=Geology |editor1-last=Lopez-Martinez |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Smellie |editor2-first=J.L. |editor3-last=Thomson |editor3-first=J.W. |editor4-last=Thomson |editor4-first=M.R.A. |title=Geology and Geomorphology of Deception Island |series=Bas Geomap Series |publisher=British Antarctic Survey |location=Cambridge |issn=0951-8886 |pages=11–30}}</ref><ref name=smellie3>{{cite book |last1=Rey |first1=J. |last2=Maestro |first2=A. |last3=Somoza |first3=L. |last4=Smellie |first4=J.L. |year=2002 |section=Submarine morphology and seismic stratigraphy of Port Foster |editor1-last=Lopez-Martinez |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Smellie |editor2-first=J.L. |editor3-last=Thomson |editor3-first=J.W. |editor4-last=Thomson |editor4-first=M.R.A. |title=Geology and Geomorphology of Deception Island |series=Bas Geomap Series |publisher=British Antarctic Survey |location=Cambridge |issn=0951-8886 |page=41}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gonzalez-Ferran |first1=O. |year=1991 |section=The Bransfield rift and its active volcanism |editor1-last=Thomson |editor1-first=M.R.A. |editor2-last=Crame |editor2-first=J.A. |editor3-last=Thomson |editor3-first=J.W. |title=Geological Evolution of Antarctica |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge, UK |isbn=9780521372664 |pages=508–509}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Deception-Island-Map.jpg|thumb|left|1829 map]]

The first authenticated sighting of Deception Island was by the British sealers William Smith and [[Edward Bransfield]] from the [[brig]] ''Williams'' in January&nbsp;1820. It was first visited and explored by the American sealer [[Nathaniel Palmer]] on the [[sloop]] ''Hero'' the following summer, on 15&nbsp;November 1820. He remained for two days, exploring the central bay.<ref name="Dibbern">{{cite journal |last=Dibbern |first=J. Stephen |date=2 September 2009 |title=Fur seals, whales and tourists: A commercial history of Deception Island, Antarctica |journal=Polar Record |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=210–221 |doi=10.1017/S0032247409008651 |s2cid=140710046}}</ref> Palmer named it "Deception Island" on account of its outward [[Optical illusion|deceptive]] appearance as a normal island, when the narrow entrance of [[Neptune's Bellows]] revealed it rather to be a ring around a flooded caldera.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mills, William J. |year=2003 |title=Exploring Polar Frontiers: A historical encyclopedia |volume=1 |publisher=[[ABC Clio]] |isbn=978-1-57607-422-0 |page=183}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SCAR Composite Gazetteer |website=www.data.aad.gov.au |url=https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=108460 |access-date=2017-08-28}}</ref>

Palmer was part of an American sealing fleet from [[Stonington, Connecticut]], under the command of Benjamin Pendleton, consisting of 6&nbsp;ships. Port Fisher was used as their operational base from 1820 to 1821. Palmer met [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen|Bellingshausen]] close to the island in Jan.&nbsp;1821, during the [[First Russian Antarctic Expedition]].<ref name=smellie/>

A lighthouse named '''Surgidero Iquique''' was built on the island to guide vessels into [[Deception Station]].<ref name=listoflights111>
<!-- {{cite ngall|111|2017}} -->
{{cite report
 |publisher=U.S. [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]
 |year=2017
 |section=The West Coasts of North and South America (excluding continental U.S.A. and Hawaii), Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Islands of the North and South Pacific Oceans
 |title=List of Lights
 |id=Pub.&nbsp;111
 |section-url=https://msi.nga.mil/api/publications/download?key=16694312/SFH00000/UpdatedPub111bk.pdf&type=view
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite rowlett|ata|access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Whaling and sealing ===

[[File:Antarctic, Deception Island (js) 43.jpg|upright=1.3|Remains of the whaling station's [[Cochran boiler|boilers]]|thumb]]

Over the next few years, Deception became a focal point of the short-lived [[Seal hunting|fur-sealing]] industry in the South Shetlands. The industry began with a handful of ships in the 1819–1820 summer season, rising to nearly a hundred in 1821–1822. While the island did not have a large seal population, it was a perfect natural harbour, mostly free from ice and winds, and a convenient rendezvous point. Some men likely lived ashore in tents or shacks for short periods during the summer, though no archaeological or documentary evidence survives to confirm this. Massive overhunting meant that the fur seals neared extinction in the South Shetlands within a few years, and the sealing industry collapsed as quickly as it had begun. Deception was abandoned again in approximately 1825.<ref name=Dibbern/>

Sealing captain Robert Fildes charted Port Foster in 1820–1821, which in 1829 became the first published Antarctica [[nautical chart]].<ref name=smellie/>

In 1829, the British Naval Expedition to the South Atlantic under the command of [[Henry Foster (scientist)|Captain Henry Foster]] in {{HMS|Chanticleer|1808|6}} stopped at Deception. The expedition conducted a topographic survey and scientific experiments, particularly pendulum and magnetic observations.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gordon Elliott |last=Fogg |year=1992 |title=A History of Antarctic Science |place=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=72–74}}</ref> A watercolour made by Lieutenant Kendall of the ''Chanticleer'' during the visit may be the first image made of the island.<ref name=Dibbern/> A subsequent visit by the American elephant-sealer ''Ohio'' in 1842 reported the first recorded volcanic activity, with the southern shore "in flames".<ref name=Dibbern/>

[[File:Dørnberger - Flensing av blåhval, Whalers Bay, Deception Island.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|[[Flensing]] at [[Whalers Bay (South Shetland Islands)|Whalers Bay]], Deception Island. By 1912–1913, the island had 12&nbsp;factory ships, and 27&nbsp;catchers, occupying 200&nbsp;people, with 3,000&nbsp;rotting whale carcasses in the Whalers Bay area.<ref name=smellie/>{{rp|4}}]]

The second phase of human activity at Deception began in the early 20th&nbsp;century. In 1904, an active [[whaling]] industry was established at South Georgia, taking advantage of new technology and an almost untouched population of whales to make rapid profits. It spread south into the South Shetland Islands, where the lack of shore-based infrastructure meant that the whales had to be towed to moored [[factory ship]]s for processing; these needed a sheltered anchorage and a plentiful supply of fresh water, both of which could be found at Deception. In 1906, the [[Norway|Norwegian]]-[[Chile]]an whaling company Sociedad Ballenera de Magallanes started using [[Whalers Bay (South Shetland Islands)|Whalers Bay]] as a base for a single ship, the ''Gobernador Bories''.<ref name=Dibbern/>

Other whalers followed, with several hundred men resident at Deception during the Antarctic summers and as many as 13&nbsp;ships operating in peak years. In 1908, the British government formally declared the island to be part of the [[Falkland Islands Dependencies]], thus under British control, establishing postal services and appointing a magistrate and customs officer for the island. The magistrate was to ensure that whaling companies were paying appropriate licence fees to the Falklands government and ensuring adherence to catch quotas. A cemetery was built in 1908, a radio station in 1912, a hand-operated railway also in 1912,<ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Glynn |title=Railways in Antarctica |url=http://www.sinfin.net/railways/world/antarctica.html |access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref> and a small permanent magistrate's house in 1914.<ref name="Dibbern" /> 
The cemetery, by far the largest in Antarctica, held graves for 35&nbsp;men along with a memorial to 10&nbsp;more presumed drowned.<ref name="Cm 7166">{{cite conference |date = July 2007 |title=Measures adopted |conference = The Antarctic Treaty 28th Consultative Meeting 6–17 June 2005 |place=Stockholm, SE |id=Command Paper&nbsp;7166 |pages = 293–299 |publisher = United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Office |url = https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-antarctic-treaty-measures-adopted-at-the-twenty-eighth-consultative-meeting |access-date = 18 July 2013}}</ref> 

[[File:Deception-Base.jpg|upright=1.3|The destroyed British base|thumb]]

These were not the only constructions; as the factory ships of the period were only able to strip the blubber from whales and could not use the carcasses, [[Hektor Station|a permanent on-shore station was established by the Norwegian company Hvalfangerselskabet Hektor A/S]] in 1912 –  up to an estimated 40% of the available oil was being wasted by the ship-based system. This was the only successful shore-based industry ever to operate in Antarctica, reaping high profits in its first years.<ref name=Dibbern/> A number of exploring expeditions visited Deception during these years, including the [[Hubert Wilkins|Wilkins-Hearst expedition]] of 1928, when a [[Lockheed Vega]] was flown from a beach airstrip on the first successful flights in Antarctica.<ref name=Dibbern/>

The development of pelagic whaling in the 1920s, where factory ships fitted with a slipway could tow aboard entire whales for processing, meant that whaling companies were no longer tied to sheltered anchorages. A boom in pelagic Antarctic whaling followed, with companies now free to ignore quotas and escape the costs of licences. This rapidly led to overproduction of oil and a collapse in the market, and the less profitable and more heavily regulated shore-based companies had trouble competing. In early 1931, the Hektor factory finally ceased operation, ending commercial whaling at the island entirely.<ref name=Dibbern/>

=== Scientific research ===
On 16 November 1928, [[Hubert Wilkins]] made the first Antarctic flight from a Whalers Bay ash runway.<ref name=smellie/>

Deception remained uninhabited for a decade, but was revisited in 1941 by the British auxiliary warship [[SS Queen of Bermuda|HMS ''Queen of Bermuda'']], which destroyed the oil tanks and some remaining supplies to ensure it could not be used as a German supply base.<ref name=Dibbern/> In 1942, an Argentinean party aboard the ''Primero de Mayo'' visited and left signs and painted flags declaring the site Argentinean territory; the following year, a British party with {{HMS|Carnarvon Castle}} returned to remove the signs.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/library/pictures/catalogue/hmscc1943/ |title=HMS ''Carnarvon Castle'' |date=1943 |publisher=Cambridge University |medium=photograph}}</ref>

In 1944, a British expedition under Lieutenant [[James Marr (biologist)|James Marr]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/library/pictures/catalogue/hmscc1943/|title=Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge » Picture Library catalogue|website=www.spri.cam.ac.uk|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> established a short-lived base on Deception Island as part of [[Operation Tabarin]], which was carried out during the [[Second World War]] to deny safe anchorages to enemy raiding vessels and to gather meteorological data for allied shipping in the South Atlantic. It also had the effect of strengthening British claims to the [[Falkland Island Dependencies]] that had begun being challenged<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/history/operation-tabarin/|title=About – British Antarctic Survey|website=www.antarctica.ac.uk|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> by [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]]. Operation Tabarin would deny use of the area to the ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'', which was known to use remote islands as rendezvous points, and address a fear that Japan might attempt to seize the [[Falkland Islands]]. Following the end of the war, the research begun by Operation Tabarin continued in subsequent years, ultimately becoming the [[British Antarctic Survey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/history/operation-tabarin/ |title=Operation Tabarin overview |date=2015 |website=British Antarctic Survey – Polar Science for Planet Earth |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]] |access-date=31 May 2019 }}</ref>

In 1961, [[Argentina]]'s president [[Arturo Frondizi]] visited the island to show his country's interest. Regular visits were made by other countries operating in the Antarctic, including the 1964 visit of the [[United States Coast Guard|US Coast Guard]] icebreaker {{ship|USCGC|Eastwind|WAGB-279|2}}, which ran aground inside the harbour.<ref>From the log book of Christopher Malinger, seaman on the USCGC ''Eastwind''</ref>

However, the volcano returned to activity in 1967 and 1969, destroying the existing scientific stations. Both British and Chilean stations were demolished, and the island was again abandoned for several years. The final major volcanic eruption was reported by the Russian Bellingshausen station on [[King George Island (South Shetland Islands)|King George Island]] and the Chilean station Arturo Prat on [[Greenwich Island]]; both stations experienced major falls of ash on 13&nbsp;August 1970.<ref name=Fuchs-1982/>{{rp|style=ama|p= 294}}

{{Css Image Crop|Image = South Shetland-2016-Deception Island–Deception Station (Argentine base).jpg |bSize = 700 |cWidth = 235 |cHeight = 210 |oTop = 50 |oLeft = 235 |Location = right |Description= Argentine Base Decepción (2016)}}
In 2000, there were two summer-only scientific stations, the Spanish [[Gabriel de Castilla Base]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Gabriel de Castilla |publisher=Shades Stamp Shop |location=New Zealand |url=http://www.newzeal.com/theme/bases/Spain/gabrieldecastilla.htm |access-date=24 May 2009}}</ref> and the Argentinian [[Decepción Station]].<ref name="ES27">{{cite web |title=4&nbsp;April – Otter Recovery |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]] |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/diaries/rrs_ernest_shackleton/antarctic2003_2004/27/index.php |access-date=24 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209225511/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/diaries/rrs_ernest_shackleton/antarctic2003_2004/27/index.php |archive-date=9 February 2008 }}</ref>

Remains of previous structures at Whalers Bay include rusting boilers and tanks, an [[hangar|aircraft hangar]], and the British scientific station house (Biscoe House), with the middle torn out by the 1969 mudflows. A bright orange derelict airplane [[fuselage]], which is that of a [[de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter]] that belonged to the [[Royal Air Force]], was recovered in 2004. Plans to restore the airplane and return it to the island have been made.<ref name="ES27" />

[[File:Deception-Hangar.jpg|The derelict hangar|thumb]]

The Russian cruise ship {{MV|Lyubov Orlova}} ran aground at Deception Island on 27&nbsp;November 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cruise ship MS&nbsp;''Lyubov Orlova'' runs aground needing rescue in Antarctica |publisher=CruiseBruise |url=http://www.cruisebruise.com/Lyubov_Orlova_runs_ground_nov_27_2006.html |access-date=7 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307094603/http://www.cruisebruise.com/Lyubov_Orlova_runs_ground_nov_27_2006.html |archive-date=7 March 2007}}</ref> She was towed off by the Spanish Navy [[icebreaker]] ''Las Palmas'' and made her own way to [[Ushuaia]], [[Tierra del Fuego]]. She later became a [[ghost ship]] in the North Atlantic after the towing line parted during an operation to scrap the vessel in the [[Dominican Republic]].

==Tourism==
The first [[cruise ship|commercial cruise ship]] arrived in January&nbsp;1966.  By 1999, over 10,000&nbsp;tourists had visited the island.<ref name=smellie/>{{rp|5}}

==Research stations==

===Aguirre Cerda ===
<!--Description moved to a new page-->
[[Aguirre Cerda Research Station|President Pedro Aguirre Cerda Station]] was a Chilean Antarctic base, located at [[Pendulum Cove]] on Deception Island in the [[South Shetland Islands]], inaugurated in 1955. It was evacuated in December 1967 when volcanic eruptions forced the evacuation of the base.

===Deception ===
[[Deception Station]] is an Argentine base located at Deception Island. The station was founded on 25 January 1948 and was a year-round station until December&nbsp;1967, when [[Types of volcanic eruptions|volcanic eruptions]] forced the evacuation of the base. Since then, it has been inhabited only during the summer.

===Gabriel de Castilla===
[[File:Gabriel-de-Castilla-Base.jpg|thumb|The Spanish [[Gabriel de Castilla Base|''Gabriel de Castilla'' Base]]]]
[[Gabriel de Castilla Base]] is a Spanish research station located on Deception Island. The station was constructed in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |title=BAE Gabriel de Castilla |url=http://www.utm.csic.es/baegab.asp |language=es |publisher=[[Spanish National Research Council]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331074037/http://www.utm.csic.es/baegab.asp |archive-date=31 March 2010}}</ref>

===Gutiérrez Vargas Refuge===
The Gutiérrez Vargas Refuge, named after an aviation captain who died on 30 December 1955, was located at {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}} from Aguirre Cerda Station and was inaugurated on 12 February 1956. Its purpose was to serve as a refuge for the members of the station in case of fire. On 4 December 1967 the refuge was definitively abandoned, as was the Aguirre Cerda Station, due to a violent volcanic eruption. The remains of the refuge structure can still be seen on the beach where it was located.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

===Station B===
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Station B
| settlement_type    = [[Research stations in Antarctica|Antarctic research station]]
| image_skyline      =
| image_caption      =
| coordinates        = {{Polecoord|-62.9772|-60.5638|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Station B}} 
| established_title  = Established
| established_date   = {{start date|1944|df=y}}
| extinct_title      = Abandoned
| extinct_date       = {{end date|1969|2|23|df=y}}
| government_type    = Administration
| governing_body     = [[Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition|FIDASE]], United Kingdom
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m        =
| population_footnotes =
| population_as_of   =
| population_blank1_title = Summer
| population_blank1  =
| population_blank2_title = Winter
| population_blank2  =
| timezone1          =
| utc_offset1        =
| blank_name_sec1    = Active times
| blank_info_sec1    = All year-round
| blank1_name_sec1   = Activities
| blank1_info_sec1   =
| blank2_name_sec1   = Facilities
| blank2_info_sec1   =
}}
In early 1944, a party of men from [[Operation Tabarin]], a British expedition, established a permanent scientific base named Station&nbsp;B.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/deception-island-b/ |title=Station&nbsp;B |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> This was occupied until 5&nbsp;December 1967, when an eruption forced a temporary withdrawal. It was used again between 4&nbsp;December 1968 and 23&nbsp;February 1969, when further volcanic activity caused it to be abandoned.<ref name=Fuchs-1982>{{cite book |author=Fuchs, Vivian |author-link=Vivian Fuchs |year=1982 |title=Of Ice and Men |publisher=Anthony Nelson |location=Oswestry |isbn=978-0-904614-06-0 |pages=291–292, 294}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p= 291–292}}

== Environment ==
[[File:Deception-Tourists.jpg|[[Hot spring]] at Port Foster, with the ''[[MV Explorer (1969)|MS Explorer]]'' in the background|thumb|upright=1.3|left]]
Deception Island has become a popular tourist stop in Antarctica because of its several colonies of [[chinstrap penguin]]s, as well as the possibility of making a warm bath by digging into the sands of the beach. Mount Flora is the site in Antarctica where fossilized plants were first discovered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jurassic Liverworts from Mount Flora, Hope Bay, Antarctica |url=http://www.polar.pan.pl/ppr28/PPR28-031.pdf |access-date=2011-10-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810041924/http://polar.pan.pl/ppr28/PPR28-031.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-10}}</ref>

After the Norwegian Coastal Cruise Liner {{MS|Nordkapp}} ran aground off the coast of Deception Island on 30&nbsp;January 2007, fuel from the ship washed into a bay. Ecological damage has not yet been determined. On 4&nbsp;February 2007, the Spanish Gabriel de Castilla research station on Deception Island reported that water and sand tests were clean, and that they had not found signs of the oil, estimated as {{convert|500|to|750|L|usgal impgal|abbr=on|lk=on|disp=x| of light diesel (}}).

Deception Island exhibits some wildly varying [[microclimate]]s. Near volcanic areas, the air can be as hot as {{convert|40|C|F|0|abbr=on}}, and water temperature can reach {{convert|70|C|F|0|abbr=on}}.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

=== Antarctic specially protected areas ===
Eleven terrestrial sites have been collectively designated as an [[Antarctic Specially Protected Area|Antarctic specially protected area]] (ASPA&nbsp;140), primarily for their botanic and ecological values, because the island has the greatest number of rare plant species of any place in the Antarctic. This is largely due to frequent volcanic activity creating new substrates for plant colonisation:<ref>{{cite report |section=Parts of Deception Island, South Shetland Islands |title=Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No.&nbsp;140 |id=Measure&nbsp;3, Appendix&nbsp;1 |publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat |year=2005 |section-url=http://www.ats.aq/documents/recatt/Att242_e.pdf |access-date=2013-09-28}}</ref>
* [[Collins Point]] (site&nbsp;A) contains good examples of long-established vegetation, with high species diversity and several rarities.
* [[Crater Lake (South Shetland Islands)|Crater Lake]] (site&nbsp;B) has a [[scoria]]-covered [[lava|lava tongue]] with a diverse [[cryptogam]]ic flora, and exceptional development of [[sod|turf]]-forming [[moss]]es.
* An unnamed hill at the southern end of Fumarole Bay (site&nbsp;C) has several rare species of mosses that have colonised the heated soil crust close to a line of volcanic vents.
* Fumarole Bay (site&nbsp;D) is [[geology|geologically]] complex with the most diverse flora on the island.
* West [[Stonethrow Ridge]] (site&nbsp;E) supports several rare mosses, [[liverwort]]s, and [[lichen]]s.
* [[Telefon Bay]] (site&nbsp;F) has all its surfaces dating from 1967, thus allowing accurate monitoring of colonisation by plants and animals.
* [[Pendulum Cove]] (site&nbsp;G) is another known-age site being colonised by mosses and lichens.
* [[Mount Pond]] (site&nbsp;H) contains exceptional moss, liverwort, and lichen [[plant community|communities]].
* Perchue Cone (site&nbsp;J) is an [[cinder cone|ash and cinder cone]] with rare mosses.
* [[Ronald Hill (South Shetland Islands)|Ronald Hill]] to [[Kroner Lake]] (site&nbsp;K) is another known-age site being colonised by numerous cryptogam species, and with a unique [[algae|algal]] community on the lake shore.
* [[South East Point (South Shetland Islands)|South East Point]] (site&nbsp;L) supports the most extensive population of [[Colobanthus quitensis|Antarctic pearlwort]] known in the Antarctic region.

In addition, two marine sites in [[Port Foster]] have collectively been designated ASPA&nbsp;145, to protect their [[benthos|benthic]] communities.<ref>{{cite report |section=Port Foster, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands |year=2005 |title=Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No.&nbsp;145 |id=Measure&nbsp;3, Appendix&nbsp;2 |publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat |section-url=http://www.ats.aq/documents/recatt/Att284_e.pdf |access-date=2013-09-29}}</ref>

=== Important bird area ===
[[Baily Head]], a prominent headland forming the easternmost extremity of the island, has been identified as an [[Important Bird Area|important bird area]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] because it supports a very large [[bird colony|breeding colony]] of [[chinstrap penguin]]s (100,000&nbsp;pairs). The {{convert|78|ha|adj=on|abbr=on}} IBA comprises the ice-free headland and about {{convert|800|m|mi}} of beach on either side of it. Other birds known to nest at the site include [[brown skua]]s, [[Cape petrel]]s, and [[snowy sheathbill]]s.<ref name=bli>{{cite report |section=Baily Head, Deception Island |year=2012 |title=BirdLife Data Zone: Important bird areas |publisher=[[BirdLife International]] |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=29403 |access-date=2012-12-09}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Bynon Hill]]
* [[Cathedral Crags]]
* [[List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands#List of Antarctic islands south of 60° S|List of Antarctic islands south of 60°&nbsp;S]]
* [[List of volcanoes in Antarctica]]
* [[List of lighthouses in Antarctica]]
* [[Research stations in Antarctica#Permanent active stations|List of Antarctic research stations]]
* [[Antarctic field camps|List of Antarctic field camps]]
* [[Stancomb Cove]]
* [[Stanley Patch]]
* [[Wensleydale Beacon]]
* [[Crime in Antarctica]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|22em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite web
 |title=Official website
 |website=Deception Island
 |url=http://www.deceptionisland.aq/
 |access-date=3 May 2007
}}
* {{cite web
 |title=Volcanic activity
 |website=Deception Island
 |url=http://www.deceptionisland.aq/volcanic.php
 |access-date=4 June 2007
}}
* {{cite web
 |title=Deception Island
 |website=Eco-Photo Explorers
 |url=http://www.ecophotoexplorers.com/antarcticaDeception.asp
 |access-date=3 May 2007
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701190709/http://www.ecophotoexplorers.com/antarcticaDeception.asp
 |archive-date=2007-07-01
}}
* {{cite book
 |author1=LeMasurier, W.E.
 |author2=Thomson, J.W.
 |display-authors=etal
 |year = 1990
 |title = Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans
 |publisher = [[American Geophysical Union]]
 |isbn = 978-0-87590-172-5
}}
* {{cite journal
 |first=E. |last=Serrano
 |year=2001
 |title=Espacios protegidos y política territorial en las islas Shetland del Sur (Antártida)
 |journal=Boletín de la A.G.E.
 |volume=31 |pages=5–21
 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28081106
 |via=[[ResearchGate|researchgate]].net
 |language=es
}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite AV media
 |title=Images from Deception Island
 |website=pgoimages.com
 |medium=photographs
 |url=http://www.pgoimages.com/gallery.php?gall=g_antarctica_deception
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025193222/http://www.pgoimages.com/gallery.php?gall=g_antarctica_deception
 |archive-date=2013-10-25
}}
* {{cite web
 |title=Página web de la base Gabriel de Castilla
 |trans-title=Web page of Gabriel de Castilla base 
 |website=ejercito.mde.es
 |url-status=dead <!-- presumed -->
 |url=http://www.ejercito.mde.es/mexterior/webantartida/docs/frameset.htm
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013145842/http://www.ejercito.mde.es/mexterior/webantartida/docs/frameset.htm
 |archive-date=2006-10-13
 |language=es
}}
* {{cite web
 |title=Steamed ice and frosted lava
 |website=monolith.com.au
 |url=http://www.monolith.com.au/Deception_Island/
}} – Account of a tourist visit to Deception Island
* {{cite web
 |title=British Deception Island station
 |website=
 |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/About_Antarctica/Heritage/Stations/deception_island.html
 |url-status=dead <!-- presumed -->
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312100433/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/About_Antarctica/Heritage/Stations/deception_island.html
 |archive-date=2005-03-12
}}
* {{cite AV media
 |title=Photos of Deception island
 |website=imagea.org
 |medium=photographs
 |url=https://neatread.com/deception-island/
}}
* {{cite web
 |title=A visit to Deception Island, and other places on the Antarctic Peninsula
 |date=2002–2003
 |website=geocities.com
 |url=http://www.geocities.com/aelwyd/index.htm
 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/aelwyd/index.htm&date=2009-10-25+12:04:08
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-date=2009-10-25
 }}
* {{cite web
 |title=Eruptive dynamics and implications for volcanic hazards
 |series=The 1970 eruption on Deception Island (Antarctica)
 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271196032
 |via=[[ResearchGate|researchgate]].net 
}}
* {{cite web
 |title=Deception Island
 |series=Global Volcanism Program
 |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]
 |url=http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=390030
}}

{{Portal bar|Geography|Islands|Engineering}}
{{South Shetlands}}
{{Antarctic Specially Managed Areas}}
{{Antarctic Specially Protected Areas}}
{{Antarctica topics}}
{{Antarctic research stations}}
{{Antarctic fields camp}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q33413541}}

[[Category:Deception Island| ]]
[[Category:Active volcanoes]]
[[Category:Antarctic Specially Managed Areas]]
[[Category:Antarctic Specially Protected Areas]]
[[Category:Calderas of Antarctica]]
[[Category:Falkland Islands in World War II]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Antarctica]]
[[Category:Islands of the South Shetland Islands]]
[[Category:Lighthouses in Antarctica]]
[[Category:Maars of Antarctica]]
[[Category:Penguin colonies]]
[[Category:Seabird colonies]]
[[Category:Seal hunting]]
[[Category:Shield volcanoes of Antarctica]]
[[Category:Submarine calderas]]
[[Category:Tourism in Antarctica]]
[[Category:VEI-6 volcanoes]]
[[Category:Volcanic crater lakes]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of the South Shetland Islands]]
[[Category:Whaling stations]]
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