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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|1988–2011 ruling party of Tunisia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox Tunisian political party
| name               = Democratic Constitutional Rally
| arabic_name        = التجمع  الدستوري الديمقراطي
| french_name        = Rassemblement constitutionnel démocratique
| logo               = [[File:RCDlogo.jpg|250px]]
| abbreviation       = RCD
| president          = [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]]<!--, [[Mohamed Ghannouchi]]-->
| slogan             =
| founded            = {{Start date|1988|2|27|df=yes}}
| banned             = {{End date|2011|3|9|df=yes}}
| predecessor        = [[Socialist Destourian Party]] (formally)
| successor          = several offshoots, including [[Free Destourian Party]]
| headquarters       = [[Avenue Mohammed V (Tunis)]]
| newspaper          = ''[[Le Renouveau]]''<br />''Al Hurriya''
| student_wing       = ERCD
| youth_wing         = JCD 
| membership_year    = 
| membership         = 2,500,000 (2010)
| ideology           = [[Big tent]]<br>[[Tunisian nationalism]]<br />[[Bourguibism]]<br>[[Social democracy]]<br />[[Secularism]]<br>[[Economic liberalism]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1993/08/03/tunisie-la-fin-du-congres-du-rcd-le-president-ben-ali-reaffirme-son-souci-de-concretiser-le-pluralisme_3947880_1819218.html | title=TUNISIE : La fin du congrès du RCD le président Ben Ali réaffirme son souci de " concrétiser le pluralisme" | newspaper=Le Monde.fr | date=3 August 1993 }}</ref><br />[[Authoritarianism]]
| position           = [[Center-left politics|Center-left]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medea.be%2Ffr%2Fpays%2Ftunisie%2Frcd-rassemblement-constitutionnel-democratique%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url | title=RCD (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Démocratique) &#124; Institut MEDEA }}</ref>
| international      = [[Socialist International]] (expelled in 2011)
| colors             = 
| symbol             = 
| website            = 
| footnotes          = 
}}

The '''Democratic Constitutional Rally''' or '''Democratic Constitutional Assembly'''<ref>[http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157197/Democratic-Constitutional-Rally Entry for "Democratic Constitutional Rally"] in the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. Retrieved 7 August 2013.</ref> ({{lang-ar|التجمع الدستوري الديمقراطي}} ''{{transl|ar|et-Tajammu‘ ed-Dustūrī ed-Dīmuqrāṭī}}'', {{lang-fr|Rassemblement Constitutionnel Démocratique}}, sometimes also called '''Constitutional Democratic Rally''' in English), also referred to by its French initials '''RCD''', formerly called [[Neo Destour]] then [[Socialist Destourian Party]], was the ruling party in [[Tunisia]] from independence in 1956 until it was overthrown and dissolved in the [[Tunisian revolution]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of Interior Suspends the RCD party awaiting its dissolution |url=http://www.tap.info.tn/ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=34993&Itemid=67 |work=[[Tunis Afrique Presse]] |date=7 February 2011 |access-date=7 February 2011 |language=ar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210203446/http://www.tap.info.tn/ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=34993&Itemid=67 |archive-date=10 February 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=aljaz>{{cite news|title=Tunisia dissolves Ben Ali party|work=[[Al-Jazeera English]]|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/20113985941974579.html|date=9 March 2011|access-date=9 March 2011}}</ref>

==History and profile==
In 1920, Tunisian nationalists formed the [[Destour]] (Constitutional) Party in opposition to [[French Protectorate of Tunisia|French rule]]. As the party developed, a schism occurred within the party, leading to the founding of the [[Neo Destour]] Party in 1934 by [[Habib Bourguiba]] and several younger members of the old Destour. Under his leadership, the Neo Destour Party successfully garnered independence from [[France]] in 1956. As it was, for all intents and purposes, the only well-organized party in the country, it swept the [[1956 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election|Constituent Assembly elections]] held later that year. A year later, Tunisia was declared a republic with Bourguiba as first president.

In 1963, the Neo Destour was formally declared the only legally permitted party in Tunisia, though for all intents and purposes, party and state had been one since independence. In 1964, the Neo Destour Party became the Destourian Socialist Party (PSD).<ref name=ency>{{cite web|title=Tunisia: Politics, Government and Taxation |url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Tunisia-POLITICS-GOVERNMENT-AND-TAXATION.html|publisher=Encyclopedia of Nations|year=2010 |access-date=13 December 2010}}</ref>

Opposition parties were legalized once again in 1981. From then on, the PSD faced opposition from [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]], the Islamic Tendency Movement, the [[Tunisian Communist Party]], the Movement for Popular Unity and student groups. Although its influence was slightly weakened, the RCD still effectively ruled Tunisia as a one-party state; it continued to sweep all elections to the legislature until 1994.

On 7 November 1987, [[Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali]], who had been named Prime Minister only a month earlier, became president after Bourguiba was declared medically unfit for office.<ref>{{cite news|title=Senile Bourguiba Described in Tunis|author= Paul Delaney|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/09/world/senile-bourguiba-described-in-tunis.html|date=9 November 1987|access-date=13 December 2010 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The following year, President Ben Ali instituted economic reforms increasing economic privatization and renamed the party the Democratic Constitutional Rally (RCD).<ref name=ency/> Ben Ali did not face an opponent for reelection until 1999, but even then was reelected by implausibly high margins. While opposition parties finally managed to enter the legislature for the first time in 1994, they never won more than 24 percent of the seats, and there was little meaningful opposition to presidential decisions. For all intents and purposes, the RCD continued to hold complete political control over the country.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

In the [[2009 Tunisian general election|2009 general election]], the last held before the revolution, the RCD won 161 of 214 seats with the remaining 53 seats going to minority parties. Ben Ali was elected to a fifth full term with 89.6 percent of the vote.<ref>{{cite web|title=Final Results of Presidential and Legislative Elections |url=http://www.elections2009.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=150&Itemid=1 |publisher=Presidential and Legislative Elections in Tunisia |date=26 October 2009 |access-date=12 December 2010 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> These elections, like virtually all others in the country since independence, were widely seen as fraudulent. The outcry over the elections proved to be a major cause of the revolution which forced Ben Ali to resign and flee into exile.<ref>[http://www.euronews.net/2011/01/13/empathy-for-tunisian-discontent-in-france Empathy for Tunisian discontent in France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318123331/http://www.euronews.net/2011/01/13/empathy-for-tunisian-discontent-in-france/ |date=18 March 2011 }} ''Euronews'', 13 January 2011</ref>

In response to the RCD's attempt to suppress the protests, the [[Socialist International]] expelled the RCD on 17 January 2011—three days after Ben Ali fled the country.<ref>[http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=2085 SI decision on Tunisia] Socialist International, 17 January 2011</ref> In order to placate protesters and designated coalition participants, the incumbent president and prime minister resigned from their memberships in the RCD on 18 January<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/18/tunisia.protests/index.html?eref=edition|title=State TV: 2 top officials depart Ben Ali's party In Tunisia|work=CNN|date=19 January 2011}}</ref> and all remaining RCD-aligned ministers resigned their party memberships on 20 January,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE70J0F620110120|title=All Tunisian ministers quit ruling party- state TV|author=Lin Noueihed and Matthew Jones|work=Reuters|date=20 January 2011 <!-- 3:40am EST -->}}</ref> the effect of which left the RCD with only a parliamentary majority.{{clarify|date=March 2020}} On 27 January, Prime Minister [[Mohamed Ghannouchi]] carried out a major reshuffle, removing all former RCD members other than himself from the government.

The interior ministry suspended the party's operations on 6 February, a little less than a month after Ben Ali fled into exile.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12685562|title=Tunisia suspends Ben Ali's RCD party|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2011-06-02}}</ref> On 9 March, the party was dissolved by the Tunisian courts.<ref name=aljaz/>

==Leaders==
*[[Habib Bourguiba]] (1934–1987) <small>(Leader of Neo Destour Party: 1934–1964; Leader of Socialist Destourian Party: 1964–1987)</small>
*[[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] (1987–2011) <small>(Leader of Socialist Destourian Party: 1987–1988)</small>
*[[Mohamed Ghannouchi]] (2011)

==Congresses==
* 29–31 July 1993
* 29–31 July 1998
* 30 August – 2 September 1998
* 28–31 July 2003

==Electoral history==

===Presidential elections===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!Election
!Party candidate
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|[[1989 Tunisian general election|1989]]
|rowspan=5|[[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]]
|2,087,028
|100%
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
|[[1994 Tunisian general election|1994]]
|2,987,375
|100%
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
|[[1999 Tunisian general election|1999]]
|3,269,067
|99.4%
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
|[[2004 Tunisian general election|2004]]
|4,204,292
|94.4%
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
|[[2009 Tunisian general election|2009]]
|4,238,711
|89.6%
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|}

===Chamber of Deputies elections===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!Election
!Party leader
!Votes
!%
!Seats
!+/–
!Position
!Result
|-
|[[1989 Tunisian general election|1989]]
|rowspan=5|[[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]]
|1,633,004
|80.6%
|{{Composition bar|141|141|hex={{party color|Democratic Constitutional Rally}}}}
|{{increase}} 16
|{{increase}} 1st
|{{yes2|Supermajority government}}
|-
|[[1994 Tunisian general election|1994]]
|2,768,667
|97.7%
|{{Composition bar|144|163|hex={{party color|Democratic Constitutional Rally}}}}
|{{increase}} 3
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Supermajority government}}
|-
|[[1999 Tunisian general election|1999]]
|2,831,030
|91.5%
|{{Composition bar|148|182|hex={{party color|Democratic Constitutional Rally}}}}
|{{increase}} 4
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Supermajority government}}
|-
|[[2004 Tunisian general election|2004]]
|3,678,645
|87.5%
|{{Composition bar|152|182|hex={{party color|Democratic Constitutional Rally}}}}
|{{increase}} 4
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Supermajority government}}
|-
|[[2009 Tunisian general election|2009]]
|3,754,559
|84.5%
|{{Composition bar|161|214|hex={{party color|Democratic Constitutional Rally}}}}
|{{increase}} 9
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Supermajority government}}
|}

== See also ==
*[[:Category:Democratic Constitutional Rally politicians]]
*[[Destour]]
*[[Neo Destour]]
*[[Socialist Destourian Party]]

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}
{{Arab Spring}}
{{Tunisian political parties}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1988 establishments in Tunisia]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Banned political parties in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Destourian parties]]
[[Category:Former member parties of the Socialist International]]
[[Category:Organizations of the Arab Spring]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1988]]
[[Category:Secularism in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Tunisian Revolution]]
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