Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Demographics of Kerala

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{{Short description|None}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox place demographics
 | place              = [[Kerala]]
 | image              = Kerala Population Pyramid in 5-year age groups (2011 census).png
 | image_size         = 350px
 | caption            = Population pyramid taken from the 2011 census

<!-- main demographics -->
 | size_of_population = 34.8&nbsp;million
 | density            = 859 per sq.km
 | growth             = 3.31% yearly (2021 estimate)
 | birth rate         = 13.9 per 1000 pop. (2018 estimate)
 | death rate         = 6.95 per 1000 pop. (2018 estimate)
 | life               =
 | life_male          = 75 years
 | life_female        = 80.15 years
 | fertility          = 1.82 births per woman
 | infant_mortality   = 7 per 1000 live births
 | net_migration      = -0.08 per 1000 (2019 estimate)
<!-- age structure -->
 | age_0–14_years     = 19%
 | age_15–64_years    = 70%
 | age_65_years       = 12%

<!-- sex ratio -->
 | total_mf_ratio     = 0.97 males/female
 | sr_at_birth        = 1.04 males/female
}}
[[Kerala]] is a state in south-western India. Most of Kerala's 34.8&nbsp;million people (in 2011) are ethnically [[Malayali]]s ([[Malayalam]] speakers). Most of the Malayalam and English speaking Keralites derive their ancestry from [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] communities that settled in Kerala.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Additional ancestries derive from millennia of trade links across the Arabian Sea, whereby people of [[Arab]], Jewish, [[Syrians|Syrian]], Portuguese, English and other ethnicities settled in Kerala. Many of these immigrants [[miscegenation|intermarried]] with native Malayalam speakers resulting in formation of many Muslim and Christian groups in Kerala.<ref>Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature by K. M. George, p2, {{ISBN|81-260-0413-4}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=MZqqyxVkufQC&q=Western+Influence+on+Malayalam+Language+and+Literature Google book]</ref><ref>Caste, Class and Catholicism in India 1789–1914 by [[Kenneth Ballhatchet]], p2, {{ISBN|0-7007-1095-7}}</ref> Some Muslims and Christians thus take lineage from Middle Eastern and European settlers who mixed with native population.

[[Malayalam]] is Kerala's [[official language]] and is spoken by at least 97% of the people of Kerala; the next most common languages are English and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] which is spoken mainly by [[Migrant labourers in Kerala|migrant]] workers from the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu. [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Kannada]] is spoken in northern parts of Kasaragod district, bordering [[Karnataka]]. In addition, Kerala is home to 321,000 indigenous tribal ''[[Adivasi]]s'' (1.10% of the populace).<ref name="Kalathil_2004_10">{{Harv|Kalathil|2004|p=10}}.</ref> Some 63% of tribals reside in the eastern districts of Wayanad (where 35.82% are tribals), Palakkad (1.02%), and Idukki (15.66%).<ref name="Kalathil_2004_12">{{Harv|Kalathil|2004|p=12}}.</ref> These groups, including the Paniyars, Mooppans, Irulars, [[Kurumbar]]s, and Mudugars,<ref>{{Harv|Kalathil|2004|pp=13–14}}.</ref> speak their own native languages.<ref name="Kalathil_2004_30-32">{{Harv|Kalathil|2004|pp=30–32}}.</ref><ref name="Kalathil_2004_37">{{Harv|Kalathil|2004|p=37}}.</ref><ref name="Kalathil_2004_39">{{Harv|Kalathil|2004|p=39}}.</ref> [[Cholanaikkan]] tribe in the [[Silent Valley National Park]] were [[First contact (anthropology)|contacted]] only in the 1970s and they are the most isolated tribe in the state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heller |first1=Patrick |title=Social capital as a product of class mobilization and state intervention: Industrial workers in Kerala, India |journal=World Development |date=June 1996 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=1055–1071 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(96)00015-0|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Population==
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; clear:right; font-size:85%; width:175px; margin:0 0 1em 1em;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#33c; color:white;"| '''Population density of Kerala'''
|- style="background:#fff; color:#555; text-align:center;"
| [[File:Kerala density map1.PNG|175px]]
|- style="background:#fff; color:#555; text-align:center;"
| Kerala's districts, shaded by population density {{Nowrap|(inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>)}}
|- style="background:#eee; color:black; text-align:center;"
| Source:<ref>{{Harv|GOK|2001}}</ref>
|}

Kerala is home to 2.76% of India's population, and at 859 persons per km<sup>2</sup>;<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html |title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals India : Paper1 : Census 2011 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> its land is three times as densely settled as the rest of India. Kerala's western coastal regions are the most densely settled with population of 2,022 persons per km<sup>2</sup>, 2.5 times the overall population density of the state, 859 persons per km<sup>2</sup>, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.ncscm.org/cms/geo/pdf/research/kerala_fact_sheet.pdf |title=Shoreline change assessment for Kerala coast |publisher=National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment and Forests |author1=R Ramesh |author2=R Purvaja |author3=A Senthil Vel |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204904/http://www.ncscm.org/cms/geo/pdf/research/kerala_fact_sheet.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, Kerala's [[population growth rate]] is far lower than the national average, although Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 – adding 15.6&nbsp;million people to reach a total of 29.1&nbsp;million residents in 1991 – the population stood at 31.8&nbsp;million by 2001 and 33.3&nbsp;million in 2011.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Kerala's people are most densely settled in the coastal region, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.{{CN|date=January 2023}} Kerala is the [[Urbanisation in India|second-most urbanised major state]] in the country with [[List of cities in Kerala by urban area growth|47.7% urban population]] according to the [[2011 Census of India]].<ref name="ubn">{{cite web|url=http://mohua.gov.in/cms/level-of-urbanisation.php|title=Level of Urbanisation in Indian States|website=mohua.gov.in|publisher=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

[[Hinduism]] is followed by the majority of Keralites (54.7%). The major religions followed in Kerala are [[Hinduism]] (54.7% — [[Hinduism in Kerala]]), [[Islam]] (26.6%) and Christianity (18.4%).<ref name="Indian Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/|title=Indian Census|publisher=Censusindia.gov.in|access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref>

Kerala also had a [[Cochin Jews|tiny Jewish population]] until recently, said to date from 587 BC when they fled the occupation of [[Jerusalem]] by [[Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon|Nebuchadnezzar]].<ref>[http://ednafernandes.com/ Edna Fernandes], The Last Jews of Kerala, Skyhorse Publishing, 2008</ref> The 2001 Indian census recorded only 51 Jews in Kerala. The [[Paradesi Synagogue|synagogue]] in [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] is the oldest in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].{{cn|date=February 2024}}

The state has many famous temples, mosques, and churches. The oldest church in India is found in Kerala, believed to be established by St. Thomas, the disciple of Jesus Christ and the [[Cheraman Juma Mosque|Cheramaan Juma Mosque]] is considered to be the oldest mosque in the Indian subcontinent which was built by an Islamic missionary [[Malik Dinar]].{{cn|date=February 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Historical population
!Year
!Population
!Decadal growth
|-
|2011
|33,406,061
|4.91
|-
|2001
|31,841,374
|9.43
|-
|1991
|29,098,518
|14.32
|-
|1981
|25,453,680
|19.24
|-
|1971
|21,347,375
|26.29
|-
|1961
|16,903,715
|24.76
|-
|1951
|13,549,118
|22.82
|-
|1941
|11,031,541
|16.04
|-
|1931
|9,507,050
|21.85
|-
|1921
|7,802,127
|9.16
|-
|1911
|7,147,673
|11.75
|-
|1901
|6,392,620
| –
|}

=== Population graph of Kerala from 2005 to 20 ===
<graph>{"version":2,"width":558,"height":361.4,"data":[{"name":"table","values":[{"x":1901,"y":6396262},{"x":1911,"y":7147673},{"x":1999,"y":7802127},{"x":1931,"y":9507050},{"x":1941,"y":11031541},{"x":1951,"y":13549118},{"x":1961,"y":16903715},{"x":1971,"y":21347375},{"x":1981,"y":25453680},{"x":1991,"y":29098518},{"x":2001,"y":31841374},{"x":2011,"y":33406061}]}],"scales":[{"name":"x","type":"linear","range":"width","zero":false,"domain":{"data":"table","field":"x"}},{"name":"y","type":"linear","range":"height","nice":true,"domain":{"data":"table","field":"y"}}],"axes":[{"type":"x","scale":"x"},{"type":"y","scale":"y"}],"marks":[{"type":"area","from":{"data":"table"},"properties":{"enter":{"x":{"scale":"x","field":"x"},"y":{"scale":"y","field":"y"},"y2":{"scale":"y","value":10},"interpolate":{"value":"monotone"},"fill":{"value":"steelblue"}}}}]}</graph>
Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=Population of Kerala - StatisticsTimes.com|url=http://statisticstimes.com/demographics/population-of-kerala.php|access-date=23 May 2020|website=statisticstimes.com}}</ref>

== Features ==
[[File:Distribution of Population in Malappuram District.svg|thumbnail|Distribution of Population in [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], the most populous district of Kerala (2011).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_B_MALAPPURAM.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |title= Census 2011, Malappuram}}</ref> The distribution is similar to this pattern in every part of the state. The western [[Arabian Sea]] coastline is densely populated while the eastern hilly region adjacent to the [[Western Ghats]] is sparsely populated compared to its western coastal counterpart.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.ncscm.org/cms/geo/pdf/research/kerala_fact_sheet.pdf |title=Shoreline change assessment for Kerala coast |publisher=National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment and Forests |author1=R Ramesh |author2=R Purvaja |author3=A Senthil Vel}}</ref>]]

===Social development===
Kerala ranks highest in India with respect to social development indices such as elimination of poverty, primary education and healthcare. This resulted from significant efforts begun in 1911 by the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Cochin|Princely states of Cochin]] and [[Travancore]] to boost healthcare and education among the people. This central focus – deemed unusual in India – was then maintained after Kerala's post-independence inauguration as a state.<ref name="Varma_2005">{{cite book |last=Varma |first=A.R. Rajaraja |title=Keralapanineeyam |publisher=D C Books |year=2005 |location=Kottayam |isbn=81-7130-672-1}}</ref> Thus, Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India of 93.91% (2011);<ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2011: Chapter 6 State of Literacy |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903062239/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf/ |archive-date=3 September 2013 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> and life expectancy is now the highest in India. The suicide rates in Kerala are the highest in India.<ref>http://ncrb.nic.in/StatPublications/ADSI/ADSI2015/chapter-2%2520suicides-v1.pdf&ved=0ahUKEwibmOS41p_XAhUBLo8KHVjhCeUQFgh7MAk&usg=AOvVaw1qQ89yX7CZ0QKT6J9VigMn {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, Kerala and Puducherry are the only domiciles in India with a [[sex ratio|female-to-male ratio]] higher than 0.99. The ratio for Kerala is 1.084 – 1084 females per 1000 males – while the national figure is 0.940.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/CensusData2011.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> It is also one of the states in India to have [[sub-replacement fertility]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niti.gov.in/content/total-fertility-rate-tfr-birth-woman |title=&#124; NITI Aayog |publisher=Niti.gov.in |date=25 April 2022 |accessdate=7 May 2022}}</ref>

[[UNICEF]] and the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) designated Kerala as the world's first "baby-friendly state" via its "[[Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative]]". The state is also known for [[Ayurveda]], a traditional system of medicine – this traditional expertise is currently drawing increasing numbers of [[Medical tourism|medical tourist]]s. However, drawbacks to this situation includes the population's steady ageing – indeed, 11.2% of Keralites are age 60 or over.<ref name="Varma_2005" />

Kerala's unusual socioeconomic and demographic situation was summarised by author and environmentalist [[Bill McKibben]]:<ref name="McKibben_2006">{{Harv|McKibben|1999}}.</ref>

===Expatriation and Emigration===
As of 2011, a total of 2,280,000 Keralites reside outside India. Largest populations are found in [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] (883,313) and [[United States|USA]] (68,076).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=127311 |title=Migration From Kerala Growing Steadily, Shows Study |publisher=Daijiworld.com |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref>

The major concentrations of expat Keralites are in the following nations: ''(figures as of 2011)''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/a-gulf-without-keralites-could-soon-be-a-reality-2012-10-18-1.479297 |title=A Gulf without Keralites could soon be a reality |publisher=Emirates 24/7 |date=18 October 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref>
* [[UAE]] – 883,313
* [[United States]] – 68,076 (mainly U.S. Citizens)
* [[KSA]] – 574,739
* [[Oman]] – 195,300
* [[Qatar]] – 410,000
* [[Kuwait]] – 127,782
* [[Bahrain]] – 216,000
* [[United Kingdom]] – 44,640
* [[Canada]] – 28,000
* [[Australia]] – 50,000
* [[Portugal]] – 2,000
* [[Italy]] – 25,000
* [[Germany]] – 10,000

===Diversity===
There are more than 2,500,000 migrants living in Kerala,<ref name="frontlineonnet.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2801/stories/20110114280104400.htm |title= Invisible people|website=www.frontlineonnet.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131141042/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2801/stories/20110114280104400.htm |archive-date=31 January 2011}}</ref> mostly from [[Assam]] and [[West Bengal]], constituting more than 8% of the population. There are also migrants from Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and the North East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/in-migrants-own-country/821311/0 |title=In Migrants' Own Country |work=The Indian Express |date=24 July 2011 |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="frontlineonnet.com"/><ref>{{cite web|title=No Malayalam please, we're Bongs|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/no-malayalam-please-we-re-bongs/cid/549315|access-date=12 June 2020|website=The Telegraph (India)|language=en}}</ref>

Studies indicate that by the time of 2026 state elections, migrants will become a crucial voting block in many of the constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur and Kannur districts.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110420/jsp/nation/story_13877410.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102150628/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110420/jsp/nation/story_13877410.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 November 2012 | location=Kolkata, India | work=The Telegraph | first=K.M. | last=Rakesh | title=Missing voters | date=20 April 2011}}</ref>

==Lists==

===Urban centres===
According to [[2011 Census of India]], Kerala has six [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|1.5&nbsp;million-plus urban agglomerations]]: [[Kochi metropolitan area|Kochi]], [[Kozhikode metropolitan area|Kozhikode]], [[Thrissur]], [[Malappuram metropolitan area|Malappuram]], [[Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area|Thiruvananthapuram]], and [[Kannur]], all of which has a population of at least 1.5&nbsp;million.<ref name="emplo">{{cite web |url=http://www.govemployees.in/2015/06/02/revised-list-of-classification-cities-for-hra-of-central-government-employees/ |website=govemployees.in |title=Cities of India – statewise |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=25 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825063143/http://www.govemployees.in/2015/06/02/revised-list-of-classification-cities-for-hra-of-central-government-employees/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/three-of-worlds-ten-fastest-growing-urban-areas-are-in-kerala-6205749/ |title=3 of world's 10 fastest-growing urban areas are in Kerala: Economist ranking |date=8 January 2020 |access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="oslo">{{cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/622777/urban |website=kerala.gov.in |title=Urban centres of Kerala |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230044541/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/622777/urban |url-status=dead }}</ref> Over a third of Keralites live in these large cities (a higher percentage than any other state), and over half the population lives in urban centres.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-28/india/30332125_1_million-plus-cities-big-city-urban-population | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126115926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-28/india/30332125_1_million-plus-cities-big-city-urban-population | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 January 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=One in 3 Keralites lives in big cities | date=28 October 2011}}</ref>

{{Major cities in Kerala}}

The above table lists Kerala cities in terms of their respective corporation statistics.

According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], 7 of the top 50 [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|most populous metropolitan areas in India]] belong to Kerala. They are '''Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Malappuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kannur''' and '''Kollam''' ranking 17, 19, 21, 25, 26, 27 and 48 respectively.<ref name="oslo"/><ref name="emplo"/>

The surprising aspect in these corporation numbers are that [[Kochi Corporation]], despite being inside the state's largest [[urban agglomeration]], is only the 2nd most populous and 4th largest in terms of area in the state. This anomaly is because the corporation limits have not been updated since its formation in 1967, and thus expansion of these outdated limits has become a big demand in Kochi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/jan/12/chamber-calls-for-expansion-of-kochi-corp-2248723.html|title = Chamber calls for expansion of Kochi Corp}}</ref>

However, since cities are ranked in terms of their [[Urban Agglomeration]] statistics and not in terms of Local self governing bodies statistics (as seen in the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] (MOHUA) official rankings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mohua.gov.in/cms/number-of-cities--towns-by-city-size-class.php |title=आवासन और शहरी कार्य मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार |publisher=Mohua.gov.in |accessdate=7 May 2022}}</ref>), Kochi secures the number 1 spot in the state in terms of largest cities as one can observe below.

===Most populous urban agglomerations===
<!--"List of most populous urban agglomerations in Kerala" redirects here-->
The following is a list of most populous [[urban agglomeration]]s in the [[Kerala]] state of India. Population statistics indicated are as of 2011 census.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/towns/ker_towns.pdf|title=ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOWNS AND THEIR POPULATION|accessdate=22 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/kerala/Analysis_Census_Data.pdf|title=Population Analysis with list of UAs and their Population|accessdate=22 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/kerala/Analysis_Census_Data.pdf |title=Analysis of Census Date : 2011 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref>

(Note that this is a list of metropolitan (UA) population and does not indicate the corporation populations. Cities in India are officially ranked in terms of these numbers)
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="width: 50%; font-size: 0.90em;"
|-
! Rank !! UA !! Population (2011) !! Population (2001) !! District
|-
| 1 || [[Kochi metropolitan area|Kochi]] ||2,117,990 || 1,355,972 || [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
|-
| 2 || [[Kozhikode metropolitan area|Kozhikode]] ||2,030,519|| 715,681 || [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
|-
| 3|| [[Thrissur]] ||1,854,783 || 103,122 || [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|-
| 4 || [[Malappuram metropolitan area|Malappuram]] ||1,698,645 || 170,409 || [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
|-
| 5 || [[Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area|Thiruvananthapuram]] ||1,679,754 || 1,089,635 || [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
| 6 || [[Kannur]] ||1,642,892 || 498,207 || [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
|-
| 7 || [[Kollam metropolitan area|Kollam]] ||1,110,005 || 380,091|| [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
|-
| 8 || [[Cherthala]] ||455,408 || 141,558 || [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
|-
| 9 || [[Kayamkulam]] ||427,091 || 68,585 || [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
|-
| 10 || [[Kottayam]] ||357,533 || 172,878 || [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
|-
| 11 || [[Palakkad]] ||293,566 || 283,369 || [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
|-
| 12 || [[Alappuzha]] ||241,072 || 282,675 || [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
|-
| 13 || [[Ottappalam]] ||238,238 || 49,242 || [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
|-
| 14 || [[Kanhangad]] ||229,706 || 129,367 || [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
|-
| 15 || [[Kasaragod]] ||192,761 || 75,968 || [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
|-
| 16 || [[Changanassery]] ||127,971 || 51,967 || [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
|-
| 17 || [[Chalakkudy]] ||114,901 || 48,380 || [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|-
| 18 || [[Kothamangalam]] ||114,574 ||37,173 || [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
|}

===Ethnic groups===
{{Main article|Ethnic groups in Kerala}}

The vast majority of residents of Kerala are [[Malayali]]s, but there are many smaller ethnic groups including [[Tuluva]]s, [[Tamil people|Tamils]], [[Kannadiga]]s and [[Konkani people|Konkanis]]. In addition, as of early 2013 there are close to 2.5&nbsp;million (7.5% of state population) migrant workers from other states of India in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/migrant-worker-population-in-kerala-touches-25-m/article4421810.ece |title=Migrant worker population in Kerala touches 2.5 m &#124; Business Line |work=Business Line |date=16 February 2013 |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|float=right
|caption='''Languages of Kerala''' (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14}}</ref>
|value1=97.02|color1=#FE6F5E
|value2=1.49|color2=#FBE274
|value3=1.5|color3=#97BC62FF
|label1=[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]|label2=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|label3=Others}}
[[Kerala]] is the most unilingual state of India in which about 97% of the total population speak [[Malayalam]] as their [[Native language]].<ref name="census2011-langreport"/> In addition, there is a significant [[Tamil language|Tamil]] population in [[Idukki district|Idukki]] district, which accounts for 17.48% of its total population.<ref name="lg">{{cite web |title=Census of India – Language |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |website= censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Kannada]] are spoken in the northern portions of [[Kasaragod district]], each of which account for 8.77% and 4.23% of total population in the district respectively.<ref name="lg"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala government to appoint officer to study issues of linguistic minorities |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/government-to-appoint-officer-to-study-issues-of-linguistic-minorities/articleshow/59892625.cms |date=2 August 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |department=City: Thiruvananthapuram |agency=TNN}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Main article|Religion in Kerala}}
Hindus constitute 54.7% of the population of Kerala, followed by Islam with 26.6% population and Christianity at third with 18.4% population as per 2011 census.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Religious Demographics of Kerala (1901–2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160316/kerala-muslims-will-be-double-the-number-of-christians-by-2051.html|title = Kerala: Muslims will be double the number of Christians by 2051|date = 16 March 2016}}</ref><ref>[https://i.imgur.com/imH5BdY.png Photo] imgur.com</ref>
|-
! Census<br />Year
| colspan="2" style="background:Orange;"|[[Hinduism|<span style="color:white;">'''Hindus'''</span>]]
| style="background:Orange;"| <span style="color:white;">'''''Decadal Growth rate (%)'''''</span>
| colspan="2" style="background:Green;"|[[Islam|<span style="color:white;">'''Muslims'''</span>]]
| style="background:Green;"| <span style="color:white;">'''''Decadal Growth rate (%)'''''</span>
| colspan="2" style="background:DodgerBlue;"|[[Christianity|<span style="color:white;">'''Christians'''</span>]]
| style="background:DodgerBlue;"| <span style="color:white;">'''''Decadal Growth rate (%)'''''</span>
! colspan="2"| Total<br />Population
! Decadal Growth rate (%)
|-
! 1901
| 4,378,305
| '''68.5%'''
| ''N/A''
| 1,119,473
| '''17.5%'''
| ''N/A''
| 891,767
| '''13.9%'''
| ''N/A''
| 6,389,545
| '''100.0%'''
| ''N/A''
|-
! 1911
| 4,762,393
| '''66.8%'''
| style="background:red;"| <span style="color:white;">+8.77</span>
| 1,263,602
| '''17.7%'''
| +12.87
| 1,101,289
| '''15.5%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| <span style="color:white;">+23.50</span>
| 7,127,284
| '''100.0%'''
| +11.55
|-
! 1921
| 5,052,039
| '''64.9%'''
| style="background:red;"| <span style="color:white;">+6.08</span>
| 1,360,180
| '''17.5%'''
| +7.64
| 1,376,354
| '''17.7%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| <span style="color:white;">+24.98</span>
| 7,788,573
| '''100.0%'''
| +9.28
|-
! 1931
| 6,021,982
| '''63.4%'''
| style="background:red;"| <span style="color:white;">+19.20</span>
| 1,624,112
| '''17.1%'''
| +19.40
| 1,856,024
| '''19.5%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| <span style="color:white;">+34.85</span>
| 9,502,118
| '''100.0%'''
| +22.00
|-
! 1941
| 6,699,600
| '''61.8%'''
| style="background:red;"| <span style="color:white;">+11.25</span>
| 1,883,786
| '''17.4%'''
| +11.60
| 2,263,888
| '''20.9%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| <span style="color:white;">+21.98</span>
| 10,847,274
| '''100.0%'''
| +14.16
|-
! 1951
| 8,344,351
| '''61.6%'''
| style="background:red;"| <span style="color:white;">+24.55</span>
| 2,374,598
| '''17.5%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| <span style="color:white;">+26.05</span>
| 2,825,720
| '''20.9%'''
| +24.82
| 13,544,669
| '''100.0%'''
| +24.87
|-
! 1961
| 10,282,568
| '''60.9%'''
| style="background:red;"| <span style="color:white;">+23.23</span>
| 3,027,639
| '''17.9%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| <span style="color:white;">+27.50</span>
| 3,587,365
| '''21.2%'''
| +26.95
| 16,897,572
| '''100.0%'''
| +24.75
|-
! 1971
| 12,683,277
| '''59.4%'''
| style="background:red;"| <span style="color:white;">+23.35</span>
| 4,162,718
| '''19.5%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| <span style="color:white;">+37.49</span>
| 4,494,089
| '''21.1%'''
| +25.28
| 21,340,084
| '''100.0%'''
| +26.29
|-
! 1981
| 14,801,347
| '''58.2%'''
| +16.70
| 5,409,687
| '''21.3%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| <span style="color:white;">+30.00</span>
| 5,233,865
| '''20.6%'''
| style="background:red;"| <span style="color:white;">+16.46</span>
| 25,444,899
| '''100.0%'''
| +19.24
|-
! 1991
| 16,668,587
| '''57.3%'''
| +12.62
| 6,788,354
| '''23.3%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| <span style="color:white;">+25.49</span>
| 5,621,510
| '''19.3%'''
| style="background:red;"| <span style="color:white;">+7.41</span>
| 29,078,451
| '''100.0%'''
| +14.28
|-
! 2001
| 17,920,105
| '''56.3%'''
| style="background:red;"| <span style="color:white;">+7.51</span>
| 7,863,842
| '''24.7%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| <span style="color:white;">+15.84</span>
| 6,057,427
| '''19.0%'''
| +7.75
| 31,841,374
| '''100.0%'''
| +9.50
|-
! 2011
| 18,282,492
| '''54.9%'''
| +2.02
| 8,873,472
| '''26.6%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| <span style="color:white;">+12.84</span>
| 6,141,269
| '''18.4%'''
| style="background:red;"| <span style="color:white;">+1.38</span>
| 33,406,061
| '''100.0%'''
| +4.91
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:red;"| <span style="color:white;">''Indicates Least growth rate''</span>
| colspan="3" style="background:#03c04a;"| <span style="color:white;">''Indicates Most growth rate''</span>
| colspan="7" style="font-size:95%; background:#cef; text-align:center;"| '''Source: Census of India (1901–2011)'''
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+Detailed breakdown of religious demographics
!Religion !! 2001<ref name="religion1">{{cite web |title=Total population by religious communities |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031333/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm |archive-date=19 January 2008 |access-date=20 November 2014 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
!%!! 2011<ref name="religion2">{{cite web |title=Indian Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |access-date=25 August 2015 |publisher=Census Department, Government of India}}</ref>
!%
|-
| Hinduism || 17,883,449
|56.16|| 18,282,492
|54.73
|-
| Islam || 7,863,842
|24.70|| 8,873,472
|26.56
|-
| Christianity || 6,057,427
|19.02|| 6,141,269
|18.38
|-
| Buddhism || 2,027
|>0.01|| 4,752
|0.01
|-
| Jainism || 4,528
|0.01|| 4,489
|0.01
|-
| Sikhism || 2,762
|>0.01|| 3,814
|0.01
|-
| Other || 2,256
|>0.01|| 7,618
|0.02
|-
| Not stated || —
|—|| 88,155
|0.26
|-
| '''Total'''|| '''31,841,374'''
|'''~100'''|| '''33,406,061'''
|'''~100'''
|}

===Religious demographics of Travancore (1816–1941)===
{{main article|Travancore}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Religious Demographics of [[Travancore]] (1816–1941)
|-
! Census year
| colspan="2" style="background:Orange;"|[[Hinduism|<span style="color:white;">'''Hindus'''</span>]]
| colspan="2" style="background:DodgerBlue;"|[[Christianity|<span style="color:white;">'''Christians'''</span>]]
| colspan="2" style="background:Green;"|[[Islam|<span style="color:white;">'''Muslims'''</span>]]
|'''Total population'''
|-
! 1816 – 1820
| 752,371
| '''82.99%'''
| 112,158
| '''12.37%'''
| 42,058
| '''4.64%'''
|906,587
|-
! 1881
| 1,755,610
| '''73.12%'''
| 498,542
| '''20.76%'''
| 146,909
| '''6.12%'''
|2,401,158
|-
! 1891
| 1,871,864
| '''73.18%'''
| 526,911
| '''20.60%'''
| 158,823
| '''6.21%'''
|2,557,736
|-
! 1901
| 2,063,798
| '''69.91%'''
| 697,387
| '''23.62%'''
| 190,566
| '''6.46%'''
|2,952,157
|-
! 1911
| 2,298,390
| '''67.03%'''
| 903,868
| '''26.36%'''
| 226,617
| '''6.61%'''
|3,428,975
|-
! 1921
| 2,562,301
| '''63.96%'''
| 1,172,934
| '''29.27%'''
| 270,478
| '''6.75%'''
|4,006,062
|-
! 1931
| 3,137,795
| '''61.57%'''
| 1,604,475
| '''31.46%'''
| 353,274
| '''6.93%'''
|5,095,973
|-
! 1941
| 3,671,480
| '''60.49%'''
| 1,963,808
| '''32.35%'''
| 434,150
| '''7.15%'''
|6,070,018
|}
''Sources:''<ref name="r1931">{{Cite book |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5591/1/43534_1931_REP.pdf |title=Census of India, 1931, VOLUME XXVIII, Travancore, Part-I Report |publisher=Government of Travancore |year=1932 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=327, 331}}</ref><ref name="r1881">{{Cite book |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5570/1/41740.pdf |title=Report on the Census of Travancore (1881) |publisher=Government of India |year=1884 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=135, 258}}</ref><ref name="r1891">{{Cite book |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5571/1/42181.pdf |title=Report on the Census of Travancore (1891) |publisher=Government of India |year=1894 |location=Chennai |pages=10–11, 683}}</ref><ref name="r1941">{{Cite book |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5598/1/20374_1941_REP.pdf |title=Travancore, Part I, Vol-XXV (1941) |publisher=Government of Travancore |year=1942 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=124–125}}</ref>

===Religious Demographics of Malabar District (1871–1951)===
{{main article|Malabar District}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Religious Demographics of [[Malabar District]] (1871&1951)
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:Dodgerblue;"|[[Religion in Kerala|<span style="color:white;">'''Religion'''</span>]]
| style="background:Orange;"|[[1871|<span style="color:white;">'''1871'''</span>]]
| style="background:Green;"|[[1951|<span style="color:white;">'''1951'''</span>]]
|-
! 1
| '''Hinduism'''
| 72.43%
| 63.25%
|-
! 2
| '''Islam'''
| 25.72%
| 33.49%
|-
! 3
| '''Christianity'''
| 1.43%
| 3.24%
|}
''Sources:<ref name="census1871">{{Cite book |last=Cornish |first=W. R. |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6348/1/140412_1871.pdf |title=Report on the Census of Madras Presidency – 1871 |publisher=Government of Madras |year=1874 |isbn= |location=Madras}}</ref><ref name="census1951">{{Cite book |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf |title=1951 census handbook – Malabar district |publisher=Government of Madras |year=1953 |location=Chennai}}</ref>''

===Communities===
{{Pie chart
|caption = '''Caste/communities of Kerala (2011)'''
|value1 = 26.6
|color1 = ForestGreen
|label1 = [[Mappila Muslims]]
|value2 = 22.2
|color2 = Yellow
|label2 = [[Ezhava]]s/Thiyyas
|value3 = 14.6
|color3 = OrangeRed
|label3 = [[Nair]]s
|value4 = 12.5
|color4 = White
|label4 = [[Saint Thomas Christians|Marthoma Nasrani]]
|value5 = 9.8
|color5 = DarkBlue
|label5 = [[List of Scheduled Castes in Kerala|Scheduled Castes]]
|value6 = 2.8
|color6 = Gold
|label6 = [[Dheevara (caste)|Dheevara]]s
|value7 = 2.5
|color7 = SkyBlue
|label7 = [[Latin Catholics of Malabar|Latin Catholics]]
|value8 = 1.7
|color8 = Orange
|label8 = [[Malayali Brahmin|Brahmins]]
|value9 = 1.1
|color9 = Black
|label9 = [[Tribals in Kerala|Scheduled Tribes]]
|value10 = 3.0
|color10 = AquaMarine
|label10 = [[Christianity in Kerala|Other Christians]]
|value11 = 2.9
|color11 = SandyBrown
|label11 = [[Hinduism in Kerala|Other Hindu Castes]]
|value12 = 0.3
|color12 = Red
|label12 = [[Religion in Kerala|Others]]
}}
{{Main article|Religion in Kerala}}
{{See also|Caste system among South Asian Christians}}

==== Castes of Kerala ====

The Scheduled Caste (SC) population of Kerala State is 3,123,941 which is 9.8% of overall population. Scheduled Tribes in Kerala, with a population of 364,000, constitute 1.14% of the population.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_kerala.pdf Census Tables]censusindia.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722030145/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_kerala.pdf |date=22 July 2011 }}</ref>

'''Denominations groups among Christians:'''{{Refn|Denominations are not considered as caste or ethnic groups. Caste groups among Christians, which is a continuation of casteism in Hinduism, runs parallel to denominational divisions. One caste group may be spread over many denominations. One denomination may have more than one caste group in it. A person belonging to a denomination can convert to another denomination.}}

Catholic church (Syrian and Latin rites) is the largest denomination among Kerala Christians. Malankara orthodox church, Jacobite Syrian orthodox church and Marthomite Syrian church denominations claim Syrian roots. Major Protestant groups include Church of South India (CSI), various Pentecostal churches. Chaldean Syrian, Seventh Day Adventists, Salvation Army are some other denominations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/23/stories/2004092306010500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114125423/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/23/stories/2004092306010500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Kerala News : Increase in Muslim population in the State|date=23 September 2004|access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/guess-whos-after-the-hindu-vote-in-kerala-hint-its-not-the-bjp-2619712.html|title=Guess who's after the Hindu vote in Kerala? (Hint: It's not the BJP)|date=10 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/caste-based-organisations-nss-sndp-form-hindu-grand-alliance-in-kerala-115305-2012-09-05|title=Caste-based organisations NSS, SNDP form Hindu Grand Alliance in Kerala|first1=M. G. |last1=Radhakrishnan|date=September 5, 2012|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/the-communal-polarisation-of-keralas-voters/20110601.htm|title=The communal polarisation of Kerala's voters|first=T. V. R.|last=Shenoy|website=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/dheevara-sabha-calls-for-redefining-minority-status/article3101517.ece|title=Dheevara Sabha calls for redefining minority status|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/brahmins-in-india/234783|title=Brahmins in India|date=5 February 2022}}</ref>

====Tribal communities====

Kerala has approximately 35 distinct scheduled tribes that constitute 1.3% of the population. Though entirely unique, their languages are often not highlighted as distinct in the census. The Paniyan, who are the numerically dominant tribe, live in north east of the state and practice settled cultivation. The Kattunaikan, Kurichian and Kuruman belong to the same region. Palleyan, Palliyan and Palliyar inhabit the Idukki region not far from the Anamalai and Palani hills of Tamil Nadu where you find the same population. The Kadar, Irular, Kurumbas, Maha malasar and Malasar inhabit the Palghat region close to their counterparts in Niligiri and Anamalai hills of Tamil Nadu. The same is the case of the Kudiya and Koraga living in the northern most tip of the state next to Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada region of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demographie.net/atlasofindia/atlas91/files/pot_ker.htm|title=Population of Tribals Percentage of Population - Kerala|date=2003|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px">
File:Tr-en1.png|Total number of tribal communities

File:Nkl.png|Tribes of North Kerala

File:C-skl.png|Tribes of Central-South Kerala

File:Southkl.png|Tribes of South Kerala
</gallery>

=== Age structure ===
[[File:Kerala Population Pyramid in 5-year age groups (2011 census).png|thumb|500px|Population pyramid for Kerala as of 2011]]

(2011 census)
:0–6 years: 9.95%
:7–14 years: 23.9%
:15–59 years: 54.3%
:60 years and over:12.8%

{| class="wikitable"
|+Population by age (2011)
!Age (Years):
!Male population
!Female population
|-
|0–4
|1247534
|1205558
|-
|5–9
|1303190
|1251922
|-
|10–14
|1438917
|1383853
|-
|15–19
|1328299
|1282253
|-
|20–24
|1298826
|1366983
|-
|25–29
|1203978
|1400114
|-
|30–34
|1128217
|1327284
|-
|35–39
|1161819
|1417854
|-
|40–44
|1117424
|1295074
|-
|45–49
|1105598
|1242932
|-
|50–54
|931191
|996954
|-
|55–59
|861527
|880881
|-
|60–64
|685136
|729535
|-
|65–69
|459232
|542902
|-
|70–74
|326562
|406810
|-
|75–79
|208317
|293050
|-
|80+
|204348
|337501
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Median age
!Year:
!1961
!1971
!1981
!1991
!2001
!2011
|-
|Age:
|19.28
|19.39
|21.81
|24.36
|28.87
|32
|}

===Urbanisation===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Urbanisation Rate in Kerala
!Year
!Rural
population

(%)
!Urban
Population

(%)
|-
|1961
|84.9
|15.11
|-
|1971
|83.76
|16.24
|-
|1981
|81.26
|18.74
|-
|1991
|73.61
|26.39
|-
|2001
|74.04
|25.96
|-
|2011
|52.26
|47.74
|}

===Birth rate===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Births !! Deaths !! Natural<br />change !! Birth<br />rate !! Death<br />rate!! N. change<br />rate
|-
| 1997 || 607,727 || 166,428 || 441,299 || 19.2 || 5.3 || 13.9
|-
| 1998 || 591,508 || 185,788 || 405,720 || 18.4 || 5.8 || 12.6
|-
| 1999 || 596,948 || 186,828 || 410,120 || 18.3 || 5.7 || 12.6
|-
| 2000 || 593,724 || 178,795 || 414,929 || 18.0 || 5.4 || 12.6
|-
| 2001 || 579,063 || 182,059 || 397,004 || 18.1 || 5.7 || 12.4
|-
| 2002 || 581,925 || 184,597 || 397,328 || 18.0 || 5.7 || 12.3
|-
| 2003 || 558,369 || 194,264 || 364,105 || 17.2 || 6.0 || 11.2
|-
| 2004 || 563,153 || 199,017 || 364,136 || 17.1 || 6.1 || 11.0
|-
| 2005 || 559,082 || 204,157 || 354,925 || 17.3 || 6.3 || 11.0
|-
| 2006 || 556,326 || 219,094 || 337,232 || 16.6 || 6.6 || 10.0
|-
| 2007 || 545,154 || 238,691 || 306,463 || 16.2 || 7.1 || 9.1
|-
| 2008 || 535,738 || 221,769 || 313,969 || 15.7 || 6.5 || 9.2
|-
| 2009 || 544,348 || 238,691 || 305,657 || 16.2 || 7.1 || 9.1
|-
| 2010 || 546,964 || 238,864 || 308,100 || 15.8 || 6.9 || 8.9
|-
| 2011 || 560,268 || 245,002 || 315,266 || 16.7 || 7.3 || 9.4
|-
| 2012 || 550,411 || 239,982 || 310,429 || 16.4 || 7.1 || 9.3
|-
| 2013 || 536,352 || 260,915 || 276,157 || 15.9 || 7.7 || 8.2
|-
| 2014 || 534,458 || 248,242 || 286,216 || 15.8 || 7.3 || 8.5
|-
| 2015 || 516,013 || 252,576 || 263,437 || 15.1 || 7.4 || 7.7
|-
| 2016 || 496,292 || 256,130 || 240,162 || 14.5 || 7.5 || 7.0
|-
| 2017 || 503,588 || 263,342 || 240,246 || 14.6 || 7.6 || 7.0
|-
| 2018 || 488,174 || 258,530 || 229,644 || 14.1 || 7.5 || 6.6
|-
| 2019 || 480,113 || 270,567 || 209,546 || 13.8 || 7.8 || 6.0
|-
| 2020 || 446,891 || 250,983 || 195,908 || 12.8 || 7.2 || 5.6
|-
| 2021 || 419,767 || 339,648 || 80,119 || 11.9 || 9.7 || 2.3
|}
* Source: [https://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/publication-list?category=3043&scheme=4135&jurisdiction=&from=&to=&search=&published_from=&published_to=&tab=publications&sort=newest Kerala Department of Economics and Statistics | Vital statistics]

;Birth data by religion
{| class="wikitable"
|+Percentage Distribution of Live Birth by Religion of the Family<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/index.php/reports/vital-statistics-reports.html |title=Vital Statistics Reports |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=11 June 2023 |archive-date=7 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607065625/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/index.php/reports/vital-statistics-reports.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! Religion
!2021<ref name="2021data">{{cite web |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2021, Page Number 98 |url=https://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/storage/publications/656.pdf |access-date=30 May 2023 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division, Department of Economics & Statistics, Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>!! %
!2020<ref name="2020data">{{cite web |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2020, Page Number 109 |url=https://ecostat.kerala.gov.in/storage/publications/534.pdf |access-date=8 July 2022 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division, Department of Economics & Statistics, Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>!! %
!2019<ref name=2019data>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2019.pdf|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2019, Page Number 100|publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=7 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607065625/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/index.php/reports/vital-statistics-reports.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> !! %
!2018<ref name=2018data>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2018, Page Number 92|publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102023933/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> !! %
!2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2017.pdf|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2017, Page Number 90|publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref>
!%!! 2016<ref>[http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2016.pdf Vital statistics 2016]kerala.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424210733/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2016.pdf |date=24 April 2021 }}</ref> !! % !!2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/annualvitalstat_2015.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2015, Page Number 21 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=24 May 2017}}</ref> !! % !! 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/annualvitalstat_2014.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2014, Page Number 22 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref> !! % !! 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/annualvitalstat_2013.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2013, Page Number 22 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=1 July 2015}}</ref> !! % !! 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2012.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2012, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 23 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=1 November 2014 |archive-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020211130/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! % !! 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/ecostat/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2011.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2011, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 23 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=1 February 2014 |archive-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206103725/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/ecostat/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>!! % !! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2010.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2010, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 23-24 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=1 March 2013}}</ref> !! % !! 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2009.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2009, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 19-20 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=1 October 2011}}</ref> !! % !! 2008<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsbulletin2008.pdf |title =Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2008, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 19-20 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref> !! % !! 2007<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/pdf/reports/vital_stat/bulletin_07.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2007, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 16 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=1 June 2009 |archive-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323122536/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/pdf/reports/vital_stat/bulletin_07.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! % !! 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2006.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2006, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 34 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426192829/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2006.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! % !! 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2005.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2005, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 28 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110161845/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2005.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! %
|-
|''Muslim''
|169,296||40.33%||196,138||43.89%|| 212,933 || 44.35% || 213,805 || 43.80% || 216,525 || 43.00% || 211,182 || 42.55% || 213,865 || 41.45% || 218,437 || 40.87%|| 214,257 || 39.96%|| 175,892|| 31.96% || 214,099 || 38.21% || 209,276 || 38.26% || 204,711 || 37.61% || 194,583 || 36.32% || 183,796 || 33.71% || 196,493 || 35.32% || 191,675 || 34.28%
|-
|''Hindu''
|181,396||43.21%||185,411||41.49%|| 197,061 || 41.04% ||203,158 || 41.61% || 210,071 || 41.71% || 207,831 ||41.88%|| 221,220 ||42.87% || 231,031 ||43.23% ||236,420 ||44.08% ||214,591 || 38.99% || 248,610 || 44.37% || 246,297 || 45.03% || 247,707 || 45.51% || 241,305 || 45.04% || 250,094 || 45.88% || 258,119 || 46.40% || 262,976 || 47.04%
|-
|''Christian''
|59,766||14.24%||62,265||13.93%|| 68,596 || 14.29% ||69,844 ||14.31%|| 75,335 || 14.96%|| 76,205 || 15.35%|| 79,565 || 15.42% || 83,616 || 15.65% || 84,660 || 15.78% || 102,546 || 18.63% || 94,664 || 16.90% || 88,936 || 16.26% || 90,451 || 16.62% || 94,175 || 17.58% || 98,220 || 18.02% || 96,469 || 17.34% || 98,353 || 17.59%
|-
|''Others''
|9,143||2.18%||2,967||0.66%|| 1,408 || 0.29% || 1,214 || 0.25% ||1,497 ||0.30%|| 852|| 0.18%|| 933|| 0.18% || 1,178 || 0.22% || 869 || 0.16% || 57,215 || 10.39% || 2,671 || 0.48% || 651 || 0.12% || 704 || 0.13% || 5,151 || 0.96% || 6,108 || 1.12% || 1,545 || 0.28% || 1,098 || 0.19%
|-
|''Not Stated''
|166||0.04%||110||0.02%|| 115 || 0.02% ||153 ||0.03%|| 169 || 0.03%|| 222 || 0.04%|| 430 || 0.08% || 196 || 0.03% || 146 || 0.02% || 167 || 0.03% || 224 || 0.04% || 1,806 || 0.33% || 775 || 0.14% || 524 || 0.10% || 6,936 || 1.27% || 3,700 || 0.66% || 4,980 || 0.89%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''419,767'''||'''100%'''||'''446,891'''||'''100%'''||'''480,113'''||'''100%'''||'''488,174'''||'''100%'''||'''503,588'''||'''100%'''||'''496,292'''||'''100%'''||'''516,013'''||'''100%'''||'''534,458'''||'''100%'''||'''536,352'''||'''100%'''||'''550,411'''||'''100%'''||'''560,268'''||'''100%'''||'''546,964'''||'''100%'''||'''544,348'''||'''100%'''|| '''535,738''' || '''100%''' || '''545,154''' || '''100%''' || '''556,326''' || '''100%''' || '''559,082''' || '''100%'''
|}

17.1 births/1,000 population (1994–2001 est.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Family structure, women's education and work: Re-examining the high status of women in Kerala |url=http://www.cds.edu/download_files/341.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210173440/http://www.cds.edu/download_files/341.pdf |archivedate=10 February 2012 |accessdate=7 May 2022}}</ref>

Birth Rate was 17.1 in 1994–2001 (20.3 in 1984–1990 & 25.0 in 1974–1980). Pathanamthitta (14.5 in 1994–2001, 17.2 in 1984–1990 & NA in 1974–1980) had the lowest TBR and Malappuram(22.4, 29.5 & 33.6) had the highest TBR.

According to the 2011 Census, [[Thiruvalla taluk]] has the lowest birth rate and [[Tirurangadi]] taluk has the highest birth rate.<ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/kerala/PPT2_Tables_2.pdf {{Dead link|date=August 2014}}</ref>

'''Lowest Birth Rate (2011):'''
# Thiruvalla – 10.63 per 1,000
# Mallappally – 10.69 per 1,000
# Kozhenchery – 10.86 per 1,000
# Chengannur – 10.93 per 1,000
# Adoor – 11.09 per 1,000

'''Highest Birth Rate (2011):'''
# Tirurangadi – 19.99 per 1,000
# Ernad – 19.68 per 1,000
# Perinthalmanna – 19.43 per 1,000
# Tirur – 19.16 per 1,000
# Nilambur – 18.34 per 1,000

'''Vital stats for the year 2011''':<ref name="kerala1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2011.pdf|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report 2011|publisher=Ecostat.kerala.gov.in|access-date=20 May 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233324/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Community
!Pop
!Births
!Birth Rate
!Deaths
!Death Rate
!NGR%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''33,406,061'''
|'''560,268'''
|'''16.77'''
|'''245,002'''
|'''7.33'''
|'''0.94%'''
|-
|Hindu
|18,282,492
|248,610
|13.60
|148,097
|8.10
|0.55%
|-
|Muslim
|8,873,472
|214,099
|24.13
|45,305
|5.11
|1.90%
|-
|Christian
|6,141,269
|94,664
|15.41
|50,365
|8.20
|0.72%
|}
* In 2007, 61.55% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 17.50% from Muslims and, 19.75% from Christians.<ref name="ecostat.kerala.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/pdf/reports/vital_stat/bulletin_07.pdf|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report 2007|publisher=Ecostat.kerala.gov.in|access-date=20 May 2015|archive-date=23 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323122536/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/pdf/reports/vital_stat/bulletin_07.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In 2008, 61.01% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 17.82% from Muslims and, 20.06% from Christians.<ref name="cr.lsgkerala.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.cr.lsgkerala.gov.in/Docs/AnnualVitalStatisticalReport_2008.pdf|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report 2008|publisher=Ecostat.kerala.gov.in|access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref>
* In 2010, 60.79% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 18.31% from Muslims and, 20.36% from Christians.<ref name="ecostat.kerala.gov.in 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2010.pdf|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report 2010|publisher=Ecostat.kerala.gov.in|access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref>
* In 2011, 60.45% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 18.48% from Muslims and, 20.56% from Christians.<ref name="kerala1"/>
* In 2018, 60.54% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 19.15% from Muslims and, 19.86% from Christians.<ref name=2018data/>

===Net migration rate===
: (-)3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1991 est.)

Of the emigrants from Kerala, 42.2% were Muslims, 36.6% were Hindus and 21.2% were Christians in 1992–93. The most preferred destination was Saudi Arabia (37.8%), followed by UAE (25.9%), Other Gulf countries (13.0%), Oman (11.8%), Other Countries (7.5%) and USA(3.8%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of Emigrants from India: A comparative study of Kerala and Punjab |url=http://www.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s20/S27_01_nangia.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728003925/http://www.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s20/S27_01_nangia.pdf |archivedate=28 July 2011 |accessdate=7 May 2022}}</ref>

===Sex ratio===
According to the 2011 census, women outnumber men in all the [[districts of Kerala]] with the highest proportion in [[Kannur]] and [[Pathanamthitta]] districts.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Districts !! Population !! Males !!%!! Females !!%
|-
| [[Kasargod district|Kasargod]] || 1,307,375 || 628,613||48.1% || 678,762||51.9%
|-
| [[Kannur district|Kannur]] || 2,523,003 || 1,181,446||46.8% || 1,341,557||'''53.2'''%
|-
| [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] || 817,420 || 401,684||49.1% || 415,736||50.9%
|-
| [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] || 3,086,293 || 1,470,942||47.7% || 1,615,351||52.3%
|-
| [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] || 4,112,920 || '''1,960,328'''||47.7% || '''2,152,592'''||52.3%
|-
| [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] || 2,809,934 || 1,359,478||48.4% || 1,450,456||51.6%
|-
| [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] || 3,121,200 || 1,480,763||47.4% || 1,640,437||52.6%
|-
| [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] || 3,282,388 || 1,619,557||49.3% || 1,662,831||50.7%
|-
| [[Idukki district|Idukki]] || 1,108,974 || 552,808||'''49.8'''% || 556,166||50.2%
|-
| [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] || 1,974,551 || 968,289||49% || 1,006,262||51%
|-
| [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] || 2,127,789 || 1,013,142||47.6% || 1,114,647||52.4%
|-
| [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] || 1,197,412 || 561,716||46.8% ||635,696||'''53.2'''%
|-
| [[Kollam district|Kollam]] || 2,635,375 || 1,246,968||47.3% || 1,388,407||52.7%
|-
| [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] || 3,301,427 || 1,581,678||47.9% || 1,719,749||52.1%
|}

=== Vital statistics ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
!Year
!Infant
Mortality

Rate

(per 1000 birth)
!Crude
Birth Rate

(per 100)
!Crude
Death Rate

(per 1000)
!Natural
Growth

Rate

(per 1000)
!Maternal
Mortality Rate

(Maternal death/

100000 live birth)
!Total
Fertility

Rate

(Birth/Woman)
|-
|2000
|14
|17.9
|6.4
|11.5
|
|1.7
|-
|2001
|11
|17.3
|6.6
|10.7
|
|1.8
|-
|2002
|10
|16.9
|6.4
|10.5
|
|1.8
|-
|2003
|11
|16.7
|6.3
|10.4
|
|1.8
|-
|2004
|12
|15.2
|6.1
|9.1
|95
|1.7
|-
|2005
|14
|15.0
|6.4
|8.6
|
|1.7
|-
|2006
|15
|14.9
|6.7
|8.2
|
|1.7
|-
|2007
|13
|14.7
|6.8
|7.9
|81
|1.7
|-
|2008
|12
|14.6
|6.6
|8.0
|
|1.7
|-
|2009
|12
|14.7
|6.8
|7.9
|
|1.7
|-
|2010
|13
|14.8
|7.0
|7.8
|66
|1.7
|-
|2011
|12
|15.2
|7.0
|8.2
|61
|1.7
|-
|2012
|12
|14.9
|6.9
|8.0
|
|1.7
|-
|2013
|12
|14.7
|6.9
|7.8
|
|1.6
|-
|2014
|12
|14.8
|6.6
|8.2
|46
|1.6
|-
|2015
|12
|14.8
|6.6
|8.2
|42
|1.6
|-
|2016
|10
|14.3
|7.6
|6.7
|
|1.7
|-
|2017
|10
|14.2
|6.8
|7.4
|
|1.7
|-
|2018
|7
|13.9
|6.9
|7.0
|31 (est)
|1.8
|}

=== Life expectancy at birth ===
Life expectancy at birth is 78 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=niti ayog|url=https://niti.gov.in/state-statistics}}</ref>

In 1991, Kerala had the lowest TFR (Children born per women) in the whole of India. Hindus had a TFR of 1.66, Christians had 1.78 and Muslims had 2.97. In 2000, the TFR was 1.73 with Muslims having 2.28, [[Nair]]s having a TFR of 1.47 and Syrian Christians having TFR of 1.55. TFR for Scheduled Castes was 1.52 in 1997–98 and 1.37 in 1992–93. The lowest Fertility rate recorded anywhere in India is TFR of 1.17 for Vettuvan caste in Kerala.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1023/B:POPU.0000020963.63244.8c| title=An Analysis of Fertility Differentials by Religion in Kerala State: A Test of the Interaction Hypothesis | year=2003 | last1=Alagarajan | first1=Manoj | journal=Population Research and Policy Review | volume=22 | issue=5/6 | pages=557–574 | s2cid=154895913 }}</ref>

As per the 2011 Census, the fertility rate per community is as Hindu: 1.544 children per woman, Muslim: 2.351 and Christian: 1.716. For SC, the fertility is 1.485 and for ST, it is 1.629.<ref name="censusindia">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/F-series/f10/2011-F10-32-MDDS.XLS 2011 Census]censusindia.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221094733/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/F-series/f10/2011-F10-32-MDDS.XLS |date=21 December 2018 }}</ref>

For Hindus, the TFR is highest in Wayanad (1.710) and lowest in Thiruvananthapuram (1.435). For the Muslims, it is Kannur (2.779) and Pathanamthitta (1.707), while for the Christians the respective districts are Kasaragod (1.929) and Kollam (1.539).<ref name="censusindia" />

==See also==
* [[Non-Municipal Census Towns in Kerala]]
* [[Malabar District#Demography|Demographics of Malabar]]
* [[Travancore#Demographics|Demographics of Travancore]]
* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[Geography of Kerala]]
* [[Economy of Kerala]]
* [[Kerala Gulf diaspora]]
* [[Migrant labourers in Kerala]]
* [[Unemployment in Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam}}
* {{cite web |title=Ranking of districts by Sex Ratio and Population density |date=2001 |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/vitalstatistics/1.03.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215201110/http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/vitalstatistics/1.03.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Government of Kerala |ref={{harvid|GOK|2001}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kalathil |first=MJ |year=2004 |veditors=Nair PR, Shaji H |title=Withering Valli: Alienation, Degradation, and Enslavement of Tribal Women in Attappady |series=Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development |publisher=Centre for Development Studies |location=Thiruvananthapuram |isbn=978-8187621690 |url=https://www.cds.ac.in/krpcds/publication/downloads/66.pdf |access-date=29 December 2008}}
* {{cite magazine |last=McKibben |first=Bill |title=Kerala, India |date=October 1999 |magazine=National Geographic Traveler |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/articles/1028kerala.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020413214205/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/articles/1028kerala.html |archive-date=13 April 2002}}
{{refend}}

{{Kerala}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Kerala}}
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