Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Design A-150 battleship

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Planned Imperial Japanese class of super battleships}}
{{featured article}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=Design A-150.jpg
|Ship caption=Artist's impression of an A-150-class battleship
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
|Name= A-150
|Builders=*[[Yokosuka Naval Arsenal]]
* [[Kure Naval Arsenal]]
|Operators={{navy|Empire of Japan}}
|Class before={{sclass|Yamato|battleship|4}}
|Class after=None
|Cost=
|Total ships planned=2
|Total ships completed=0
|Total ships cancelled=2
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type=[[Battleship]]
|Ship displacement=Approximately {{convert|70000|LT|t|lk=on}}
|Ship length= {{Convert|263|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (est.)
|Ship beam= {{Convert|38.9|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (est.)
|Ship height=
|Ship draft=
|Ship power=
|Ship propulsion=Unknown
|Ship complement=
|Ship armament=*3 × twin {{convert|51|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} guns
* "Many" [[10 cm/65 Type 98 naval gun|{{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on|1}}]] [[dual-purpose gun]]s
|Ship armor=*Possibly a {{convert|45.7|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} [[belt armor|side belt]]
*[[Gun turret|Turret]]: {{cvt|80|cm}} (face); {{cvt|29.5|cm}} (roof)
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
'''Design A-150''',{{efn-ua|In Japanese, the name for this planned ship class is {{nihongo||超大和型戦艦|Chō Yamato-gata senkan}}. These ships were never given formal names.}} popularly known as the '''''Super Yamato'' class''',{{efn-ua|Although called the "Super Yamato class" by some historians, Design A-150 was entirely new, having little in common with the earlier {{sclass|Yamato|battleship|2}}s.<ref name=Garzke85/>}} was a planned [[ship class|class]] of [[battleship]]s for the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]. In keeping with longstanding Japanese naval strategy, the A-150s would have carried six {{convert|51|cm|in|adj=on|sp=us|1}} guns to ensure their qualitative superiority over any other battleship they might face. These would have been the largest guns ever carried aboard a [[capital ship]].

Design work on the A-150s began after the preceding {{sclass|Yamato|battleship|4}} in 1938–1939 and was mostly finished by early 1941, when the Japanese began focusing on [[aircraft carrier]]s and other smaller warships in preparation for the coming conflict. No A-150 would ever be [[laid down]], and many details of the class' design were destroyed near the end of the war.

==Background and design==
{{see also|Empire of Japan#Later Shōwa (1931–1941) – expansionism and war|label 1=Empire of Japan during the Later Shōwa period}}

In the 1930s, the Japanese government began a shift towards an [[ultranationalist]] militancy. Planners envisioned an empire stretching from Japan to the resource-rich European colonies in Southeast Asia, and defensible islands in the Pacific Ocean (the [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]]). The extensive distances involved, and the likelihood of this expansion leading to a confrontation with the United States, led the Japanese to build and maintain a large fleet that could seize and hold onto these territories.<ref>Willmott (1999), p. 32</ref><ref>Schmo (2004), pp. 42–43</ref> The U.S. posed a particular problem for Japan, as it possessed significantly greater industrial power,<ref>Willmott (1999), p. 22</ref> and several leading members of the [[United States Congress]] had pledged "to outbuild Japan three to one in a naval race".<ref>{{cite news|title = Fear is the Real Cause of Navy Treaty End | first = Elliott | last = Thurston | date = 2 January 1935 | newspaper = The Washington Post | page = 7}}</ref>

The Imperial Japanese Navy had recognized since at least 1896 that the country could not outproduce its potential opponents, and therefore insisted that its ships had to be more powerful than foreign equivalents. It established this qualitative lead at various times over the next 40 years, with the {{sclass|Kongo|battlecruiser}}s just before [[World War I]], the {{sclass|Nagato|battleship|2}}s at the end of that war, and the {{sclass|Yamato|battleship|2}}s in the 1930s.<ref>Evans & Peattie (1997), p. 59</ref> The A-150s were designed according to that doctrine to continue their qualitative superiority in battleships over their most likely opponents, the United States and Great Britain.<ref name=Garzke85/>

Early conceptions for what would become the A-150 battleships called for eight or nine 51-centimeter guns in double or triple turrets, as the successful construction of a {{convert|48|cm|in|1|adj=on|sp=us}} gun in 1920–1921 made the Japanese confident that such a large weapon could be built. The designers hoped to give the ships a top speed of {{convert|30|kn|lk=in}}, which would give them a comfortable margin over the American {{convert|27|kn|adj=on}} {{sclass|North Carolina|battleship|1}}s. However, these grand specifications were curtailed when tests culminated in a ship that had a [[Displacement (ship)|displacement]] of some {{convert|91,000|t|LT|sp=us}}; it was felt that ships of this size would be "too large and too expensive".<ref name=Garzke85>Garzke & Dulin (1985), p. 85</ref>

Formal design studies began in 1938–1939. They initially focused on a ship closer to the displacement of the preceding {{sclass|Yamato|battleship|4}}, on which plans had just been completed, albeit one mounting six 51-centimeter guns.<ref name=Garzke85-86>Garzke & Dulin (1985), pp. 85–86</ref> As the Japanese expected that the Americans would ascertain the true characteristics of the ''Yamato'' class—especially its primary armament of {{convert|46|cm|in|1|adj=on|sp=us}} guns, which would become the largest naval weapons in use in the world—they hoped that the 51-centimeter guns would outperform any American response to the ''Yamato''{{'}}s smaller guns.<ref name=Garzke85/>

== Specifications ==
Plans for the A-150s were finished in early 1941, for most intents and purposes. However, these were destroyed at the end of the war, along with most of the other documentation relating to the class.<ref name="Garzke85-86" /> The general destruction of records and Japan's extensive efforts (before and during the war) to keep any information about the ships out of the hands of foreign nations severely limited the amount of information on the ships available to historians.<ref>Muir (1990), p. 485</ref><ref>Skulski (1989), p. 8</ref>  For these reasons the A-150's exact specifications are uncertain.<ref name=Garzke85/> The displacement was to be similar to the ''Yamato'' class, which was around {{convert|70000|t|LT|sp=us|lk=on}},<ref>Breyer (1973), p. 330</ref> and the [[belt armor]] was probably going to be {{convert|18|in|cm|order=flip|1|sp=us}} thick.<ref name="Conway's">Sturton (1980), p. 178</ref> This was so large that steel mills in Japan were incapable of manufacturing it. Instead, two layers of armor plates would have been used, despite its reduced effectiveness as compared to a single plate of the same total thickness.<ref name="Garzke85-86" /> Similarly, the turret-face armor would have been {{convert|80|cm|sp=us}} thick in two layers. The roof armor would have consisted of a single plate {{convert|29.5|cm|sp=us}} thick.<ref>Lengerer & Ahlberg (2019), p. 398</ref>

===Armament===
The design of the A-150s called for a [[main battery]] of six 45-[[caliber#Caliber as measurement of length|caliber]] 51-centimeter guns in three twin [[gun turret|turrets]]. These would have been the largest ever fitted to a [[capital ship]], dwarfing the 46-centimeter guns mounted on the ''Yamato'' class,<ref>Garzke & Dulin (1985), pp. 85, 88</ref> and were a key factor in naval historians William H. Garzke and Robert O. Dulin's argument that the A-150s would have been the "most powerful battleships in history".<ref name="Garzke85" /> Construction of two of the 51-centimeter guns was ordered in 1941 for trials at the [[Kure Naval Arsenal]] and detailed designs of their turrets were drawn up. The turrets would have weighed {{convert|2780|t|LT|sp=us}} and each gun would have massed {{convert|227|t|LT|sp=us}}. They would have had a total length of {{convert|23.56|m|ftin|sp=us}} and the [[gauge (bore diameter)|bore]] length was to have been around {{convert|22.84|m|ftin|sp=us}}. The [[armor-piercing shell]]s would have weighed {{convert|1950|kg|lb|abbr=on|sp=us}}.<ref name=510mm>Lengerer & Ahlberg (2019), p. 396</ref>

The composition of the A-150's [[secondary armament]] is not fully known. Historians Eric Lacroix and Linton Wells have written that Japanese designers were considering mounting a large number of 65-caliber [[10 cm/65 Type 98 naval gun|{{convert|10|cm|in|adj=on|sp=us|1}} Type 98]] [[dual-purpose gun]]s, though this was not final. These guns had a maximum elevation of +90°, which gave them an effective ceiling of {{convert|11000|m|yd|sp=us|0}} and a horizontal range of {{convert|14000|m|yd|sp=us|0}}. They fired {{convert|13|kg|lb|adj=on|sp=us}} projectiles at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|1030|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on|sp=us}}, although resulting wear on the barrels reduced their designed lifespan to only about 350 [[Cartridge (firearms)|rounds]]. They were able to fire 15–19 rounds per minute.<ref>Lacroix & Wells (1997), p. 626</ref>

==Construction==
As war with the United States became increasingly likely over the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], and particularly after the Japanese [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina|seizure of French Indochina]] in mid-1940, all design work on battleships was diverted in early 1941—even though the A-150's design was nearly complete—in order to focus on higher-priority warships like [[aircraft carrier]]s and [[cruiser]]s.<ref name=Garzke85/> Two A-150s, provisionally designated as Warships Number 798 and 799, were projected in a 1942 building program. Under this plan, 798 would have been built in the same dock as {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Shinano||2}}, while 799 would be built in [[Kure]] in the same dock as {{Ship|Japanese battleship|Yamato||2}} after a fourth ''Yamato''-class ship was [[ship naming and launching|launched]]. The ships would then have been finished in 1946–1947, but the war's turn against the Japanese after the [[Battle of Midway]] meant that the need for ships other than battleships never abated.<ref name="Garzke85-86" />

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Breyer
 | first1 = Siegfried
 | title = Battleships and Battle Cruisers, 1905–1970
 | location = Garden City, New York
 | publisher = Doubleday
 | year = 1973
 | oclc = 702840
}}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Evans
  | first1 = David| first2 = Mark R. |last2=Peattie
  | year = 1997
  | title = Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941
  | publisher =Naval Institute Press
  | location =Annapolis, Maryland
  | isbn = 0-87021-192-7|name-list-style=amp
}}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Garzke
 | first1 = William H.
 | last2 = Dulin
 | first2 = Robert O.
 | title = Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II
 | location = Annapolis, Maryland
 | publisher = Naval Institute Press
 | year = 1985
 | isbn = 0-87021-101-3
 | oclc = 12613723|name-list-style=amp
}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lacroix|first1=Eric|last2=Wells|first2=Linton|title=Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|date=1997|isbn=0-87021-311-3|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Lengerer
 | first1 = Hans
 | last2 = Ahlberg
 | first2 = Lars
 | volume = 3
 | series = Capital Ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868–1945
 | year = 2019
 | title = Battleship Tosa Demolition Tests to the Modified Yamato Class
 | publisher = Despot Infinitus
 | location = Zagreb
 | isbn = 978-953-8218-57-6
 | name-list-style=amp 
 | url = https://www.zinnfigur.com/en/Books-Media/Books/Naval/Japan/Lengerer-Hans-Ahlberg-Lars-Capital-Ships-of-the-Imperial-Japanese-Navy-1868-1945-Ironclads-Battleships-Battlecruisers-An-Outline-History-of-their-Design-Construction-and-Operations-Volume-3-Battleship-Demolition-Tests-to-the-modiofied-Yamato-Cl.html <!-- added because this book is not particularly easy to find -->
}}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Muir
 | first = Malcolm
 | title = Rearming in a Vacuum: United States Navy Intelligence and the Japanese Capital Ship Threat, 1936–1945
 | journal = The Journal of Military History
 | volume = 54
 | issue = 4
 |date=October 1990
 | page = 485
 | publisher = Society for Military History
 | doi = 10.2307/1986067
 | issn = 1543-7795
 | oclc = 37032245
 | jstor = 1986067
 }}
* {{Cite book
 | last = Schom
 | first = Alan
 | year = 2004
 | title = The Eagle and the Rising Sun: The Japanese-American War, 1941–1943, Pearl Harbor through Guadalcanal
 | location = New York
 | publisher = [[W. W. Norton]]
 | isbn = 0-393-04924-8 <!-- 2-00201-594-1 -->
 | oclc = 50737498
}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Skulski
 | first = Janusz
 | title = The Battleship Yamato
 | location = Annapolis, Maryland
 | publisher = Naval Institute Press
 | year = 1989
 | isbn = 0-87021-019-X
 | url = https://archive.org/details/battleshipyamato00skul
 | url-access = registration
 | oclc = 19299680
}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger |publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7|chapter=Japan|author-first=Ian |author-last=Sturton}}
* {{Cite book
 | last = Willmott
 | first = H.P.
 | year = 1999
 | title = The Second World War in the Far East
 | location = London
 | publisher = Cassell
 | isbn = 0-3043-5247-0
 | oclc = 59378558
}}

{{Design A-150 battleship}}
{{WWII Japanese ships}}
{{Late battleships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Design A-150 Battleship}}
[[Category:Battleship classes]]
[[Category:Battleships of the Imperial Japanese Navy]]
[[Category:Proposed ships]]
[[Category:Cancelled ships]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]