Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Detroit

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Largest city in Michigan, United States}}
{{About|the city in Michigan}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Motor City|Detroit City}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2019}}{{Infobox settlement<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name               = Detroit
| official_name      = 
| settlement_type    = [[City]]
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  | image1             = Detroit Skyline (123143197).jpeg
  | alt1               = Downtown Detroit skyline
  | caption1           = [[Downtown Detroit]] skyline
  | image2             = Book Tower 2010.jpg
  | alt2               = Book Tower
  | caption2           = [[Book Tower]]
  | image3             = Headquarters of GM in Detroit.jpg
  | alt3               = Renaissance Center
  | caption3           = [[Renaissance Center]]
  | image4             = Fisherb straighten.jpg
  | alt4               = Fisher Building
  | caption4           = [[Fisher Building]]
  | image5             = Detroit Tiger Stadium.jpg
  | alt5               = Comerica Park
  | caption5           = [[Comerica Park]]
  | image6             = Ambassador bridge windsor detroit border. (15246799271).jpg
  | alt6               = Ambassador Bridge
  | caption6           = [[Ambassador Bridge]]
  | image7             = Motown Museum Detroit (52755960301).jpg
  | alt7               = Hitsville U.S.A.
  | caption7           = [[Hitsville U.S.A.]]
  | image8             = Historic Scott Fountain located at Belle Isle Park.jpg
  | alt8               = Belle Isle Park
  | caption8           = [[Belle Isle Park]]
}}
| image_flag         = Flag of Detroit.svg
| image_seal         = Seal of Detroit (B&W).svg
| image_blank_emblem = Logo of Detroit, Michigan.svg
| blank_emblem_type  = Logo
| blank_emblem_size  = 100
| blank_emblem_alt   = 
| blank_emblem_link  = List of United States county and city insignia
| etymology          = {{Lang-fr|détroit}} ([[strait]])
| nicknames          = The Motor City, Motown, The D, 313, D-Town, Renaissance City, The Town That Put The World on Wheels, Hockeytown, Detroit Rock City
| motto              = {{Lang|la|[[Gabriel Richard#Work in Detroit|Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus]]}}<br />([[Latin]]: We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes)
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| coordinates        = {{Coord|42|19|53|N|83|02|45|W|region:US-MI_type:city(632,000)|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="GNIS">{{cite gnis|1617959|Detroit|2009-07-27}}.</ref>
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = United States
| subdivision_type1  = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Michigan]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of counties in Michigan|County]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne]]
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = {{Start date|1701|07|24}}
| established_title1 = Incorporated
| established_date1  = {{Start date|1806|09|13}}
| government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref> tags -->
| government_type    = [[Mayor–council government|Strong Mayor]]
| governing_body     = [[Detroit City Council]]
| leader_title       = [[Mayor of Detroit|Mayor]]
| leader_name        = [[Mike Duggan]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| leader_title1      = [[Municipal clerk|Clerk]]
| leader_name1       = Janice Winfrey
| leader_title2      = City council
| leader_name2       = {{collapsible list|bullets=yes
 | title = Members
 | 1 = [[Mary D. Waters]] – At Large
 | 2 = [[Coleman Young&nbsp;II]] – At Large
 | 3 = James Tate – District 1 Northwest
 | 4 = Angela Calloway – District 2 Near Northwest
 | 5 = Scott Benson – District 3 Northeast
 | 6 = Latisha Johnson – District 4 Far East Side
 | 7 = Mary Sheffield – District 5 Central-Near East Side
 | 8 = Gabriela Santiago-Romero – District 6 Southwest
 | 9 = [[Fred Durhal III]] – District 7 West Side
 }}
<!-- Area -->| unit_pref          = Imperial
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_26.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=May 21, 2022}}</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi   = 142.89
| area_total_km2     = 370.09
| area_land_sq_mi    = 138.73
| area_land_km2      = 359.31
| area_water_sq_mi   = 4.16
| area_water_km2     = 10.78
| area_urban_km2     = 3,327.7
| area_urban_sq_mi   = 1,284.8
| area_metro_km2     = 10,071
| area_metro_sq_mi   = 3,888.4
| elevation_ft       = 656
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="GNIS"/>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="USCensusEst2021"/>
| population_as_of   = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_est     = 632464
| pop_est_as_of      = 2021
| pop_est_footnotes  = <ref name="USCensusEst2021"/>
| population_total   = 639111
| population_rank    = [[List of North American cities by population|63rd]] in North America<br />[[List of United States cities by population|27th]] in the United States<br>[[List of municipalities in Michigan|1st]] in Michigan
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2020Pop">{{cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |newspaper=Census.gov |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 22, 2021}}</ref>
| population_metro   = 4365205 (US: [[Metropolitan statistical area|14th]])
| population_density_sq_mi = 4606.84
| population_density_km2 = 1778.71
| population_urban   = 3,776,890 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|12th]])
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="urban area">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html|title=List of 2020 Census Urban Areas|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 8, 2023}}</ref>
| population_density_urban_km2 = 1,135.0
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 2,939.6
| population_demonym = Detroiter
| demographics_type2       = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes  = <ref>{{Cite web|title= Total Gross Domestic Product for Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI (MSA)|url= https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP19820 |website= fred.stlouisfed.org}}</ref>
|demographics2_title1     = MSA
|demographics2_info1      =$305.412 billion (2022)
| population_note    = 
| timezone           = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset         = −5
| timezone_DST       = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST     = −4
| postal_code_type   = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code        = {{collapsible list
|title = 482XX
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|list_style = text-align:center;display:none
|48201–48240, 48242-48244, 48255, 48260, 48264-48269, 48272, 48275, 48277-48279, 48288}}
| area_code          = [[Area code 313|313]]
| blank_name         = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]]
| blank_info         = 26-22000
| blank1_name        = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info        = 1617959<ref name="GNIS"/>
| footnotes          = 
| blank_name_sec2    = Major airports
| blank_info_sec2    = [[Detroit Metropolitan Airport]], [[Coleman A. Young International Airport]]
| blank5_name_sec2   = [[Mass transit]]
| blank5_info_sec2   = [[Detroit Department of Transportation]], [[Detroit People Mover]], [[QLine]]
| website            = {{URL|www.detroitmi.gov/}}
}}

'''Detroit''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ɪ|ˈ|t|r|ɔɪ|t}}; {{respell|dih|TROYT}}, {{IPAc-en|local|also|ˈ|d|iː|t|r|ɔɪ|t}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/detroit |title=Detroit – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=April 25, 2007 |accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref> is the [[List of municipalities in Michigan|most populous city]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Michigan]]. It is the largest U.S. city on the [[Canada–United States border|United States–Canada border]], and the [[County seat|seat of government]] of [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]]. Detroit had a population of 639,111 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]],<ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Detroit city, Michigan |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/detroitcitymichigan/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 22, 2021}}</ref> making it the [[List of United States cities by population|29th-most populous city]] in the United States. The [[Metro Detroit]] area, home to 4.3 million people, is the second-largest in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] after the [[Chicago metropolitan area]] and the 14th-largest in the United States. A significant cultural center, Detroit is known for its contributions to music, art, architecture and design, in addition to its historical automotive background.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan - Cultural life |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Michigan/Cultural-life |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Anna |title=An insider's cultural guide to Detroit: The Motor City moves on |date=May 18, 2015|url=http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/may/18/an-insiders-cultural-guide-to-detroit-the-motor-city-moves-on |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

In 1701, [[Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac]] and [[Alphonse de Tonty]] founded [[Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit]]. During the late 19th and early 20th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the [[Great Lakes region]]. The city's population rose to be the fourth-largest in the nation by 1920, after [[New York City]], [[Chicago]] and [[Philadelphia]], with the expansion of the [[automotive industry]] in the early 20th century.<ref name="auto">Nolan, Jenny (June 15, 1999).[http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=181 How Prohibition made Detroit a bootlegger's dream town] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120709135445/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=181 |date=July 9, 2012 }}. Michigan History, ''The Detroit News''. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.</ref> The [[Detroit River]] became the busiest commercial hub in the world as it carried over 65 million tons of shipping commerce each year. In the late 20th century, Detroit entered a state of [[urban decay]] which has continued to the present, as a result of industrial restructuring, the loss of jobs in the auto industry, and rapid [[suburbanization]]. Since reaching a peak of 1.85&nbsp;million at the [[1950 United States Census|1950 census]], Detroit's population has declined by more than 65 percent.<ref name="QuickFacts" /> In 2013, Detroit [[Detroit bankruptcy|became the largest U.S. city to file for bankruptcy]], which it successfully exited in December 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wxyz.com/news/region/detroit/detroit-bankruptcy-officially-over-finances-handed-back-to-the-city|title=Detroit bankruptcy officially over, finances handed back to the city |date=December 10, 2014 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053605/http://www.wxyz.com/news/region/detroit/detroit-bankruptcy-officially-over-finances-handed-back-to-the-city |archive-date=March 4, 2016|work=WXYZ}}</ref>

Detroit is a port on the [[Detroit River]], one of the four major [[strait]]s that connect the [[Great Lakes]] system to the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]]. The city anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest and the 14th-largest in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Living in the Detroit Metro area |url=https://gme.med.wayne.edu/detroitmetroarea#:~:text=The%20wider%20Detroit%20metropolitan%20area,in%20the%20Midwest%2C%20after%20Chicago. |access-date=October 15, 2023 |work=Wayne State University School of Medicine}}</ref> Detroit is best known as the center of the [[Automotive industry in the United States|U.S. automotive industry]], and the "[[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|Big Three]]" auto manufacturers—[[General Motors]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], and [[Stellantis]] North America ([[Chrysler]])—are all headquartered in Metro Detroit.<ref>{{cite news| last = Livengood| first = Chad| date = March 3, 2019| title = Commentary: A MEGA bargain for Michigan's future| url = https://www.crainsdetroit.com/voices-chad-livengood/commentary-mega-bargain-michigans-future| url-status = live| work = Crain's Detroit Business| location = Detroit| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190306133704/https://www.crainsdetroit.com/voices-chad-livengood/commentary-mega-bargain-michigans-future| archive-date = March 6, 2019| access-date = February 3, 2020}}</ref> The [[Detroit Metropolitan Airport]] is among the most important [[Airline hub|hub airports]] in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]] constitute the [[Detroit–Windsor|second-busiest international crossing]] in North America, after [[San Diego–Tijuana]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Emmott|first=Robin|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN19233434|title=Massive traffic cripples Tijuana border crossing|date=April 19, 2007|website=Reuters}}</ref>

[[Culture of Detroit|Detroit's diverse culture]] has had both local and international influence, particularly in [[Music of Detroit|music]], with the city giving rise to the genres of [[Motown (music style)|Motown]] and [[techno]] and playing an important role in the development of [[Detroit jazz|jazz]], [[Music of Detroit#Hip hop|hip-hop]], [[Music of Detroit#Rock|rock]], and [[Music of Detroit#Hardcore punk|punk]]. The rapid growth of Detroit in its boom years resulted in a globally unique stock of [[Architecture of metropolitan Detroit|architectural monuments]] and [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Detroit|historic places]]. Since the 2000s, [[conservation-restoration of cultural heritage|conservation]] efforts have managed to save many architectural pieces and achieve several large-scale [[Planning and development in Detroit|revitalizations]], including the restoration of several historic [[Performing arts in Detroit|theaters]] and entertainment venues, [[List of tallest buildings in Detroit|high-rise]] renovations, new sports stadiums, and a riverfront revitalization project.

An [[Tourism in metropolitan Detroit|increasingly popular tourist destination]], Detroit receives 16&nbsp;million visitors per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Travel USA Visitor Profile |url=https://medc.app.box.com/s/9teibdmcs0zcyu11yyd197h4zdpadaoq |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=Michigan Economic Development Corporation Box |publisher=Longwoods International}}</ref> In 2015, Detroit was named a [[Creative Cities Network|"City of Design"]] by [[UNESCO]], the first U.S. city to receive that designation.<ref>{{cite magazine |author= Hadley Keller |date= December 16, 2015 |url= http://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/detroit-unesco-city-of-design |title=Detroit Named First American City of Design by UNESCO |magazine= [[Architectural Digest]] }}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named Detroit as one of the fifty World's Greatest Places of 2022 to explore.<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |title=Detroit: World's Greatest Places 2022 |url=https://time.com/collection/worlds-greatest-places-2022/6194455/detroit/ |access-date=July 13, 2022 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
<!-- This section is a summary. Please make additions to the full History of ... article. Thank you. -->
{{Main|History of Detroit}}
{{For timeline}}

=== Toponymy ===
[[File:Detroit_Skyline_view.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Detroit and adjacent Windsor Canada separated by the Detroit River, as seen from the GM Renaissance tower|Detroit and adjacent Windsor Canada separated by the Detroit River]]

Detroit is named after the [[Detroit River]], connecting [[Lake Huron]] with [[Lake Erie]]. The name comes from the [[French language|French]] word {{lang|fr|détroit}} meaning {{gloss|strait}} as the city was situated on a narrow passage of water linking the two lakes. The river was known as {{lang|fr|le détroit du Lac Érié}} in French, which means {{gloss|the strait of Lake Erie}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rousseau|first=Mary|date=October 16, 2018|title=How Did Michigan Cities Get Their Names?|url=https://www.michigan.org/article/trip-idea/how-did-michigan-cities-get-their-names|access-date=February 16, 2022|website=Michigan|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Detroit word origin|url=https://etymologeek.com/eng/Detroit|access-date=February 16, 2022|website=Etymologeek|language=en}}</ref> In the historical context, the strait included the [[St. Clair River]], [[Lake St. Clair]] and the Detroit River.<ref name="RivièreduDétroit">{{cite web |title=La rivière du Détroit depuis le lac Érié, 1764 |url=https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/french/exhibits/franco_ontarian/big/big_36_map_detroit_river.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703220808/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/french/exhibits/franco_ontarian/big/big_36_map_detroit_river.htm |archive-date=July 3, 2008 |access-date=May 5, 2009}}</ref><ref>[[List of U.S. place names of French origin]]</ref>

===Early settlement===
{{Quote box
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| title = Historical affiliations
| fontsize = 90%
| quote = {{flag|Kingdom of France}} 1701–1760<br />{{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain|}} 1760–1783 <br />{{flag|United States|1783}} 1783-1812 <br />{{flag|United Kingdom}} 1812–1813<br />{{flag|United States}} 1813–present
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[[Paleo-Indians]] inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago including the culture referred to as the [[Mound Builders]].<ref name="lemke">{{cite journal|last1=Lemke|first1=Ashley|title=Great Lakes Rangifer and Paleoindians: Archaeological and Paleontological Caribou Remains from Michigan|journal=PaleoAmerica|date=2015|volume=1|issue=3|page=277|doi=10.1179/2055557115Y.0000000003|s2cid=129841191}}</ref> By the 17th century, the region was inhabited by [[Huron people|Huron]], [[Odawa]], [[Potawatomi]] and [[Iroquois]] peoples.<ref name="teasdale">{{cite journal|last1=Teasdale|first1=Guillaume|title=Old Friends and New Foes: French Settlers and Indians in the Detroit River Border Region|journal=Michigan Historical Review|date=2012|volume=38|issue=2|pages=35–62|doi=10.5342/michhistrevi.38.2.0035}}</ref> The area is known by the [[Anishinaabe]] people as ''Waawiiyaataanong'', translating to 'where the water curves around'.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=DeVito|first=Lee|title=How New Red Order and MOCAD could redefine 'land acknowledgment' for Indigenous people|url=https://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/how-new-red-order-and-mocad-could-redefine-land-acknowledgment-for-indigenous-people/Content?oid=25854180|access-date=June 27, 2021|website=Detroit Metro Times|language=en}}</ref>

The first Europeans did not penetrate into the region and reach the straits of Detroit until French [[Missionary|missionaries]] and traders worked their way around the Iroquois League, with whom they were at war in the 1630s.<ref name="AmHeritageBk">
{{cite encyclopedia |year=1961
|title=The American Heritage Book of Indians
|author=William Brandon
|editor=Alvin M. Josephy, Jr.
|pages=187–219|publisher=American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc.
|lccn=61-14871
}}</ref> The Huron and [[Neutral Confederacy|Neutral people]] held the north side of Lake Erie until the 1650s, when the Iroquois pushed them and the [[Erie people]] away from the lake and its [[beaver]]-rich feeder streams in the [[Beaver Wars]] of 1649–1655.<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/> By the 1670s, the war-weakened Iroquois laid claim to as far south as the [[Ohio River]] valley in northern [[Kentucky]] as hunting grounds,<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/> and had absorbed many other Iroquoian peoples after defeating them in war.<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/> For the next hundred years, virtually no British or French action was contemplated without consultation with the Iroquois or consideration of their likely response.<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/> When the [[French and Indian War]] evicted the [[Kingdom of France]] from Canada, it removed one barrier to American colonists migrating west.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://totallyhistory.com/french-and-indian-war/|title=The French & Indian War, Seven Years War Summary|date=September 9, 2011|website=Totally History}}</ref> 
 
British negotiations with the Iroquois would both prove critical and lead to a Crown policy limiting settlements below the Great Lakes and west of the [[Alleghenies]]. Many colonial American would-be migrants resented this restraint and became supporters of the [[American Revolution]]. The 1778 raids and resultant 1779 decisive [[Sullivan Expedition]] reopened the [[Ohio Country]] to westward emigration, which began almost immediately. By 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov/historicalmarkers/inventoryfour.html|title=Museum Outreach|website=exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov}}</ref>

===French settlement===
[[File:FortShelbyDetroit.png|thumb|upright|Topographical plan of the Town of Detroit and [[Fort Lernoult]] showing major streets, gardens, fortifications, military comple&shy;xes, and public buildings (John Jacob Ulrich Rivardi, ca. 1800)]]

On July 24, 1701, the French explorer [[Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac]], with his lieutenant&nbsp;[[Alphonse de Tonty]] and more than a hundred other settlers, began constructing a small fort on the north bank of the Detroit River. Cadillac named the settlement [[Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/thisisdetroit1700000wood_n6a3|url-access=registration|title=This is Detroit, 1701–2001|last=Woodford|first=Arthur M.|date=2001|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=0814329144|pages=[https://archive.org/details/thisisdetroit1700000wood_n6a3/page/15 15]|language=en}}</ref> after [[Louis Phélypeaux, Marquis of Phélypeaux|Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain]], [[Secretary of State of the Navy (France)|Secretary of State of the Navy]] under [[Louis XIV]].<ref name="Riley">{{Cite book| author=Riley, John L.|title=The Once and Future Great Lakes Country: An Ecological History|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press| year=2013|isbn=978-0-7735-4177-1}}, p. 56.</ref> ''Sainte-Anne-de-Détroit'' was founded on July 26 and is the second-oldest continuously operating [[Roman Catholic]] parish in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stechschulte |first=Michael |date=March 1, 2020 |title=Pope names Ste. Anne Church a basilica, cementing historic parish's importance to Detroit |url=https://detroitcatholic.com/news/mike-stechschulte/breaking-pope-names-ste-anne-church-a-basilica-cementing-historic-parishs-importance-to-detroit |journal=Detroit Catholic |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref> France offered free land to colonists to attract families to Detroit; when it reached a population of 800 in 1765, it became the largest European settlement between [[Montreal]] and [[New Orleans]], both also French settlements, in the former colonies of [[New France]] and [[Louisiana (New France)|La Louisiane]], respectively.<ref>[https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/ENGLISH/exhibits/franco_ontarian/detroit.htm French Ontario in the 17th and 18th centuries – Detroit] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040824111504/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/ENGLISH/exhibits/franco_ontarian/detroit.htm |date=August 24, 2004 }}. ''Archives of Ontario'' July 14, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref>

By 1773, after the addition of [[Anglo-Americans|Anglo-American]] settlers, the population of Detroit was 1,400. By 1778, its population reached 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in what was known as the [[Province of Quebec (1763–91)|Province of Quebec]] since the British takeover of French colonies following their victory in the [[Seven Years' War]].<ref>Jacqueline Peterson, Jennifer S. H. Brown, ''Many Roads to Red River'' (2001), p69</ref>

The region's economy was based on the lucrative [[North American fur trade|fur trade]], in which numerous Native American people had important roles as trappers and traders. Today the [[flag of Detroit]] reflects its French colonial heritage. Descendants of the earliest French and [[French Canadian|French-Canadian]] settlers formed a cohesive community, who gradually were superseded as the dominant population after more Anglo-American settlers arrived in the early 19th century with American westward migration. Living along the shores of Lake St. Clair and south to [[Monroe, Michigan|Monroe]] and downriver suburbs, the ethnic French Canadians of Detroit, also known as [[Muskrat French]] in reference to the fur trade, remain a subculture in the region in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web|last1=LaForest|first1=James|title='Muskrat French': French-Canadian River Culture in the Windsor/Detroit Region|url=https://voyageurheritage.wordpress.com/2014/03/07/muskrat-french-french-canadian-river-culture-in-the-windsordetroit-region/|website=Voyageur Heritage: Community Journal and Resource Guide|date=March 7, 2014|publisher=James LaForest|access-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Beneteau|first1=Marcel|title=Detroit River: A Special Place in French North American History|url=http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/en/article-453/Detroit_River:_A_Special_Place_in_French_North_American_History.html|website=Encyclopedia of French Cultural Heritage in North America|access-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref>

During the [[French and Indian War]] (1754–63)—the North American front of the [[Seven Years' War]] between Britain and France—British troops gained control of the settlement in 1760 and shortened its name to Detroit. Several regional Native American tribes, such as the [[Potawatomi|Potowatomi]], [[Ojibwe]] and Huron, launched [[Pontiac's War]] in 1763 and [[siege of Fort Detroit|laid siege]] to [[Fort Detroit]] but failed to capture it. In defeat, France ceded its territory in North America east of the Mississippi to Britain following the war.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/detroit-built-succeed-looking-detroits-past-see-future
| title = Why Detroit is Built to Succeed: Looking at Detroit's Past to See Its Future
| access-date = February 17, 2020
| last = Ross
| first = Marc
| date = January 18, 2017
| work = Diplomatic Courier
| publisher = Global Affairs Media
| language = en
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200217220121/https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/detroit-built-succeed-looking-detroits-past-see-future
| archive-date = February 17, 2020
}}</ref>

Following the [[American Revolutionary War]] and the establishment of the United States as an independent country, Britain ceded Detroit along with other territories in the area under the [[Jay Treaty]] which established the northern border with its colony of Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mocavo.com/History-of-Detroit-a-Chronicle-of-Its-Progress-Volume-1/105630/110 |title="History of Detroit: A Chronicle of Its Progress" Page 71, 1912 |website=Mocavo.com |access-date=June 29, 2014}}</ref> The [[Great Fire of 1805]] destroyed most of the Detroit settlement, which had primarily buildings made of wood. One stone fort, a river warehouse, and brick chimneys of former wooden homes were the sole structures to survive.<ref>[http://www.ste-anne.org/dempsey.html "Ste. Anne of Detroit"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927095234/http://www.ste-anne.org/dempsey.html |date=September 27, 2011 }}, St. Anne Church. Retrieved on April 29, 2006.</ref> Of the 600 Detroit residents in this area, none died in the fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/great-fire-1805|title=Great Fire of 1805 &#124; Detroit Historical Society|website=detroithistorical.org}}</ref>

===19th century===

{{multiple image
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| image3            = The street railway review (1891) (14572207538).jpg
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| footer            = From top: [[Lower Woodward Avenue Historic District|Woodward Avenue shopping district]] in 1865; ''The City of Detroit (from Canada Shore)'', 1872, by A. C. Warren; the [[Belle Isle Park]] in 1891
}}

From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan [[Michigan Territory|as a territory]] and as a state. [[William Hull]], the United States commander at Detroit, surrendered without a fight to British troops and their Native American allies during the [[War of 1812]] in the [[siege of Detroit]], believing his forces were vastly outnumbered. The [[Battle of Frenchtown]] was part of a U.S. effort to retake the city, and U.S. troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle is commemorated at [[River Raisin National Battlefield Park]] south of Detroit in [[Monroe County, Michigan|Monroe County]]. Detroit was recaptured by the United States later that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/rira/learn/historyculture/index.htm|title=River Raisin National Battlefield Park|website=Nps.gov}}</ref>

The settlement was incorporated as a city in 1815.<ref name=Woodford/> As the city expanded, a radial geometric street plan developed by Chief Justice [[Augustus B. Woodward]] was followed, featuring grand boulevards as in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metrotimes.com/the-scene/archives/2018/06/01/how-the-woodward-plan-for-greater-detroit-died-200-years-ago-today|title=How the Woodward Plan for greater Detroit died 200 years ago today|first=Michael|last=Jackman|date=June 1, 2018|website=Detroit Metro Times}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1817, Woodward went on to establish the [[Catholepistemiad]], or University of Michigania in the city. Intended to be a centralized system of schools, libraries, and other cultural and scientific institutions for the Michigan Territory, the Catholepistemiad evolved into the modern University of Michigan.

Prior to the [[American Civil War]], the city's access to the Canada–US border made it a key stop for [[Fugitive slaves in the United States|refugee slaves]] gaining freedom in the North along the [[Underground Railroad]]. Many went across the Detroit River to Canada to escape pursuit by slave catchers.<ref name="Chadwick">{{cite book | last = Chadwick | first = Bruce | title = Traveling the underground railroad : a visitor's guide to more than 300 sites | publisher = Carol Pub. Group | location = Secaucus, NJ | page = [https://archive.org/details/travelingundergr00chad/page/272 272] | year = 1999 | isbn = 0806520930 | url = https://archive.org/details/travelingundergr00chad/page/272 }}</ref><ref name=Woodford/> An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 African-American refugees settled in Canada.<ref>{{cite book | last = US Department of Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center | title = Underground Railroad | publisher = DIANE Publishing | page=168 |year = 1995}}</ref> [[George DeBaptiste]] was considered to be the "president" of the Detroit Underground Railroad, [[William Lambert (abolitionist)|William Lambert]] the "vice president" or "secretary", and [[Laura Smith Haviland]] the "superintendent".<ref>Tobin, Jacqueline L. ''From Midnight to Dawn: The Last Tracks of the Underground Railroad''. Anchor, 2008. p200-209</ref>

Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] during the Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment. It was part of the legendary [[Iron Brigade]], which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at the [[Battle of Gettysburg]] in 1863. When the First Volunteer Infantry Regiment arrived to fortify [[Washington, D.C.]], President [[Abraham Lincoln]] is quoted as saying, "Thank God for Michigan!" [[George Armstrong Custer]] led the [[Michigan Brigade]] during the Civil War and called them the "Wolverines".<ref>Rosentreter, Roger (July/August 1998). "Come on you Wolverines, Michigan at Gettysburg", ''[[Michigan History (magazine)|Michigan History]]''.</ref>

During the late 19th century, wealthy industry and shipping magnates commissioned the design and construction of several [[Gilded Age]] mansions east and west of the current downtown, along the major avenues of the Woodward plan. Most notable among them was the [[David Whitney House]] at 4421 [[Woodward Avenue]], and the grand avenue became a favored address for mansions. During this period, some referred to Detroit as the "Paris of the West" for its architecture, grand avenues in the Paris style, and for Washington Boulevard, recently electrified by [[Thomas Edison]].<ref name=Woodford/> The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a major port and transportation hub. {{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

In 1896, a thriving carriage trade prompted [[Henry Ford]] to build his first automobile in a rented workshop on Mack Avenue. During this growth period, Detroit expanded its borders by annexing all or part of several surrounding villages and townships.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why do Hamtramck and Highland Park exist inside the city of Detroit?|url=https://wdet.org/posts/2014/09/19/80119-why-do-hamtramck-and-highland-park-exist-inside-the-city-of-detroit/|access-date=January 14, 2021|date=September 19, 2014|website=Wdet.org|language=en}}</ref>

===20th century===
{{multiple image
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|image2 = Campus Martius, Detroit, MI.jpg
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|image3 = Michigan & Griswold circa 1920.jpg
|alt3 =
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|footer = From top: [[Cadillac Square]] and [[Wayne County Building]] (1902); [[Campus Martius Park|Cadillac Square]] (1910s); corner of [[U.S. Route 12 in Michigan|Michigan Avenue]] and [[Griswold Street]] (circa 1920)
}}

In 1903, Henry Ford founded the [[Ford Motor Company]]. Ford's manufacturing—and those of automotive pioneers [[William C. Durant]], [[Horace Elgin Dodge|Horace]] and [[John Francis Dodge|John]] Dodge, [[James Ward Packard|James]] and [[William Doud Packard|William]] Packard, and [[Walter Chrysler]]—established Detroit's status in the early 20th century as the world's automotive capital.<ref name="Woodford" /> The growth of the auto industry was reflected by changes in businesses throughout the Midwest and nation, with the development of garages to service vehicles and gas stations, as well as factories for parts and tires.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} Because of the booming auto industry, Detroit became the fourth-largest city in the nation by 1920, following [[New York City]], [[Chicago]] and [[Philadelphia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Biggest US Cities in 1920 - Historical Population Data|url=https://www.biggestuscities.com/1920|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=www.biggestuscities.com}}</ref>

In 1907, the Detroit River carried 67,292,504 tons of shipping commerce through Detroit to locations all over the world. For comparison, London shipped 18,727,230 tons, and [[New York City|New York]] shipped 20,390,953 tons. The river was dubbed "the Greatest Commercial Artery on Earth" by ''[[The Detroit News]]'' in 1908. The [[Prohibition in the United States|prohibition of alcohol]] from 1920 to 1933 resulted in the Detroit River becoming a major conduit for smuggling of illegal Canadian spirits.<ref name="auto" />

With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, [[labor unions]] such as the [[American Federation of Labor]] and the [[United Auto Workers]] (UAW) fought to organize workers to gain them better working conditions and wages. They initiated [[Strike action|strikes]] and other tactics in support of improvements such as [[Eight-hour day|the 8-hour day/40-hour work week]], increased wages, greater benefits, and improved [[Occupational safety and health|working conditions]]. The labor activism during those years increased the influence of union leaders in the city such as [[Jimmy Hoffa]] of the [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters|Teamsters]] and [[Walter Reuther]] of the UAW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crosscurrents.hawaii.edu/content.aspx?lang=eng&site=us&theme=work&subtheme=UNION&unit=USWORK029|title=Important U.S. Labor Leaders: Jimmy Hoffa|date=2003|website=Cross Currents|publisher=CULCON (A Digital Cultural Resource of the US-Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange)|access-date=October 19, 2017 }}</ref>

Detroit, like many places in the United States, developed racial conflict and discrimination in the 20th century following the rapid demographic changes as hundreds of thousands of new workers were attracted to the industrial city. The [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] brought rural blacks from the South; they were outnumbered by southern whites who also migrated to the city. Immigration brought southern and eastern Europeans of Catholic and Jewish faith; these new groups competed with native-born whites for jobs and housing in the booming city.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Detroit was one of the major Midwest cities that was a site for the dramatic urban revival of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK) beginning in 1915. "By the 1920s the city had become a stronghold of the KKK", whose members primarily opposed Catholic and Jewish immigrants but also practiced discrimination against Black Americans.<ref name="43riots">[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/eleanor-riots/ "Detroit Race Riots 1943"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301013611/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/eleanor-riots/ |date=March 1, 2017 }}. ''Eleanor Roosevelt'', WGBH, American Experience, PBS (June 20, 1983). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.</ref> Even after the decline of the KKK in the late 1920s, the [[Black Legion (political movement)|Black Legion]], a secret vigilante group, was active in the Detroit area in the 1930s. One-third of its estimated 20,000 to 30,000 members in Michigan were based in the city. It was defeated after numerous prosecutions following the kidnapping and murder in 1936 of Charles Poole, a Catholic organizer with the federal [[Works Progress Administration]]. Some 49 men of the Black Legion were convicted of numerous crimes, with many sentenced to life in prison for murder.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bak|first=Richard|date=February 23, 2009|title=The Dark Days of the Black Legion|url=https://www.hourdetroit.com/community/the-dark-days-of-the-black-legion/|access-date=January 14, 2021|website=[[Hour Detroit]]}}</ref>

By 1940, 80% of Detroit deeds contained [[restrictive covenants]] prohibiting African Americans from buying houses they could afford. These discriminatory tactics were successful as a majority of black people in Detroit resorted to living in all-black neighborhoods such as [[Black Bottom, Detroit|Black Bottom]] and Paradise Valley. At this time, white people still made up about 90.4% of the city's population.<ref name="census1" /> White residents attacked black homes: breaking windows, starting fires, and detonating bombs.<ref name="NYT26Mar11">{{cite news |last=Sugrue |first=Thomas J. |date=March 26, 2011 |title=A Dream Still Deferred |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/27/opinion/27Sugrue.html |url-access=limited |access-date=July 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/27/opinion/27Sugrue.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="DetroitDivided">{{cite book |author1=Reynolds Farley |url=https://archive.org/details/detroitdivided0000farl |title=Detroit divided |author2=Sheldon Danziger |author3=Harry J. Holzer |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-87154-281-6 |location=New York |chapter=The Evolution of Racial Segregation |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olcZfAD7cPEC&pg=PP1 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

In the 1940s the world's "first urban depressed freeway" ever built, [[M-8 (Michigan highway)|the Davison]],<ref>[http://www.michiganhighways.org/listings/M-008.html Route Listings: M-8]. Michigan Highways. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.</ref> was constructed. During World War II, the government encouraged retooling of the [[Automotive industry in the United States|American automobile industry]] in support of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied powers]], leading to Detroit's key role in the American [[Arsenal of Democracy]].<ref name="Willowrun">Nolan, Jenny (January 28, 1997).[http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=73&category=locations Willow Run and the Arsenal of Democracy] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20121204140927/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=73&category=locations |date=December 4, 2012 }}. Michigan History, ''The Detroit News''. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.</ref> Jobs expanded so rapidly due to the defense buildup in World War II that 400,000 people migrated to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 whites, many of them from the South. Whites, including ethnic Europeans, feared black competition for jobs and scarce housing. The federal government prohibited discrimination in defense work, but when in June 1943 Packard promoted three black people to work next to whites on its assembly lines, 25,000 white workers walked off the job.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gP3DbiRcbPAC&dq=I%E2%80%99d+rather+see+Hitler+and+Hirohito+win+than+work+next+to+a+nigger&pg=PA180 Philip A. Klinkner, Rogers M. Smith, ''The Unsteady March: The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America'' – Google Books]. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.</ref> The [[1943 Detroit race riot]] took place in June, three weeks after the [[Packard Automotive Plant|Packard plant]] protest, beginning with an altercation at [[Belle Isle Park|Belle Isle]]. A total of 34 people were killed, 25 of them black and most at the hands of the white police force, while 433 were wounded (75% of them black), and property valued at $2 million (worth $30.4 million in 2020) was destroyed. Rioters moved through the city, and young whites traveled across town to attack more settled blacks in their neighborhood of [[Black Bottom, Detroit|Paradise Valley]].<ref name="capeci">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20173210?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Dominic J. Capeci, Jr., and Martha Wilkerson, "The Detroit Rioters of 1943: A Reinterpretation"], ''Michigan Historical Review'', January 1990, Vol. 16 Issue 1, pp. 49–72.</ref><ref>[http://blogs.detroitnews.com/history/1999/02/10/the-1943-detroit-race-riots/ "The 1943 Detroit race riots – Michigan History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204514/http://blogs.detroitnews.com/history/1999/02/10/the-1943-detroit-race-riots/ |date=October 29, 2013 }}, ''The Detroit News'', February 10, 1999; Retrieved on July 16, 2013.</ref>

{{wide image|Detroit, Michigan, skyline ca. 1929.png|900px|align-cap=center|The skyline of Detroit, 1929}}

====Postwar era====
Industrial mergers in the 1950s, especially in the automobile sector, increased [[oligopoly]] in the American auto industry. Detroit manufacturers such as Packard and [[Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson]] merged into other companies and eventually disappeared. At its peak population of 1,849,568, in the [[1950 United States Census|1950 Census]], the city was the fifth-largest in the United States.<ref>{{citation |title=Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990 |year=1998 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/1998/demo/POP-twps0027.html |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau }}</ref>

{{multiple image
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|image1 = Canada - Windsor - NARA - 68154682 cropped.jpg
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|image2 = Detroit Skyline 1942d.jpg
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|footer = From top: Aerial photo of Detroit (1932); Detroit at its population peak in the mid-20th century. Looking south down [[Woodward Avenue]] from the [[Maccabees Building]] with the city's skyline in the distance.
}}

In this postwar era, the auto industry continued to create opportunities for many African Americans from the South, who continued with their Great Migration to Detroit and other northern and western cities to escape the strict [[Jim Crow laws]] and racial discrimination policies of the South. Postwar Detroit was a prosperous industrial center of mass production. The auto industry comprised about 60% of all industry in the city, allowing space for a plethora of separate booming businesses including stove making, brewing, furniture building, oil refineries, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and more. The expansion of jobs created unique opportunities for black Americans, who saw novel high employment rates: there was a 103% increase in the number of blacks employed in postwar Detroit. Black Americans who immigrated to northern industrial cities from the south still faced intense racial discrimination in the employment sector. Racial discrimination kept the workforce and better jobs predominantly white, while many black Detroiters held lower-paying factory jobs. Despite changes in demographics as the city's black population expanded, Detroit's police force, fire department, and other city jobs continued to be held by predominantly white residents. This created an unbalanced racial power dynamic.<ref name=tjs1>{{Cite book|last=Sugrue|first=Thomas J.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59879791|title=The origins of the urban crisis: race and inequality in postwar Detroit : with a new preface by the author|date=August 21, 2005|isbn=0-691-12186-9|edition=1st Princeton Classic |location=Princeton|oclc=59879791}}</ref>

Unequal opportunities in employment resulted in unequal housing opportunities for the majority of the black community: with overall lower incomes and facing the backlash of discriminatory housing policies, the black community was limited to lower cost, lower quality housing in the city. The surge in the black population augmented the strain on housing scarcity. The livable areas available to the black community were limited, and as a result, families often crowded together in unsanitary, unsafe, and illegal quarters. Such discrimination became increasingly evident in the policies of [[redlining]] implemented by banks and federal housing groups, which almost completely restricted the ability of blacks to improve their housing and encouraged white people to guard the racial divide that defined their neighborhoods. As a result, black people were often denied bank loans to obtain better housing, and interest rates and rents were unfairly inflated to prevent their moving into white neighborhoods. White residents and political leaders largely opposed the influx of black Detroiters to white neighborhoods, believing that their presence would lead to neighborhood deterioration (most predominantly black neighborhoods deteriorated due to local and federal governmental neglect). This perpetuated a cyclical exclusionary process that marginalized the agency of black Detroiters by trapping them in the unhealthiest, least safe areas of the city.<ref name=tjs1/>

[[Largest cities in the United States by population by decade#1950|As in other major American cities]] in the postwar era, [[modernist]] planning ideology drove the construction of a federally subsidized, extensive highway and freeway system around Detroit, and pent-up demand for new housing stimulated suburbanization; highways made commuting by car for higher-income residents easier. However, this construction had negative implications for many lower-income urban residents. Highways were constructed through and completely demolished neighborhoods of poor residents and black communities who had less political power to oppose them. The neighborhoods were mostly low income, considered blighted, or made up of older housing where investment had been lacking due to racial redlining, so the highways were presented as a kind of urban renewal. These neighborhoods (such as Black Bottom and Paradise Valley) were extremely important to the black communities of Detroit, providing spaces for independent black businesses and social/cultural organizations. Their destruction displaced residents with little consideration of the effects of breaking up functioning neighborhoods and businesses.<ref name=tjs1/>

In 1956, Detroit's last heavily used [[streetcar|electric streetcar line]], which traveled along the length of Woodward Avenue, was removed and replaced with gas-powered buses. It was the last line of what had once been a 534-mile network of electric streetcars. In 1941, at peak times, a streetcar ran on Woodward Avenue every 60 seconds.<ref name="Peter Gavrilovich 2000 p.232">Peter Gavrilovich & Bill McGraw (2000) ''The Detroit Almanac: 300 Years of Life in the Motor City''. p. 232</ref><ref>[http://www2.metrotimes.com/editorial/story.asp?id=9040 "News+Views: Back track"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317102927/http://www2.metrotimes.com/editorial/story.asp?id=9040 |date=March 17, 2012 }}, ''Metro Times'', Retrieved on July 16, 2013.</ref>

All of these changes in the area's transportation system favored low-density, auto-oriented development rather than high-density urban development. Industry also moved to the suburbs, seeking large plots of land for single-story factories. By the 21st century, the metro Detroit area had developed as one of the most [[Urban sprawl|sprawling]] job markets in the United States; combined with poor public transport, this resulted in many new jobs being beyond the reach of urban low-income workers.<ref>[http://www.freep.com/article/20130418/BUSINESS06/304180118/jobs-sprawl-Detroit-Brookings-Institution "Metro Detroit job sprawl worst in U.S.; many jobs beyond reach of poor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013648/http://www.freep.com/article/20130418/BUSINESS06/304180118/jobs-sprawl-Detroit-Brookings-Institution |date=April 23, 2013 }}, ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.</ref>

[[File:Detroitwoodward&atwater1953.jpg|thumb|An electric [[PCC streetcar]] in Detroit, 1953]]

In 1950, the city held about one-third of the state's population. Over the next 60 years, the city's population declined to less than 10 percent of the state's population. During the same time period, the sprawling metropolitan area grew to contain more than half of Michigan's population.<ref name=Woodford/> The shift of population and jobs eroded Detroit's tax base.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

In June 1963, Rev. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] gave a [[Detroit Walk to Freedom|major speech]] as part of a civil rights march in Detroit that foreshadowed his "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech in Washington, D.C., two months later. While the [[civil rights movement]] gained significant federal civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965, longstanding inequities resulted in confrontations between the police and inner-city black youth who wanted change.<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->s|title=1967 Detroit Riots|url=https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/1967-detroit-riots|access-date=January 14, 2021|website=HISTORY|language=en}}</ref>

{{quote box
| salign = right
| quote = I have a dream this afternoon that my four little children, that my four little children will not come up in the same young days that I came up within, but they will be judged on the basis of the content of their character, not the color of their skin&nbsp;... I have a dream this evening that one day we will recognize the words of Jefferson that "all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." I have a dream&nbsp;...
| source = —Martin Luther King Jr. (June 1963 Speech at the [[Detroit Walk to Freedom|Great March on Detroit]])<ref name="Detroit Speech">{{cite encyclopedia|title=23 June 1963 Speech at the Great March on Detroit|url=http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/documentsentry/doc_speech_at_the_great_march_on_detroit/index.html|encyclopedia=Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute Encyclopedia|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304110107/http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/documentsentry/doc_speech_at_the_great_march_on_detroit/index.html|archive-date=March 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| align = center
}}

[[file:Sekai-1967-October-1.jpg|thumb|right|The deadly [[1967 Detroit riot]] resulted in massive demographic shifts via [[white flight]].]]
Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in the [[1967 Detroit riot|Twelfth Street riot]] in July 1967. Governor [[George W. Romney]] ordered the [[Michigan National Guard]] into Detroit, and President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] sent in U.S. Army troops. The result was 43 dead, 467 injured, over 7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed, mostly in black residential and business areas. Thousands of small businesses closed permanently or relocated to safer neighborhoods. The affected district lay in ruins for decades.<ref>Sidney Fine, ''Violence in the Model City: The Cavanaugh Administration, Race Relations, and the Detroit Riot of 1967'' (1989)</ref> According to the ''Chicago Tribune'', it was the 3rd most costly riot in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 10 most-costly riots in the U.S. |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/chi-insurance-civil-unrest-riots-bix-gfx-20141126-htmlstory.html |access-date=November 2, 2022 |website=Chicago Tribune|date=November 26, 2014 }}</ref>

On August 18, 1970, the [[NAACP]] filed suit against Michigan state officials, including Governor [[William Milliken]], charging ''de facto'' public school segregation. The NAACP argued that although schools were not legally segregated, the city of Detroit and its surrounding counties had enacted policies to maintain [[Racial segregation in the United States#Education|racial segregation]] in public schools. The NAACP also suggested a direct relationship between unfair housing practices and educational segregation, as the composition of students in the schools followed segregated neighborhoods.<ref name=Meinke2011>{{cite journal|last=Meinke|first=Samantha|title=Milliken v Bradley: The Northern Battle for Desegregation|journal=Michigan Bar Journal|date=September 2011|volume=90|issue=9|pages=20–22|url=http://www.michbar.org/journal/pdf/pdf4article1911.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215065214/http://www.michbar.org/journal/pdf/pdf4article1911.pdf |archive-date=December 15, 2012 |url-status=live|access-date=July 27, 2012}}</ref> The District Court held all levels of government accountable for the segregation in its ruling. The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals]] affirmed some of the decision, holding that it was the state's responsibility to [[Racial integration|integrate]] across the segregated metropolitan area.<ref name=Sedler87>{{cite journal|last=Sedler|first=Robert A.|title=The Profound Impact of Milliken v Bradley|journal=Wayne Law Review|year=1987|volume=33|issue=5|page=1693|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/waynlr33&g_sent=1&collection=journals&id=1707|access-date=July 29, 2012}}</ref> The U.S. Supreme Court took up the case February 27, 1974.<ref name=Meinke2011/> The subsequent [[Milliken v. Bradley|''Milliken v. Bradley'' decision]] had nationwide influence. In a narrow decision, the Supreme Court found schools were a subject of local control, and suburbs could not be forced to aid with the desegregation of the city's school district.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Marshall|first1=Justice Thurgood|date=1974|title=This Supreme Court Case Made School District Lines A Tool For Segregation|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/07/25/739493839/this-supreme-court-case-made-school-district-lines-a-tool-for-segregation|access-date=January 14, 2021|website=NPR|language=en}}</ref>

"Milliken was perhaps the greatest missed opportunity of that period", said [[Myron Orfield]], professor of law at the [[University of Minnesota Law School]]. "Had that gone the other way, it would have opened the door to fixing nearly all of Detroit's current problems."<ref name="remapp">[http://www.remappingdebate.org/article/squandered-opportunities-leave-detroit-isolated?page=0,2 "Squandered opportunities leave Detroit isolated"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103084536/http://www.remappingdebate.org/article/squandered-opportunities-leave-detroit-isolated?page=0,2 |date=November 3, 2013 }}, Remapping Debate website. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.</ref> John Mogk, a professor of law and an expert in urban planning at [[Wayne State University Law School]] in Detroit, says, 
<blockquote>Everybody thinks that it was the riots [in 1967] that caused the white families to leave. Some people were leaving at that time but, really, it was after Milliken that you saw mass flight to the suburbs. If the case had gone the other way, it is likely that Detroit would not have experienced the steep decline in its tax base that has occurred since then.<ref name="remapp"/></blockquote>

====1970s and decline====
{{Main|History of Detroit#Decline of Detroit|Detroit bankruptcy}}

{{multiple image
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| image1            = 32-42 Monroe Avenue, Detroit 1915.jpg
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| image2            = 32-42 Monroe Avenue, Detroit 1989.jpg
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| footer            = First Williams Block in 1915 (left) and 1989 (right)
}}
[[File:Abandoned Packard Automobile Factory Detroit 200.jpg|thumb|The former [[Packard Automotive Plant]], closed since 1958]]

In November 1973, the city elected [[Coleman Young]] as its first black mayor. After taking office, Young emphasized increasing racial diversity in the police department, which was predominantly white.<ref>{{cite web|title=Detroit Police Department|url=http://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/detroit-police-department|website=Detroit Historical Society|access-date=April 23, 2015}}</ref> Young also worked to improve Detroit's transportation system, but the tension between Young and his suburban counterparts over regional matters was problematic throughout his mayoral term.

In 1976, the federal government offered $600&nbsp;million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=600000000|start_year=1976}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) for building a regional [[rapid transit]] system, under a single regional authority.<ref>{{cite news|last=Austin|first=Dan|title=How metro Detroit transit went from best to worst|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/2015/02/06/michigan-detroit-public-transit/22926133/|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|date=February 6, 2015|access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> But the inability of Detroit and its suburban neighbors to solve conflicts over transit planning resulted in the region losing the majority of funding for rapid transit.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} The city then moved forward with construction of the elevated downtown circulator portion of the system, which became known as the [[Detroit People Mover]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Felton|first=Ryan|title=How Detroit ended up with the worst public transit|url=http://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/how-detroit-ended-up-with-the-worst-public-transit/Content?oid=2143889|date=March 11, 2014|access-date=April 21, 2015|newspaper=Metro Times}}</ref>

The gasoline crises of [[1973 oil crisis|1973]] and [[1979 oil crisis|1979]] affected auto industry. Buyers chose smaller, more fuel-efficient cars made by foreign makers as the price of gas rose. Efforts to revive the city were stymied by the struggles of the auto industry, as their sales and market share declined. Automakers laid off thousands of employees and closed plants in the city, further eroding the tax base. To counteract this, the city used [[eminent domain]] to build two large new auto assembly plants in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Poletown Becomes Just a Memory: GM Plant Opens, Replacing Old Detroit Neighborhood|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1985-09-18/business/fi-6228_1_gm-plant|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | first=James|last=Risen|date=September 18, 1985}}</ref>

Young sought to revive the city by seeking to increase investment in the city's declining downtown. The [[Renaissance Center]], a mixed-use office and retail complex, opened in 1977. This group of skyscrapers was an attempt to keep businesses in downtown.<ref name="Woodford" /><ref name="partnership" /><ref name="Bailey">Bailey, Ruby L.(August 22, 2007). "The D is a draw: Most suburbanites are repeat visitors", ''Detroit Free Press''. Quote: A Local 4 poll conducted by Selzer and Co., finds, "nearly two-thirds of residents of suburban Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties say they at least occasionally dine, attend cultural events or take in professional games in Detroit."</ref> Young also gave city support to other large developments to attract middle and upper-class residents back to the city. Despite the Renaissance Center and other projects, the downtown area continued to lose businesses to the [[Car dependency|automobile-dependent]] suburbs. Major stores and hotels closed, and many large office buildings went vacant. Young was criticized for being too focused on downtown development and not doing enough to lower the city's high crime rate and improve city services to residents.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

High unemployment was compounded by [[middle-class flight]] to the suburbs, and some residents leaving the state to find work. The result for the city was a higher proportion of poor in its population, reduced tax base, depressed property values, abandoned buildings, abandoned neighborhoods, and high crime rates.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

====1980s====
On August 16, 1987, [[Northwest Airlines Flight 255]] crashed near Detroit Metro airport, killing all but one of the 155 people on board, as well as two people on the ground.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report">{{cite web |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR8805.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409052618/http://ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR8805.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |url-status=live |publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]] |title=Aircraft Accident Report, Northwest Airlines, Inc. McDonnell Douglas DC-9-82, N312RC, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Romulus, Michigan, August 16, 1987 |id= NTSB/AAR-88/05|date=May 10, 1988 |access-date=January 16, 2015}}</ref>

====1990s & 2000s====

In 1993, Young retired as Detroit's longest-serving mayor, deciding not to seek a sixth term, with [[Dennis Archer]] succeeding him. Archer prioritized downtown development, easing tensions with its suburban neighbors. A referendum to allow casino gambling in the city passed in 1996; several temporary casino facilities opened in 1999, and permanent downtown casinos with hotels opened in 2007–08.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Riverfront History|url=http://www.degc.org/businesses/east-riverfront-history-1|publisher=Detroit Economic Growth Corporation|access-date=April 21, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629145310/http://www.degc.org/businesses/east-riverfront-history-1|archive-date=June 29, 2015}}</ref>

[[Campus Martius Park|Campus Martius]], a reconfiguration of downtown's main intersection as a new park, was opened in 2004. The park has been cited as one of the best public spaces in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bleiberg|first=Larry|title=10 Best: Campus Martius among parks that revived cities|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/04/10/campus-martius-park-detroit/25575219/|work=Detroit Free Press|date=April 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Campus Martius Park|url=http://www.pps.org/projects/campusmartius/|website=Project For Public Spaces|access-date=April 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Walsh|first=Tom|title=High Tech Companies Key to Detroit's Future|url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/business/columnists/tom-walsh/2014/09/02/tom-walsh-high-tech-companies-are-key-to-detroits-future-/14963185/|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|date=September 2, 2014|access-date=November 18, 2021}}</ref> In 2001, the first portion of the [[Detroit International Riverfront|International Riverfront]] redevelopment was completed as a part of the city's 300th-anniversary celebration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WELLS-REID |first=ELLIOTT |date=July 22, 2001 |title=Tricentennial Celebration |url=http://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/tricentennial-celebration/ |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=The Michigan Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>

====2010s====
{{See also|Planning and development in Detroit}}

In September 2008, Mayor [[Kwame Kilpatrick]] (who had served for six years) resigned following felony convictions. In 2013, Kilpatrick was convicted on 24 federal felony counts, including [[mail fraud]], [[wire fraud]], and [[Racket (crime)|racketeering]],<ref name="npr.org">{{cite news | url = https://www.npr.org/2010/12/15/132093499/ex-detroit-mayor-faces-new-corruption-charges?ft=1&f= | title = Ex Detroit Mayor Faces New Corruption Charges | date = December 15, 2010 | publisher = [[National Public Radio]]}}{{dead link | date = December 2012}}</ref> and was sentenced to 28 years in federal prison.<ref name="fed sentence">{{cite news|last=Baldas|first=Tresa|title='Corruption no more': Judge sends a message with 28-year sentence for Kilpatrick|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20131010/NEWS0102/310100095/|access-date=October 21, 2013|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|date=October 10, 2013|author2=Shaefer, Jim|author3=Damron, Gina}}</ref> The former mayor's activities cost the city an estimated $20&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|last=Baldas|first=Tresa|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/06/how-corruption-deepened-detroits-crisis/2929137/|title=How corruption deepened Detroit's crisis|website=USA Today|date=October 6, 2013|access-date=July 23, 2017}}</ref> Roughly half of the owners of Detroit's 305,000 properties failed to pay their 2011 tax bills, resulting in about $246&nbsp;million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=246000000|start_year=2011}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) in taxes and fees going uncollected, nearly half of which was due to Detroit. The rest of the money would have been earmarked for Wayne County, Detroit Public Schools, and the library system.<ref>{{cite news |last1=MacDonald |first1=Christine |last2=Wilkinson |first2=Mike |date=February 21, 2013 |title=Half of Detroit property owners don't pay taxes |newspaper=Detroit News |url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130221/METRO01/302210375 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809140012/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130221/METRO01/302210375 |archive-date=August 9, 2013}}</ref>

The city's financial crisis resulted in Michigan taking over administrative control of its government.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Eagleton |first=Terry |url=http://harpers.org/archive/2007/07/detroit-arcadia |title=Detroit Arcadia |date=July 2007 |magazine=[[Harper's Magazine]] |volume=July 2007 |access-date=March 29, 2013}}</ref> Governor [[Rick Snyder]] declared a [[Financial emergency in Michigan|financial emergency]] in March 2013, stating the city had a $327&nbsp;million budget deficit and faced more than $14&nbsp;billion in long-term debt. It had been making ends meet on a month-to-month basis with the help of bond money held in a state escrow account and had instituted mandatory unpaid days off for many city workers. Those troubles, along with underfunded city services, such as police and fire departments, and ineffective turnaround plans from Mayor Bing and the City Council<ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Corey |date=March 1, 2013 |title=Governor declares financial emergency in Detroit – Yahoo! Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/governor-declares-financial-emergency-detroit-180448318.html |access-date=March 29, 2013 |publisher=Finance.yahoo.com}}</ref> led the state of Michigan to appoint an emergency manager for Detroit. On June 14, 2013, Detroit defaulted on $2.5&nbsp;billion of debt by withholding $39.7&nbsp;million in interest payments, while Emergency Manager [[Kevyn Orr]] met with bondholders and other creditors in an attempt to restructure the city's $18.5&nbsp;billion debt and avoid bankruptcy.<ref name="Detroit DebtDefault">{{cite web |title=Debt default by Detroit city rocks bondholders |url=http://www.detroitstar.com/index.php/sid/215221308/scat/3d33b780d0e24349/ht/Debt-default-by-Detroit-city-rocks-bondholders |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102160235/http://www.detroitstar.com/index.php/sid/215221308/scat/3d33b780d0e24349/ht/Debt-default-by-Detroit-city-rocks-bondholders |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |access-date=June 15, 2013 |work=Detroit Star}}</ref> On July 18, 2013, Detroit became the largest U.S. city to [[Detroit bankruptcy|file for bankruptcy]].<ref name="detroitnews1">{{cite news|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130718/METRO01/307180103#ixzz2ZQqjpHYO |title=Creditors to fight Detroit insolvency claim |work=The Detroit News |date=July 18, 2013 |access-date=October 31, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810023805/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130718/METRO01/307180103/ |archive-date=August 10, 2013 }}</ref> It was declared bankrupt by U.S. District Court on December 3, with its $18.5&nbsp;billion debt.<ref name="bankrupt city">{{cite news |last1=Lichterman |first1=Joseph |last2=Woodall |first2=Bernie |date=December 3, 2013 |title=In largest-ever U.S. city bankruptcy, cuts coming for Detroit creditors, retirees |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-detroit-bankruptcy-judge-idUSBRE9B20PZ20131203 |url-status=live |access-date=June 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191358/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/03/us-usa-detroit-bankruptcy-judge-idUSBRE9B20PZ20131203 |archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref> On November 7, 2014, the city's plan for exiting bankruptcy was approved. On December 11 the city officially exited bankruptcy. The plan allowed the city to eliminate $7&nbsp;billion in debt and invest $1.7&nbsp;billion into improved city services.<ref name="NYTDet">{{cite news|last1=Davey|first1=Monica|last2=Williams Walsh|first2=Mary|date=November 7, 2014|title=Plan to Exit Bankruptcy Is Approved for Detroit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/08/us/detroit-bankruptcy-plan-ruling.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/08/us/detroit-bankruptcy-plan-ruling.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited|work=[[The New York Times]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

One way the city obtained this money was through the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]] (DIA). Holding over 60,000 pieces of art worth billions of dollars, some saw it as the key to funding this investment. The city came up with a plan to monetize the art and sell it, leading to the DIA becoming a private organization. After months of legal battles, the city finally got hundreds of millions of dollars towards funding a new Detroit.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stryker|first=Nathan Bomey, John Gallagher and Mark|title=HOW DETROIT WAS REBORN|url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/detroit-bankruptcy/2014/11/09/detroit-bankruptcy-rosen-orr-snyder/18724267/|date=November 9, 2014|access-date=November 20, 2020|website=Detroit Free Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

One of the largest post-bankruptcy efforts to improve city services has been to fix the city's broken street lighting system. At one time it was estimated that 40% of lights were not working, which resulted in public safety issues and abandonment of housing. The plan called for replacing outdated high-pressure sodium lights with 65,000 LED lights. Construction began in late 2014 and finished in December 2016; Detroit is the largest U.S. city with all LED street lighting.<ref>{{cite news|last=Reindl|first=JC|title=Detroit Rising: And then there were streetlights|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/11/12/detroit-street-lighting-project-update/31850609/|date=November 11, 2014|newspaper=Detroit Free Press}}</ref>

[[File:Hudson Site.jpg|thumb|Construction progress at [[Hudson's Site]] in 2021]]

In the 2010s, several initiatives were taken by Detroit's citizens and new residents to improve the cityscape by renovating and revitalizing neighborhoods. Such projects include volunteer renovation groups<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wallace|first=Nicole|title=Detroit Charity Turns Blight into Gardens, Parks, and Homes|url=https://www.philanthropy.com/article/Detroit-Charity-Turns-Blight/154489|magazine=[[The Chronicle of Philanthropy]]|date=August 11, 2014|access-date=September 17, 2016}}</ref> and various [[Urban agriculture|urban gardening]] movements.<ref>{{cite web|title=Farm City Detroit|url=http://www.cityparksalliance.org/component/content/article/356/356|publisher=City Parks Alliance|access-date=September 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919044937/http://www.cityparksalliance.org/component/content/article/356/356|archive-date=September 19, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Miles of associated parks and landscaping have been completed in recent years. In 2011, the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened, with the riverwalk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center.<ref name="Bailey" />

One symbol of the city's decades-long decline, the [[Michigan Central Station]], was long vacant. The city renovated it with new windows, elevators and facilities, completing the work in December 2015.<ref>{{cite news| last1=Thibodeau| first1=Ian| title=Windows at Michigan Central Station completed on time and budget| url=http://www.mlive.com/business/detroit/index.ssf/2016/02/windows_at_michigan_central_st.html| work=M Live| date=February 4, 2016| access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> In 2018, Ford Motor Company purchased the building and plans to use it for mobility testing with a potential return of train service.<ref>{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Candice|title=Ford will make Michigan Central Depot a place for mobility innovators, disruptors|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2020/01/29/ford-make-michigan-central-depot-place-mobility-innovators-disruptors/4596940002/|date=January 29, 2020|access-date=October 17, 2020|website=The Detroit News|language=en-US}}</ref> Several other landmark buildings have been privately renovated and adapted as [[Condominium (living space)|condominium]]s, hotels, offices, or for cultural uses. Detroit was mentioned as a city of renaissance and has reversed many of the trends of the prior decades.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hammel|first=Katie|title=Detroit, finally on the verge of a real renaissance|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/detroit-finally-verge-real-renaissance-article-1.2626718|work=New York Daily News|date=May 6, 2016|access-date=September 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/30/us/detroit-come-back-budget.html|title=Detroit Was Crumbling. Here's How It's Reviving.|date= April 30, 2018|access-date= May 7, 2018|newspaper=The New York Times |first=Monica |last=Davey}}</ref>

The city has seen a rise in [[gentrification]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://detroit.curbed.com/detroit-development/2019/11/25/20981769/detroit-trends-decade-downtown-redevelopment-foreclosure-demolition |title=Trends that defined Detroit in the 2010s |work=Detroit Curbed |first=Aaron |last=Mondry |date=November 25, 2019 |access-date=June 12, 2023 |quote=With more investment comes higher property values. Much higher. … But as property values rise, so do rents. In a city where 35 percent of its population is below the poverty line, that can result in displacement and parts of the city being unaffordable to people in lower income brackets. }}</ref> In downtown, for example, the construction of [[Little Caesars Arena]] brought with it high class shops and restaurants along Woodward Avenue. Office tower and condominium construction has led to an influx of wealthy families but also a displacement of long-time residents and culture.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mondry|first=Aaron|date=November 21, 2019 |title=10 redevelopments that shaped Detroit over the last 10 years |url=https://detroit.curbed.com/2019/11/21/20975850/redevelopments-detroit-decade-david-whitney-shinola-metropolitan |access-date=November 20, 2020 |work=Curbed Detroit |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Carlisle|first=John|title=Detroit neighborhood group sees gentrification as the enemy|url=https://www.freep.com/in-depth/news/columnists/john-carlisle/2020/05/24/detroit-neighborhood-gentrification-protest-carlisle/4954702002/|date=May 24, 2020|access-date=November 20, 2020|website=Detroit Free Press|language=en}}</ref> Areas outside of downtown and other recently revived areas have an average household income of about 25% less than the gentrified areas, a gap that is continuing to grow.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moskowitz |first=Peter |date=February 5, 2015 |title=The two Detroits: a city both collapsing and gentrifying at the same time |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/feb/05/detroit-city-collapsing-gentrifying |access-date=November 20, 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Rents and cost of living in these gentrified areas rise every year, pushing minorities and the poor out, causing more and more racial disparity and separation in the city. In 2019, the cost of a one-bedroom loft in Rivertown reached $300,000 (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=300000|start_year=2019}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}), with a five-year sale price change of over 500% and average income rising by 18%.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 15, 2019 |title=America's 10 Fastest-Gentrifying Neighborhoods |url=https://www.realtor.com/news/trends/the-10-fastest-gentrifying-neighborhoods-in-america/ |access-date=November 20, 2020 |website=Real Estate News and Advice {{!}} Realtor.com® |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Metro Detroit by Sentinel-2, 2021-09-06 (big version).jpg|thumb|right|A satellite image from Sentinel-2 taken in September 2021 of Detroit and its surrounding metropolitan area with Windsor across the river]]

===Metropolitan area===
Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (with a population of 3,734,090 within an area of {{convert|1337|sqmi|km2}} according to the [[2010 United States Census]]), six-county [[metropolitan statistical area]] (population of 5,322,219 in an area of {{convert|3913|sqmi|km2|disp=sqbr}} as of the 2010 census), and a nine-county [[Combined Statistical Area]] (population of 5.3&nbsp;million within {{convert|5814|sqmi|km2|disp=sqbr}} {{as of|2010|lc=y}}).<ref name=CensusCSA>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2012/tables/CBSA-EST2012-02.csv |title=Table 2. Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=June 11, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517083619/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2012/tables/CBSA-EST2012-02.csv |archive-date=May 17, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=CensusMSA>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-01.csv|title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=September 14, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427231227/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-01.csv|archive-date=April 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://visitdetroit.com/index.php/statistics-detroit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312005552/http://visitdetroit.com/index.php/statistics-detroit|url-status=dead|title=Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau|archive-date=March 12, 2012}}</ref>

===Topography===
According to the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|142.87|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|138.75|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|4.12|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=November 25, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=July 2, 2012 }}</ref> Detroit is the principal city in [[Metro Detroit]] and [[Southeast Michigan]]. It is situated in the [[Midwestern United States]] and the [[Great Lakes region]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Figure 3.1: Map showing the location of Detroit in Michigan, USA |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-location-of-Detroit-in-Michigan-USA_fig2_322593413 |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge]] is the only international [[wildlife preserve]] in North America and is uniquely located in the heart of a major metropolitan area. The refuge includes islands, coastal wetlands, marshes, shoals, and waterfront lands along {{convert|48|mi|km|0}} of the Detroit River and western Lake Erie shoreline.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Refuge |url=https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Detroit_River/about.html |website=Detroit River |access-date=February 27, 2021 |archive-date=March 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330155617/https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Detroit_River/about.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The city slopes gently from the northwest to southeast on a [[till plain]] composed largely of glacial and lake clay. The most notable topographical feature in the city is the Detroit Moraine, a broad clay ridge on which the older portions of Detroit and Windsor are located, rising approximately {{convert|62|ft|m}} above the river at its highest point.<ref>{{cite web|last=Perkins|first=Almon|title=The Historical Geography of Detroit|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/micounty/1682589.0001.001/5?q1=Detroit++Mich.++--+Description+and+travel&view=image&size=100|publisher=Michigan Historical Commission|access-date=February 17, 2013}}</ref> The highest elevation in the city is directly north of Gorham Playground on the northwest side approximately three blocks south of [[M-102 (Michigan highway)|8 Mile Road]], at a height of {{convert|675|to|680|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Detroit High Point|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=17044|work=Peakbagger.com|access-date=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Detroit's lowest elevation is along the Detroit River, at a surface height of {{convert|572|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Great Lakes, Connecting Channels and St. Lawrence River Water Levels and Depths |url=http://www.lre.usace.army.mil/greatlakes/hh/greatlakeswaterlevels/waterlevelforecasts/connectingchannelsforecasts/ |work=United States Army Corps of Engineers – Detroit District |access-date=February 17, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114023709/http://www.lre.usace.army.mil/greatlakes/hh/greatlakeswaterlevels/waterlevelforecasts/connectingchannelsforecasts/ |archive-date=January 14, 2013 }}</ref>

[[Belle Isle Park]] is a {{convert|982|acre|sqmi ha|adj=on}} island park in the Detroit River, between Detroit and [[Windsor, Ontario]]. It is connected to the mainland by the [[MacArthur Bridge (Detroit)|MacArthur Bridge]]. Belle Isle Park contains such attractions as the [[James Scott Memorial Fountain]], the [[Belle Isle Conservatory]], the [[Detroit Yacht Club]] on an adjacent island, a half-mile (800 m) beach, a golf course, a nature center, monuments, and gardens. Both the Detroit and Windsor skylines can be viewed at the island's Sunset Point.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Belle Isle Park {{!}} Visit Detroit Itinerary |url=https://visitdetroit.com/itinerary/belle-isle-day-detroit/ |access-date=November 2, 2022 |website=VisitDetroit.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Three road systems cross the city: the original French template, with avenues radiating from the waterfront, and true [[Roads and freeways in metropolitan Detroit|north–south roads]] based on the [[Northwest Ordinance]] township system. The city is north of Windsor, Ontario. Detroit is the only major city along the Canada–U.S. border in which one travels south in order to cross into Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Amours |first=Andrew |date=July 5, 2020 |title=In Which Direction Must You Drive To Enter Canada If You Are In Detroit? |url=https://flytrippers.com/in-which-direction-must-you-drive-to-enter-canada-if-you-are-in-detroit/ |access-date=November 2, 2022 |website=Flytrippers |language=en-CA}}</ref>

Detroit has four border crossings: the [[Ambassador Bridge]] and the [[Detroit–Windsor tunnel]] provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with the [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the [[Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry]], near the Windsor Salt Mine and [[Zug Island]]. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city was developed over a {{convert|1500|acre|ha|adj=on}} salt mine that is {{convert|1100|ft|m|-1}} below the surface. The [[Detroit salt mine]] run by the Detroit Salt Company has over {{convert|100|mi|km}} of roads within.<ref>Zacharias, Patricia (January 23, 2000). [http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=17 The ghostly salt city beneath Detroit] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120710071812/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=17 |date=July 10, 2012 }}. Michigan History, ''The Detroit News''. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detroitsalt.com/home.htm |title=The Detroit Salt Company --Explore the City under the City |access-date=May 5, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412212550/http://www.detroitsalt.com/home.htm |archive-date=April 12, 2009 }}</ref>

===Climate===
{{climate chart
|Detroit, Michigan
|19.1|32.0|1.96
|21.0|35.2|2.02
|28.6|45.8|2.28
|39.4|59.1|2.90
|49.4|69.9|3.38
|59.5|79.3|3.52
|63.9|83.4|3.37
|62.6|81.4|3.00
|54.7|74.0|3.27
|43.3|61.6|2.52
|34.3|48.8|2.79
|24.1|36.1|2.46
|float=right
|clear=both
|units=imperial
}}
Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a hot-summer [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfa'') which is influenced by the [[Great Lakes]] like other places in the [[Michigan|state]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detroit.climatemps.com/|title=Detroit, Michigan Climate Detroit, Michigan Temperatures Detroit, Michigan Weather Averages|website=Detroit.climatemps.com|access-date=March 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324161122/http://www.detroit.climatemps.com/|archive-date=March 24, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Muller|first=M. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&q=Detroit+koppen+dfa&pg=PA166|title=Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science|date=December 6, 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-8040-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Michigan|title=Michigan - Climate|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=March 24, 2020}}</ref> the city and close-in suburbs are part of USDA [[Hardiness zone]] 6b, while the more distant northern and western suburbs generally are included in zone 6a.<ref>{{cite web|title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map|url=http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|access-date=June 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032333/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/|archive-date=February 27, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Winters are cold, with moderate snowfall and temperatures not rising above freezing on an average 44&nbsp;days annually, while dropping to or below {{convert|0|°F|0}} on an average 4.4&nbsp;days a year; summers are warm to hot with temperatures exceeding {{convert|90|°F|0}} on 12&nbsp;days.<ref name="NOAA-D"/> The warm season runs from May to September. The monthly daily mean temperature ranges from {{convert|25.6|°F|1}} in January to {{convert|73.6|°F|1}} in July. Official temperature extremes range from {{convert|105|°F|0}} on July 24, 1934, down to {{convert|-21|°F|0}} on January 21, 1984; the record low maximum is {{convert|-4|°F|0}} on [[1994 North American cold wave|January 19, 1994]], while, conversely the record high minimum is {{convert|80|°F|0}} on August 1, 2006, the most recent of five occurrences.<ref name="NOAA-D"/> A decade or two may pass between readings of {{convert|100|°F|0}} or higher, which last occurred [[Summer 2012 North American heat wave|July 17, 2012]]. The average window for freezing temperatures is October 20 thru April 22, allowing a growing season of 180 days.<ref name="NOAA-D"/>

Precipitation is moderate and somewhat evenly distributed throughout the year, although the warmer months such as May and June average more, averaging {{convert|33.5|in|mm}} annually, but historically ranging from {{convert|20.49|in|mm|abbr=on}} in 1963 to {{convert|47.70|in|mm|abbr=on}} in 2011.<ref name="NOAA-D"/> Snowfall, which typically falls in measurable amounts between November 15 through April 4 (occasionally in October and very rarely in May),<ref name="NOAA-D"/> averages {{convert|42.5|in|cm|0}} per season, although historically ranging from {{convert|11.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} in 1881–82 to {{convert|94.9|in|cm|abbr=on}} in [[2013–14 North American cold wave|2013–14]].<ref name="NOAA-D"/> A thick snowpack is not often seen, with an average of only 27.5&nbsp;days with {{convert|3|in|cm|abbr=on}} or more of snow cover.<ref name="NOAA-D"/> [[Thunderstorms]] are frequent in the Detroit area. These usually occur during spring and summer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/en/article-317/Jesuit_Pear_Trees.html|title=Articles &#124; Encyclopédie du patrimoine culturel de l'Amérique française – histoire, culture, religion, héritage |publisher=Ameriquefrancaise.org |date=May 2, 1941 |access-date=March 29, 2013}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
{{Detroit weatherbox}}

{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table=ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Detroit.tab
| title=Detroit weather
}}

{|  class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"
|-
!Colspan=14|Climate data for Detroit
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °F (°C)
| style="background:#0d0dff; color:#fff;"|33.6<br />(0.9)
| style="background:#0606ff; color:#fff;"|32.7<br />(0.4)
| style="background:#0c0cff; color:#fff;"|33.4<br />(0.8)
| style="background:#4040ff; color:#fff;"|39.7<br />(4.3)
| style="background:#8d8dff; color:#000;"|48.9<br />(9.4)
| style="background:#fff1c3; color:#000;"|63.9<br />(17.7)
| style="background:#ff7b00; color:#000;"|74.7<br />(23.7)
| style="background:#ff7300; color:#000;"|75.4<br />(24.1)
| style="background:#ffa800; color:#000;"|70.5<br />(21.4)
| style="background:#ebebff; color:#000;"|60.3<br />(15.7)
| style="background:#8a8aff; color:#000;"|48.6<br />(9.2)
| style="background:#3232ff; color:#fff;"|38.1<br />(3.4)
| style="background:#a3a3ff; color:#000; border-left-width:medium;"|51.7<br />(10.9)
|-
!Mean daily daylight hours
| style="background:#e9e900; color:#000;"|9.0
| style="background:#f7f722; color:#000;"|11.0
| style="background:#ff3; color:#000;"|12.0
| style="background:#ff4; color:#000;"|13.0
| style="background:#ff6; color:#000;"|15.0
| style="background:#ff6; color:#000;"|15.0
| style="background:#ff6; color:#000;"|15.0
| style="background:#ff5; color:#000;"|14.0
| style="background:#ff3; color:#000;"|12.0
| style="background:#f7f722; color:#000;"|11.0
| style="background:#f0f011; color:#000;"|10.0
| style="background:#e9e900; color:#000;"|9.0
| style="background:#ffff35; color:#000; border-left-width:medium;"|12.2
|-
!Average [[Ultraviolet index]]
| style="background:#289500; color:#000;"|1
| style="background:#289500; color:#000;"|2
| style="background:#f7e400; color:#000;"|4
| style="background:#f85900; color:#000;"|6
| style="background:#f85900; color:#000;"|7
| style="background:#d8001d; color:#000;"|8
| style="background:#d8001d; color:#000;"|9
| style="background:#d8001d; color:#000;"|8
| style="background:#f85900; color:#000;"|6
| style="background:#f7e400; color:#000;"|4
| style="background:#289500; color:#000;"|2
| style="background:#289500; color:#000;"|1
| style="background:#f7e400; color:#000; border-left-width:medium;"|4.8
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas <ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-us.com/en/michigan-usa/detroit-climate |title=Detroit, Michigan, USA – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=January 25, 2019 }}</ref>
|}

===Architecture===
{{Main|Architecture of metropolitan Detroit}}
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Detroit}}

[[File:One Detroit Center (Detroit, MI, USA).jpg|thumb|right|[[Ally Detroit Center]] and the Michigan Labor Legacy Monument]]
[[File:Skyline_of_Detroit,_Michigan_from_S_2014-12-07_(cropped,_Financial_District).jpg|thumb|The [[Detroit Financial District]] viewed from across the [[Detroit River]]]]
Seen in panorama, Detroit's waterfront shows a variety of architectural styles. The [[Postmodern architecture|postmodern]] [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neo-Gothic]] spires of [[Ally Detroit Center]] were designed to refer to the city's [[Art Deco]] skyscrapers. Together with the [[Renaissance Center]], these buildings form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include the [[Guardian Building]] and [[Penobscot Building]] downtown, as well as the [[Fisher Building]] and [[Cadillac Place]] in the [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]] area near [[Wayne State University]]. Among the city's prominent structures are United States' largest [[Fox Theatre (Detroit)|Fox Theatre]], the [[Detroit Opera House]], and the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]], all built in the early 20th century.<ref name=AIADetroit>{{Cite book |author1=Hill, Eric J.  |author2=John Gallagher | title= AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture| year=2002 | publisher=Wayne State University Press }}</ref><ref name=DetArch>{{Cite book | author=Sharoff, Robert | title=American City: Detroit Architecture| publisher=Wayne State University Press| year=2005| isbn=0-8143-3270-6| author-link=Robert Sharoff}}</ref>

While the [[Downtown Detroit|Downtown]] and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Outside of the city's core, residential high-rises are found in upper-class neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront, extending toward [[Grosse Pointe]], and the [[Palmer Park Apartment Building Historic District|Palmer Park]] neighborhood just west of Woodward. The University Commons-Palmer Park district in northwest Detroit, near the [[University of Detroit Mercy]] and [[Marygrove College]], anchors historic neighborhoods including [[Palmer Woods]], [[Sherwood Forest, Detroit|Sherwood Forest]], and the [[University District, Detroit|University District]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Forty-two significant structures or sites are listed on the [[List of Registered Historic Places in Detroit, Michigan|National Register of Historic Places]]. Neighborhoods constructed prior to World War II feature the architecture of the times, with wood-frame and brick houses in the working-class neighborhoods, larger brick homes in middle-class neighborhoods, and ornate mansions in upper-class neighborhoods such as [[Brush Park]], [[Woodbridge, Detroit|Woodbridge]], [[Indian Village, Detroit|Indian Village]], Palmer Woods, [[Boston-Edison Historic District|Boston-Edison]], and others.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Some of the oldest neighborhoods are along the major Woodward and [[East Jefferson Avenue Residential TR|East Jefferson]] corridors, which formed spines of the city. Some newer residential construction may also be found along the Woodward corridor and in the far west and northeast. The oldest extant neighborhoods include [[West Canfield Historic District|West Canfield]] and [[Brush Park]]. There have been multi-million dollar restorations of existing homes and construction of new homes and condominiums here.<ref name=partnership>{{cite web|url=http://www.theworldiscoming.com/seethechange.html |title=Development and Growth |access-date=May 16, 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613121052/http://www.theworldiscoming.com/seethechange.html |archive-date=June 13, 2008 |work=City of Detroit Partnership}}</ref><ref>Pfeffer, Jaime (September 12, 2006). [http://www.modeldmedia.com/features/bpark61.aspx "Falling for Brush Park"]. ''Model D Media''. Retrieved on April 21, 2009.</ref>

The city has one of the United States' largest surviving collections of late 19th- and early 20th-century buildings.<ref name=DetArch/> Architecturally significant churches and cathedrals in the city include [[St. Joseph Roman Catholic Church, Detroit|St. Joseph's]], Old [[St. Mary Roman Catholic Church (Detroit)|St. Mary's]], the [[Sweetest Heart of Mary Roman Catholic Church|Sweetest Heart of Mary]], and the [[Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament]].<ref name="AIADetroit"/>

The city has substantial activity in urban design, historic preservation, and architecture.<ref>Cityscape Detroit.[http://www.cityscapedetroit.org/ www.cityscapedetroit.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215233228/http://cityscapedetroit.org/ |date=December 15, 2013 }} Retrieved on April 8, 2007.</ref> A number of downtown redevelopment projects—of which [[Campus Martius Park]] is one of the most notable—have revitalized parts of the city. [[Grand Circus Park Historic District|Grand Circus Park]] and historic district is near the [[Detroit Theatre District|city's theater district]]; [[Ford Field]], home of the [[Detroit Lions]], and [[Comerica Park]], home of the [[Detroit Tigers]].<ref name=AIADetroit/>  [[Little Caesars Arena]], a new home for the [[Detroit Red Wings]] and the [[Detroit Pistons]], with attached residential, hotel, and retail use, opened in 2017.<ref name="Gallagher">{{cite news|author=Gallagher, John|date=July 14, 2014|title=Hockey, basketball, housing and more: Ilitches unveil 'bold vision' for Red Wings & Pistons arena district|newspaper=[[Detroit Free Press]]|url=http://archive.freep.com/article/20140720/BUSINESS06/307200102/Ilitch-Red-Wings-Pistons-arena-Midtown}}</ref> The plans for the project call for mixed-use residential on the blocks surrounding the arena and the renovation of the vacant 14-story [[Eddystone Hotel]]. It will be a part of The District Detroit, a group of places owned by [[Olympia Entertainment|Olympia Entertainment Inc.]], including [[Comerica Park]] and the [[Detroit Opera House]], among others.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

The [[Detroit International Riverfront]] includes a partially completed three-and-one-half-mile riverfront promenade with a combination of parks, residential buildings, and commercial areas. It extends from [[Hart Plaza]] to the MacArthur Bridge, which connects to [[Belle Isle Park]], the largest island park in a U.S. city. The riverfront includes [[Tri-Centennial State Park]] and Harbor, Michigan's first urban state park. The second phase is a {{convert|2|mi|spell=in|sp=us|adj=on|abbr=off}} extension from Hart Plaza to the [[Ambassador Bridge]] for a total of {{convert|5|mi|spell=in|abbr=off}} of parkway from bridge to bridge. Civic planners envision the pedestrian parks will stimulate residential redevelopment of riverfront properties condemned under [[eminent domain]].<ref>[https://detroitriverfront.org/our-story Detroit Riverfront Conservancy]</ref>

Other major parks include [[River Rouge Park|River Rouge]] (in the southwest side), the largest park in Detroit; Palmer (north of [[Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park]]) and [[Chene Park]] (on the east river downtown).<ref>Editorial: "At Last, Sensible Dream for Detroit's Riverfront", ''Detroit News'', December 13, 2002</ref>

====Neighborhoods====
{{Further|List of neighborhoods in Detroit}}
[[File:Midtown Woodward Historic District 1.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Midtown Woodward Historic District]]]]
Detroit has a variety of neighborhood types. The revitalized Downtown, [[Midtown Detroit|Midtown]], Corktown, [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]] areas feature many historic buildings and are high density, while further out, particularly in the northeast and on the fringes,<ref name="parcel" /> high vacancy levels are problematic, for which a number of solutions have been proposed. In 2007, [[Downtown Detroit]] was recognized as the best city neighborhood in which to retire among the United States' largest metro areas by [[CNNMoney]] editors.<ref>Bigda, Carolyn, Erin Chambers, Lawrence Lanahan, Joe Light, Sarah Max, and Jennifer Merritt.[https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0710/gallery.bpretire.moneymag/18.html Detroit Best place to retire: Downtown] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214174832/https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0710/gallery.bpretire.moneymag/18.html |date=December 14, 2012 }}. [[CNNMoney]]. Retrieved July 5, 2012.</ref>

[[Lafayette Park, Detroit|Lafayette Park]] is a [[Planning and development in Detroit|revitalized]] neighborhood on the city's [[East Jefferson Avenue Residential TR|east side]], part of the [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]] residential district.<ref name="WallStreet1">Vitullo-Martin, Julio, (December 22, 2007). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119827404882045751 "The Biggest Mies Collection: His Lafayette Park residential development thrives in Detroit"]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved July 5, 2012.</ref> The {{convert|78|acre|ha|adj=on}} development was originally called the Gratiot Park. Planned by [[Mies van der Rohe]], [[Ludwig Hilberseimer]] and [[Alfred Caldwell]] it includes a landscaped, {{convert|19|acre|ha|adj=on}} park with no through traffic, in which these and other low-rise apartment buildings are situated.<ref name="WallStreet1" /> Immigrants have contributed to the city's neighborhood revitalization, especially in southwest Detroit.<ref name="Southwest2">{{cite news|last=Rodriguez |first=Cindy |date=May 23, 2007 |title=A Detroit success story: Can-do spirit revives southwest neighborhood |newspaper=Detroit News}}</ref> Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years, as evidenced by new housing, increased business openings and the recently opened [[Mexicantown, Detroit|Mexicantown]] International Welcome Center.<ref name="Southwest">Williams, Corey (February 28, 2008).[https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-02-28-2962316916_x.htm New Latino Wave Helps Revitalize Detroit]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved July 5, 2012.</ref>

The city has numerous neighborhoods consisting of vacant properties resulting in low inhabited density in those areas, stretching city services and infrastructure. These neighborhoods are concentrated in the northeast and on the city's fringes.<ref name="parcel" /> A 2009 parcel survey found about a quarter of residential lots in the city to be undeveloped or vacant, and about 10% of the city's housing to be unoccupied.<ref name="parcel">[http://www.detroitparcelsurvey.org/ Detroit Parcel Survey]. Retrieved on July 23, 2011.</ref><ref name="MLIVEAP" /><ref name="Gallagher1" /> The survey also reported that most (86%) of the city's homes are in good condition with a minority (9%) in fair condition needing only minor repairs.<ref name="MLIVEAP">Associated Press (February 10, 2010). [http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2010/02/survey_a_third_of_all_detroit.html Survey]. ''Mlive.com''. Retrieved July 5, 2012.</ref><ref name="Gallagher1">{{cite web|title=Housing in Detroit|url=http://www.d-acis.org/Home/parcelsurvey|quote=95% of Detroit homes are deemed suitable for occupancy, 86% of Detroit's single family homes are in good condition, 9% are generally in need of minor repair|access-date=November 27, 2011|archive-date=January 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128185131/http://www.d-acis.org/Home/parcelsurvey|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20100220/BUSINESS04/2200371/1318/Survey-finds-third-of-Detroit-lots-vacant|author=Gallagher, John|work=Detroit Free Press|pages=1A,9A|date=February 20, 2010|access-date=November 27, 2011|title=Survey finds third of Detroit lots vacant}}</ref><ref name="parcel2">Kavanaugh, Kelli B. (March 2, 2010).[http://www.modeldmedia.com/devnews/ressurvey030210.aspx Intensive property survey captures state of Detroit housing, vacancy]. ''Model D''. Retrieved July 5, 2012.</ref>[[File:CassParkDetroit.jpg|thumb|The [[Cass Park Historic District]] in [[Midtown Detroit|Midtown]]]]
[[File:New_Amsterdam_Lofts_(4634813321).jpg|thumb|[[New Center]]]]To deal with vacancy issues, the city has begun demolishing the derelict houses, razing 3,000 of the total 10,000 in 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20100401/NEWS01/304010003/1318/3000-buildings-to-be-torn-down |title=Crews to start tearing down derelict buildings in Detroit |website=Detroit Free Press |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=July 1, 2010}}</ref> but the resulting low density creates a strain on the city's infrastructure. To remedy this, a number of solutions have been proposed including resident relocation from more sparsely populated neighborhoods and converting unused space to urban agricultural use, including [[Hantz Woodlands]], though the city expects to be in the planning stages for up to another two years.<ref name=NextDetroit>{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/NextDetroit/tabid/1521/Default.aspx |title=Next Detroit |access-date=January 2, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502164357/http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/NextDetroit/tabid/1521/Default.aspx |archive-date=May 2, 2008 }}. ''City of Detroit''. Retrieved July 5, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/21/us/21detroit.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/21/us/21detroit.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited|title=Razing the City to Save the City|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 23, 2010 | first=Susan | last=Saulny | date=June 20, 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Public funding and private investment have been made with promises to rehabilitate neighborhoods. In April 2008, the city announced a $300 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=300000000|start_year=2008}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods, financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax.<ref name="NextDetroit"/> The city's working plans for neighborhood revitalizations include 7-Mile/Livernois, [[Brightmoor, Detroit|Brightmoor]], East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield, [[North End, Detroit|North End]], and [[Osborn, Detroit|Osborn]].<ref name=NextDetroit/> Private organizations have pledged substantial funding to the efforts.<ref name=DEGA2>{{cite web|url=http://www.degc.org/neighborhood-groups.aspx |title=Community Development |access-date=January 3, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204215849/http://www.degc.org/neighborhood-groups.aspx |archive-date=February 4, 2008 }}. ''DEGA''. Retrieved on January 2, 2009.</ref><ref name=Fund>[http://www.cfsem.org/grants/special_grants/PDFs/CF_DetroitNeighborhoodsSingle.pdf Detroit Neighborhood Fund] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206145552/http://www.cfsem.org/grants/special_grants/PDFs/CF_DetroitNeighborhoodsSingle.pdf |date=February 6, 2009 }}. ''Community Foundation for Southeast Michigan''. Retrieved January 2, 2009.</ref> Additionally, the city has cleared a {{convert|1200|acre|ha|adj=on}} section of land for large-scale neighborhood construction, which the city is calling the ''Far Eastside Plan''.<ref name="Rose1">Rose, Judy (May 11, 2003). [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-05-11/business/0305110484_1_development-plan-commercial-strips-houses Detroit to revive 1 neighborhood at a time]. ''Chicago Tribune''. Retrieved November 29, 2011.</ref> In 2011, Mayor [[Dave Bing]] announced a plan to categorize neighborhoods by their needs and prioritize the most needed services for those neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaffer|first=Nancy|url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20110727/FREE/110729908/detroit-works-project-to-be-measured-in-three-demonstration-areas#|title=Detroit Works project to be measured in three demonstration areas| publisher=Crain's Detroit|date=July 27, 2011|access-date=August 2, 2011}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Detroit City population pyramid in 2021.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of Detroit in 2021]]
{{US Census population
|1820= 1422
|1830= 2222
|1840= 9102
|1850= 21019
|1860= 45619
|1870= 79577
|1880= 116340
|1890= 205876
|1900= 285704
|1910= 465766
|1920= 993678
|1930= 1568662
|1940= 1623452
|1950= 1849568
|1960= 1670144
|1970= 1514063
|1980= 1203368
|1990= 1027974
|2000= 951270
|2010= 713777
|2020= 639111
|estyear=2022
|estimate=620376
|align-fn=center
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |date=May 30, 2022|title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=May 30, 2022}}</ref>
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref><br />2010–2020<ref name="QuickFacts" />
}}
{{See also|Demographic history of Detroit|Demographics of Metro Detroit}}
In the [[2020 United States census|2020 United States Census]], the city had 639,111 residents, ranking it the [[List of United States cities by population|27th most populous city]] in the United States.<ref name=CensusCity>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=26:2622000 |access-date=March 3, 2012 |title=2010 Census Interactive Population Search |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525104940/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=26%3A2622000 |archive-date=May 25, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="NYT Census">{{cite news|last=Seelye|first=Katherine Q.|title=Detroit Population Down 25 Percent, Census Finds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/23/us/23detroit.html|work=The New York Times|date=March 22, 2011|access-date=March 23, 2011}}</ref> Of the large [[shrinking cities]] in the United States, Detroit has had the most dramatic decline in the population of the past 70 years (down 1,210,457) and the second-largest percentage decline (down 65.4%). While the drop in Detroit's population has been ongoing since 1950, the most dramatic period was the significant 25% decline between the [[2000 United States Census|2000]] and 2010 Census.<ref name="NYT Census" />[[File:Ethnic Origins in Detroit.png|thumb|Ethnic origins in Detroit]]Detroit's 639,111 residents represent 269,445 households, and 162,924 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|5,144.3|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|people&nbsp;|people}}. There were 349,170 housing units at an average density of {{convert|2,516.5|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|units&nbsp;|units}}.  Of the 269,445 households, 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 21.5% were married couples living together, 31.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 39.5% were non-families, 34.0% were made up of individuals, and 3.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59, and the average family size was 3.36.

There was a wide distribution of age in the city, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.

=== Religion ===

According to a 2014 study, 67% of the population of the city identified themselves as [[Christians]], with 49% professing attendance at [[Protestant]] churches, and 16% professing [[Roman Catholic]] beliefs,<ref>[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/ Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles], Pew Research Center</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |title=America's Changing Religious Landscape |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Religion & Public Life |date=May 12, 2015}}</ref> while 24% claim [[Irreligion|no religious affiliation]]. Other religions collectively make up about 8% of the population.

===Income and employment===

The loss of industrial and working-class jobs in the city has resulted in high rates of poverty and associated problems.<ref name=time>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1925681,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927055237/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1925681,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 27, 2009 | title=Assignment Detroit: Why Time Inc. Is in Motown | last=Huey | first=John | date=September 24, 2009 | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> From 2000 to 2009, the city's estimated median household income fell from $29,526 to $26,098.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city-data.com/city/Detroit-Michigan.html |title=Detroit, Michigan |publisher=City-Data.com |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, the mean income of Detroit is below the overall U.S. average by several thousand dollars. Of every three Detroit residents, one lives in poverty. Luke Bergmann, author of ''Getting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an American City'', said in 2010, "Detroit is now one of the poorest big cities in the country".<ref>Bergmann, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rt-S8Xe1S_wC&dq=%22Detroit+is+now+one+of+the+poorest+big+cities%22&pg=PA39 39]</ref>

In the 2018 [[American Community Survey]], median household income in the city was $31,283, compared with the median for Michigan of $56,697.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US26_1600000US2622000&d=ACS%20Supplemental%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSSE2018.K201902&hidePreview=true|access-date=September 2, 2020|website=data.census.gov|title=Median household income in the past 12 months}}</ref> The median income for a family was $36,842, well below the state median of $72,036.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US26_1600000US2622000&d=ACS%20Supplemental%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSSE2018.K201904&hidePreview=true|access-date=September 2, 2020|website=data.census.gov|title=Median family income in the past 12 months}}</ref> 33.4% of families had income at or below the federally defined poverty level. Out of the total population, 47.3% of those under the age of 18 and 21.0% of those 65 and older had income at or below the federally defined poverty line.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US26_1600000US2622000&d=ACS%20Supplemental%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSSE2018.K201701&hidePreview=true|access-date=September 2, 2020|website=data.census.gov|title=Poverty status in the past 12 months by age}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right style="font-size: 90%"
|+ Median income in Detroit (as of July 1, 2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US,waynecountymichigan,detroitcitymichigan/PST045219|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States; Wayne County, Michigan; Detroit city, Michigan|publisher= U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=September 22, 2021}}</ref>
|-
!Area
!Number<br />of house-<br />holds
![[Household income in the United States#Median income|Median<br />House-<br />hold<br />Income]]
!Per<br />Capita<br />Income
!Percent-<br />age in<br />poverty
|-
|[[Detroit City]]
|263,688
|$30,894 ({{increase}})
|$18,621 ({{increase}})
|35.0% ({{decreasePositive}})
|- style="background:whitesmoke;"
|[[Wayne County, MI]]
|682,282
|$47,301
|$27,282
|19.8%
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|United States
|120,756,048
|$62,843
|$34,103
|11.4%
|}

===Race and ethnicity===
{{see also|Ethnic groups in Metro Detroit}}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
|+  Historical Racial Composition of the City of Detroit
|-
! Self-identified race
! 2020<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Detroit (city), Michigan|url=https://data.indystar.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/detroit-city-wayne-county-michigan/060-2616322000/|url-status=live|work=Data IndyStar|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124224913/https://data.indystar.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/detroit-city-wayne-county-michigan/060-2616322000/ |archive-date=November 24, 2021 }}</ref>
! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/26/2622000.html |title=Detroit (city), Michigan |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715161518/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/26/2622000.html |archive-date=July 15, 2006 }}</ref>
! 1990<ref name="census1">{{cite web|title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }}</ref>
! 1970<ref name="census1"/> 
! 1950<ref name="census1"/> 
! 1940<ref name="census1"/> 
! 1930<ref name="census1"/> 
! 1920<ref name="census1"/> 
! 1910<ref name="census1"/>
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 14.7% || 10.6% || 21.6% || 55.5% || 83.6% || 90.7% || 92.2% || 95.8% || 98.7%
|-
|&nbsp;—Non-Hispanic || 11% || 7.8% ||  20.7% ||  54.0%{{efn|name="fifteen"|From 15% sample}} || {{n/a}} || 90.4% || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[African American|Black or African American]] || 77.7% || 82.7% || 75.7% || 43.7% || 16.2% || 9.2% || 7.7% || 4.1% || 1.2%
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) || 8.0% || 6.8% ||  2.8% || 1.8%{{efn|name="fifteen"}} || {{n/a}} || 0.3% || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 1.6% || 1.1% ||  0.8% || 0.3% || 0.1% || 0.1% || 0.1% || 0.1% || {{n/a}}
|}

[[File:FischerDetroit2010Census.png|thumb|Map of racial distribution in Detroit, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ff0000|White}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#0000ff|Black}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#00ffaa|Asian}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffa600|Hispanic}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffff07|Other}}]]

Beginning with the rise of the automobile industry, Detroit's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century as an influx of European, Middle Eastern ([[Lebanese Americans|Lebanese]], [[Assyrian Americans|Assyrian/Chaldean]]), and Southern migrants brought their families to the city.<ref name="autogenerated1">Baulch, Vivian M. (September 4, 1999). [http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=109 Michigan's greatest treasure – Its people] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20070731040800/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=109 |date=July 31, 2007 }}. Michigan History, ''The Detroit News''. Retrieved on October 22, 2007.</ref> With this economic boom following World War I, the African American population grew from a mere 6,000 in 1910<ref>[http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=70&CFID=15600792&CFTOKEN=21169095 Vivian M. Baulch], {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120710201644/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=70&CFID=15600792&CFTOKEN=21169095|date=July 10, 2012}} "How Detroit got its first black hospital", ''The Detroit News'', November 28, 1995.</ref> to more than 120,000 by 1930.<ref>"[http://www.infoplease.com/spot/bhmcities1.html Important Cities in Black History]". Infoplease.com.</ref> Perhaps one of the most overt examples of neighborhood discrimination occurred in 1925 when African American physician [[Ossian Sweet]] found his home surrounded by an angry mob of his hostile white neighbors violently protesting his new move into a traditionally white neighborhood. Sweet and ten of his family members and friends were put on trial for murder as one of the mob members throwing rocks at the newly purchased house was shot and killed by someone firing out of a second-floor window.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit|last=Sugrue|first=Thomas J.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-691-16255-3|location=Princeton, NJ|page=24}}</ref>

Detroit has a relatively large Mexican-American population. In the early 20th century, thousands of Mexicans came to Detroit to work in agricultural, automotive, and steel jobs. During the [[Mexican Repatriation]] of the 1930s many Mexicans in Detroit were willingly repatriated or forced to repatriate. By the 1940s much of the Mexican community began to settle what is now [[Mexicantown, Detroit|Mexicantown]].<ref>{{cite web|date=July 29, 2020|title=INS Records for 1930s Mexican Repatriations {{!}} USCIS|url=https://www.uscis.gov/about-us/our-history/history-office-and-library/featured-stories-from-the-uscis-history-office-and-library/ins-records-for-1930s-mexican-repatriations|access-date=December 19, 2021|website=www.uscis.gov|language=en}}</ref> Immigration from [[Jalisco]] significantly increased the Latino population in the 1990s. By 2010 Detroit had 48,679 Hispanics, including 36,452 Mexicans: a 70% increase from 1990.<ref name="Denvir">Denvir, Daniel. [http://www.theatlanticcities.com/neighborhoods/2012/09/paradox-mexicantown-detroits-uncomfortable-relationship-immigrants-it-desperately-needs/3357/ "The Paradox of Mexicantown: Detroit's Uncomfortable Relationship With the Immigrants it Desperately Needs"]. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120926112415/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/neighborhoods/2012/09/paradox-mexicantown-detroits-uncomfortable-relationship-immigrants-it-desperately-needs/3357/ Archive]) ''[[The Atlantic]] Cities''. September 24, 2012. Retrieved on January 15, 2013.</ref> 
[[File:DetroitGreektown.jpg|thumb|[[Greektown Historic District]] in Detroit]]
After World War II, many people from [[Appalachia]] also settled in Detroit. Appalachians formed communities and their children acquired southern accents.<ref>Detroitblogger John. [http://www2.metrotimes.com/culture/story.asp?id=15003 "Southland"]. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20100808110544/http://www.metrotimes.com/culture/story.asp?id=15003 Archive]) ''[[Metro Times]]''. April 28, 2010. Retrieved on May 12, 2012.</ref> Many Lithuanians also settled in Detroit during the World War II era, especially on the city's Southwest side in the [[West Vernor-Junction Historic District|West Vernor]] area,<ref>{{cite book |title= Lithuanians in Michigan|last=Grazulis|first=Marius K.|publisher=Michigan State University Press|year=2009|jstor=10.14321/j.ctt7ztcn0|isbn=9780870138133}}</ref> where the renovated Lithuanian Hall reopened in 2006.<ref>(November 28, 2006). [http://www.modeldmedia.com/inthenews/lithuanian73.aspx Southwest Detroit's Lithuanian Hall to reopen after $2 million renovation], Modeldmedia.com</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bello|first= Marisol|url=http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061128/NEWS99/61128041 |title=Lithuanian center to reopen Thursday|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102232216/http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061128/NEWS99/61128041 |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |work=[[Detroit Free Press]]|date= November 28, 2006}}</ref>

While African Americans previously{{when|date=November 2021}} comprised only 13% of Michigan's population, by 2010 they made up nearly 82% of Detroit's population. The next largest population groups were white people, at 10%, and Hispanics, at 6%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clrsearch.com/Detroit-Demographics/MI/Population-by-Race-and-Ethnicity|title=Detroit, MI Population by Race and Ethnicity|publisher=CLRSearch|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302020003/http://www.clrsearch.com/Detroit-Demographics/MI/Population-by-Race-and-Ethnicity|archive-date=March 2, 2013|access-date=March 29, 2013}}</ref> In 2001, 103,000 Jews, or about 1.9% of the population, were living in the Detroit area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0005_0_05142.html|title=Detroit|publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=March 29, 2013}}</ref> According to the 2010 census, segregation in Detroit has decreased in absolute and relative terms and in the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the total black population in the metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit.<ref name="Wisely">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/2011-03-22-michigan-census_N.htm|title=Motor City population declines 25%|author1=Wisely, John|date=March 24, 2011|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=June 20, 2011|author2=Spangler, Todd}}</ref><ref>Towbridge, Gordon. [http://www.s4.brown.edu/cen2000/othersay/detroitnews/Stories/Racial%20divide%20widest%20in%20U_S_%20-%2001-14-02.pdf "Racial divide widest in U.S."] ''[[The Detroit News]]''. January 14, 2002. Retrieved on March 30, 2009.</ref> The number of integrated neighborhoods increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. Detroit also moved down the ranking from number one most segregated city to number four.<ref name="Wilkinson">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/detroit/metro-detroit-no-longer-most-segregated-143407993.html|title=Metro Detroit no longer most segregated|last=Wilkinson|first=Mike|date=March 29, 2011|newspaper=Yahoo News|access-date=July 27, 2012}}</ref> A 2011 op-ed in ''[[The New York Times]]'' attributed the decreased segregation rating to the overall exodus from the city, cautioning that these areas may soon become more segregated. [[File:Chaldean Sacred Heart Church & Chaldean Center of America.JPG|thumb|[[Chaldean Town]], a historically [[Chaldean Catholics|Chaldean]] neighborhood in Detroit]]

As of 2002, Detroit's percentage of Asians was 1%.<ref name=MetzgerBoozap8>{{cite web|last1=Metzger|first1= Kurt|first2= Jason|last2= Booza|url=http://www.cus.wayne.edu/content/publications/Asians7.pdf |title= Asians in the United States, Michigan and Metropolitan Detroit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109050601/http://www.cus.wayne.edu/content/publications/Asians7.pdf |archive-date=November 9, 2013 |website= Center for Urban Studies|publisher= [[Wayne State University]]|date= January 2002 |format=Working Paper Series, No. 7. p. 8}}</ref> There are four areas in Detroit with significant Asian and Asian American populations. Northeast Detroit has a large population of [[Hmong Americans|Hmong]]<ref name="Chou">{{cite news|last=Chou|first=Kimberly|url=http://www.michigandaily.com/content/growing-hmong-detroit |title= Growing up Hmong in Detroit |newspaper=[[The Michigan Daily]]|date=December 7, 2006 |access-date=December 31, 2012}}</ref> with a smaller group of [[Laotian Americans|Lao]] people. A portion of Detroit next to eastern [[Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck]] includes [[Bangladeshi Americans]], [[Indian Americans]], and [[Pakistani Americans]]; nearly all of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit lives in that area. The area north of downtown has transient Asian national origin residents who are university students or hospital workers. Few of them have permanent residency after schooling ends. They are mostly Chinese and Indian but the population also includes Filipinos, Koreans, and Pakistanis. In Southwest Detroit and western Detroit there are smaller, scattered Asian communities.<ref name="MetzgerBoozap8" /><ref name= "Archambault">Archambault, Dennis. [http://www.modeldmedia.com/features/asianyouth70.aspx "Young and Asian in Detroit"]. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20061117093047/http://www.modeldmedia.com/features/asianyouth70.aspx Archive]) ''Model D Media''. Issue Media Group, LLC. Tuesday November 14, 2006. Retrieved on November 5, 2012.</ref>

==Economy==
{{See also|Economy of metropolitan Detroit|Planning and development in Detroit}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin-left:1em;"
|-
| colspan="3" style="background-color:tan;"|'''Top city employers'''<br><small>Source: ''[[Crain's Detroit Business]]''</small><ref name="cdb2013">''[[Crain's Detroit Business]]'': [http://www.crainsdetroit.com/assets/PDF/CD90222816.PDF Largest Detroit Employers] (August 2013 ). Retrieved on January 12, 2014.</ref>
|-
! Rank !! Company or organization!! #
|-
| 1
|[[Detroit Medical Center]]
|11,497
|-
| 2
|City of Detroit
|9,591
|-
| 3
|[[Quicken Loans]]
|9,192
|-
| 4
|[[Henry Ford Health System]]
|8,807
|-
| 5
|[[Detroit Public Schools]]
|6,586
|-
| 6
|[[Federal government of the United States|U.S. Government]]
|6,308
|-
| 7
|[[Wayne State University]]
|6,023
|-
| 8
|[[Chrysler]]
|5,426
|-
| 9
|[[Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan|Blue Cross Blue Shield]]
|5,415
|-
| 10
|[[General Motors]]
|4,327
|-
| 11
|[[Michigan|State of Michigan]]
|3,911
|-
| 12
|[[DTE Energy]]
|3,700
|-
| 13
|[[St. John Providence Health System]]
|3,566
|-
| 14
|[[United States Postal Service|U.S. Postal Service]]
|2,643
|-
| 15
|[[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]]
|2,566
|-
| 16
|[[MGM Grand Detroit]]
|2,551
|-
| 17
|[[MotorCity Casino]]
|1,973
|-
| 18
|[[Compuware]]
|1,912
|-
| 19
|[[Detroit Diesel]]
|1,685
|-
| 20
|[[Greektown Casino]]
|1,521
|-
| 21
|[[Comerica]]
|1,194
|-
| 22
|[[Deloitte]]
|942
|-
| 23
|[[Johnson Controls]]
|760
|-
| 24
|[[PwC]]
|756
|-
| 25
|[[Ally Financial]]
|715
|-
|}
Several major corporations are based in the city, including three Fortune 500 companies. The most heavily represented sectors are manufacturing (particularly automotive), finance, technology, and health care. The most significant companies based in Detroit include [[General Motors]], [[Rocket Mortgage]], [[Ally Financial]], [[Compuware]], [[Shinola Detroit|Shinola]], [[American Axle]], [[Little Caesars]], [[DTE Energy]], [[Lowe Campbell Ewald]], [[Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan]], and [[Rossetti Architects]].

About 80,500 people work in downtown Detroit, comprising one-fifth of the city's employment base.<ref name=Marketprofile>The Urban Markets Initiative, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, The Social Compact Inc., University of Michigan Graduate Real Estate Program, (October 2006).[http://www.downtowndetroit.org/ddp/newsroom/Downtown_Detroit_in_Focus.pdf Downtown Detroit in Focus: A Profile of Market Opportunity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812084749/http://www.downtowndetroit.org/ddp/newsroom/Downtown_Detroit_in_Focus.pdf |date=August 12, 2011 }}. ''Detroit Economic Growth Corporation'' and ''Downtown Detroit Partnership''. Retrieved on June 14, 2008.</ref><ref>Henion, Andy (March 22, 2007). City puts transit idea in motion. ''The Detroit News''.(About 80,500 people work in downtown Detroit which is 21% of the city's employment base). Retrieved on May 14, 2007.</ref> Aside from the numerous Detroit-based companies listed above, downtown contains large offices for [[Comerica]], [[Chrysler]], [[Fifth Third Bank]], [[HP Enterprise Services|HP Enterprise]], [[Deloitte]], [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]], [[KPMG]], and [[Ernst & Young]]. [[Ford Motor Company]] is in the adjacent city of [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford Motor Company {{!}} History & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ford-Motor-Company|access-date=January 14, 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

Thousands more employees work in Midtown, north of the central business district. Midtown's anchors are the city's largest single employer [[Detroit Medical Center]], [[Wayne State University]], and the [[Henry Ford Health System]] in New Center. Midtown is also home to watchmaker [[Shinola (retail company)|Shinola]] and an array of small and [[startup company|startup]] companies. [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]] bases [[TechTown]], a research and business incubator hub that is part of the Wayne State University system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.wayne.edu/2015/03/02/wsu-economic-development-leader-named-techtown-president |title=WSU economic development leader named TechTown president and CEO - Wayne State University |access-date=March 20, 2015 |archive-date=March 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319121109/http://media.wayne.edu/2015/03/02/wsu-economic-development-leader-named-techtown-president |url-status=dead }}</ref> Like downtown, [[Corktown, Detroit|Corktown]] Is experiencing growth with the new Ford Corktown Campus under development.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2020/11/17/ford-plans-mobility-innovation-district.html |title= Ford Motor Co. REVEALS PLANS for its New Corktown Campus. | date=November 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://corporate.ford.com/operations/locations/corktown.html |title=The Corktown campus is composed of several buildings |access-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608144327/https://corporate.ford.com/operations/locations/corktown.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:1stNationalBldgingdetroit.jpg|thumb|left|The [[First National Building]], a class-A office center within the [[Detroit Financial District]]]]
[[File:American Courage.jpg|thumb|left|The Detroit River is one of the busiest straits in the world. [[Lake freighter]] ''[[MV American Courage]]'' passing the strait. ]]
Many downtown employers are relatively new, as there has been a marked trend of companies moving from satellite suburbs into the downtown core.<ref>{{cite web|last=Muller|first=David|url=http://www.mlive.com/business/detroit/index.ssf/2013/03/while_companies_move_into_down.html|title=While companies move into Downtown Detroit, suburbs continue to suffer|website=Mlive.com|date=March 8, 2013|access-date=August 18, 2017}}</ref> Compuware completed its [[One Campus Martius|world headquarters]] in downtown in 2003. [[OnStar]], [[Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan|Blue Cross Blue Shield]], and [[HP Enterprise Services]] are at the Renaissance Center. [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] Plaza offices are adjacent to [[Ford Field]], and [[Ernst & Young]] completed its office building at [[One Kennedy Square]] in 2006. Perhaps most prominently, in 2010, Quicken Loans, one of the largest mortgage lenders, relocated its world headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown Detroit, consolidating its suburban offices.<ref name=Howes>Howes, Daniel (November 12, 2007). [http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071112/UPDATE/711120450/1361 Quicken moving to downtown Detroit]. ''The Detroit News''. Retrieved on November 12, 2007.{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In July 2012, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office opened its Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office in the Rivertown/Warehouse District as its first location outside [[Washington, D.C.]]'s metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uspto.gov/news/pr/2012/12-41.jsp |title=Press Release, 12–41 |publisher=Uspto.gov |date=July 13, 2012 |access-date=June 29, 2014 |archive-date=June 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625063919/http://www.uspto.gov/news/pr/2012/12-41.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In April 2014, the [[United States Department of Labor]] reported the city's unemployment rate at 14.5%.<ref name=MILMI2>{{cite web|url=http://ycharts.com/indicators/detroit_mi_unemployment_rate |title=Detroit, MI Unemployment Rate |publisher=Ycharts.com |access-date=July 21, 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Distribution of Detroit's Economy.svg|thumb|200px|
Labor force distribution in Detroit by category:<br />{{Legend|#9a99ff|Construction}} {{Legend|#993365|Manufacturing}} {{Legend|#fffecb|Trade, transportation, utilities}} {{Legend|#cafffd|Information}} {{Legend|#660066|Finance}}
{{Legend|#fe8081|Professional and business services}}
{{Legend|#0265cb|Education and health services}}
{{Legend|#ccccfe|Leisure and hospitality}}
{{Legend|#010080|Other services}}
{{Legend|#ff00fe|Government}}]]
The city of Detroit and other [[public–private partnership]]s have attempted to catalyze the region's growth by facilitating the building and historical rehabilitation of residential high-rises in the downtown, creating a zone that offers many business tax incentives, creating recreational spaces such as the Detroit RiverWalk, [[Campus Martius Park]], [[Dequindre Cut]] Greenway, and Green Alleys in Midtown. The city has cleared sections of land while retaining some historically significant vacant buildings in order to spur redevelopment;<ref name=autogenerated3>Morice, Zach (September 21, 2007).[http://info.aia.org/aiarchitect/thisweek07/0921/0921p_detroit.cfm Planting community in fallow fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723030222/http://info.aia.org/aiarchitect/thisweek07/0921/0921p_detroit.cfm |date=July 23, 2011}}. American Institute of Architects. Retrieved on December 23, 2009.</ref> even though it has struggled with finances, the city issued bonds in 2008 to provide funding for ongoing work to demolish blighted properties.<ref name=NextDetroit /> Two years earlier, downtown reported $1.3&nbsp;billion in restorations and new developments which increased the number of construction jobs in the city.<ref name=partnership /> In the decade prior to 2006, downtown gained more than $15&nbsp;billion in new investment from private and public sectors.<ref name=autogenerated2>The Urban Markets Initiative, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program The Social Compact, Inc. University of Michigan Graduate Real Estate Program (October 2006).[http://www.downtowndetroit.org/ddp/market_data.htm Downtown Detroit In Focus: A Profile of Market Opportunity] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918050029/http://www.downtowndetroit.org/ddp/market_data.htm |date=September 18, 2011}}. Downtown Detroit Partnership. Retrieved on July 10, 2010.</ref>

Despite the city's recent financial issues, many developers remain unfazed by Detroit's problems.<ref>Maynard, Micheline (July 29, 2013). [http://nation.time.com/2013/07/29/detroits-developers-unfazed-by-bankruptcy/ "Detroit's Developers Unfazed by Bankruptcy"]. ''Time''. Retrieved on September 5, 2013.</ref> Midtown is one of the most successful areas within Detroit to have a residential occupancy rate of 96%.<ref>[http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2013/05/lawrence_tech_to_anchor_new.html Lawrence Tech anchoring Midtown Detroit development, joining neighborhood's boom]. MLive.com (May 7, 2013). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.</ref> Numerous developments have been recently completed or are in various stages of construction. These include the $82&nbsp;million reconstruction of downtown's [[David Whitney Building]] (now an [[Aloft Hotel]] and luxury residences), the Woodward Garden Block Development in Midtown, the residential conversion of the [[David Broderick Tower]] in downtown, the rehabilitation of the [[Book Cadillac Hotel]] (now a Westin and luxury condos) and [[Fort Shelby Hotel]] (now Doubletree) also in downtown, and various smaller projects.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/detroit-development-projects-real-estate_n_3288459 |title=Detroit Development Projects, Real Estate Investments Are Booming in 2013 |first=David |last=Sands |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=June 1, 2013}}</ref><ref name="partnership" />

Downtown's population of young professionals is growing, and retail is expanding.<ref name=Detroitres/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joannmuller/2012/07/10/a-shocking-sight-in-downtown-detroit/|title=A Shocking Sight in Downtown Detroit – People|last=Muller|first=Joanne|date=July 10, 2012|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=August 10, 2013}}</ref> A study in 2007 found out that Downtown's new residents are predominantly young professionals (57% are ages 25 to 34, 45% have bachelor's degrees, and 34% have a master's or professional degree),<ref name=Marketprofile/><ref name=Detroitres/><ref name=Detroitstudy/> a trend which has hastened over the last decade. Since 2006, $9&nbsp;billion has been invested in downtown and surrounding neighborhoods; $5.2&nbsp;billion of which has come in 2013 and 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Detroit 7.2|url=http://detroitsevenpointtwo.com/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811042531/http://detroitsevenpointtwo.com/|archive-date=August 11, 2015|access-date=August 15, 2015|publisher=Hudson-Webber Foundation}}</ref> Construction activity, particularly rehabilitation of historic downtown buildings, has increased markedly. As of 2014, the number of vacant downtown buildings has dropped from nearly 50 to around 13.<ref name="Crain">{{cite web|date=September 28, 2014|title=MARY KRAMER: Rebuilding city takes patience, vision – Crain's Detroit Business|url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20140928/BLOG018/309289997/rebuilding-city-takes-patience-vision|access-date=July 23, 2017|website=Crainsdetroit.com}}</ref>

In 2013 [[Meijer]], a midwestern retail chain, opened its first supercenter store in Detroit;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20130724/BUSINESS06/307240146/Meijer-Detroit |title=First Meijer super center store opens in Detroit |website=Detroit Free Press |access-date=June 29, 2014}}</ref> this was a $20&nbsp;million, 190,000-square-foot store in the northern portion of the city and it also is the centerpiece of a new $72&nbsp;million shopping center named Gateway Marketplace.<ref>[http://detroit.cbslocal.com/2013/07/25/new-20m-meijer-store-opens-in-detroit/ New $20M Meijer Store Opens In Detroit]. CBS Detroit (July 25, 2013). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.</ref> In 2015 Meijer opened its second supercenter store in the city.<ref>{{cite web|last=Helms|first=Matt|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/06/11/meijer-second-store-detroit/71062968/ |title=Meijer opens its 2nd Detroit store amid song, donations |website=Detroit Free Press |date=June 11, 2015 |access-date=July 23, 2017}}</ref> In 2019 JPMorgan Chase announced plans to invest $50&nbsp;million more in affordable housing, job training and entrepreneurship by the end of 2022, growing its investment to $200&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|last=Livengood|first=Chad|url=https://www.crainsdetroit.com/economic-development/jpmorgan-chases-detroit-investment-growing-200-million |title=JPMorgan Chase expanding Detroit investment to $200 Million |date=June 26, 2019}}</ref>

==Arts and culture==
{{Main|Culture of Detroit}}

[[File:March for Science IMG 20170422 145254 (41912894840).jpg|thumb|[[March for Science]]]]
[[File:View from upper level of Ford display -- 2018 North American International Auto Show (40540943864).jpg|thumb|[[North American International Auto Show]]]]

In the central portions of Detroit, the population of young professionals, artists, and other transplants is growing and retail is expanding.<ref name=Detroitres>Harrison, Sheena (June 25, 2007). [http://www.crainsdetroit.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070625/SUB/70623003/-1/newsletter02 DEGA enlists help to spur Detroit retail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524101614/http://www.crainsdetroit.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070625%2FSUB%2F70623003%2F-1%2Fnewsletter02 |date=May 24, 2011 }}. ''Crain's Detroit Business''. Retrieved on November 28, 2007. "New downtown residents are largely young professionals according to Social Compact".</ref> This dynamic is luring additional new residents, and former residents returning from other cities, to the city's Downtown along with the revitalized Midtown and New Center areas.<ref name=Marketprofile/><ref name=Detroitres/><ref name=Detroitstudy>Reppert, Joe (October 2007).[http://downtowndetroit.org/ddp/newsroom/Detroit_Drill_Down_Report.pdf Detroit Neighborhood Market Drill Down] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926205010/http://downtowndetroit.org/ddp/newsroom/Detroit_Drill_Down_Report.pdf |date=September 26, 2011 }}. ''Social Compact''. Retrieved on July 10, 2010.</ref>

A desire to be closer to the urban scene has attracted some young professionals to reside in inner ring suburbs such as [[Ferndale, Michigan|Ferndale]] and [[Royal Oak, Michigan|Royal Oak]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Danner|first=Marcia|url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20070702/SUB/707010309# |title=Waterfront Living: River rebirth draws residents downtown |website=Crainsdetroit.com |date=July 2, 2007 |access-date=July 1, 2010}}</ref> The proximity to Windsor provides for views and nightlife, along with Ontario's minimum drinking age of 19.<ref name= Windsornightlife>{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/03/AR2006020302747.html| title = Detroit's Big Party Next Door. In Windsor, Temptation Waits for Players, Fans| access-date =May 5, 2009| last = La Canfora| first = Jason| newspaper=The Washington Post| date=February 4, 2006}}</ref> A 2011 study by [[Walk Score]] recognized Detroit for its above average walkability among large U.S. cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walkscore.com/rankings/cities/|title=2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings |publisher=Walk Score |year=2011 |access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> About two-thirds of suburban residents occasionally dine and attend cultural events or take in professional games in the city.<ref name="Visitor poll">Bailey, Ruby L (August 22, 2007). The D is a draw: Most suburbanites are repeat visitors. ''Detroit Free Press''. New Detroit Free Press-Local 4 poll conducted by Selzer and Co., finds, "nearly two-thirds of residents of suburban Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties say they at least occasionally dine, attend cultural events or take in professional games in Detroit."</ref>

===Nicknames===

Known as the world's automotive center,<ref>Lawrence, Peter (2009).[http://www.cdf.org/issue_journal/interview_with_michigans_governor.html Interview with Michigan's Governor] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120031101/http://www.cdf.org/issue_journal/interview_with_michigans_governor.html |date=November 20, 2008 }}, Corporate Design Foundation. Retrieved on May 1, 2009.</ref> "Detroit" is a [[Metonymy|metonym]] for [[Automotive industry in the United States|that industry]].<ref name=Britannica>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-204598/Michigan |title=Michigan Cities |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=April 8, 2007 |quote=[Detroit] is the automobile capital of the world |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012230850/http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-204598/Michigan |archive-date=October 12, 2007 }}</ref> It is an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, the ''Motor City'' and ''[[Motown]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sae.org/congress/|title=SAE World Congress convenes in Detroit|access-date=April 12, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210095927/http://www.sae.org/congress/|archive-date=February 10, 2007}}</ref> Other nicknames arose in the 20th century, including ''City of Champions'', beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport;<ref name="City_of_Champions">{{cite web |last=Zacharias |first=Patricia |date=August 22, 2000 |title=Detroit, the City of Champions |url=http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=91 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130110201930/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=91 |archive-date=January 10, 2013 |access-date=May 5, 2009 |work=Michigan History, The Detroit News}}</ref> ''The D''; ''[[Hockeytown]]'' (a trademark owned by the [[Detroit Red Wings]]); ''Rock City'' (after the [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]] song "[[Detroit Rock City]]"); and ''The [[Area code 313|313]]'' (its telephone area code).{{efn|Commemorated in the movie ''[[8 Mile (film)|8 Mile]]'' (2002)}}<ref name=Almanac2/>

===Music===
<!-- This section is a summary of significant information. Please make longer contributions to the sub articles. Thank you. -->
{{Main|Music of Detroit|Performing arts in Detroit}}

[[File:Berry Gordy House Boston Edison Detroit.JPG|thumb|"Motown Mansion" in [[Boston-Edison Historic District]]; former home of [[Berry Gordy]], founder of [[Motown Records]]]]
[[File:Detroit Electronic Music Festival 2002 main stage and crowd after dark.jpg|thumb|[[Detroit Electronic Music Festival]]]]
[[File:DIME building exterior.jpg|thumb|[[Detroit Institute of Music Education]]]]

Live music has been a prominent feature of Detroit's nightlife since the late 1940s, bringing the city recognition under the nickname "Motown".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/search/?q=Motown&type=label |title=Searching for "Motown" within on Discogs |website=Discogs.com |access-date=July 23, 2017}}</ref> The metropolitan area has many nationally prominent live music venues. Concerts hosted by [[Live Nation Entertainment|Live Nation]] perform throughout the Detroit area. The theater venue circuit is the United States' second largest and hosts [[Broadway theatre|Broadway performances]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theworldiscoming.com/getinfo_coolstuff.html |title=Firsts and facts |access-date=July 25, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501085821/http://www.theworldiscoming.com/getinfo_coolstuff.html |archive-date=May 1, 2008 }} ''Detroit Tourism Economic Development Council''. Retrieved on July 24, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.°C.org/arts-culture.aspx Arts & Culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411002813/http://www/ |date=April 11, 2005 }} ''Detroit Economic Growth Corporation''. Retrieved on July 24, 2008. "Detroit is home to the second largest theatre district in the United States."</ref>

The city has a rich musical heritage and has contributed to many genres over the decades.<ref name=Almanac2/> Important music events include the [[Detroit International Jazz Festival]], the [[Detroit Electronic Music Festival]], the Motor City Music Conference (MC2), the Urban Organic Music Conference, the Concert of Colors, and the hip-hop Summer Jamz festival.<ref name=Almanac2/>

In the 1940s, [[Detroit blues]] artist [[John Lee Hooker]] became a long-term resident in the [[Delray, Detroit|Delray]] neighborhood. Hooker, among other important blues musicians, migrated from his home in Mississippi, bringing the [[Delta blues]] to Detroit. Hooker recorded for [[Fortune Records]], the biggest pre-Motown blues/soul label. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the Black Bottom neighborhood.<ref name=Woodford/> Prominent emerging jazz musicians included trumpeter [[Donald Byrd]] (who attended Cass Tech and performed with [[Art Blakey]] and [[The Jazz Messengers]] early in his career) and saxophonist [[Pepper Adams]] (who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums). The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Graystone Online |url=http://www.ipl.org.ar/exhibit/detjazz/Graystone.html |publisher=Internet Public Library of the University of Michigan |access-date=May 5, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911002339/http://www.ipl.org.ar/exhibit/detjazz/Graystone.html |archive-date=September 11, 2009 }}</ref>

Other prominent Motor City R&B stars in the 1950s and early 1960s were [[Nolan Strong]], [[Andre Williams (musician)|Andre Williams]] and [[Nathaniel Mayer]]—who all scored local and national hits on the [[Fortune Records]] label. According to [[Smokey Robinson]], Strong was a primary influence on his voice as a teenager. The Fortune label, a family-operated label on Third Avenue, was owned by the husband-and-wife team of Jack Brown and Devora Brown. Fortune—which also released country, gospel and rockabilly LPs and 45s—laid the groundwork for Motown, which became Detroit's most legendary record label.<ref name=Carson>{{Cite book |first= David A. |last= Carson |title= Noise, and Revolution: The Birth of Detroit Rock 'n' Roll |publisher= University of Michigan Press |year= 2005 |isbn= 0-472-11503-0 }}</ref>

[[Berry Gordy, Jr.]] founded [[Motown Records]], which rose to prominence during the 1960s and early 1970s with acts such as [[Stevie Wonder]], [[the Temptations]], [[the Four Tops]], [[Smokey Robinson & The Miracles]], [[Diana Ross & The Supremes]], the [[The Jackson 5|Jackson 5]], [[Martha and the Vandellas]], [[The Spinners (American group)|the Spinners]], [[Gladys Knight & the Pips]], [[the Marvelettes]], [[the Elgins]], [[The Monitors (American band)|the Monitors]], [[the Velvelettes]] and [[Marvin Gaye]]. Artists were backed by in-house vocalists<ref>''Girl Groups – Fabulous Females Who Rocked The World'', by John Clemente</ref> [[The Andantes]] and [[The Funk Brothers]].

"The Motown sound" played an important role in the crossover appeal with popular music, since it was the first African American–owned record label to primarily feature African-American artists. Gordy moved Motown to Los Angeles in 1972 to pursue film production, but the company has since returned to Detroit. [[Aretha Franklin]], another Detroit R&B star, carried the Motown sound; however, she did not record with Berry's Motown label.<ref name=Almanac2/>

Local artists and bands rose to prominence in the 1960s and 70s, including the [[MC5]], [[Glenn Frey]], [[the Stooges]], [[Bob Seger]], [[The Amboy Dukes (band)|Amboy Dukes]] featuring [[Ted Nugent]], [[Mitch Ryder]] and The Detroit Wheels, [[Rare Earth (band)|Rare Earth]], [[Alice Cooper]], and [[Suzi Quatro]]. The group [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]] emphasized the city's connection with rock in the song "[[Detroit Rock City]]" and the movie produced in 1999. In the 1980s, Detroit was an important center of the [[hardcore punk rock]] underground with many nationally known bands coming out of the city and its suburbs, such as [[the Necros]], [[the Meatmen]], and [[Negative Approach]].<ref name="Carson"/>

In the 1990s and 2000s, the city produced many influential [[hip hop music|hip hop]] artists, including [[Eminem]], the hip-hop artist with the highest cumulative sales, his rap group [[D12]], hip-hop rapper and producer [[Royce da 5'9"]], hip-hop producer [[Denaun Porter]], hip-hop producer [[J Dilla]], rapper and musician [[Kid Rock]] and rappers [[Big Sean]] and [[Danny Brown (rapper)|Danny Brown]]. The band [[Sponge (band)|Sponge]] toured and produced music.<ref name="Almanac2" /><ref name="Carson" /> The city also has an active [[garage rock]] scene that has generated national attention with acts such as [[the White Stripes]], [[the Von Bondies]], [[the Detroit Cobras]], [[the Dirtbombs]], [[Electric Six]], and [[the Hard Lessons]].<ref name="Almanac2" /> Detroit is cited as the birthplace of [[techno]] music in the early 1980s.<ref name="Plexifilm">{{cite web|author=Jessica Edwards |url=http://www.plexifilm.com/title.php?id=27 |title=High Tech Soul |publisher=Plexifilm |access-date=July 1, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206170131/http://www.plexifilm.com/title.php?id=27 |archive-date=December 6, 2013 }}</ref> The city also lends its name to an early and pioneering genre of [[electronic dance music]], "[[Detroit techno]]". Featuring science fiction imagery and robotic themes, its futuristic style was greatly influenced by the geography of Detroit's urban decline and its industrial past.<ref name="Woodford">{{Cite book| author=Woodford, Arthur M.|title=This is Detroit 1701–2001|publisher=Wayne State University Press| year=2001|isbn=0-8143-2914-4}}</ref> Prominent Detroit techno artists include [[Juan Atkins]], [[Derrick May (musician)|Derrick May]], [[Kevin Saunderson]], and [[Jeff Mills]]. The [[Detroit Electronic Music Festival]], now known as Movement, occurs annually in late May on Memorial Day Weekend, and takes place in [[Hart Plaza]].

===Performing arts===
<!-- This section is a summary of significant information. Please make longer contributions to the sub articles. Thank you. -->
{{Main|Theatre in Detroit}}

[[File:Detroit December 2019 14 (Fox Theatre).jpg|thumb|The [[Fox Theatre (Detroit)|Detroit Fox Theatre]] in Downtown]]

Major theaters in Detroit include the [[Fox Theatre (Detroit)|Fox Theatre]] (5,174 seats), [[Music Hall Center for the Performing Arts]]  (1,770 seats), the [[Gem Theatre]] (451 seats), [[Detroit Masonic Temple|Masonic Temple Theatre]] (4,404 seats), the [[Detroit Opera House]] (2,765 seats), the [[Fisher Theatre]] (2,089 seats), [[The Fillmore Detroit]] (2,200 seats), [[Saint Andrew's Hall]], the [[Majestic Theater (Detroit, Michigan)|Majestic Theater]], and [[Orchestra Hall (Detroit)|Orchestra Hall]] (2,286 seats), which hosts the renowned [[Detroit Symphony Orchestra]]. The [[Nederlander Organization]], the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City, originated with the purchase of the [[Detroit Opera House]] in 1922 by the Nederlander family.<ref name=Almanac2>{{Cite book|author1=Gavrilovich, Peter  |author2=Bill McGraw |title=The Detroit Almanac| edition=2nd |publisher=Detroit Free Press| year=2006|isbn=978-0-937247-48-8}}</ref>

[[Motown Motion Picture Studios]] with {{convert|535000|sqft|m2}} produces movies in Detroit and the surrounding area based at the Pontiac Centerpoint Business Campus for a film industry expected to employ over 4,000 people in the metro area.<ref>Gallaher, John and Kathleen Gray and Chris Christoff (February 3, 2009). "Pontiac film studio to bring jobs". ''Detroit Free Press''.</ref>

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in metropolitan Detroit}}
[[File:Detroit Institute of Arts From DPL.jpg|thumb|[[Detroit Institute of Arts]]]]

Because of its unique culture, distinctive architecture, and revitalization and urban renewal efforts in the 21st century, Detroit has enjoyed increased prominence as a tourist destination in recent years. ''[[The New York Times]]'' listed Detroit as the ninth-best destination in its list of ''52 Places to Go in 2017'',<ref name="52 Places to Go in 2017">[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/travel/places-to-visit.html "52 Places to Go in 2017"]. NYT Travel, ''The New York Times''. January 4, 2017. Retrieved on February 7, 2018.</ref> while travel guide publisher ''[[Lonely Planet]]'' named Detroit the second-best city in the world to visit in 2018.<ref name="Top 10 cities to visit in 2018">[https://www.lonelyplanet.com/best-in-travel/cities "Top 10 cities to visit in 2018"]. [[Lonely Planet]]. Retrieved on February 7, 2018.</ref>''Time'' named Detroit as one of the 50 World's Greatest Places of 2022 to explore.<ref name=":1" />

Many of the area's prominent museums are in the historic [[Detroit Cultural Center|cultural center]] neighborhood around Wayne State University and the [[College for Creative Studies]]. These museums include the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]], the [[Detroit Historical Museum]], [[Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History]], the [[Detroit Science Center]], as well as the main branch of the [[Detroit Public Library]]. Other cultural highlights include [[Hitsville U.S.A.|Motown Historical Museum]], the [[Ford Piquette Avenue Plant]] museum, the [[Pewabic Pottery]] studio and school, the [[Tuskegee Airmen]] Museum, [[Fort Wayne (Detroit)|Fort Wayne]], the Dossin Great Lakes Museum, the [[Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit]], the [[Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit]], and the [[Belle Isle Conservatory]].

In 2010, the G.R. N'Namdi Gallery opened in a {{convert|16000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} complex in Midtown. Important history of America and the Detroit area are exhibited at [[The Henry Ford]] in [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]], the United States' largest indoor-outdoor museum complex.<ref>America's Story, Explore the States: Michigan (2006). [http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/es/mi/ford_1 Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014115229/http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/es/mi/ford_1 |date=October 14, 2009 }} ''Library of Congress'' Retrieved August 14, 2011.</ref> The Detroit Historical Society provides information about tours of area churches, skyscrapers, and mansions. Inside Detroit hosts tours, educational programming, and a downtown welcome center. Other sites of interest are the [[Detroit Zoo]] in [[Royal Oak, Michigan|Royal Oak]], the [[Cranbrook Art Museum]] in [[Bloomfield Hills, Michigan|Bloomfield Hills]], the [[Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory]] on Belle Isle, and Walter P. Chrysler Museum in [[Auburn Hills, Michigan|Auburn Hills]].<ref name=AIADetroit/>

[[Greektown, Detroit|Greektown]] and three downtown casino resort hotels serve as part of an entertainment hub. The [[Eastern Market, Detroit|Eastern Market]] farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easternmarket.org/page.cfm/19/ |title=History of Eastern Market |access-date=May 6, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506012105/http://www.easternmarket.org/page.cfm/19/ |archive-date=May 6, 2008 }}. ''Eastern Market Merchant's Association''. Retrieved on March 8, 2006.</ref> On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop there.<ref name=Easternmarket1>{{cite web|url=http://www.modeldmedia.com/neighborhoods/easternmarket.aspx |title=Eastern Market |access-date=April 5, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405184940/http://www.modeldmedia.com/neighborhoods/easternmarket.aspx |archive-date=April 5, 2008 }}. ''Model D Media'' (April 5, 2008). Retrieved January 24, 2011.</ref> The annual Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.<ref name="Midtown2">{{cite web |title=Midtown |url=http://www.modeldmedia.com/neighborhoods/Midtown.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405014021/http://www.modeldmedia.com/neighborhoods/Midtown.aspx |archive-date=April 5, 2008 |access-date=April 5, 2007}}. ''Model D Media'' (April 4, 2008). Retrieved on January 24, 2011.</ref>

[[File:Ford Piquette Avenue Plant - Model T Assortment.jpg|thumb|The [[Ford Piquette Avenue Plant]], birthplace of the [[Ford Model T]] and the world's oldest car factory building open to the public]]

Annual summer events include the [[Detroit Electronic Music Festival|Electronic Music Festival]], [[Detroit International Jazz Festival|International Jazz Festival]], the [[Woodward Dream Cruise]], the African World Festival, the country music Hoedown, Noel Night, and [[Dally in the Alley]]. Within downtown, Campus Martius Park hosts large events, including the annual Motown Winter Blast. As the world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the [[North American International Auto Show]]. Held since 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation's largest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theparade.org/ |title=The Parade Company &#124; Home of America's Thanksgiving Day Parade |website=Theparade.org |access-date=July 23, 2017}}</ref> River Days, a five-day summer festival on the International Riverfront lead up to the [[Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival]] fireworks, which draw super sized-crowds ranging from hundreds of thousands to over three million people.<ref name="Visitor poll"/><ref name=Almanac2/><ref name=Winterblast>Fifth Third Bank rocks the Winter Blast. ''[[Michigan Chronicle]]''. (March 14, 2006).</ref>

An important civic sculpture is ''[[The Spirit of Detroit]]'' by [[Marshall Fredericks]] at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit, and the statue is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well.<ref>Baulch, Vivian M. (August 4, 1998). [http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=159 Marshall Fredericks – the Spirit of Detroit] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120711220627/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=159 |date=July 11, 2012 }}. Michigan History, ''The Detroit News''. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.</ref> A [[Monument to Joe Louis|memorial to Joe Louis]] is located at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues. The sculpture, commissioned by ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' and executed by [[Robert Graham (sculptor)|Robert Graham]], is a {{convert|24|ft|m|adj=on}} long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework.

==Sports==
{{Further|Sports in Detroit|U.S. cities with teams from four major sports}}
{{multiple image
|align = right
|direction = vertical
|width = 220
|image1 = Comerica-Park-Detroit-MI-Panorama.jpg
|image2 = Minnesota Vikings vs. Detroit Lions 2018 03.jpg
|image3 = Little Caesars Arena panorama.jpg
|footer = Top: [[Comerica Park]], home of the [[American League]] [[Detroit Tigers]]; middle: [[Ford Field]], home of the [[Detroit Lions]]; bottom: [[Little Caesars Arena]], home of the [[Detroit Red Wings]] and the [[Detroit Pistons]]
}}

Detroit is one of four U.S. cities that have venues within the city representing the four major sports in North America. Detroit is the only city to have its four major sports teams play within its downtown district.<ref>{{cite web|last=Block|first=Dustin|url=https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/pistons-move-makes-detroit-only-north-american-city-with-4-pro-teams-in-its-downtown|title=Pistons move makes Detroit only North American city with 4 pro teams in its downtown |website=Clickondetroit.com|date=November 22, 2016}}</ref> Venues include: [[Comerica Park]] (home of [[Major League Baseball|MLB's]] [[Detroit Tigers]]), [[Ford Field]] (home of the [[National Football League|NFL's]] [[Detroit Lions]]), and [[Little Caesars Arena]] (home of the [[National Hockey League|NHL's]] [[Detroit Red Wings]] and the [[National Basketball Association|NBA's]] [[Detroit Pistons]]).

Detroit has won titles in all four of the major professional sports leagues. The Tigers have won four World Series titles ([[1935 World Series|1935]], [[1945 World Series|1945]], [[1968 World Series|1968]], and [[1984 World Series|1984]]). The Red Wings have won 11 [[Stanley Cup]]s ([[1936 Stanley Cup Finals|1935–36]], [[1937 Stanley Cup Finals|1936–37]], [[1943 Stanley Cup Finals|1942–43]], [[1950 Stanley Cup Finals|1949–50]], [[1952 Stanley Cup Finals|1951–52]], [[1954 Stanley Cup Finals|1953–54]], [[1955 Stanley Cup Finals|1954–55]], [[1997 Stanley Cup Finals|1996–97]], [[1998 Stanley Cup Finals|1997–98]], [[2002 Stanley Cup Finals|2001–02]], [[2008 Stanley Cup Finals|2007–08]]) (the most by an American NHL franchise).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=91&category=sports |work=Detroit News |title=Rearview Mirror index |access-date=July 1, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710164609/http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=91&category=sports |archive-date=July 10, 2012 }}</ref> The Lions have won 4 NFL titles ([[1935 NFL Championship Game|1935]], [[1952 NFL Championship Game|1952]], [[1953 NFL Championship Game|1953]], [[1957 NFL Championship Game|1957]]) . The Pistons have won three NBA titles ([[1989 NBA Finals|1989]], [[1990 NBA Finals|1990]], [[2004 NBA Finals|2004]]).<ref name="Almanac2" /> In the years following the mid-1930s, Detroit was referred to as the "City of Champions" after the Tigers, Lions, and Red Wings captured the three major professional sports championships in existence at the time in a seven-month period (the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936).<ref name="City_of_Champions" />

Founded in 2012 as a semi-professional soccer club, [[Detroit City FC]] plays professional soccer in the [[USL Championship]]. Nicknamed, ''Le Rouge'', the club are two-time champions of [[National Independent Soccer Association|NISA]] since joining in 2020. They play their home matches in [[Keyworth Stadium]], which is located in the enclave of [[Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detcityfc.com/ |title=Detroit City Football Club |publisher=Detcityfc.com |access-date=December 9, 2012}}</ref>

In college sports, Detroit's central location within the [[Mid-American Conference]] (MAC) has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to [[Cleveland]] starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field since 2004 and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has an [[NCAA Division I]] program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and [[NCAA Division II|II]] programs. The NCAA football [[Quick Lane Bowl]] is held at Ford Field each December.

The city hosted the 2005 [[MLB All-Star Game]], [[Super Bowl XL]] in 2006, the [[2006 World Series|2006]] and [[2012 World Series]], [[WrestleMania 23]] in 2007, and the [[NCAA]] [[Final Four (college basketball)|Final Four]] in April 2009. The [[Detroit Indy Grand Prix]] is held in Belle Isle Park. In 2007, open-wheel racing returned to Belle Isle with both [[Indy Racing League]] and [[American Le Mans Series]] Racing.<ref name="2007IndyRacing">{{cite news| url = http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t=133002| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527190926/http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t=133002| archive-date = May 27, 2008| title = Indy racing will return to Detroit| access-date =May 5, 2009| date = September 29, 2006| agency=Associated Press| website = SportingNews.com}}</ref> From 1982 to 1988, Detroit held the [[Detroit Grand Prix]], at the [[Detroit street circuit]].

In 1932, Eddie "The Midnight Express" Tolan from Detroit won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the [[1932 Summer Olympics]]. [[Joe Louis]] won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937. Detroit has made the most bids to host the Summer Olympics without ever being awarded the games, with seven unsuccessful bids for the [[1944 Summer Olympics|1944]], [[1952 Summer Olympics|1952]], [[1956 Summer Olympics|1956]], [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960]], [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]], [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968]], and [[1972 Summer Olympics|1972]] summer games.<ref name="Almanac2" />

==Government==
{{Further|Government of Detroit|List of mayors of Detroit}}
[[File:Guardian Building with flag - Detroit Michigan.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Guardian Building]] serves as the headquarters of Wayne County.]]

The city is governed pursuant to the [[home rule]] ''Charter of the City of Detroit''. The government is run by a mayor, the nine-member [[Detroit City Council]], the eleven-member [[Detroit Board of Police Commissioners|Board of Police Commissioners]], and a clerk. All of these officers are elected on a nonpartisan ballot, with the exception of four of the police commissioners, who are appointed by the mayor. Detroit has a "[[Mayor–council government|strong mayoral]]" system, with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets, but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking. The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detroitmi.gov/Portals/0/docs/Publications/COD%20Charter/2_29_2012_CharterDocument_2_1_WITHOUT_COMMENTARY_1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425193308/http://www.detroitmi.gov/Portals/0/docs/Publications/COD%20Charter/2_29_2012_CharterDocument_2_1_WITHOUT_COMMENTARY_1.pdf |archive-date=April 25, 2016 |url-status=live |title=Charter of the City of Detroit | date =January 1, 2012 | website=detroitmi.gov | publisher =City of Detroit | access-date=October 19, 2017 }}</ref><ref name="crcmich.org">Ward, George E. (July 1993). [http://www.crcmich.org/PUBLICAT/1990s/1993/rpt31002.pdf Detroit Charter Revision – A Brief History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228003247/http://www.crcmich.org/PUBLICAT/1990s/1993/rpt31002.pdf |date=December 28, 2016 }}. ''Citizens Research Council of Michigan'' (pdf file).</ref> The ''Detroit City Code'' is the [[codification (law)|codification]] of Detroit's [[local ordinance]]s.

Presently three Community Advisory Councils advise City Council representatives. Residents of each of Detroit's seven districts have the option of electing Community Advisory Councils.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detcharter.com/charter/charter-09-01.php |title=The Detroit Charter and City Government ARTICLE 9. CHAPTER 1. COMMUNITY ADVISORY COUNCILS | website=detcharter.com | publisher =2012 Detroit Charter Revision Commission | access-date=2019-03-19 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://archives.wdet.org/news/story/community-council-districts-/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806223229/http://archives.wdet.org/news/story/community-council-districts-/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-08-06 |title=Detroiters Push to Establish Community Advisory Councils in City Districts | website=wdet.org | publisher =WDET 101.9 and Wayne State University | access-date=2019-08-06 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://detroitpeoplesplatform.org/2014/03/action-alert-city-council-evening-meeting-monday-march-3rd/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720024421/http://detroitpeoplesplatform.org/2014/03/action-alert-city-council-evening-meeting-monday-march-3rd/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 20, 2019 |title=Action Alert: City Council Evening Meeting Monday March 3rd | date =March 3, 2012 | website=detroitpeoplesplatform.org | publisher =Detroit Peoples Platform | access-date=2019-08-06 }}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.waynecounty.com/documents/clerk/16GDETLL.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720024146/https://www.waynecounty.com/documents/clerk/16GDETLL.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 20, 2019 |title=Wayne Co., Mi General Election 11/08/16 Total Results | date =November 23, 2016 | website=waynecounty.com | publisher =County of Wayne | access-date=2019-08-06 }}
* {{cite web
 |url=https://www.candgnews.com/news/communityadvisory-councilapproved-for-detroits4th-district-115390
 |title=Community Advisory Council approved for Detroit's 4th District
 |last=Losinski
 |first=Brendan
 |date=October 15, 2019
 |website=candgnews.com
 |publisher=C & G Publishing
 |access-date=2020-11-16
 }}
* {{cite web
 |url=https://www.telegramnews.net/story/2019/10/03/news/community-activist-files-1570-signatures-to-create-community-advisory-council/758.html
 |title=Community Activist Files 1,570 Signatures to Create Community Advisory Council
 |date=October 3, 2019
 |website=telegramnews.net
 |publisher=Telegram Newspaper
 |access-date=2020-11-16
 }}
* {{cite web
 |url=https://www.waynecounty.com/documents/clerk/electionsummary11320_unofficial.pdf
 |title=City of Detroit Community Advisory Council District 4 Partial Term Ending 01/01/2022
 |date=November 5, 2020
 |website=waynecounty.com
 |publisher=Wayne County Michigan
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105182811/https://www.waynecounty.com/documents/clerk/electionsummary11320_unofficial.pdf
 |access-date=2020-11-16
 |archive-date=2020-11-05
 }}
* {{cite web
 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1u_eF5I6IB4
 |title=Detroit Community Advisory Council {CAC} Candidates Running For District 5 on Nov 8
 |last= Carter
 |first=Piper
 |date=October 25, 2022
 |website=Youtube.com
 |access-date=2023-11-03
 }}
* {{cite web
 |url=https://detroitmi.gov/government/city-council/city-council-president-district-5/district-5-community-advisory-council
 |title=District 5 Community Advisory Council
 |website=detroitmi.gov
 |publisher=City of Detroit
 |access-date=2023-11-03
 }}</ref> The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records. Municipal elections for mayor, city council and city clerk are held at four-year intervals, in the year after presidential elections.<ref name="crcmich.org" /> Following a November 2009 referendum, seven council members will be elected from districts beginning in 2013 while two will continue to be elected at-large.<ref name="cdet">Nelson, Gabe (November 3, 2009).[http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20091103/FREE/911039978 Voters overwhelmingly approve Detroit Proposal D]. ''Crains Detroit Business''. Retrieved on December 23, 2009.</ref>

Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is in the [[Coleman A. Young Municipal Center]] in downtown. The Circuit Court is across Gratiot Avenue in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the [[Michigan Court of Appeals]] and the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan]]. The city provides law enforcement through the [[Detroit Police Department]] and emergency services through the [[Detroit Fire Department]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police Department |url=https://detroitmi.gov/departments/police-department |access-date=September 11, 2022 |website=City of Detroit |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Detroit Fire Department |url=https://detroitmi.gov/departments/detroit-fire-department |access-date=September 11, 2022 |website=City of Detroit |language=en}}</ref>

===Politics===
Beginning with its incorporation in 1802, Detroit has had a total of [[List of mayors of Detroit|74 mayors]]. Detroit's last mayor from the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] was [[Louis Miriani]], who served from 1957 to 1962. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor, [[Coleman Young]]. Despite development efforts, his combative style during his five terms in office was not well received by many suburban residents.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/US/9711/29/young.obit.pm/ "Detroit's 'great warrior,' Coleman Young, dies"]. CNN. November 29, 1997.</ref> Mayor [[Dennis Archer]], a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice, refocused the city's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown. By 2008, three major casino resort hotels established operations in the city.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/10/us/detroit-council-approves-plan-for-3-casinos.html| title = Detroit Council Approves Plan For 3 Casinos| date = April 10, 1998| website = The New York Times| access-date = March 19, 2023}}</ref>

In 2000, the city requested an investigation by the [[United States Justice Department]] into the Detroit Police Department which was concluded in 2003 over allegations regarding its use of force and civil rights violations. The city proceeded with a major reorganization of the Detroit Police Department.<ref>Lin, Judy and David Joser, (August 30, 2005). Detroit to trim 150 cops, precincts. ''Detroit News''.</ref> In 2013, felony bribery charges were brought against seven building inspectors.<ref>{{cite news|last=Abbey-Lambertz|first=Kate|date=August 29, 2013|title=Detroit Corruption Rooted Out As Felony Bribery Charges Filed Against 7 Building Inspectors|work=[[HuffPost]]|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/detroit-corruption_n_3837180}}</ref> In 2016, further corruption charges were brought against 12 principals, a former school superintendent and supply vendor<ref>{{cite web|last=Baldas|first=Tresa|title=Vendor in DPS corruption case lived like a king|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2016/04/17/vendor-dps-corruption-case-lived-like-king/82767944/|date=April 17, 2016|access-date=July 23, 2017|website=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> for a $12&nbsp;million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=12000000|start_year=2016}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) kickback scheme.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cwiek|first=Sarah|title=(The Latest) Corruption Charges in Detroit's Struggling Schools|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/04/22/474737468/-the-latest-corruption-charges-in-detroits-struggling-schools|date=April 22, 2016|work=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Quinlan|first=Casey|date=March 30, 2016|title=Feds Bring Corruption Charges Against Current And Former Detroit School Principals|url=http://thinkprogress.org/education/2016/03/30/3764706/detroit-school-principals-kickbacks/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522211529/http://thinkprogress.org/education/2016/03/30/3764706/detroit-school-principals-kickbacks/|archive-date=May 22, 2016|access-date=July 23, 2017|website=Thinkprogress.org}}</ref> However, law professor Peter Henning argues Detroit's corruption is not unusual for a city its size, especially when compared with Chicago.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gabriel|first=Larry|title=How corrupt is Detroit?|url=http://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/how-corrupt-is-detroit/Content?oid=2149028|date=March 14, 2012|work=Detroit Metro Times}}</ref>

Detroit is sometimes referred to as a [[sanctuary city]] because it has "anti-profiling ordinances that generally prohibit local police from asking about the immigration status of people who are not suspected of any crime".<ref>Jonathan Oosting, [http://www.mlive.com/lansing-news/index.ssf/2015/09/immigrant_advocates_blast_bill.html Push to ban 'sanctuary cities' in Michigan faces criticism from immigrant advocates], MLive (September 30, 2015).</ref> The city in recent years has been a stronghold for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], with around 94% of votes in the city going to [[Joe Biden]], the Democratic candidate in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 Presidential election]].

==Education==
===Colleges and universities===
{{See also|Metro Detroit#Education|l1=Colleges and universities in Metro Detroit}}

[[File:UDMCollegeofBusinessAdministration.jpg|thumb|upright|College of Business Administration, [[University of Detroit Mercy]]]]

Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning including [[Wayne State University]], a national research university with medical and [[Wayne State University Law School|law schools]] in the Midtown area offering hundreds of academic degrees and programs. The [[University of Detroit Mercy]], in northwest Detroit in the [[University District, Detroit|University District]], is a prominent [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] university affiliated with the [[Society of Jesus]] (the Jesuits) and the [[Sisters of Mercy]]. The [[University of Detroit Mercy School of Law]] is downtown across from the Renaissance Center.<ref>{{Google maps |url= https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Renaissance+Center,+Renaissance+Center,+Detroit,+MI,+USA/Detroit+Mercy+Law,+651+E+Jefferson+Ave,+Detroit,+MI+48226,+United+States/@42.3308746,-83.0394566,18z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x883b2d26393bca99:0xd8ffbc9cbbc24e3!2m2!1d-83.0399975!2d42.3293486!1m5!1m1!1s0x883b2d284ae6f09b:0x342ce2f4fadf79df!2m2!1d-83.0375641!2d42.33234!3e2 |title= Walking Directions between University of Detroit Mercy School of Law and Renaissance Center |access-date= May 24, 2021}}</ref>

[[Grand Valley State University]]'s Detroit Center hosts workshops, seminars, professional development, and other large gatherings. Located in the heart of downtown next to Comerica Park and the Detroit Athletic Club, the center has become a key component for educational activity in the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Detroit Center - Grand Valley State University|url=https://www.gvsu.edu/detroitcenter/|access-date=December 2, 2020|website=Gvsu.edu}}</ref>

[[File:DeRoy Auditorium WSU Detroit MI.jpg|thumb|[[DeRoy Auditorium]] at [[Wayne State University]], by [[Minoru Yamasaki]]]]

[[Sacred Heart Major Seminary]], founded in 1919, is affiliated with [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]], ''Angelicum'' in Rome and offers pontifical degrees as well as civil undergraduate and graduate degrees. Other institutions in the city include the [[College for Creative Studies]] and [[Wayne County Community College]]. In June 2009, the [[Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine]] which is based in [[East Lansing, Michigan|East Lansing]] opened a satellite campus at the [[Detroit Medical Center]].

===Primary and secondary schools===
{{Further|Educational inequality in Southeast Michigan}}
{{As of|2016}} many K-12 students in Detroit frequently change schools<!--The cited quote means it applies to private, charter, and public-->, with some children having been enrolled in seven schools before finishing their K-12 careers. There is a concentration of senior high schools and [[charter schools]] in the downtown area, which had wealthier residents and more gentrification relative to other parts of Detroit: Downtown, northwest Detroit, and northeast Detroit have 1,894, 3,742, and 6,018 students of high school age, respectively, while they have 11, three, and two high schools, respectively.<ref name=Zernike>{{cite news|author=Zernike, Kate|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/29/us/for-detroits-children-more-school-choice-but-not-better-schools.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/29/us/for-detroits-children-more-school-choice-but-not-better-schools.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited|title=A Sea of Charter Schools in Detroit Leaves Students Adrift|newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 29, 2016|access-date=May 11, 2019|quote=Dawn Wilson's four oldest children have attended between five and seven schools each – not uncommon in Detroit – moving among charter schools, traditional schools, private religious schools and suburban districts that take Detroit students,}}{{cbignore}}</ref> {{As of|2016}} because of the lack of public transportation and the lack of school bus services, many Detroit families have to rely on themselves to transport children to school.<ref name="Zernike" />

====Public schools and charter schools====
[[File:Western International High School (Detroit).jpg|thumb|[[Western International High School]]]]
[[File:Cass Technical High School 2010.jpg|thumb|[[Cass Technical High School]]]]

With about 66,000 public school students (2011–12), the [[Detroit Public Schools]] (DPS) district is the largest [[school district]] in Michigan. Detroit has an additional 56,000 charter school students for a combined enrollment of about 122,000 students.<ref name=charter/><ref name="Enrollment">Dawsey, Chastity Pratt (October 20, 2011). Detroit Public Schools hits enrollment goal. ''Detroit Free Press''</ref> {{As of|2009}} there are about as many students in charter schools as there are in district schools.<ref>Winerip, Michael. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/education/14winerip.html "For Detroit Schools, Mixed Picture on Reforms"]. ''The New York Times''. March 13, 2011. Retrieved on November 9, 2012.</ref> {{As of|2016}} DPS continues to have the majority of the special education pupils. In addition, some Detroit students, as of 2016, attend public schools in other municipalities<!--"suburban districts that take Detroit students"-->.<ref name=Zernike/>

In 1999, the [[Michigan Legislature]] removed the locally elected board of education amid allegations of mismanagement and replaced it with a reform board appointed by the mayor and governor. The elected board of education was re-established following a city referendum in 2005. The first election of the new 11-member board of education occurred on November 8, 2005.<ref>LewAllen, Dave (August 3, 2005). [http://www1.wxyz.com/wxyz/nw_local_news/article/0,2132,WXYZ_15924_3974896,00.html Detroiters Vote for New School Board] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621084200/http://www1.wxyz.com/wxyz/nw_local_news/article/0%2C2132%2CWXYZ_15924_3974896%2C00.html |date=June 21, 2006 }}. ''WXYZ.com''.</ref>

With growing charter schools enrollment as well as a continued exodus of population, the city planned to close many public schools.<ref name=charter>Hing, Julianne (March 17, 2010).[http://colorlines.com/archives/2010/03/45_dps_schools_to_close_where_have_all_of_detroits_students_gone.html Where Have All The Students Gone?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201112018/http://colorlines.com/archives/2010/03/45_dps_schools_to_close_where_have_all_of_detroits_students_gone.html |date=February 1, 2015 }}. ''Color Lines.com''. Retrieved on August 19, 2010.</ref> State officials report a 68% graduation rate for Detroit's public schools adjusted for those who change schools.<ref>Shultz, Marissa and Greg Wilkerson (June 13, 2007).[http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070613/SCHOOLS/706130409/1003/METRO Graduation rate]. ''[[Detroit News]]''. Retrieved on March 17, 2009.{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Detroitk12">[http://detroitk12.org/content/2007/06/15/study-on-districts-graduation-rate-is-wrong/ Detroit Public Schools news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042631/http://detroitk12.org/content/2007/06/15/study-on-districts-graduation-rate-is-wrong/ |date=January 12, 2018 }} (June 15, 2007). Retrieved February 13, 2017.</ref> Traditional public and charter school students in the city have performed poorly on standardized tests. {{Circa|2009}} and 2011, while Detroit traditional public schools scored a record low on national tests, the publicly funded charter schools did even worse than the traditional public schools.<ref>{{cite news | last=Resmovits | first=Joy | url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/detroit-charter-high-schools-underperform_n_893327 | title=Detroit Charter High Schools Underperform Public Counterparts, Analysis Shows | work=[[HuffPost]] | date=July 8, 2011}}</ref><ref>Erb, Robin and Chastity Pratt Dawsey. [http://www.freep.com/article/20091208/NEWS01/91208020/Detroit-students-scores-record-low-national-test "Detroit students' scores a record low on national test"]. ''[[Detroit Free Press]]''. December 8, 2009.</ref> {{As of|2016}} there were 30,000 excess openings in Detroit traditional public and charter schools, bearing in mind the number of K-12-aged children in the city. In 2016, [[Kate Zernike]] of ''The New York Times'' stated school performance did not improve despite the proliferation of charters, describing the situation as "lots of choice, with no good choice".<ref name=Zernike/>

Detroit public schools students scored the lowest on tests of reading and writing of all major cities in the United States in 2015. Among eighth-graders, only 27% showed basic proficiency in math and 44% in reading.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lewis|first=Shawn D.|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2015/10/28/national-assessment-educational-progress-detroit-math-reading-results/74718372/|title=Detroit worst in math, reading scores among big cities|website=Detroitnews.com|date=October 28, 2015|access-date=July 23, 2017}}</ref> Nearly half of Detroit's adults are [[Functional illiteracy|functionally illiterate]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/detroit-illiteracy-nearly-half-education_n_858307 |title=Nearly Half Of Detroit's Adults Are Functionally Illiterate, Report Finds | work=[[HuffPost]] |date=May 7, 2011}}</ref>

====Private schools====
Detroit is served by various private schools, as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools operated by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit|Archdiocese of Detroit]]. {{As of|2013}} there are four Catholic grade schools and three Catholic high schools in the City of Detroit, with all of them in the city's west side.<ref name=Cathschool>"[http://www.freep.com/article/20130201/NEWS01/302010079/Detroit-area-s-Catholic-schools-shrink-but-tradition-endures Detroit area's Catholic schools shrink, but tradition endures]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130204182232/http://www.freep.com/article/20130201/NEWS01/302010079/Detroit-area-s-Catholic-schools-shrink-but-tradition-endures Archive]). ''[[Detroit Free Press]]''. February 1, 2013. Retrieved on September 13, 2014.</ref> The Archdiocese of Detroit lists a number of primary and secondary schools in the metro area as Catholic education has emigrated to the suburbs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.educationreport.org/pubs/mer/article.aspx?id=7247 |title=Detroit Catholic high school 'sees God in the challenges' |website=Educationreport.org |date=August 16, 2005|access-date=July 1, 2010}}</ref><ref>Pratt, Chastity, Patricia Montemurri, and Lori Higgins. [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1814901451.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+17%2C+2005&author=CHASTITY+PRATT%3B+PATRICIA+MONTEMURRI%3B+LORI+HIGGINS&pub=Detroit+Free+Press&desc=PARENTS%2C+KIDS+SCRAMBLE+AS+EDUCATION+OPTIONS+NARROW&pqatl=google "Parents, Kids Scramble As Education Options Narrow"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721105752/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1814901451.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+17%2C+2005&author=CHASTITY+PRATT%3B+PATRICIA+MONTEMURRI%3B+LORI+HIGGINS&pub=Detroit+Free+Press&desc=PARENTS%2C+KIDS+SCRAMBLE+AS+EDUCATION+OPTIONS+NARROW&pqatl=google |date=July 21, 2013}} ''[[Detroit Free Press]]''. March 17, 2005. A1 News. Retrieved on April 30, 2011.</ref> Of the three Catholic high schools, two are operated by the Society of Jesus and the third is co-sponsored by the [[Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary]] and the [[Congregation of St. Basil]].<ref name=AOD>{{cite web |url=http://www.aodonline.org/AODOnline/Catholic+Schools+2159/School+Locator+7699/SchoolLocator.htm#Z |title=Archdiocese of Detroit – Schools |publisher=Aodonline.org |access-date=July 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626022228/http://www.aodonline.org/AODOnline/Catholic+Schools+2159/School+Locator+7699/SchoolLocator.htm#Z |archive-date=June 26, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://detroitcristorey.org/about |title=About &#124; Detroit Cristo Rey High School |publisher=Detroitcristorey.org |access-date=July 1, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211040254/http://detroitcristorey.org/about |archive-date=February 11, 2010 }}</ref>

==Media==
{{Main|Media in Detroit}}

[[File:FederalReserveBankDetroit.jpg|thumb|Offices of the ''Detroit Free Press'' and ''Detroit News'']]

The ''[[Detroit Free Press]]'' and ''[[The Detroit News]]'' are the major daily newspapers, both [[broadsheet]] publications published together under a [[joint operating agreement]] called the [[Detroit Media Partnership]]. Media philanthropy includes the ''Detroit Free Press'' high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldnewsboysgoodfellows.org/ |title=Detroit Goodfellows > Home |access-date=April 21, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131032800/http://www.oldnewsboysgoodfellows.org/ |archive-date=January 31, 2009 }}</ref> In March 2009, the two newspapers reduced home delivery to three days per week, print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detroitmedia.com/fptransform/dec1608pr.php |title=Bold Transformation Of Detroit Free Press and the Detroit News Lead Nation And Industry With Expanded Digital Offerings; Launch Of New Magazine; Colorful, Easy-To-Use Newsstand Editions |publisher=Detroitmedia.com |date=December 16, 2008 |access-date=July 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703095749/http://www.detroitmedia.com/fptransform/dec1608pr.php |archive-date=July 3, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''[[Metro Times]]'', founded in 1980, is a weekly publication, covering news, arts & entertainment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.metrotimes.com/ |title=Metro Times |newspaper=Metro Times |access-date=December 9, 2012}}</ref>

Founded in 1935 and based in Detroit, the ''[[Michigan Chronicle]]'' is one of the oldest and most respected African-American weekly newspapers in America, covering politics, entertainment, sports and community events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michronicleonline.com/ |title=Michigan Chronicle |publisher=Michronicleonline.com |access-date=December 9, 2012}}</ref> The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States;<ref name=Nielson>[http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html Nielsen Media Research Local Universe Estimates (September 24, 2005)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517010320/http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html |date=May 17, 2006 }} ''The Nielson Company''</ref> according to estimates that do not include audiences in large areas of Ontario (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as [[Ottawa]]) which receive and watch Detroit television stations.<ref name=Nielson/>

Detroit has the 11th largest [[radio market]] in the United States,<ref name=Arbitron>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbitron.com/radio_stations/mm001050.asp |title=Market Ranks and Schedule |publisher=Arbitron.com |access-date=December 31, 2012}}</ref> though this ranking does not take into account Canadian audiences.<ref name=Arbitron/> Nearby Canadian stations such as Windsor's [[CKLW]] (whose jingles formerly proclaimed "CKLW-the Motor City") are popular in Detroit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=TheGridNet |title=About Detroit |url=https://detroitgrid.com/en/info |access-date=July 23, 2022 |website=The Detroit Grid |language=en}}</ref>

==Crime==
{{Further|Crime in Detroit|Detroit Police Department}}
{{Infobox UCR
|city_name=Detroit
|year=2019
|violent_crime=1,965.3
|homicide=41.4 {{decreasePositive}}
|forcible_rape=143.4 {{increaseNegative}}
|robbery=353.3 {{decreasePositive}}
|aggravated_assault=1,425.8 {{increaseNegative}}
|property_crime=4,299.7
|burglary=1,027.1 {{decreasePositive}}
|larceny_theft=2,235.5 {{increaseNegative}}
|motor_vehicle_theft=1,037.0 {{increaseNegative}}
|source_url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/topic-pages/tables/table-6
|source_name=FBI 2019 UCR data
}}

Detroit has gained notoriety for its high amount of crime, having struggled with it for decades. The number of homicides in 1974 was 714.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/28/archives/april-in-detroit-is-murder-statistical-sample-half-a-million.html|title=April in Detroit Is Murder|last=Stevens|first=William K.|date=April 28, 1974|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 5, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/07/archives/detroit-reports-rise-in-homicides-126-murders-in-2-months-up-from.html|title=Detroit Reports Rise in Homicides|date=March 7, 1971|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 5, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The homicide rate in 2022 was the third highest in the nation at 50.0 per 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rit.edu/liberalarts/sites/rit.edu.liberalarts/files/docs/SOC/CLA_CPSI_2023_WorkingPapers/CPSI%20Working%20Paper%202023.02_2022%20US%20City%20Homicide%20Stats.pdf |title=2022 Homicide Statistics for 24 U.S. Cities |publisher=RIT Center for Public Safety Initiatives |access-date=December 24, 2023}}</ref> Downtown typically has lower crime than national and state averages.<ref name="MIC">Booza, Jason C. (July 23, 2008).[http://thedetroithub.com/site/user/files/2007RealityvsPerceptionsCrimeReport.pdf Reality v. Perceptions: An Analysis of Crime and Safety in Downtown Detroit]. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110428013503/http://thedetroithub.com/site/user/files/2007RealityvsPerceptionsCrimeReport.pdf Archive]) Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, ''[[Wayne State University]] Center for Urban Studies''. Retrieved August 14, 2011.</ref> According to a 2007 analysis, Detroit officials note about 65 to 70 percent of homicides in the city were drug related,<ref name="analysis">{{Cite news|url=http://www.michronicleonline.com/articlelive/articles/2322/1/Top-cop-urges-vigilance-against-crime/Page1.html|title=Top cop urges vigilance against crime|last=Shelton|first=Steve M.|date=January 30, 2008|work=Michigan Chronicle|access-date=December 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802131457/http://www.michronicleonline.com/articlelive/articles/2322/1/Top-cop-urges-vigilance-against-crime/Page1.html|archive-date=August 2, 2008}}</ref> with the rate of unsolved murders roughly 70%.<ref name="time" />

Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11% in 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2009/09/kym_worthy_on_reported_detroit.html|title=Kym Worthy on reported Detroit crime drop: 'Public knows those numbers aren't true'|website=Michigan Live|date=April 4, 2019|access-date=September 18, 2009}}</ref> violent crime in Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011.<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/tables/table-7|title=Offense Analysis, United States, 2007 to 2011|year=2012|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|access-date=February 6, 2013}}</ref> The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States. Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008).<ref name="Detroit crime rates and statistics">{{cite web|url=http://www.neighborhoodscout.com/mi/detroit/crime/ |title=Detroit crime rates and statistics |publisher=Neighborhood Scout |access-date=July 1, 2010}}</ref> In 2012, crime in the city was among the reasons for more expensive car insurance.<ref name="car insurance">{{cite web |url=http://education.yahoo.net/auto-insurance/articles/most_expensive_cities_for_car_insurance.htm?kid=1KQVK |title=Most Expensive Cities for Car Insurance |access-date=February 19, 2012 |date=February 19, 2012 |publisher=yahoo.com |quote=I&nbsp;... it has a high crime rate – it scored an 889 on the City-Data.com 2010 crime index,&nbsp;... * Source: Runzheimer International. Average insurance rates are as of August 2011, and based on business driving for a 2012 Chevrolet Malibu LS. Assumes $100,000/$300,000/$50,000 liability limits, collision, and comprehensive with $500 deductibles, 100/300 uninsured motorist coverage, and any mandatory insurance coverage. }}</ref>

Areas of the city adjacent to the Detroit River are also patrolled by the [[United States Border Patrol]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/border-patrol-sectors/detroit-sector|title=Detroit Sector Michigan &#124; U.S. Customs and Border Protection|website=Cbp.gov|date=August 21, 2023 }}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Infrastructure==
[[File:Detroit Public Library July 2018 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Detroit Public Library]] in 2018]]

===Health systems===
There are over a dozen major hospitals, which include the [[Detroit Medical Center]] (DMC), [[Henry Ford Hospital|Henry Ford Health System]], [[St. John Health|St. John Health System]], and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center. DMC, a regional [[Level I trauma center]], consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, [[Children's Hospital of Michigan]], [[Harper University Hospital]], [[Hutzel Women's Hospital]], Kresge Eye Institute, [[Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan]], [[Sinai-Grace Hospital]], and the [[Karmanos Cancer Institute]]. DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians. It is the largest private employer in the city.<ref name=WSUMED>{{cite web|url=http://www.med.wayne.edu/about_the_school/ |title=Organization History and Profile |access-date=April 20, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415162018/http://www.med.wayne.edu/about_the_school/ |archive-date=April 15, 2006 }} ''Wayne State University'' Retrieved January 24, 2011.</ref> The center is staffed by physicians from the [[Wayne State University School of Medicine]], the largest single-campus medical school in the United States and the fourth largest medical school overall.<ref name=WSUMED/>

[[File:DMCOct2009.jpg|thumb|[[Harper Hospital]] and [[Hutzel Women's Hospital]]]]

DMC formally became a part of [[Vanguard Health Systems]] on December 30, 2010, as a for-profit corporation. Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $1.5 B in the DMC complex.<ref name =Lane>{{cite web|last=Lane|first=Amy|url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20100611/FREE/100619971 |title=For-profit Vanguard signs deal to buy nonprofit Detroit Medical Center |website=Crainsdetroit.com |date=June 11, 2010 |access-date=July 1, 2010}}</ref><ref name=Anstett>Anstett, Patricia (March 20, 2010).[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120905091819/http://www.dmc.org/upload/docs/News/FREEP3202010.pdf $1.5&nbsp;billion for new DMC]. ''Detroit Free Press''. DMC.org. Retrieved on June 12, 2010.</ref> Vanguard has agreed to assume all debts and pension obligations.<ref name="Lane"/> The metro area has many other hospitals including [[William Beaumont Hospital]], St. Joseph's, and [[University of Michigan Health System|University of Michigan Medical Center]].
 
In 2011, DMC and Henry Ford Health System substantially increased investments in medical research facilities and hospitals in the city's Midtown and New Center.<ref name="Lane"/><ref name=Greene>Greene, Jay (April 5, 2010).[http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20100405/FREE/100409959 Henry Ford Health System plans $500 million expansion]. ''Crains Detroit Business''. Retrieved on June 12, 2010.</ref> In 2012, two major construction projects were begun in New Center. The Henry Ford Health System started the first phase of a $500&nbsp;million, 300-acre revitalization project, with the construction of a new $30&nbsp;million, 275,000-square-foot, ''Medical Distribution Center'' for [[Cardinal Health, Inc.]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/henry-ford-health-system-300-acre-detroit-development-cardinal-health-_n_1556870 | title= Henry Ford Health System Plans $500 Million, 300-Acre Detroit Development | work=[[HuffPost]] | date=May 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dbusiness.com/business-features/block-by-block/|title=Block By Block|first=R. J.|last=King|newspaper=dbusiness |date=October 2, 2014}}</ref> and Wayne State University started construction on a new $93&nbsp;million, 207,000-square-foot, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio).<ref name="Henderson">Henderson, Tom (April 15, 2012).[http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20120415/FREE/304159964/wsu-to-build-93m-biotech-hub WSU to build $93M biotech hub]. ''Crains Detroit Business''. Retrieved on March 15, 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archinect.com/dehronek_leedap/project/wayne-state-university-ibio-the-integrative-biosciences-center |title=Wayne State University IBio – The Integrative Biosciences Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925081546/http://archinect.com/dehronek_leedap/project/wayne-state-university-ibio-the-integrative-biosciences-center |archive-date=September 25, 2015 }}</ref> As many as 500 researchers and staff will work out of the IBio Center.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://media.wayne.edu/2012/10/15/wayne-state-breaks-ground-on-multidisciplinary- |title= Wayne State breaks ground on Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research Building|website=Media.wayne.edu|date= July 2, 2020}}</ref>

===Transportation===
{{Main|Transportation in metropolitan Detroit}}[[File:Test train at Campus Martius station, May 2017.jpg|thumb|A [[QLine]] [[streetcar]] at [[Campus Martius station]]|alt=See caption]]

With its proximity to Canada and its facilities, ports, major highways, rail connections and international airports, Detroit is an important transportation hub. The city has three international border crossings, the [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]] and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]], linking Detroit to Windsor. The Ambassador Bridge is the single busiest border crossing in North America, carrying 27% of the total trade between the U.S. and Canada.<ref>[http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/ambass_brdg/ambass_brdge_ovrvw.htm Ambassador Bridge Crossing Summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051118020441/http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/ambass_brdg/ambass_brdge_ovrvw.htm |date=November 18, 2005 }} (May 11, 2005). ''U.S. Department of Transportation''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.</ref>

In 2015 Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced Canada agreed to pay the entire cost to build a $250&nbsp;million U.S. Customs plaza adjacent to the planned new Detroit–Windsor bridge, now the [[Gordie Howe International Bridge]]. Canada had already planned to pay for 95% of the bridge, which will cost $2.1&nbsp;billion and is expected to open in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome |url=https://www.gordiehoweinternationalbridge.com/en |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=Gordie Howe International Bridge |language=en}}</ref> "This allows Canada and Michigan to move the project forward immediately to its next steps which include further design work and property acquisition on the U.S. side of the border", Raitt said in a statement issued after she spoke in the House of Commons.
<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/250m-u-s-customs-plaza-to-be-paid-for-by-canada-1.2962166 |title= $250M U.S. customs plaza to be paid for by Canada | work=CBC News | date=February 18, 2015}}</ref>

====Transit systems====
[[File:Detroit_People_Mover_19200234349.jpg|thumb|The [[Detroit People Mover]] (DPM) [[elevated railway]] in [[Bricktown, Detroit|Bricktown]]]]Mass transit in the region is provided by bus services. The [[Detroit Department of Transportation]] provides service within city limits up to the outer edges of the city. From there, the [[Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation|Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART)]] provides service to the suburbs and the city regionally with local routes and SMART's FAST service. FAST is a new service provided by SMART which offers limited stops along major corridors throughout the Detroit metropolitan area connecting the suburbs to downtown. The new high-frequency service travels along three of Detroit's busiest corridors, Gratiot, Woodward, and Michigan, and only stops at designated FAST stops. Cross border service between the downtown areas of Windsor and Detroit is provided by [[Transit Windsor]] via the Tunnel Bus.<ref name=Tunnelbus>{{cite web|url=http://www.citywindsor.ca/000600.asp |title=Routes and Schedules |access-date=May 5, 2009 |website=Transit Windsor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205706/http://www.citywindsor.ca/000600.asp |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

An elevated rail system known as the [[Detroit People Mover|People Mover]], completed in 1987, provides daily service around a {{convert|2.94|mi|km|adj=on}} loop downtown. The [[QLINE]] serves as a link between the People Mover and the [[Detroit station|Amtrak station]] via Woodward Avenue.<ref>{{cite news |date= July 28, 2014 |title= Construction Starts on Detroit Rail |work= [[The Mining Journal]] |location= Marquette, Michigan |agency= [[Associated Press]] |page= 5A}}</ref> The [[Ann Arbor–Detroit Regional Rail]] line will extend from New Center, connecting to [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] via [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]], [[Wayne, Michigan|Wayne]], and [[Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti]] when it is opened.<ref name="SEMCOGrail">[http://www.semcog.org/AADD.aspx Ann Arbor – Detroit Regional Rail Project] ''SEMCOG''. Retrieved on February 4, 2010.</ref>

The [[Regional Transit Authority of Southeast Michigan|Regional Transit Authority (RTA)]] was established by an act of the Michigan legislature in 2012 to oversee and coordinate all existing regional mass transit operations, and to develop new transit services in the region. The RTA's first project was the introduction of RelfeX, a [[limited-stop]], cross-county bus service connecting downtown and midtown Detroit with Oakland county via Woodward avenue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lawrence|first1=Eric D.|title=New express bus connects Detroit to Somerset mall|date=September 19, 2016|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2016/09/18/reflex-bus-connects-detroit-somerset-macomb/90350598/ |access-date=|work=Detroit Free Press}}</ref>

[[File:Detroit Amtrak station.jpg|thumb|left|[[Amtrak Wolverine]] at [[Detroit station]]]]

[[Amtrak]] provides service to Detroit, operating its ''[[Wolverine (Amtrak train)|Wolverine]]'' service between Chicago and [[Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]]. The Amtrak station is in New Center north of downtown. Intercity bus service is offered at the [[Detroit Bus Station]]. [[Greyhound Lines]], [[Flixbus]], [[Indian Trails]], and [[Barons Bus Lines]] connect Detroit with numerous cities across the [[Midwest]].

====Car ownership====
The city of Detroit has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2016, 24.7% of Detroit households lacked a car, much higher than the national average of 8.7%. Detroit averaged 1.15 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Vehicle Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map|journal=Governing|date=December 9, 2014|url=https://www.governing.com/archive/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html|access-date=|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115202133/https://www.governing.com/archive/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html|url-status=live|first = Mike |last=Maciag}}</ref>

====Freight railroads====
Freight railroad operations in the city of Detroit are provided by [[Canadian National Railway]], [[Canadian Pacific Railway]], [[Conrail Shared Assets]], [[CSX Transportation]] and [[Norfolk Southern Railway]], each of which have local yards within the city. Detroit is also served by the [[Delray Connecting Railroad]] and [[Detroit Connecting Railroad]] shortlines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdot/MI_Rail_Map_Printable_553910_7.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309182803/http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdot/MI_Rail_Map_Printable_553910_7.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2017 |url-status=live|title=Michigan's Railroad System|website=Michigan Department of Transportation|access-date=January 12, 2020}}</ref>

====Airports====
[[File:DTW_McNamara_terminal_interior_(29559579673).jpg|thumb|[[Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport]] (DTW), the principal airport serving Detroit, is located in nearby [[Romulus, Michigan|Romulus]].]]
[[Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport]] (DTW), the principal airport serving Detroit, is in nearby [[Romulus, Michigan|Romulus]]. DTW is a primary hub for [[Delta Air Lines]] (following its acquisition of Northwest Airlines), and a secondary hub for [[Spirit Airlines]]. The airport is connected to [[Downtown Detroit]] by the [[Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation|Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART)]] FAST Michigan route.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smartbus.org/ridesmart-fast|title=Ride Smart-Fast|website=Smartbus.org|language=en-US|access-date=October 10, 2018}}</ref>

[[Coleman A. Young International Airport]] (DET), previously called Detroit City Airport, is on Detroit's northeast side; the airport now maintains only charter service and [[general aviation]].<ref>Sapte, Benjamin (2003). {{cite web|url=http://www.erau.edu/research/BA590/chapters/ch2.htm |title=Southwest Airlines: Route Network Development since 1971 |access-date=April 10, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411080441/http://www.erau.edu/research/BA590/chapters/ch2.htm |archive-date=April 11, 2006 }}. ''Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Retrieved on April 20, 2006''. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</ref> [[Willow Run Airport]], in western Wayne County near Ypsilanti, is a general aviation and cargo airport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Willow Run Airport |url=https://www.willowrunairport.com/ |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=Home {{!}} Willow Run Airport |language=en}}</ref>

====Freeways====
{{Main|Roads and freeways in metropolitan Detroit}}
Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free network of freeways administered by the [[Michigan Department of Transportation]]. Four major Interstate Highways surround the city. Detroit is connected via [[Interstate 75 in Michigan|Interstate&nbsp;75]] (I-75) and [[Interstate 96|I-96]] to [[Ontario Highway 401|Kings Highway 401]] and to major [[Southern Ontario]] cities such as [[London, Ontario]] and the [[Greater Toronto Area]]. I-75 (Chrysler and Fisher freeways) is the region's main north–south route, serving [[Flint, Michigan|Flint]], [[Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]], [[Troy, Michigan|Troy]], and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Detroit–Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie.<ref name="Cantor">{{Cite book |last= Cantor |first= George |title= Detroit: An Insiders Guide to Michigan |year= 2005 |publisher= University of Michigan Press |isbn= 0-472-03092-2 |url= https://archive.org/details/exploremichigand0000cant }}</ref>

[[Interstate 94 in Michigan|I-94]] (Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east–west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways. [[Henry Ford]] built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. The I-96 freeway runs northwest–southeast through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit.<ref name="Cantor"/>

[[Interstate 275 (Michigan)|I-275]] runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and [[Interstate 696|I-696]] in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. [[Interstate 375 (Michigan)|I-375]] is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan state highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways.<ref name="Cantor"/>

===Floating post office===

[[File:J.W. Westcott II.jpg|thumb|''[[J.W. Westcott II]]'' on the Detroit River in front of the Ambassador Bridge]]

Detroit has a floating post office, the ''[[J. W. Westcott II]]'', which serves lake freighters along the Detroit River. Its [[ZIP Code]] is 48222.<ref>{{cite web|website=www,zipcodestogo.com|url=https://www.zipcodestogo.com/Detroit/MI/48222/|title=ZIP Code 48222: Detroit, MI (Detroit River Station)|date=2022|access-date=April 3, 2022}}</ref> The ZIP Code is used exclusively for the ''J. W. Westcott II'', which makes it the only floating ZIP Code in the United States. It has a land-based office at 12 24th Street, just south of the Ambassador Bridge. The J.W. Westcott Company was established in 1874 by Captain [[John Ward Westcott]] as a maritime reporting agency to inform other vessels about port conditions,<ref>{{Cite web |title=48222 |url=https://www.jwwestcott.com/ |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=48222 |language=en-US}}</ref> and the ''J. W. Westcott II'' vessel began service in 1949 and is still in operation today.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/21/business/a-mail-boat-stays-afloat.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/21/business/a-mail-boat-stays-afloat.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited|title=A Mail Boat Stays Afloat|last=Kelley|first=Tyler J.|date=August 20, 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 10, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main list|List of people from Detroit}}

==Sister cities==
Detroit's [[Sister city|sister cities]] include the following:<ref>{{cite web|title=Some things you may not have known about Detroit|url=https://michiganchronicle.com/2015/08/04/some-things-you-may-not-have-known-about-detroit/#/?playlistId=0&videoId=0|website=michiganchronicle.com|publisher=Michigan Chronicle|date=August 4, 2015|access-date=April 2, 2021|archive-date=April 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408070359/https://michiganchronicle.com/2015/08/04/some-things-you-may-not-have-known-about-detroit/#/?playlistId=0&videoId=0|url-status=dead}}</ref>

*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chongqing]], China
*{{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
*{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Kitwe]], Zambia
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Minsk]], Belarus
*{{flagicon|BAH}} [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], Bahamas
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]], Japan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city.toyota.aichi.jp/e/info/sister/sister_cities.html |title=International Sister Cities |publisher=City.toyota.aichi.jp |access-date=July 1, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117145022/http://www.city.toyota.aichi.jp/e/info/sister/sister_cities.html |archive-date=January 17, 2010}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Turin]], Italy<ref>{{cite web|title=Twinnings and Agreements|url=http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/gemellaggieaccordi/index.shtml|website=Comune.torino.it|access-date=April 2, 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[USS Detroit|USS ''Detroit'']], at least 6 ships

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book | author=Arnaud, Michel | title=Detroit: the dream is now: the design, art, and resurgence of an American city | publisher=Abrams | year=2017}}
* {{Cite book | author=Babson, Steve | title=Working Detroit | publisher=Adama Books | year=1984}}
* {{Cite book | author=Bak, Richard | year=2001 | title=Detroit Across Three Centuries|publisher=Thomson Gale | isbn=1-58536-001-5}}
* Barrow, Heather B. ''Henry Ford's Plan for the American Suburb: Dearborn and Detroit''. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2015.
* Bates, Beth Tompkins. ''The Making of Black Detroit in the Age of Henry Ford''. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.
* {{Cite book|author=Bergmann, Luke|title=Getting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an American City|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|date=September 8, 2010|isbn=978-0-472-03436-9}}
* {{Cite book|author=Berman, Lila Corwin | year=2016| title=Metropolitan Jews : politics, race, and religion in postwar Detroit |publisher=University of Chicago Press}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bjorn, Lars |author2=Jim Gallert | year=2001| title=Before Motown: a history of Jazz in Detroit |publisher=University of Michigan Press}}
* {{Cite book|author=Boland, S. R. |author2=Marilyn Bond | year=2002| title=The birth of Detroit sound |publisher=Arcadia}}
* {{Cite book|author=Borden, Ernest H. | year=2003| title=Detroit's Paradise Valley |publisher=Arcadia}}
* {{Cite book | author=Bolkosky, Sidney M | year=1991| title=Harmony & dissonance: voices of Jewish identity in Detroit | publisher=Wayne State University Press}}
* {{Cite book | author=Burton, Clarence M | year=1896 | title=Cadillac's Village: A History of the Settlement, 1701–1710 | publisher=Detroit Society for Genealogical Research | isbn=0-943112-21-4}}
* {{Cite book | author=Burton, Clarence M | year=1912 | title=Early Detroit: A sketch of some of the interesting affairs of the olden time | publisher=Burton Abstracts | oclc=926958 }}
* {{Cite book | author=Cangany, Catherine | year=2014 | title=Frontier Seaport: Detroit's Transformation into an Atlantic Entrepôt | location=Chicago | publisher=University of Chicago Press}}
* {{Cite book | author=Catlin, George B. | title=The Story of Detroit | url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=micounty;idno=APK1036.0001.001 | year=1923 |publisher=The Detroit News Association}}
* {{Cite book|author=Chafets|first=Zeʼev|title=Devil's Night and Other True Tales of Detroit|publisher=Random House|year=1990}}
* {{Cite book | author=Clemens, Paul | title=Made in Detroit: a south of 8 Mile memoir | publisher=Doubleday | year=2005}}
* {{Cite book | author=Dunnigan, Brian Leigh | title=Frontier Metropolis, Picturing Early Detroit, 1701–1838 | publisher=Great Lakes Books | year=2001 | isbn=0-8143-2767-2}}
* {{Cite book | author=Farley, Reynolds | title=Detroit Divided | publisher=Russell Sage Foundation Publications | year=2002 | isbn=0-87154-281-1 | display-authors=etal | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/detroitdivided0000farl }}
* {{Cite book | author=Foley, Aaron | title=The Detroit neighborhood guidebook | publisher=Belt Publishing | year=2017}}
* {{Cite book | author=Foley, Aaron | title=How to live in Detroit without being a Jackass | publisher=Belt Publishing | year=2015}}
* [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL161750W/The_history_of_Detroit_and_Michigan_or_The_metropolis_illustrat Farmer, Silas. (1884) (July 1969) ''The history of Detroit and Michigan, or, The metropolis illustrated: a chronological cyclopaedia of the past and present: including a full record of territorial days in Michigan, and the annuals of Wayne County'', in various formats at] [[Open Library]].
* {{Cite book | author=Farmer, Silas | year=1889 | title=History of Detroit and Wayne County and Early Michigan | publisher=Omnigraphics Inc; Reprint edition (October 1998) | isbn=1-55888-991-4}}
* {{Cite book | author=Gallagher, John | title=Reimagining Detroit: opportunities for redefining an American city | publisher=Wayne State University Press | year=2010}}
* Galster, George. (2012). ''Driving Detroit: The Quest for Respect in the Motor City'' University of Pennsylvania Press
* {{Cite book|author1=Gavrilovich, Peter  |author2=Bill McGraw | title=The Detroit Almanac, 2nd edition | year=2006 | publisher=Detroit Free Press | isbn=978-0-937247-48-8}}
* {{Cite book | author=Godzak, Roman | title=Catholic Churches of Detroit | publisher=Arcadia | year=2004}}
* {{Cite book | editor=Goldstein, Laurence | title="Detroit: An American City". Special Issue of Michigan Quarterly Review. Spring 1986| publisher=Arcadia | year=1986}}
* {{Cite book | author=Hartigan, John | title=Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1999}}
* {{Cite book | author1=Hill, Eric J. | author2=John Gallagher | title=AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture | year=2002 | publisher=Wayne State University Press | isbn=0-8143-3120-3 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/aiadetroitameric0000hill }}
* Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. ''Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980'' (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. [https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1 online]; see index at p.&nbsp;408 for list. 
* {{Cite book | author=Ibbotson, Patricia | title=Detroit's historic hotels and restaurants | publisher=Arcadia | year=2007}}
* {{Cite book | author=Jarvis, Donna | title=Detroit Police Department| publisher=Arcadia | year=2008}}
* {{Cite book | author=LeDuff, Charlie | title=Detroit: An American Autopsy | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2014}}
* {{Cite book | author=Lichtenstein, Nelson | title=The most dangerous man in Detroit | publisher=Basic Books | year=1995}}
* {{Cite book | author=Locke, Hubert G. | title=The Detroit Riot of 1967 | publisher=Wayne State University Press | year=1969}}
* {{Cite book | author=Maraniss, David | title=Once in a great city: A Detroit story| publisher=Simon & Schuster | year=2015}}
* {{Cite book | author=Martelle, Scott | title=Detroit (a biography) | publisher=Chicago Review Press | year=2012}}
* {{Cite book | author=Morrison, Jeff | title=Guardians of Detroit: Architectural Sculpture in the Motor City | publisher=Wayne State University Press | year=2019}}
* Philp, Drew (2017). ''[http://drewphilp.com A $500 house in Detroit: rebuilding an abandoned home and an American city.]'' Scribner.
* {{Cite book | author=Poremba, David Lee | title=Detroit in Its World Setting | publisher=Wayne State University | year=2001 | isbn=0-8143-2870-9 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/detroitinitsworl0000unse }}
* {{Cite book | author=Poremba, David Lee | title=Detroit: A Motor City History (Images of America) | publisher=Arcadia Publishing | year=2003 | isbn=0-7385-2435-2}}
* {{Cite book | author=Posner, Gerald | title=Motown | publisher=Random House | year=2002}}
* Powell, L. P (1901). "Detroit, the Queen City", ''Historic Towns of the Western States'' (New York).
* {{Cite book | author=Sharoff, Robert | title=American City: Detroit Architecture| publisher=Wayne State University Press| year=2005| isbn=0-8143-3270-6| author-link=Robert Sharoff}}
* {{Cite book | author=Sobocinski, Melanie Grunow | title= Detroit and Rome: building on the past | publisher=Regents of the University of Michigan| year=2005 | isbn=0-933691-09-2}}
* {{Cite book| author=Stahl, Kenneth |title=Detroit's Great Rebellion|year=2009|publisher=Kenneth Stahl |isbn=978-0-9799157-0-3}}
* {{Cite book| author=Taylor, Paul |title="Old Slow Town": Detroit during the Civil War|publisher=Wayne State University Press| year=2013|isbn=978-0-8143-3603-8}}
* {{Cite book|author=Vergara, Camilo José|title=Detroit Is No Dry Bones: The Eternal City of the Industrial Age|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|date=2016}}
* {{Cite book | author=Whitall, Susan | title=Women of Motown | publisher=Avon | year=1998}}
* {{Cite book | author=Widick, J.J. | title=Detroit: City of race and class violence | publisher=Wayne State University Press | year=1972}}
* {{Cite book| author=Woodford, Arthur M.|title=This is Detroit 1701–2001|publisher=Wayne State University Press| year=2001|isbn=0-8143-2914-4}}

===Primary sources===
* Moon, Elaine Latzman (1994). ''Untold tales, unsung heroes: an oral history of Detroit's African American community, 1918-1967'', [https://archive.org/details/untoldtalesunsun0000moon online].

==External links==
{{sister project links|voy=Detroit}}
* {{Official website|http://www.detroitmi.gov/}}
* [http://www.detroitchamber.com/ Detroit Regional Chamber]
* [http://reuther.wayne.edu Labor, Urban Affairs and Detroit History archival collections] at the [[Walter P. Reuther Library]]
* [https://digital.library.wayne.edu/item/wayne:collectionvmc Virtual Motor City Collection] at [[Wayne State University]] Library, contains over 30,000 images of Detroit from 1890 to 1980
* [https://mobile.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/travel/architecture-detroit-albert-kahn.html "In Energized Detroit, Savoring an Architectural Legacy"]. ''The New York Times''. March 26, 2018.

{{Adjacent communities
|Centre    = ''Detroit'', [[Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park]], [[Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck]]
|North     = [[Oak Park, Michigan|Oak Park]], [[Ferndale, Michigan|Ferndale]] [[Hazel Park, Michigan|Hazel Park]]<br />[[Royal Oak Charter Township, Michigan|Royal Oak Charter Township]]
|Northeast = [[Warren, Michigan|Warren]], [[Eastpointe, Michigan|Eastpointe]]
|East      = [[Harper Woods, Michigan|Harper Woods]], [[Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan|Grosse Pointe Woods]]<br />[[Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan|Grosse Pointe Farms]]<br />[[Grosse Pointe Park, Michigan|Grosse Pointe Park]], [[Grosse Pointe, Michigan|Grosse Pointe]]
|Southeast = ''Detroit River''<br />{{flagdeco|Canada}} [[Windsor, Ontario]], Canada
|South     = [[River Rouge, Michigan|River Rouge]]<br />[[Ecorse, Michigan|Ecorse]]
|Southwest = [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]]<br />[[Melvindale, Michigan|Melvindale]]<br />[[Lincoln Park, Michigan|Lincoln Park]]
|West      = [[Redford Charter Township, Michigan|Redford Charter Township]]<br />[[Dearborn Heights, Michigan|Dearborn Heights]]
|Northwest = [[Southfield, Michigan|Southfield]]
}}
{{Detroit}}
{{Cities of Wayne County, Michigan}}
{{Metro Detroit}}
{{Michigan cities and mayors of 100,000 population}}
{{Midwestern United States}}
{{Great Lakes Megalopolis}}
{{Michigan county seats}}
{{USPopulousCities}}

{{Portal bar|Michigan|France|North America|History|United States|Cities}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Detroit| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:Cities in Wayne County, Michigan]]
[[Category:County seats in Michigan]]
[[Category:Detroit River]]
[[Category:Michigan populated places on the Detroit River]]
[[Category:Former state capitals in the United States|Michigan]]
[[Category:Government units that have filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy]]
[[Category:Inland port cities and towns of the United States]]
[[Category:Metro Detroit]]
[[Category:Michigan Neighborhood Enterprise Zone]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1701]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Underground Railroad]]
[[Category:1701 establishments in New France]]
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[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]