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{{Short description|Overview of dialects of the Macedonian language}}
The '''dialects of Macedonian''' comprise the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] dialects spoken in the [[Republic of North Macedonia]] as well as some [[variety (linguistics)|varieties]] spoken in the wider geographic region of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]].<ref>isp. Большaя Советская Энциклопедия, tom. 37, Moscow 1938, р 743–744</ref> They are part of the [[dialect continuum]] of [[South Slavic languages]] that joins [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] with [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] to the east and [[Torlakian]] to the north into the group of the [[Eastern South Slavic]] languages. The precise delimitation between these languages is fleeting and controversial.

==Classification==
Macedonian authors tend to treat all dialects spoken in the geographical region of Macedonia as Macedonian, including those spoken in the westernmost part of Bulgaria (so-called [[Pirin Macedonia]]), whereas [[Bulgaria]]n authors treat all Macedonian dialects as part of the Bulgarian language.<ref name=unity>{{cite book |author=Institute of Bulgarian Language |title=Единството на българския език в миналото и днес |publisher=[[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]] |year=1978 |page=4 |language=bg |location=[[Sofia]] |oclc=6430481}}</ref><ref name="Stoykov">{{cite book |title=Българска диалектология (Bulgarian dialectology)|last=Стойков (Stoykov)|first=Стойко |author-link=Stoyko Stoykov |orig-year=1962 |year=2002 |location=София |publisher=Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов" |language=bg |url=http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/index.htm |isbn=954-430-846-6 |oclc=53429452}}</ref> Prior to the [[Codification (linguistics)|codification]] of [[standard Macedonian]] in 1945, the dialects of Macedonia were for the most part classified as Bulgarian.<ref name=foreigners>Mazon, Andre. ''Contes Slaves de la Macédoine Sud-Occidentale: Etude linguistique; textes et traduction''; Notes de Folklore, Paris 1923, p. 4.</ref><ref>Селищев, Афанасий. Избранные труды, Москва 1968.</ref><ref>K. Sandfeld, ''Balkanfilologien'' (Copenhagen, 1926, MCMXXVI).</ref> In [[Greece]], the identification of [[Slavic dialects of Greece|the dialects spoken]] by the local [[Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia|Slavophone]] minority with either Bulgarian or Macedonian is often avoided, and these dialects are instead described simply as "Slavic",<ref>{{e25|mkd|Macedonian}}</ref> ''Dopia'' ('Local'), Stariski (old) or Našinski (ours).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Most Western linguists classify the dialects in the [[Pirin Macedonia (region)|Pirin]] ([[Blagoevgrad Province|Blagoevgrad]]) region of [[Bulgaria]] and in the far east of [[Greek Macedonia]] as [[Bulgarian dialects|Bulgarian]] and the dialects in the rest of [[Greece]] and in [[Republic of North Macedonia]] as Macedonian.<ref name="Trudgill"/><ref>Schmieger, R. 1998. "The Situation of the Macedonian Language in Greece: Sociolinguistic Analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125–55.</ref> According to Chambers and [[Peter Trudgill|Trudgill]], the question whether Bulgarian and Macedonian are distinct languages or dialects of a single language as well as where the exact boundary between the two languages is cannot be resolved on a purely linguistic basis, but should rather take into account sociolinguistic criteria, i.e., ethnic and linguistic identity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chambers| first1=Jack |last2=Trudgill| first2=Peter| title=Dialectology|url=https://archive.org/details/dialectology00cham_601|url-access=limited| year=1998| publisher=Cambridge University Press| edition=2nd| pages=[https://archive.org/details/dialectology00cham_601/page/n21 7]| quote =Similarly, Bulgarian politicians often argue that Macedonian is simply a dialect of Bulgarian – which is really a way of saying, of course, that they feel Macedonia ought to be part of Bulgaria. From a purely linguistic point of view, however, such arguments are not resolvable, since dialect continua admit of more-or-less but not either-or judgements.}}</ref> As for the [[Slavic dialects of Greece]], Trudgill classifies the dialects in the east Greek Macedonia as part of the [[Bulgarian language]] area and the rest as [[Macedonian dialects]].<ref name=Trudgill>Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.</ref>

According to Riki van Boeschoten, the dialects in eastern Greek Macedonia (around [[Serres]] and [[Drama]]) are closest to Bulgarian, those in western Greek Macedonia (around [[Florina]] and [[Kastoria]]) are closest to Macedonian, while those in the centre ([[Edessa, Greece|Edessa]] and [[Salonica]]) are intermediate between the two.<ref name=Boeschoten>{{cite book|last=Boeschoten|first=Riki van| year=1993|title=Minority Languages in Northern Greece. Study Visit to Florina, Aridea, (Report to the European Commission, Brussels)|quote="The Western dialect is used in Florina and Kastoria and is closest to the language used north of the border, the Eastern dialect is used in the areas of Serres and Drama and is closest to Bulgarian, the Central dialect is used in the area between Edessa and Salonica and forms an intermediate dialect"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ioannidou |first1=Alexandra |title=Questions on the Slavic Dialects of Greek Macedonia |journal=Ars Philologica: Festschrift für Baldur Panzer zum 65. Geburstag. Karsten Grünberg, Wilfried Potthoff |date=1999 |pages=59, 63 |url=https://www.academia.edu/784444 |publisher=Peterlang |location=Athens |isbn=9783631350652}}</ref> [[Jouko Lindstedt]] also opines that the dividing line between Macedonian and Bulgarian should be defined by the linguistic identity of the speakers, i.e., by the state border:<blockquote>''Macedonian dialectology... considers the dialects of south-western Bulgaria to be Macedonian, despite the lack of any widespread Macedonian national consciousness in that area. The standard map is provided by Vidoeski. It would be futile to tell an ordinary citizen of the Macedonian capital, Skopje, that they do not realise that they are actually speaking Bulgarian. It would be equally pointless to tell citizens of the southwestern Bulgarian town of Blagoevgrad that they (or at least their compatriots in the surrounding countryside) do not ‘really’ speak Bulgarian, but Macedonian. In other words, regardless of the structural and linguistic arguments put forth by a majority of Bulgarian dialectologists, as well as by their Macedonian counterparts, they are ignoring one, essential fact – that the present linguistic identities of the speakers themselves in various regions do not always correspond to the prevailing nationalist discourses.''<ref>{{cite book|first=Jouko|last=Lindstedt|chapter=Conflicting Nationalist Discourses in the Balkan Slavic Language Area |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders|date=2016 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/10646592|pages=429–447|doi=10.1007/978-1-137-34839-5_21 |isbn=978-1-349-57703-3 }}</ref><ref>Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi, Catherine Gibson as ed., The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders, Springer, 2016; {{ISBN|1137348399}}, p. 436.</ref></blockquote>

Linguistically, the dialects of Macedonia in the wider sense can be divided into Eastern and Western groups (the boundary runs approximately from [[Skopje]] and [[Skopska Crna Gora]] along the rivers [[Vardar]] and [[Crni Timok|Crna]]) based on a large group of features. In addition, a more detailed classification can be based on the modern reflexes of the [[Proto-Slavic]] reduced vowels ("[[yer]]s"), vocalic sonorants and the back nasal (o). That classification distinguishes between the following 3 major groups:<ref>стр. 244 Македонски јазик за средното образование- Стојка Бојковска, Димитар Пандев, Лилјана Минова-Ѓуркова, Живко Цветковски- Просветно дело- Скопје 2001</ref><ref>Z. Topolińska – B. Vidoeski, Polski~macedonski- gramatyka konfrontatiwna, z.1, PAN, 1984</ref>

==Dialects==
{{tree list}}
* '''Macedonian'''
** '''Northern dialects'''
*** Western group:
**** [[Tetovo dialect]]
**** [[Skopska Crna Gora dialect]]
**** [[Gora dialect]]
*** Eastern group:
**** [[Kumanovo dialect]]
**** [[Kratovo dialect]]
**** [[Kriva Palanka dialect]]
**** [[Ovče Pole dialect]]
** '''Western Dialects''':
*** Central group:
**** [[Prilep-Bitola dialect]]<ref>стр.68 Граматика на македонскиот литературен јазик, Блаже Конески, Култура- Скопје 1967</ref>
**** [[Kičevo-Poreče dialect]]<ref>Академик Божидар видоески, Кичевскиот говор. МЈ, 1957, VIII, 1, стр. 31–90.</ref>
**** [[Skopje-Veles dialect]]
*** Western and north western group:
**** [[Gostivar dialect]]
**** [[Reka dialect]]
**** [[Galičnik dialect|Galičnik (Mala Reka) dialect]]<ref>Belić 1935: A. Belić, Galički dijalekat, Srpski dijalektološki zbornik, VII, Srpska kraljevska akademija, Belgrade – Sr. Karlovci, 1-352+IV</ref>
**** [[Debar dialect]]
**** [[Drimkol-Golo Brdo dialect]]
**** [[Vevčani-Radožda dialect]]<ref>The Radožda-Vevčani Dialect of Macedonian: Structure, Texts, Lexicon by P. Hendriks. The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Spring, 1978), pp. 111–112</ref>
**** [[Struga dialect]]
**** [[Ohrid dialect]]
**** [[Upper Prespa dialect]]
**** [[Lower Prespa dialect]]
** '''Eastern and Southern dialects'''
*** Eastern group:
**** [[Tikveš-Mariovo dialect]]
**** [[Štip-Kočani dialect]]
**** [[Strumica dialect]]
**** [[Maleševo-Pirin dialect]]<ref>A Comparative Historical Analysis of Nominal Accentuation in Archaic (Maleševo) and Transitional (Nivičino) Eastern Macedonian Dialects," in Proceedings of the Third North American-Macedonian Conference on Macedonian Studies. Indiana Slavic Studies 10:135–151. 1999</ref>'''<sup>1</sup>'''
*** South-western group:<ref>Македонските дијалекти во Егејска Македонија: (Обид за класификација). Македонските дијалекти во Егејска Македонија: научен собир, Скопје 23–24 декември 1991. Скопје: МАНУ, 1994, стр. 23–60.</ref><sup>1</sup>
**** [[Nestram-Kostenar dialect]]
**** [[Korča dialect|Korča (Gorica) dialect]]
**** [[Kostur dialect]]<!--<ref>Consulate of the Kingdom of Serbia No. 786 20th August 1892 Bitola to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr Vladan Dordevic Belgrade</ref> -->
*** South-eastern group:
**** [[Solun-Voden dialect]]<!--<ref>the Constantinople journal Sovqtnik (advisor) of 1865 (reprinted by M. Gattalo in V. Jagich's Knjizevnik (Writer)</ref> --><ref name="ReferenceA">str. 249- 252 Makedonski jazik za srednoto obrazovanie- S. Bojkovska, D. Pandev, L. Minova-Ǵurkova, Ž.Cvetkovski- Prosvetno delo AD- Skopje 2001</ref>'''<sup>1</sup>'''
**** [[Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect]]<ref name="ReferenceA"/>'''<sup>1</sup>'''
{{tree list/end}}

'''<sup>1</sup>''' The [[Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect]] and the Bulgarian part of the [[Maleševo-Pirin dialect]] are classified as Bulgarian by modern Western linguists.<ref name="Trudgill"/><ref>Schmieger, R. 1998. "The Situation of the Macedonian Language in Greece: Sociolinguistic Analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125–55.</ref> The classification of the dialects of central Greek Macedonia is more unclear, with some linguists classifying them as Macedonian and others as transitional between Macedonian and Bulgarian.<ref name="Boeschoten"/><ref name=Trudgill/>

==Variation in consonants==
[[File:LinguisticdivideinMacedonian1.png|thumb|250px|right|Map of the phoneme ''kj'' in the wider Macedonian region]]
[[File:LinguisticdivideinMacedonian2.png|thumb|right|250px|Map of the phoneme ''gj'' in the wider Macedonian region]]
As far as consonantal features are concerned, the entire Western region is distinguished from the East by loss of {{IPA|/x/}} (except [[Tetovo]], [[Gora (region)|Gora]] and [[Korča]]) and the loss of {{IPA|/v/}} in the intervocalic position (except Mala Reka and parts of [[Kastoria|Kostur]]-Korča): {{IPA|/ɡlava/}} (head) = {{IPA|/ɡla/}}, {{IPA|/ɡlavi/}} (heads) = {{IPA|/ɡlaj/}}. The Eastern region preserves {{IPA|/x/}} (except [[Tikveš]]-[[Mariovo]] and [[Kumanovo]]-[[Kriva Palanka]]) and intervocalic {{IPA|/v/}}. The East is also characterised by the development of epenthetic {{IPA|/v/}} before original {{IPA|/o/}} where the West has epenthetic {{IPA|/j/}}: Eastern {{IPA|/vaɡlɛn/}} (''coal'') but Western {{IPA|/jaɡlɛn/}}. The diphonemic reflexes are most characteristic of the dialects of [[Greek Macedonia]] and [[Blagoevgrad Province]], Kostur-Korča and [[Ohrid]]-[[Prespa]]. The [[Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect|Serres – Nevrokop dialects]] have a series of phonemically palatalised consonants.

==Variation in word stress and its effects on vowels==
The Western dialects generally have fixed stress, antepenultimate in the [[Republic of North Macedonia]], and penultimate in [[Greece]] and [[Albania]]. The Eastern region, along with the neighbouring [[Bulgarian dialects]], has various non-fixed stress systems. In Lower [[Vardar]] and [[Serres, Greece|Serres]]-[[Gotse Delchev (town)|Nevrokop]] unstressed {{IPA|/a, ɛ, ɔ/}} are reduced (raised) to {{IPA|[ə, i, u]}}. The reduction of unstressed vowels (as well as the aforementioned allophonic palatalisation of consonants) is characteristic of East Bulgarian as opposed to West Bulgarian dialects, so these dialects are regarded by Bulgarian linguists as transitional between East and West Bulgarian.

== External links ==
* [http://dijalekti.manu.edu.mk/ Digital resources of Macedonian dialects]
* [http://damj.manu.edu.mk/audio/ Audio recordings, examples from the collection of Bozhidar Vidoeski] — Center for areal linguistics - [[Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts|MANU]]
* [http://ical.manu.edu.mk/Map/Map.html Map of Macedonian dialects with sample texts and audio recordings] — Center for areal linguistics - [[Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts|MANU]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Macedonian language}}
{{Macedonian dialects|state=expanded}}
{{Language varieties}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dialects Of The Macedonian Language}}
[[Category:Macedonian language]]
[[Category:Dialects of the Macedonian language| ]]
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