Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Djerba

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Island off of the coast of Tunisia}}
{{for|the Persian Gulf bagpipe|jirba}}
{{redirect|Gerba Island|the Northern Australian island also known as "Gerbar"|Gabba Island}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2008}}
{{original research|date=September 2021}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox islands
| name                            = Djerba
| native_name                     = {{lang|ar|جربة}} ([[Arabic]] {{transliteration|ar|Jerba}})<br />{{Nobold|{{lang|el|Μῆνιγξ}} ([[Greek language|Greek]] {{transliteration|el|Meninx}})}}<br />{{Nobold|{{lang|he|ג׳רבה}} ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] {{transliteration|he|Dzerbah}})}}
| image_name                      = Djerba Island.jpeg
| image_caption                   = Satellite photograph of Djerba
| image_size                      = 
| map                             = Tunisia
| map_caption                     = 
| nickname                        = 
| location                        = [[Gulf of Gabès]]
| coordinates                     = 
| archipelago                     =
| total_islands                   = 
| major_islands                   = 
| area_km2                        = 514
| highest_mount                   = 
| elevation_m                     = 
| country                         = {{flag|Tunisia}}
| country_admin_divisions_title   = [[Governorates of Tunisia|Governorate]]
| country_admin_divisions         = [[Medenine Governorate|Medenine]]
| country_largest_city            = [[Houmt Souk]]
| country_largest_city_population = 75,904
| population                      = 163,726
| population_as_of                = 2014 census
| density_km2                     = 309
| ethnic_groups                   = [[Tunisians]] ([[Arabs]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Berbers]], [[History of the Jews in Tunisia|Jews]] and [[Black people|Black Tunisians]])
| demonym                         = Djerbian<br/>Jerbi
|footnotes={{designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = Djerba: Testimony to a settlement pattern in an island territory
| designation1_date = 2023 <small>(45th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_number = 1640<ref>{{cite web |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1640 |title=Djerba: Testimony to a settlement pattern in an island territory |access-date=2023-09-24}}</ref>
| designation1_criteria = v
| designation1_type = Cultural
 }}}}
'''Djerba''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɜːr|b|ə|,_|ˈ|dʒ|ɛər|b|ə}}; {{lang-ar|جربة|Jirba}}, {{IPA|aeb|ˈʒɪrbæ|IPA|Jerba.wav}}; {{lang-it|Meninge, Girba}}), also [[transliteration|transliterated]] as '''Jerba'''<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Jerba |volume=15 |page=322}}</ref> or '''Jarbah''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Converter: Arabic,ar, 'alyrbiah', العربية |url=http://www.uconv.com/ar.htm |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=www.uconv.com}}</ref> is a Tunisian island and the largest island of [[North Africa]] at {{convert|514|km2|sp=us}}, in the [[Gulf of Gabès]],<ref name=EB1911/> off the coast of [[Tunisia]]. It had a population of 139,544 at the 2004 census, which rose to 163,726 at the 2014 census. Citing its long and unique history, Tunisia has sought [[UNESCO World Heritage status]] protections for the island,<ref name="whc.unesco.org">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/events/1403/|title=Regional Workshop on the World Heritage Nomination Process|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Center|website=UNESCO World Heritage Center|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> and, in 2023, Djerba was officially designated a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Djerba: Testimony to a settlement pattern in an island territory |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1640/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Legend has it that Djerba was the island of the [[lotus-eaters]]<ref name=EB1911/><ref>Polybius; Strabo 1.2.17.</ref> where [[Odysseus]] was stranded on his voyage through the [[Mediterranean Sea]].

The island was called ''Meninx'' ({{lang-grc|Μῆνιγξ}})<ref>[https://topostext.org/work/241#M451.1 Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, §M451.1]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0233%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D39%3Asection%3D2 Polybius, Histories, §1.39.2]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:2.5.20 Strabo, Geography, §2.5.20]</ref> until the third century AD. [[Strabo]] writes that there was an altar of Odysseus.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:17.3.17 Strabo, Geography, §17.3.17]</ref>

The island was controlled by the Norman [[Kingdom of Sicily]] twice, in 1135–1158 and in 1284–1333. During the second period it was organised as a feudal lordship, with the following as Lords of Jerba{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}:

* 1284–1305: Roger I
* 1305–1307, and 1307–1310: Roger II (twice)
* 1310: Charles
* 1310: Francis-Roger III

In the 14th century, the [[Borj El Kebir]] castle was built, on top of Roman ruins. The Tunisian government took possession of the castle in 1903, and later converted it into a museum.

An archaeological field survey of Djerba carried out between 1995 and 2000 under the auspices of the [[University of Pennsylvania]], the [[American Academy in Rome]] and the Tunisian Institut National du Patrimoine, revealed over 400 archaeological sites, including many Punic and Roman villas<ref>E. Fentress, A. Drine and R. Holod, eds. ''An Island in Time: Jerba Studies'' vol 1. The Punic and Roman Periods. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary series 71,2009.</ref> and an [[amphitheatre]].

=== Jewish history ===
{{summarize section|date=January 2019}}
{{See also|History of the Jews in Djerba}}
According to their oral history, the Jewish minority has dwelled on the island continuously for more than 2,500 years.<ref name=rishonim>{{cite book | last = Teich | first = Shmuel | title = The Rishonim | publisher = Mesorah Publications | date = 1982 | location = Brooklyn, New York | isbn = 978-0-89906-452-9 }}</ref><ref name=report>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90222.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Tunisia]. United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (14 September 2007). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> The first physical evidence that historians know of comes from the 11th century found in [[Cairo Geniza]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|title=The Last Arab Jews: The Communities of Jerba, Tunisia|last1=Udovitch|first1=Abraham L.|last2=Valensi|first2=Lucette|publisher=Harwood Academic Publishers|year=1984|isbn=978-3-7186-0135-6|location=London, England|pages=8–11, 24–25}}</ref>

This community is unique in the Jewish diaspora for its unusually high percentage of [[Kohanim]] (Hebrew; the Jewish priestly caste), direct [[patrilineal]] descendants of [[Aaron]] the first high priest from Mosaic times.<ref name=":03" /> Local tradition holds that when [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] levelled [[Solomon's temple]] and laid waste to Judah and the city of Jerusalem in the year 586 BC, the Kohanim who settled in Djerba were among the refugees who were able to avoid slavery.<ref name="jpost.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/WATCH-Candle-lighting-in-Djerba-a-Jewish-community-to-admire-518201|title=WATCH: Candle lighting in Djerba – a Jewish community to admire – Diaspora – Jerusalem Post|website=jpost.com|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>

A key point in this oral history has been backed up by genetic tests for [[Y-chromosomal Aaron|Cohen modal haplotype]] showing that the vast majority of male Jews on Djerba claiming the family status of Cohen had a common ancient male ancestor which matches that of nearly all of both historically European and Middle Eastern Jewish males with a family history of patrilineal membership in the Jewish priestly caste.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/southwest-asia-and-north-africa/tunisias-diverse-djerba-island-and-its-annual-jewish-pilgrimage.html|title=Tunisia's Diverse Djerba Island and Its Annual Jewish Pilgrimage|date=2 June 2015|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> Thus, the island has been known by many Jews as the island of the [[Kohanim]]. According to the legend, during the destruction of the temple, the Kohanim, who were serving the temple at the time of destruction escaped from Jerusalem and found themselves on the island of Djerba.<ref name=":03"/> The legend claims the Kohanim carried the door and some stones from the Temple in Jerusalem which they then incorporated into the "marvelous synagogue", also known as [[El Ghriba synagogue|Ghriba]], which still stands in Djerba.<ref name=":03"/>

The Jewish community differs from others in Djerba in their dress, personal names and accents. The Jewish rabbinate of Djerba have established an [[eruv]], which establishes the communal area in the city in which Jews can freely carry objects between their homes and community buildings on [[Shabbat]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schroeter|first=Daniel|date=1985|title=Review of The Last Arab Jews: The Communities of Jerba, Tunisia, (Social Orders 1.)|journal=Middle East Studies Association Bulletin|volume=19|issue=1|pages=63–64|jstor=23057816|doi=10.1017/S0026318400014905|s2cid=164480553 }}</ref> Some traditions that are distinctive of the Jewish Djerba community is the [[kiddush]] prayer said on the eve of [[Passover]] and a few prophetic passages on certain Shabbats of the year.<ref name=":03"/>

One of the community's synagogues, the [[El Ghriba synagogue]], has been in continuous use for over 2,000 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162940|title=Tunisian Cleric Says Jews are Apes|website=Israel National News|date=7 December 2012 |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> The Jews were settled in two main communities: the Hara Kabira ("the big quarter";Arabic:"الحاره الكبيرة") and the Hara Saghira ("the small quarter";Arabic:" الحاره الصّغيرة"). The Hara Saghira identified itself with Israel, while the Hara Kabira identified with Spain and Morocco.<ref name="SpectorWigoder2001">{{cite book|last1=Spector|first1=Shmuel |last2=Wigoder|first2=Geoffrey|title=The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust: A-J|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFn3KeENnA0C&pg=PA312|year=2001|publisher=NYU Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-9376-3|page=312}}</ref>

The next influx of Jewish people to the Island of Djerba occurred during the Spanish Inquisition, when the Iberian Jewish population was expelled.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Behind The Headlines: Amid Sea of Muslim Neighbors, Tunisia Jews Observe Traditions|last=Widman|first=Miriam|date=19 December 1994|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}}</ref> The Jewish population hit its peak during the time that Tunisia was fighting for independence from France 1881–1956.<ref name=":1"/> In 1940, there were approximately 100,000 Jewish-Tunisians or 15% of the entire population of Tunisia.<ref name=":1"/>

In the aftermath of World War II, the Jewish population on the island declined significantly due to [[Aliyah|emigration to Israel]] and France. {{As of|2011}}, the Jewish permanent resident community on the island numbered about 1,000,<ref name="report"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Ettinger |first=Yair |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/sociologist-claude-sitbon-do-the-jews-of-tunisia-have-reason-to-be-afraid-1.337440 |title=Sociologist Claude Sitbon, do the Jews of Tunisia have reason to be afraid? |work=Haaretz|date=17 January 2011 |access-date=4 October 2012}}</ref> but many return annually on pilgrimage. However, once the State of Israel was established, and political unrest in the Middle East and North Africa was building up many Jewish people were expelled from Tunisia.<ref name=":1"/> Although the Jewish community of Tunisia was on the decline, the Jewish community of Hara Kebira witnessed an increase of population due to its traditional character.<ref name=":1"/> The community on Djerba remains one of the last remaining fully intact Jewish communities in an Arab majority country after most were left for Israel following intense pressure from pro-Zionist immigration authorities. The most traditionally observant Jewish community is growing because of large natural families despite emigration and a new [[Orthodox Jewish]] school for girls has recently been inaugurated on the Island to serve alongside the two boys [[yeshiva]] schools. According to ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' "Relations between Jews and Muslims are complex—proper and respectful, though not especially close. Jewish men work alongside Arab merchants in the [[souk]], for example, and enjoy amicable ties with Muslim customers."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/insular-jewish-community-of-djerba-tunisia-has-weathered-revolution-and-terrorism-but-can-it-survive-girls-education-1423869146|title=Tunisian Jewish Enclave Weathers Revolt, Terror; Can It Survive Girls' Education?|first=Lucette|last=Lagnado|date=13 February 2015|access-date=6 December 2018|via=www.wsj.com|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>
[[File:Lag BaOmer.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Lag BaOmer festival in Djerba's El Ghriba synagogue|Lag BaOmer festival in Djerba]]
The historical conflicts between Muslims and Jewish people have been largely absent in Djerba. This is reportedly attributed due to all the people of the island being at some point Jewish, and therefore share similar practices in their ways of life.<ref name=":03"/> Some of these Jewish practices that can be seen in Muslim households in Djerba are the lighting of candles on Friday night, and the suspending of [[matzot]] on the ceiling from one spring to the next.<ref name=":03"/> The Jewish and Muslim communities have coexisted peacefully in Djerba despite political unrest regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The people of Djerba say that the two communities simply pray in different places, but are still able to converse.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Tunisian Jews Enjoy Religious Tolerance and Peace In Djerba|last=Hanley|first=Delinda C.|date=December 2003|work=The Washington Report on Middle Eastern Affairs|issue=10|volume=22|pages=46–49}}</ref> A Jewish leader once stated "We live together, We visit our friends on their religious holidays. We work together. Muslims buy meat from our butchers. When we are forbidden to work or cook on the Shabbat, we buy bread and [[kosher food]] cooking by Muslims. Our children play together".<ref name=":2" />

On 11 April 2002, [[Al-Qaeda]] claimed responsibility for a [[Ghriba synagogue bombing|truck bomb attack]] close to the famous synagogue, killing 21 people (14 German tourists, 5 Tunisians and 2 French nationals).<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7812187.stm Tunisian bomb attack trial opens], BBC.co.UK; accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>

Since the "[[Arab Spring]]", the Tunisian government has extended its protection and encouraged Jewish life on the island of Djerba.<ref name="jpost.com"/> Citing the long and unique Jewish history on Djerba, Tunisia has sought UNESCO World Heritage status for the island.<ref name="whc.unesco.org"/> There are currently 14 synagogues, 2 [[Yeshiva|yeshivot]] and 3 kosher restaurants.<ref name="jpost.com"/>

A Jewish school on the island was [[firebombing|firebombed]] during the [[2018 Tunisian protests|national protests held in 2018]], while security forces in Djerba were reduced, being preoccupied with protection efforts elsewhere.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Tunisian Jewish school attacked as anti-government protests rage elsewhere|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tunisia-protests/protests-hit-tunisia-for-third-night-as-pm-warns-of-clampdown-idUSKBN1EZ0OI|newspaper=Reuters|date=11 January 2018}}</ref> This attack was among many other uprisings that were occurring throughout Tunisia at the time.<ref name=":0" />

=== Ecclesiastical history ===
[[File:Église Saint-Joseph de Djerba 02.jpg|thumb|right|Saint Joseph Catholic Church in [[Houmt El Souk]]]]
The city Girba in the [[Roman province]] of [[Tripolitania]] (mostly in modern Libya), which gave its name to the island, was important enough to become a [[suffragan bishop]] of its capital's archbishopric. Known Bishops of antiquity include:
* Proculus (Maximus Bishop fl.393)
* [[Quodvultdeus]] (Catholic Bishop fl.401–411) attending [[Council of Carthage (411)]] 
* Euasius (Donatist Bishop fl.411) rival at Council of Carthage
* Urbanus (Catholic bishop fl.445–454)
* Faustinus (Catholic bishop [[floruit|fl. 484]]), exiled by King [[Huneric]] of the [[Vandal Kingdom]]
* Vincentius (Catholic bishop fl. 523–525)

The 1909 ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' lists only two: "At least two bishops of Girba are known, Monnulus and Vincent, who assisted at the Councils, of Carthage in 255 and 525".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Vailhé|first=S.|date=1909|title=Girba|encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia|location=New York|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06570c.htm}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Djerba has a hot [[desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''BWh'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif|title=World map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification|website=koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at|access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref> that borders on a hot [[semi-arid climate]] (''BSh'').

{{Weather box
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|location = Djerba (1981–2010, extremes 1898–present)
|Jan record high C = 31.8
|Feb record high C = 35.2
|Mar record high C = 35.0
|Apr record high C = 38.6
|May record high C = 43.7
|Jun record high C = 46.0
|Jul record high C = 46.1
|Aug record high C = 46.3
|Sep record high C = 42.8
|Oct record high C = 42.3
|Nov record high C = 34.4
|Dec record high C = 28.6
|year record high C = 46.3
|Jan high C = 16.5
|Feb high C = 17.8
|Mar high C = 20.3
|Apr high C = 23.1
|May high C = 26.6
|Jun high C = 30.0
|Jul high C = 32.9
|Aug high C = 33.5
|Sep high C = 30.9
|Oct high C = 27.6
|Nov high C = 22.4
|Dec high C = 17.8
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 12.9
|Feb mean C = 13.7
|Mar mean C = 15.8
|Apr mean C = 18.3
|May mean C = 21.8
|Jun mean C = 25.2
|Jul mean C = 27.8
|Aug mean C = 28.7
|Sep mean C = 26.7
|Oct mean C = 23.4
|Nov mean C = 18.6
|Dec mean C = 14.5
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 9.2
|Feb low C = 9.6
|Mar low C = 11.6
|Apr low C = 14.2
|May low C = 17.5
|Jun low C = 20.8
|Jul low C = 23.1
|Aug low C = 24.3
|Sep low C = 22.8
|Oct low C = 19.5
|Nov low C = 14.7
|Dec low C = 11.0
|year low C = 
|Jan record low C = 0.0
|Feb record low C = 1.0
|Mar record low C = 4.0
|Apr record low C = 5.0
|May record low C = 6.0
|Jun record low C = 12.0
|Jul record low C = 15.0
|Aug record low C = 14.0
|Sep record low C = 14.0
|Oct record low C = 10.0
|Nov record low C = 3.0
|Dec record low C = 1.0
|year record low C = 0.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 27.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 14.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 15.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 11.8
|May precipitation mm = 5.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 1.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 1.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 20.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 36.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 27.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 41.3
|year precipitation mm = 
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 3.4
|Feb precipitation days = 3.1
|Mar precipitation days = 2.7
|Apr precipitation days = 1.8
|May precipitation days = 1.1
|Jun precipitation days = 0.5
|Jul precipitation days = 0.0
|Aug precipitation days = 0.1
|Sep precipitation days = 2.1
|Oct precipitation days = 3.5
|Nov precipitation days = 2.8
|Dec precipitation days = 3.5
|year precipitation days = 
|Jan humidity = 69
|Feb humidity = 67
|Mar humidity = 66
|Apr humidity = 66
|May humidity = 65
|Jun humidity = 66
|Jul humidity = 63
|Aug humidity = 65
|Sep humidity = 69
|Oct humidity = 68
|Nov humidity = 67
|Dec humidity = 70
|year humidity = 67
|Jan sun = 207.7
|Feb sun = 207.2
|Mar sun = 244.9
|Apr sun = 264.0
|May sun = 313.1
|Jun sun = 321.0
|Jul sun = 375.1
|Aug sun = 350.3
|Sep sun = 276.0
|Oct sun = 248.0
|Nov sun = 213.0
|Dec sun = 204.6
|year sun = 3224.9
|Jand sun = 6.7
|Febd sun = 7.4
|Mard sun = 7.9
|Aprd sun = 8.8
|Mayd sun = 10.1
|Jund sun = 10.7
|Juld sun = 12.1
|Augd sun = 11.3
|Sepd sun = 9.2
|Octd sun = 8.0
|Novd sun = 7.1
|Decd sun = 6.6
|yeard sun = 8.8
|source 1 = Institut National de la Météorologie (precipitation days/humidity/sun 1961–1990)<ref name=IMN1>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191219211209/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/9e1ed3a1-69f5-4ef9-a05e-daa8126fdb7c/resource/acf0d32e-92b3-4247-9281-1b3a1587d23f/download/normales_1981_2010.txt
| archive-date = 19 December 2019
| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/9e1ed3a1-69f5-4ef9-a05e-daa8126fdb7c/resource/acf0d32e-92b3-4247-9281-1b3a1587d23f
| title = Les normales climatiques en Tunisie entre 1981 2010
| publisher = Ministère du Transport
| language = fr
| access-date = 20 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMN2>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191221032155/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/c8d4b465-056c-41e2-a666-05160d19784e/resource/3d38ac83-8a3c-4207-b327-9684131292b3/download/normales_1961_1990.txt
| archive-date = 21 December 2019
| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/normales-climatiques-en-tunisie-entre-1961-1990/resource/3d38ac83-8a3c-4207-b327-9684131292b3
| title = Données normales climatiques 1961–1990
| publisher = Ministère du Transport
| language = fr
| access-date = 20 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMNextremes>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191221032448/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/b19bf5d3-5f47-43a3-befc-80a4f4f1d267/resource/0f4ff280-9f86-4e4f-bc18-29df886c2a30/download/extremes.txt
| archive-date = 21 December 2019
| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/extremes-climatiques-en-tunisie/resource/0f4ff280-9f86-4e4f-bc18-29df886c2a30
| title = Les extrêmes climatiques en Tunisie
| publisher = Ministère du Transport
| language = fr
| access-date = 20 January 2020}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|name=Station ID|The Station ID for Djerba is 57070211.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.transport.tn/dataset/reseau-des-stations-meteorologiques-synoptiques/resource/9d68c101-4789-4e6a-bdff-8952d727c0c1 |title=Réseau des stations météorologiques synoptiques de la Tunisie |publisher=Ministère du Transport |language=fr |access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref>}}
|source 2 = NOAA (humidity and sun 1961–1990),<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/TS/60769.TXT
| title = Jerba Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 24 January 2015}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat>
{{cite web
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1167
| title = Station Djerba
| publisher = Météo Climat
| language = fr
| access-date = 13 July 2017}}</ref>
|date=January 2015
}}

{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
!Colspan=14|Climate data for Djerba
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °C (°F)
|style="background:#F0F0FF;color:#000000;"|16.0<br />(61.0)
|style="background:#E1E1FF;color:#000000;"|15.0<br />(59.0)
|style="background:#F0F0FF;color:#000000;"|16.0<br />(61.0)
|style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;"|17.0<br />(63.0)
|style="background:#FFD755;color:#000000;"|19.0<br />(66.0)
|style="background:#FF9C00;color:#000000;"|22.0<br />(72.0)
|style="background:#FF4E00;color:#000000;"|26.0<br />(79.0)
|style="background:#FF2700;color:#FFFFFF;"|28.0<br />(82.0)
|style="background:#FF3A00;color:#FFFFFF;"|27.0<br />(81.0)
|style="background:#FF6200;color:#000000;"|25.0<br />(77.0)
|style="background:#FF9C00;color:#000000;"|22.0<br />(72.0)
|style="background:#FFEBAA;color:#000000;"|18.0<br />(64.0)
|style="background:#FFB200;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|20.9<br />(69.8)
|-
!Mean daily daylight hours
|style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
|style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;"|13.0
|style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
|style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
|style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
|style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;"|13.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
|style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
|style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12.0
|-
!Average [[Ultraviolet index]]
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|3
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|4
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;"|6
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|8
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|9
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|10
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|10
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|8
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;"|6
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|4
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|3
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|6.8
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source #1: Weather2Travel (sea temperature) <ref name="Weather2Travel">{{Cite web |url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/tunisia/djerba.php |title=Djerba Climate and Weather Averages, Tunisia |publisher=Weather2Travel |access-date=19 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source #2: Weather Atlas <ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/tunisia/djerba-climate |title=Djerba, Tunisia – Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=4 April 2017 }}</ref>
|}

==Migratory bird sanctuary==
Djerba Bin El Ouedian is a [[wetland]] and habitat for migratory birds. It is located at 33 ° 40 'N, 10 ° 55 'E. On 7 November 2007 the wetland was included on the list of [[Ramsar site]]s under the [[Ramsar Convention]], due to its importance as a [[bird sanctuary|bird refuge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ramsar.org/wetland/tunisia?site=44200#map-leaflet|title=Tunisia – Ramsar|website=www.ramsar.org|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Africa}}
* [[European enclaves in North Africa before 1830]]
* [[Borj El Kebir]]
* [[Menachem Mazuz]], former [[Attorney General of Israel]] & supreme judge
* [[Yael Shelbia]], Israeli model, descendant of Djerba inhabitants 
* [[Djerba–Zarzis International Airport]]
* [[Menzel (Djerba)|''Menzel'' (Djerba)]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Djerba (island)|Djerba}}
{{Wikivoyage|Djerba}}
{{Catholic|wstitle=Girba}}
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0872.htm GigaCatholic with titular see incumbent biography links]

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|33|47|N|10|53|E|type:isle|display=title}}

[[Category:Djerba| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek geography of North Africa]]
[[Category:Catholic titular sees in Africa|Girba]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities]]
[[Category:Islands of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Jewish Tunisian history]]
[[Category:Medenine Governorate]]
[[Category:Mediterranean islands]]
[[Category:Ottoman Tunisia]]
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