Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Dollar sign

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Monetary symbol used in many national currencies}}
{{redirect|$|the unit of currency|Dollar|other uses}}
{{redirect|Peso sign|the Philippine peso sign "₱"|Philippine peso sign}}
{{Technical reasons|$#*! My Dad Says|the television show|$h*! My Dad Says{{!}}''$h*! My Dad Says''}}
{{Technical reasons|:$|the keyboard symbol|List of emoticons}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox currency sign|mark=$
|unicode={{unichar|0024|Dollar sign|html=}}
|other names= Peso sign
|currency= Many (see [[dollar]], [[peso]])
|see also=
|image variants=Dollar sign fonts.svg
}}

The '''dollar sign''', also known as '''peso sign''', is a [[currency symbol]] consisting of a [[Letter case|capital]] "[[S]]" crossed with one or two vertical strokes ({{char|$}} or <span style="color: black !important; background-color: white !important;">{{char|{{dollar2}}}}</span> depending on [[typeface]]), used to indicate the unit of various [[currency|currencies]] around the world, including most currencies denominated "[[peso]]" and "[[dollar]]". The explicitly double-barred <span style="color: black !important; background-color: white !important;">{{char|{{dollar2}}}}</span> sign is called '''[[cifrão]]''' in the [[Portuguese language]].

The sign is also used in several compound currency symbols, such as the [[Brazilian real]] (R$), the [[Nicaraguan Córdoba]] (C$) and the [[United States dollar]] (US$): in local use, the nationality prefix is usually omitted. In countries that have other [[currency symbol]]s, the US dollar is often assumed and the "US" prefix omitted.

The one- and two-stroke version are often considered mere stylistic ([[typeface]]) variants, although in some places and epochs one of them may have been specifically assigned, by law or custom, to a specific currency. The [[Unicode]] computer encoding standard defines a single code for both.

In most [[English language|English]]-speaking countries that use that symbol, it is placed to the left of the amount specified, e.g. "$1", read as "one dollar".

==History==
===Use for the Spanish American peso in the late 1700s===
The symbol appears in business correspondence in the 1770s from [[New Spain|Spanish America]], the early independent U.S., British America and Britain, referring to the Spanish American peso,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Lawrence |last=Kinnaird |date=July 1976 |jstor=967081 |title=The Western Fringe of Revolution |journal=The Western Historical Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=3 |page=259|doi=10.2307/967081 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Popular Science |author-link=Popular Science |journal=Popular Science |title=Origin of Dollar Sign is Traced to Mexico |date=February 1930 |issn=0161-7370 |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ykDAAAAMBAJ}}</ref> also known as "[[Spanish dollar]]" or "piece of eight" in British America. Those coins provided the model for the currency that the United States adopted in 1792, and for the larger coins of the new Spanish American republics, such as the [[Mexican peso]], [[Argentine peso]], [[Peruvian real]], and [[Bolivian sol]] coins.

With the [[Coinage Act of 1792]], the United States Congress created the U.S. dollar, defining it to have "the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=371 |title=Section 9 of the Coinage Act of 1792 |publisher=Memory.loc.gov |access-date=August 24, 2010 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729031805/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001%2Fllsl001.db&recNum=371 |url-status=live }}</ref> but a variety of foreign coins were deemed to be [[legal tender]] until the [[Coinage Act of 1857]] ended this status.<ref>{{cite web |title=Massachusetts Copyright Statute,(1783), p. 370 |url=http://www.copyrighthistory.org/cam/tools/request/showRepresentation.php?id=representation_us_1783d&pagenumber=1_2&imagesize=middle |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427102310/http://www.copyrighthistory.org/cam/tools/request/showRepresentation.php?id=representation_us_1783d&pagenumber=1_2&imagesize=middle |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2022}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Maryland Copyright Statute (1783) |url=http://www.copyrighthistory.org/cam/tools/request/showRepresentation.php?id=representation_us_1783e&pagenumber=1_2&imagesize=middle |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427102715/http://www.copyrighthistory.org/cam/tools/request/showRepresentation.php?id=representation_us_1783e&pagenumber=1_2&imagesize=middle |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2022}}

The earliest U.S. dollar coins did not have any dollar symbol. The first occurrence in print is claimed to be from 1790s, by a Philadelphia printer [[Binny & Ronaldson|Archibald Binny]], creator of the [[Monticello (typeface)|Monticello typeface]].<ref name=ander2019>Hephzibah Anderson (2019): "[https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20190528-the-curious-origin-of-the-symbol The curious origins of the dollar symbol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812172054/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20190528-the-curious-origin-of-the-symbol |date=12 August 2021 }}". Online article at the [[BBC]] website, dated 29 May 2019. Accessed on 2021-08-12.</ref> The $1 [[United States Note]] issued by the United States in 1869 included a large symbol consisting of a "U" with the right bar overlapping an "S" like a single-bar dollar sign, as well as a very small double-stroke dollar sign in the legal warning against forgery.<ref>[[:File:US-$1-LT-1869-Fr-18.jpg|Reverse of $1 United States Note (Greenback), series of 1869]]</ref>

===Earlier history of the symbol===
[[File:Potosi Real.jpg|thumb|right|A piece of eight from the [[Potosí]] mint, showing the Pillars of Hercules with "S" ribbons, and two "PTSI" monograms at about 4 and 8 o'clock around the edge]]

It is still uncertain, however, how the dollar sign came to represent the Spanish American peso. There are currently several competing hypotheses:

<!--[[File:Columnas_Plus_Ultra.png|thumb|right|Iconic representation of the Pillars of Hercules with ribbon ''Plus Ultra'' ("further beyond"), in [[Seville]] (16th century).]]-->
*  The most widely accepted theory holds that the sign grew out of the Spanish and Spanish American [[scribal abbreviation]] "p<sup>s</sup>" for pesos. A study of late 18th- and early 19th-century [[manuscript]]s shows that the ''s'' gradually came to be written over the ''p'', developing into a close equivalent to the "$" mark.<ref name=cajori1929>{{cite book |first=Florian |last=Cajori |author-link=Florian Cajori |year=1993 |orig-year=1929 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7juWmvQSTvwC&pg=RA1-PA22 |title=A History of Mathematical Notations |volume=2 |pages=15–29|publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486677668 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Arthur S. |last1=Aiton |first2=Benjamin W. |last2=Wheeler |date=May 1931 |jstor=2506275 |title=The First American Mint |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=198|doi=10.1215/00182168-11.2.198 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=nuss1957>{{cite book |last=Nussbaum |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Nussbaum |title=A History of the Dollar |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofdollar0000nuss |url-access=registration |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1957 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofdollar0000nuss/page/56 56] |quote=The foreign coins remained in circulation [in the United States], and the more important among them, especially the Spanish (including the Mexican) dollars, were declared by Congress on February 9, 1793, to be legal tender. The dollar sign, $, is connected with the peso, contrary to popular belief, which considers it to be an abbreviation of 'U.S.' The two [[parallel lines]] represented one of the many abbreviations of 'P,' and the 'S' indicated the plural. The abbreviation '$.' was also used for the peso, and is still used in Argentina.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Riesco Terrero |first=Ángel |year=1983 |title=Diccionario de abreviaturas hispanas de los siglos XIII al XVIII: Con un apendice de expresiones y formulas juridico-diplomaticas de uso corriente |location=Salamanca |publisher=Imprenta Varona |page=[https://archive.org/details/diccionariodeabr0000ries/page/350 350] |isbn=84-300-9090-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/diccionariodeabr0000ries/page/350 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is the origin of the $ sign? |url=http://www.bep.gov/resources/faqs.html#wb_element_text__1399408259221_115 |work=Resources: FAQs |author=Bureau of Engraving and Printing |author-link=Bureau of Engraving and Printing |access-date=2016-04-08 |archive-date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409064155/http://www.bep.gov/resources/faqs.html#wb_element_text__1399408259221_115 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Oliver Pollock]], a wealthy [[Ireland|Irish]] trader and early supporter of the American Revolution, used the abbreviation "ps", sometimes run together in a way that almost exactly resembled the dollar sign, in a letter dated 1778.<ref name=ander2019/><ref name=roth2018>Joshua D. Rothman (2018): "[http://werehistory.org/the-curious-origins-of-the-dollar-sign/ The Curious Origins of the Dollar Sign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812185942/http://werehistory.org/the-curious-origins-of-the-dollar-sign/ |date=12 August 2021 }}" Online article on the ''We're History'' website, dated 2018-04-01. Accessed on 2021-08-12.</ref> There are documents showing the common use of the two-stroke version in Portugal already by 1775.<ref name=beux1775/>
* Another hypothesis derives the sign from a depiction of the [[Pillars of Hercules]], a classical symbol for two sides of the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], with a [[ribbon]] wrapped around each pillar (or both pillars) in the form of an "S". This device is a support element of the [[Spanish coat of arms]], and appeared on the most common ''real de ocho'' coins circulating at the time in the Americas and Europe; namely, those minted at the [[Potosí]] mint in [[Bolivia]], which operated from 1573 to 1825.<ref name=seij2017/><ref name=nuss1957/>  Indeed, one of the names used for Spanish dollars in [[Qing Dynasty]] China was {{Lang-zh|labels=no|p=Shuāngzhù|s=|t=雙柱|l=double-pillar}}.<ref name=theo2016>Ulrich Theobald (2016): "[http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/cash-qing.html#silverdollars Qing Period Money: Foreign Silver 'Dollars'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409053321/http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/cash-qing.html#silverdollars |date=9 April 2021 }}". Online article in the website ''ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art'', dated Apr 13, 2016. Accessed on 2021-08-14.</ref>
<!-- [[File:Philip V Coin silver, 8 Reales Mexico.jpg|thumb|The Pillars of Hercules wrapped by a cloth band, on an 18th century Spanish coin.]]-->
<!--[[File:Dollar Symbol Evolution.svg|thumb|225px|alt=Dollar symbol evolution|Development of the dollar sign, according two hypotheses.]]-->
* A variant of the above theory claims that the sign comes from the [[mint mark|mark]] of the mint at [[Potosí]], where a large portion of the Spanish Empire's silver was mined. A feature on these coins were the letters "P T S I" superimposed. The core of this [[monogram]] is a (single-stroked) "$" sign.<ref name=chor2011>Sandra Choron and Harry Choron (2011): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YEdwW78QWj0C&pg=PA68 Money Everything You Never Knew About Your Favorite Thing to Find, Save, Spend & Covet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405174327/https://books.google.com/books?id=YEdwW78QWj0C&pg=PA68 |date=5 April 2023 }}''. Chronicle Books LLC 336 pages. {{isbn|9781452105598}}</ref>
[[File:Sample ledger with dollar sign in John Collins, An Introduction to Merchants-Accompts, 1686.png|thumb|Sample ledger with a sign for dollar from John Collins 1686]]
* Yet another hypothesis notes that the English word "dollar" for the Spanish piece of eight originally came (through [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''daalder'') from [[Joachimsthaler]] or [[thaler]], a similar large German silver coin that was widely used in Europe.  It is therefore conjectured that the dollar sign derived from a symbol consisting of a superimposing S and I or J that was used to denote the German silver coin.  Such symbol appears in the 1686 edition of ''An Introduction to Merchants' Accounts'' by [[John Collins (mathematician)|John Collins]].<ref>''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3110685 Florence Edler de Roover. Concerning the Ancestry of the Dollar Sign. - Bulletin of the Business Historical Society. Vol. 19, No. 2 (Apr., 1945), pp. 63-64] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926054826/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3110685 |date=26 September 2018 }}''</ref> Alternatively, the symbol could have come from a snake and cross emblem on the thaler coins.<ref name=ander2019/>

===Less likely theories===
The following theories seem to have been discredited or contradicted by documentary evidence:

* In 1937, historian [[James Alton James]] claimed that the symbol with two strokes was an adapted design of patriot [[Robert Morris (financier)|Robert Morris]] in 1778, in letters written to Pollock.<ref>{{cite book | last = James | first = James Alton | title = Robert Morris: The Life and Times of an Unknown Patriot | publisher = Books for Libraries Press | year = 1970 | orig-year = 1937 | location = Freeport | page = 356 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kht_DEllNccC | isbn = 978-0-8369-5527-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = James | first = James Alton | title = 'Robert Morris, Financier of the Revolution in the West'. | publisher = The Mississippi Valley Historical Review | year = 1929}}</ref><ref name=roth2018/>
* In 1939, H. M. Larson suggested that the sign could derive from a combination of the Greek character [[Psi (letter)|"psi" (ψ)]] and "S".<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=3111350 |last=Larson |first=Henrietta M. |title=Note on Our Dollar Sign |journal=Bulletin of the Business Historical Society |volume=13 |issue=4 |date=October 1939 |pages=57–58|doi=10.2307/3111350 }}</ref>
* A theory claims that the sign started off as a monogram of "US", with a narrow "U" superimposed on the "S"; the bottom part of the "U" would have been lost, producing the dollar sign with two vertical lines. This theory was mentioned in letters to [[Notes and Queries]] in 1876.<ref name=cajori1929 /> [[Henry R. Towne|Henry Towne]] begins his classic 1886 essay on management with this theory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Towne |first=Henry R. |url=http://archive.org/details/transactionsof07amer |title="Engineer as an Economist" |date=1886 |publisher=in Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City: American Society of Mechanical Engineers |others=}}</ref> This was also claimed by [[Ayn Rand]] in her 1957 book ''[[Atlas Shrugged]]''; in her version of the theory the monogram "US" would have been used on money bags issued by the [[United States Mint]].<ref name=hist2018>(2018): "[https://www.history.com/news/where-did-the-dollar-sign-come-from Where did the dollar sign come from?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812172054/https://www.history.com/news/where-did-the-dollar-sign-come-from |date=12 August 2021 }}" Online article of the ''History'' channel website, dated 2018-08-22. Accessed on 2021-08-12.</ref><ref name=ander2019/> 
* Authors T. Seijas and J. Frederick noted that the captors of slaves in Spanish territories sometimes branded enslaved people with a symbol very similar to a one-barred dollar sign. ''Esclavo'' is Spanish for "slave," and ''clavo'' means nail. A dollar sign would then be S + ''clavo''.<ref name=seij2017>{{Cite book|last=Seijas|first=Tatiana and Jake Frederick|title=Spanish Dollars and Sister Republics: The Money That Made Mexico and the United States|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2017|isbn=9781538100462|location=Lanham|pages=3–4}}</ref>
* A theory often cited in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] speaking countries is that the "S" part of the doubly-stroked sign is a schematic representation of the path followed by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] general [[Tariq Ibn Ziyad]] in his conquest of the [[Visigoth]] kingdom in 711 [[Common Era|CE]], and the two strokes represent the Pillars of Hercules that he would have crossed along that path. That symbol would have been engraved in coins commemorating his victory, and then became symbolic of currency in general.<ref name=cmoeda>(2015): "Origem do Cifrão". Note on the website of the Casa da Moeda do Brasil (Brazilian Mint). Accessed on 2021-08-12.</ref>

== Currencies that use the dollar sign ==
===As symbol of the currency===
The numerous currencies called "[[Dollar#Economies that use a "dollar"|dollar]]" use the dollar sign to express money amounts. The sign is also generally used for the many currencies called "[[Peso#Countries that use pesos|peso]]" (except the [[Philippine peso]], which uses the symbol "[[Philippine peso sign|₱]]"). Within a country the dollar/peso sign may be used alone. In other cases, and to avoid ambiguity in international usage, it is usually combined with other glyphs, e.g. CA$ or Can$ for [[Canadian dollar]]. Particularly in professional contexts, the unambiguous [[ISO 4217|ISO 4217 three letter code]] (AUD, MXN, USD, etc.) is preferred.

The dollar sign, alone or in combination with other glyphs, is or was used to denote several currencies with other names, including:

* [[Brazilian cruzeiro (disambiguation)|Brazilian cruzeiro]] (various currencies, all defunct): ₢$, CR<span style="color: black !important; background-color: white !important;">{{dollar2}}</span>, Cr<span style="color: black !important; background-color: white !important;">{{dollar2}}</span>, NCr<span style="color: black !important; background-color: white !important;">{{dollar2}}</span> etc.
* [[Brazilian real]]: R$
* [[Ethiopian birr]] (until 1976): E$
* [[Macanese pataca]]: MOP$
* [[Nicaraguan córdoba]]: C$
* [[Samoan tālā]] (a transliteration of the word dollar): $
* [[Tongan paʻanga]]: T$
* [[Malaya and British Borneo dollar]] (1957–1967): $
* [[Malaysian ringgit]] (1967–1997): $, M$, M<span style="color: black !important; background-color: white !important;">{{dollar2}}</span>
* [[South Vietnamese đồng]] (1953–1975): $, <span style="color: black !important; background-color: white !important;">{{dollar2}}</span>

====Prefix or suffix<span class="anchor" id="Placement"></span>====
In the United States, Mexico, Australia, Argentina, Chile, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pacific Island nations, and English-speaking Canada, the sign is written before the number ("$5"), even though the word is written or spoken after it ("five dollars", "''cinco pesos''"). In French-speaking Canada, exceptionally, the dollar symbol usually appears after the number,<ref>{{cite web |title=Banque de dépannage linguistique - Somme d'argent |url=https://bdl.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/bdl/gabarit_bdl.asp?id=1584 |website=Office québécois de la langue française |access-date=31 October 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929085154/https://bdl.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/bdl/gabarit_bdl.asp?id=1584 |url-status=live }}</ref> e.g., "{{Not a typo|5$}}". (The [[cent symbol]] is written after the number in most countries that use it, e.g., "5[[¢]]".)

===Use in the Portuguese Empire<!-- start of anchors attached to this heading; do not alter the anchors when changing the heading only --><span class="anchor" id="Cifrão"></span><span class="anchor" id="Cifrao"></span><!-- end of anchors -->===
[[File:Car with price.jpg|thumb|Car for sale in Cape Verde, showing use of the ''cifrão'' as decimals separator]]
In Portugal, Brazil, and other parts of the [[Portuguese Empire]], the two-stroke variant of the sign (with the name '''{{lang|pt|[[cifrão]]}}'''; ({{IPA-pt|siˈfɾɐ̃w|-|Pt-cifrão.oga}}) was used as the thousands separator of amounts in the national currency, the [[Portuguese real|real]] (plural "réis", abbreviated "Rs."): {{Cifrão|123|500}} meant "{{val|123500|u=réis}}". This usage is attested in 1775, but may be older by a century or more.<ref name=beux1775>João Joseph Du Beux (1775): [https://www.unicamp.br/iel/memoria/base_temporal/Numeros/vcXVIII_75a.htm Receipt of 270$000 Rs.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812225714/https://www.unicamp.br/iel/memoria/base_temporal/Numeros/vcXVIII_75a.htm |date=12 August 2021 }} for purchase by of 50 volumes of the ''Acta Santorum'' by the College of the Carmo of Coimbra. Quote: "Recebemos [...] a quantia de Duzentos Settenta mil reis[...] por Clareza passamos este Coimbra 15 de Março de 1775. São {{Cifrão|270|000}} Rs". Cartório do Colégio do Carmo, Maço 35, n.o 17. apud ALMEIDA, Manuel Lopes in  "Livro, livreiros, impressores em documentos da Universidade", Arquivo de Bibliografia Portuguesa, ano X–XII, Atlântida, Coimbra, 1964–66, n o 37–48.</ref> It is always written with two vertical lines: [[File:Cifrão symbol.svg|15px]]. It is the official sign of the [[Cape Verdean escudo]] ([[ISO 4217]]: CVE).

In 1911, Portugal redefined the national currency as the [[Portuguese escudo|escudo]], worth {{val|1000|u=réis}}, and divided into 100 {{lang|pt|centavos|nocat=yes}}; but the ''cifrão'' continued to be used as the [[decimal point|decimal separator]],<ref name=silva2019/> so that {{Cifrão|123|50}} meant {{val|123.50|u=escudos}} or 123 escudos and 50 centavos. This usage ended in 2002 when the country switched to the [[euro]]. (A similar scheme to use a letter symbol instead of a decimal point is used by the [[RKM code]] in electrical engineering since 1952.)

[[Cape Verde]], a republic and former Portuguese colony, similarly switched from the real to their local [[Cape Verde escudo|escudo]] and centavos in 1914, and retains the ''cifrão'' usage as decimals separator as of 2021. Local versions of the Portuguese escudo were for a time created also for other overseas colonies, including [[Portuguese Timor escudo|East Timor]] (1958–1975), [[Portuguese Indian escudo|Portuguese India]] (1958–1961), [[Angolan escudo|Angola]] (1914–1928 and 1958–1977), [[Mozambican escudo|Mozambique]] (1914–1980), [[Portuguese Guinean escudo|Portuguese Guinea]] (1914–1975), and [[São Tomé and Príncipe escudo|São Tomé and Príncipe]] (1914–1977); all using the ''cifrão'' as decimals separator.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

[[Brazil]] retained the real and the ''cifrão'' as thousands separator until 1942, when it switched to the [[Brazilian cruzeiro (1942–1967)|Brazilian cruzeiro]], with comma as the decimals separator. The dollar sign, officially with one stroke but often rendered with two, was retained as part of the currency symbol {{nowrap|"Cr$"}}, so one would write {{nowrap|Cr$13,50}} for 13 cruzeiros and 50 centavos.<ref name=cruz1960>(1960): Price {{nowrap|"Cr$ 15,00"}} on the [https://muzeez.com.br/historias/revista-o-cruzeiro-1960/aznCgnu8gZiLGC4KJ front cover] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814221630/https://muzeez.com.br/historias/revista-o-cruzeiro-1960/aznCgnu8gZiLGC4KJ |date=14 August 2021 }} of the 1960-05-07 issue of ''[[O Cruzeiro]]'' magazine, reproduced on the ''Muzeez'' website on 2016-12-105. Accessed on 2021-08-14.</ref>

The ''cifrão'' was formerly used by the [[Portuguese escudo]] (ISO: PTE) before its replacement by the [[euro]] and by the [[Portuguese Timor escudo]] (ISO: TPE) before its replacement by the [[Indonesian rupiah]] and the [[US dollar]].<ref name="LT">Lisbon-tourist-guide.com. "[http://www.lisbon-tourist-guide.com/portuguese-escudo.html Portuguese Escudo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002162306/https://www.lisbon-tourist-guide.com/portuguese-escudo.html |date=2 October 2022 }}." 2008.</ref> In Portuguese and Cape Verdean usage, the {{lang|pt|cifrão}} is placed as a decimal point between the escudo and {{lang|pt|[[centavo]]}} values.<ref name="Moedas">Banco de Cabo Verde. "[http://www.bcv.cv/vPT/Notas%20e%20Moedas/Moedas/Paginas/Moedas.aspx Moedas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122182747/http://www.bcv.cv/vPT/Notas%20e%20Moedas/Moedas/Paginas/Moedas.aspx |date=2011-01-22 }}." Accessed 25 Feb 2011.</ref> The name originates in the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{lang|ar-Latn|sifr}} ({{wikt-lang|ar|صِفْر}}), meaning 'zero'.<ref name="Casa da Moeda">{{cite web |last=Casa da Moeda |title=Origem do Cifrão |url=http://www.casadamoeda.gov.br/portal/socioambiental/cultural/origem-do-cifrao.html |publisher=Casadamoeda.gov.br |access-date=11 March 2018 |archive-date=12 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312022635/http://www.casadamoeda.gov.br/portal/socioambiental/cultural/origem-do-cifrao.html |url-status=live |language=pt }}</ref>

Outside the Portuguese cultural sphere, the [[South Vietnamese đồng]] before 1975 used a method similar to the ''cifrão'' to separate values of đồng from its decimal subunit ''xu''. For example, {{Cifrão|7|50}} meant 7 đồng and 50 xu.

==One stroke vs. two strokes==
[[File:Cifrão symbol.svg |thumb|upright|Double-barred dollar or {{lang|pt|Cifrão}} sign]]
{{see also|Pound sign#Double bar style}}

In some places and at some times, the one- and two-stroke variants have been used in the same contexts to distinguish between the U.S. dollar and other local currency, such as the former [[Portuguese escudo]].<ref name=silva2019>{{cite web | title=Currency signs missing in Unicode | author=Eduardo Marín Silva | publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] | url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19291-missing-currency.pdf | date=22 July 2019 | access-date=12 August 2021 | archive-date=31 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831201544/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19291-missing-currency.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

However, such usage is not standardized, and the [[Unicode]] specification considers the two versions as [[allograph|graphic variants of the same symbol]]—a [[typeface design]] choice.<ref name="U+0024">{{cite book |title=The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1 |chapter=C0 Controls and Basic Latin {{!}} Range: 0000–007F  |chapter-url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>   Computer and typewriter keyboards usually have a single key for that sign, and many character encodings (including [[ASCII]] and [[Unicode]]) reserve a single numeric code for it. Indeed, dollar signs in the same digital document may be rendered with one or two strokes, if different [[computer font]]s are used, but the underlying [[codepoint]] U+0024 (ASCII 36<sub>10</sub>) remains unchanged.

When a specific variant is not mandated by law or custom, the choice is usually a matter of expediency or aesthetic preference. Both versions were used in the US in the 18th century. (An 1861 [[U. S. Civil War|Civil War]]-era advertisement depicts the two-stroked symbol as a snake.<ref name=roth2018/>)  The two-stroke version seems to be generally less popular today, though used in some "old-style" fonts like [[Baskerville (typeface)|Baskerville]].

== Use in computer software ==
Because of its use in early American computer applications such as business accounting, the dollar sign is almost universally present in computer [[character set]]s, and thus has been appropriated for many purposes unrelated to money in [[programming language]]s and [[command language]]s.

===Encoding===
The dollar sign "$" has Unicode code point U+0024 (inherited from [[ASCII]] via [[Latin-1]]).<ref name="U+0024" />

* {{unichar| 0024| Dollar sign| html=}}{{efn|{{as of|April 2022}}, HTML5 is the only version of HTML that has a named entity for the dollar sign.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/sgml/entities.html|title=24 Character entity references in HTML 4|quote=The following sections present the complete lists of character entity references|website=www.w3.org|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401051616/http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/sgml/entities.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/CR-html5-20140731/syntax.html#named-character-references |title=8.5 Named character references |quote=dollar;{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}U+00024{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}$ |access-date=7 April 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805013240/http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/CR-html5-20140731/syntax.html#named-character-references |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

There are no separate encodings for one- and two-line variants. The choice is typeface-dependent, they are [[allograph]]s.  However, there are three other code points that originate from other East Asian standards: the Taiwanese [[Small Form Variants|small form variant]], the CJK [[Halfwidth and fullwidth forms|fullwidth form]], and the Japanese [[emoji]]. The glyphs for these code points are typically larger or smaller than the primary code point, but the difference is mostly aesthetic or typographic, and the meanings of the symbols are the same.

* {{unichar| FE69| Small dollar sign| html  =}}
* {{unichar| FF04| Fullwidth dollar sign| html  =}}
* {{unichar| 1F4B2| Heavy dollar sign| html  =}}

However, for usage as the special character in various computing applications (see following sections), U+0024 is typically the only code that is recognized.

Support for the two-line variant varies. {{As of|2019|post=,}} the [[Unicode]] standard considers the distinction between one- and two-bar dollar signs a [[Allograph|stylistic distinction between fonts]], and has no separate [[code point]] for the {{lang|pt|cifrão}}. The symbol is not in the October 2019 'pipeline',<ref>{{cite web | url= https://unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html | title= Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline | publisher= [[Unicode Consortium]] | date= 11 October 2019 | accessdate= 26 December 2019 | archive-date= 31 March 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170331011749/https://unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html | url-status= live }}</ref> though it has been requested formally.<ref name=silva2019/>

Among others, the following fonts display a double-bar dollar sign for code point 0024:{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} regular-weight [[Baskerville]], [[Big Caslon]], [[Bodoni MT]], [[Garamond]]: (<span style="font-family:Bodoni MT, Big Caslon, Garamond, Baskerville, Brush Script MT, STFangsong, STKaiti, STSong, serif">$</span>) <!-- Please do not add any font that does not have its own article. The list is already long enough to illustrate the point. -->

In [[LaTeX]], with the textcomp package installed, the {{lang|pt|cifrão}} (<span style="color: black !important; background-color: white !important;">{{dollar2}}</span>) can be input using the command <code>\textdollaroldstyle</code>.  However, because of [[font substitution]] and the lack of a dedicated code point, the author of an electronic document who uses one of these fonts intending to represent a {{lang|pt|cifrão}} cannot be sure that every reader will see a double-bar glyph rather than the single barred version. Because of the continued lack of support in Unicode, a single bar dollar sign is frequently employed in its place even for official purposes.<ref name="Moedas"/><ref>Banco Central do Brasil. "[http://www4.bcb.gov.br/pec/taxas/batch/tabmoedasi.asp?id=curtable Currency table.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514181516/http://www4.bcb.gov.br/pec/taxas/batch/tabmoedasi.asp?id=curtable |date=14 May 2017 }}" Accessed 24 Feb 2011.</ref> Where there is any risk of misunderstanding, the ISO 4217 [[three-letter acronym]] is used.

===Programming languages===
* {{code|$}} was used for defining [[string (computer science)|string]] [[BASIC#Data types and variables|variables]] in older versions of the [[BASIC]] language, e.g. {{code|CHR$}} ({{code|$}} was often pronounced "string" instead of "dollar" in this use).
* {{code|$}} is prefixed to names to define [[variable (mathematics)|variables]] in the [[PHP]] language and the [[AutoIt]] automation script language, [[scalar (computing)|scalar]] variables in the [[Perl]] language (see [[sigil (computer programming)]]), and global variables in the [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] language.  In Perl programming this includes scalar elements of [[Array data structure|arrays]] {{code|2=perl|$array[7]}} and [[Hash table#Associative arrays|hashes]] {{code|2=perl|$hash{foo} }}.
* In most [[shell script]]ing languages, {{code|$}} is used to indicate the insertion into strings of [[environment variable]]s, special variables, input data fields, previous commands, arithmetic computations, and special characters, and for performing translation of localised strings. In the shell script languages of [[CP/M]], [[DOS]], and several [[Unix-like]] systems, it is used to insert variable information (such as the current [[working directory]], [[user name]], or sequential command number) in the [[Command-line interface#Command prompt|command prompt]].
* {{code|$}} is used for defining hexadecimal constants in [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]]-like languages such as [[Delphi (programming language)|Delphi]], and in some variants of [[assembly language]].
* {{code|$}} is used in the [[ALGOL 68]] language to delimit [[ALGOL 68#formatted transput|transput format]] regions.
* {{code|$}} is used in the [[TeX]] [[typesetting]] language to delimit mathematical regions.
* In many versions of [[FORTRAN 66]], {{code|$}} could be used as an alternative to a quotation mark for delimiting strings.
* In [[PL/M]], {{code|$}} can be used to put a visible separation between words in compound identifiers. For example, {{code|Some$Name}} refers to the same thing as 'SomeName'.
* In [[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]], {{code|$}} is used as a function application operator.
* In an [[AutoHotkey]] script, a hotkey declared with {{code|$}} is not triggered by a 'Send' command elsewhere in the script.
* In [[JavaScript]] from ES6 onward it is used inside template literals to insert the value of a variable. For example, if {{code|2=javascript|1=var word = "such"}} then {{code|2=javascript|`as ${word}`}} would equal {{code|'as such'}}. 
* In several [[JavaScript]] frameworks such as [[Prototype.js]] and [[jQuery]], {{code|$}} is a common [[utility class]], and is often referred to as ''the buck''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} Otherwise, it's a character allowed in identifiers.
* In [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], {{code|$}} marks a string literal as an [[String interpolation|interpolated string]].
* In [[ASP.NET]], the dollar sign used in a tag in the web page indicates an expression will follow it. The expression that follows is .NET [[language-independent specification|language-agnostic]], as it will work with C#, [[VB.NET]], or any CLR supported language.
* In [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]], the dollar sign precedes character literals. The dollar sign as a character can be written {{code|$$}}.
* In [[Cobol|COBOL]] the {{code|$}} sign is used in the [[Picture clause]] to depict a floating currency symbol as the left most character. The default symbol is {{code|$}}; however, if the {{code|1=CURRENCY=}} or {{code|CURRENCY SIGN}} clause is specified, many other symbols can be used.
* In some [[assembly language]]s, such as [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]], the {{code|$}} sign is used to represent registers.
* In [[Honeywell 6000 series]] assembler, the {{code|$}} sign, when used as an address, meant the address of the instruction in which it appeared.
* In [[CMS-2 (programming language)#Program structure|CMS-2]], the {{code|$}} sign is used as a statement terminator.
* In [[R (programming language)|R]], the {{code|$}} sign is used as a subsetting operator. 
* In [[Q (programming language from Kx Systems)]], the {{code|$}} sign is used as a casting/padding/enumeration/conditional operator.
* In [[Sass (stylesheet language)|Sass]], the {{code|$}} sign is prefixed to define a variable.
* In [[Svelte]], the {{code|$}} sign can be used to mark [[Reactive programming|reactive]] statements.
* In [[python (programming language)|Python]], although you'll not come across the {{code|$}} sign operator when learning about operators in Python, you can use the {{code|$}} sign to format strings using the string template class.

===Operating systems===
* In [[CP/M]] and subsequently in all versions of [[DOS]] ([[86-DOS]], [[MS-DOS]], [[PC DOS]], more) and derivatives, {{code|$}} is used as a string terminator ({{code|Int 21h}} with {{code|1=AH=09h}}).
* In [[Microsoft Windows]], {{code|$}} is appended to the share name to hide a shared folder or resource. For example, {{code|\\server\share}} will be visible to other computers on a network, while {{code|\\server\share$}} will be accessible only by explicit reference. Hiding a shared folder or resource will not alter its access permissions but may render it inaccessible to programs or other functions which rely on its visibility. Most [[administrative share]]s are hidden in this way.
* In the [[LDAP]] directory access protocol, {{code|$}} is used as a line separator in various standard entry attributes such as postalAddress.
* In the [[UNIVAC EXEC 8]] operating system, {{code|$}} means "system". It is appended to entities such as the names of system files, the "sender" name in messages sent by the operator, and the default names of system-created files (like compiler output) when no specific name is specified (e.g., {{code|TPF$}}, {{code|NAME$}}, etc.)
* In [[RISC OS]], {{code|$}} is used in system variables to separate the application name from the variables specific to that application. For example <code>Draw$Dir</code> specifies the directory where the <code>!Draw</code> application is located. It is also used to refer to the [[root directory]] of a [[file system]].

===Applications===
* [[Microsoft Excel]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.pdx.edu/~stipakb/CellRefs.htm|title=Relative & Absolute Cell References in Excel|access-date=23 April 2015|archive-date=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317124839/http://web.pdx.edu/~stipakb/CellRefs.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and other spreadsheet software use the dollar sign ($) to denote a fixed row, fixed column reference, or an absolute cell reference.
* The dollar sign introduces a subfield delimiter in [[MARC standards|computer coding of library catalog records]].
* {{code|$}} matches the end of a line or string in [[sed]], [[grep]], and [[POSIX]] and [[Perl]] [[regular expression]]s, as well as the end of a line or the file in text editors [[ed (text editor)|ed]], [[ex (text editor)|ex]], [[Vi (text editor)|vi]], [[pico (text editor)|pico]], and derivatives.

==Other uses==
The symbol is sometimes used derisively, in place of the letter S, to indicate greed or excess money such as in "[[Microsoft|Micro$oft]]", "[[Disney|Di$ney]]", "[[Chelsea FC|Chel$ea]]" and "[[Greater Western Sydney Giants|GW$]]"; or supposed overt Americanisation as in "[[Sky UK|$ky]]". The dollar sign is also used intentionally to stylize names such as [[ASAP Rocky|A$AP Rocky]], [[Kesha|Ke$ha]], and [[Ty Dolla Sign|Ty Dolla $ign]] or words such as '''{{nowrap|¥€$}}'''. In 1872, [[Ambrose Bierce]] referred to California governor [[Leland Stanford]] as $tealand Landford.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ambrose Bierce: Alone in Bad Company|author=Roy Morris|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1995|page=176|isbn=9780195126280}}</ref>

In [[Scrabble]] notation, a dollar sign is placed after a word to indicate that it is valid according to the [[Official Tournament and Club Word List|North American word lists]], but not according to the British word lists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tucsonscrabble.com/articles/glossary.html|title=Scrabble Glossary|publisher=Tucson Scrabble Club|access-date=2012-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830073348/http://www.tucsonscrabble.com/articles/glossary.html|archive-date=2011-08-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A dollar symbol is used as [[Dollar (reactivity)|unit of reactivity]] for a nuclear reactor, {{val|0|ul=$}} being the threshold of slow criticality, meaning a steady reaction rate, while {{val|1|u=$}} is the threshold of [[prompt criticality]], which means a nuclear excursion or explosion.<ref>{{cite book| first1=Alvin M.| last1=Weinberg| first2=Eugene P.| last2=Wigner| title=The Physical Theory of Neutron Chain Reactors| place=Chicago| publisher=University of Chicago Press| year=1958| page=595}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.ntc.doe.gov/partners/tr/Training%20Textbooks/10-Nuclear%20Physics-Reactor%20Theory/4-Mod-4%20Reactor%20Operations.pdf|publisher=U. S. Department of Energy|accessdate=2022-07-25|page=16|date=n.d.|title=DOE Fundamentals: Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory: Module 4: Reactor Theory (Reactor Operations)|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527101730/https://sites.ntc.doe.gov/partners/tr/Training%20Textbooks/10-Nuclear%20Physics-Reactor%20Theory/4-Mod-4%20Reactor%20Operations.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Euro sign]]
* [[Indian rupee sign]]
* [[Pound sign]]
* [[Ruble sign]]
* [[Rupee sign]]
* [[Spanish dollar]]
* [[Turkish lira sign]]
* [[Yen and yuan sign]]
* [[Won sign]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== General and cited sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | author=Cajori, Florian | author-link=Cajori, Florian | title=A History of Mathematical Notations | location=New York | publisher=Dover |edition=Reprint | year=1993 | isbn=0-486-67766-4 | title-link=A History of Mathematical Notations}} Contains section on the history of the dollar sign, with much documentary evidence supporting the "pesos" hypothesis.
* {{cite book |last=Cuhaj |first=George |title=Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money |publisher=Krause Publications |edition=28th |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-89689-939-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Ovason |first=David |title=The Secret Symbols of the Dollar Bill |publisher=Harper Paperbacks |edition=Reprint |date=2004-11-30 |isbn=0-06-053045-6 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SGICN1DT1gsC}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{dollar}}
{{peso}}
{{Currency signs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dollar Peso Sign}}
[[Category:Currency symbols]]
[[Category:Numismatics]]

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