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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|State in southern Greece (1205–1458)}}
{{For|the opera|The Duchess of Athens}}

{{Infobox country
|native_name  = {{native name|el|Δουκᾶτον Ἀθηνῶν}}<br>{{native name|ca|Ducat d'Atenes}}
|conventional_long_name = Duchy of Athens
|common_name  = Athens
|currency     = [[Livre tournois|Denier tournois]]
|era          = Middle Ages 
|status       = Feudal lordship
|status_text  = [[Vassal]] state{{efn|The duchy was a vassal of, in order, the [[Kingdom of Thessalonica]], the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], the [[Crown of Aragon]], the [[Republic of Venice]], the [[Despotate of the Morea]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]}}  of various countries, de facto autonomous
|year_start   = 1205
|year_end     = 1458
|event_pre    = [[Fourth Crusade]]
|date_pre     = 1204
|event_start  = Duchy established
|event_end    = [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] conquest
|event1       = [[Battle of Halmyros|Aragonese conquest]]
|date_event1  = 1311
|event2       = [[Acciaioli]] rule
|date_event2  = 1388
|event3       = Tributary to [[Despotate of Morea|Morea]]
|date_event3  = 1444
|p1           = Byzantine Empire
|s1           = Ottoman Empire
|government_type = Feudal monarchy
|image_coat   = Arms of the House of de la Roche.svg
|symbol_type  = Arms of the Duchy under the de la Roche family
|image_map    = Greece in 1210.svg
|image_map_caption  = The Lordship of Athens and the other Greek and Latin states of southern Greece, c. 1210
|capital      = [[Athens]], [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]]
|common_languages = [[French language|French]] (until 1311)<br> [[Catalan language|Catalan]] (1311–88)<br> [[Greek language|Greek]] (popularly and officially after 1388)
|religion     =[[Roman Catholic]] (state religion)<br>[[Greek Orthodoxy]] (popularly)
|title_leader = [[Duke of Athens]]
|today        = [[Greece]]
}}

The '''Duchy of Athens''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Δουκᾶτον Ἀθηνῶν, ''Doukaton Athinon''; [[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Ducat d'Atenes'') was one of the [[Crusader state]]s set up in [[Greece]] after the conquest of the [[Byzantine Empire]] during the [[Fourth Crusade]] as part of the process known as [[Frankokratia]], encompassing the regions of [[Attica]] and [[Boeotia]], and surviving until its conquest by the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 15th century.

==History==
===Establishment of the Duchy===
[[File:Ruins of Frankish Tower, Oinoi - panoramio (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|13th century Frankish tower at [[Oinoi]]]]
The first duke of [[Athens]] (as well as of [[Thebes (Greece)|Thebes]], at first) was [[Otto de la Roche]], a minor [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundian]] [[knight]] of the [[Fourth Crusade]]. Although he was known as the "Duke of Athens" from the foundation of the duchy in 1205, the title did not become official until 1260. Instead, Otto proclaimed himself "Lord of Athens" (in [[Latin language|Latin]] ''Dominus Athenarum'', in [[French language|French]] ''Sire d'Athenes''). The local Greeks called the dukes "Megas Kyris" ({{lang-el|Μέγας Κύρης}}, "Great Lord"), from which the shortened form "Megaskyr", often used even by the Franks to refer to the Duke of Athens, is derived.

Athens was originally a [[vassal]] state of the [[Kingdom of Thessalonica]], but after [[Thessalonica]] was captured in 1224 by [[Theodore Komnenos Doukas|Theodore]], the [[Despotate of Epirus|Despot of Epirus]], the [[Principality of Achaea]] claimed suzerainty over Athens, a claim disputed by the de la Roche in the [[War of the Euboeote Succession]]. Like the rest of Latin Greece, however, the Duchy recognized the suzerainty of [[Charles I of Sicily]] after the [[Treaties of Viterbo]] in 1267.

The Duchy occupied the [[Attica|Attic]] peninsula as well as [[Boeotia]] and extended partially into [[Thessaly]], sharing an undefined border with Thessalonica and then Epirus. It did not hold the islands of the [[Aegean Sea]], which were [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] territories, but exercised influence over the Latin [[Triarchy of Negroponte]]. The buildings of the [[Athenian Acropolis|Acropolis]] in Athens served as the palace for the dukes.

===Aragonese conquest===
[[File:Aragon arms.svg|thumb|left|100px|Coat of arms of [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]].]]

The Duchy was held by the family of la Roche until 1308, when it passed to [[Walter V of Brienne]]. Walter hired the [[Catalan Company]], a group of mercenaries founded by [[Roger de Flor]], to fight against the Byzantine [[successor state]] of Epirus, but when he tried to dismiss and cheat them of their pay in 1311, they slew him and the bulk of the Frankish nobility at the [[Battle of Halmyros]] and took over the Duchy. Walter's son [[Walter VI of Brienne]] retained only the lordship of [[Argos and Nauplia]], where his claims to the Duchy were still recognized.

In 1312, the Catalans recognized the suzerainty of King [[Frederick III of Sicily]], who appointed his son [[Manfred, Duke of Athens|Manfred]] as Duke. The ducal title remained in the hands of the [[Crown of Aragon]] until 1388, but actual authority was exercised by a series of vicars-general. In 1318/19 the Catalans conquered [[Siderokastron]] and the south of [[Thessaly]] as well, and created the [[Duchy of Neopatras]], united to Athens. Part of Thessaly was conquered from the Catalans by the [[Serbian Empire|Serbs]] in the 1340s.

Under Aragonese rule, the feudal system continued to exist, not anymore under the ''[[Assizes of Romania]]'', but under the ''[[Customs of Barcelona]]'', and the official common language was now [[Catalan language|Catalan]] instead of French. Each city and district—on the example of Sicily—had its own local governor (''veguer'', ''castlà'', ''capità''), whose term of office was fixed at three years and who was nominated by the Duke, the vicar-general or the local representatives. The principal towns and villages were represented by the ''síndic'', which had their own councils and officers. Judges and notaries were elected for life or even inherited offices.

===Decline and fall===
[[File:The general View of the Acropolis (James Stuart) (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[Acropolis of Athens]] in the mid-18th century. The discernible fortifications, eventually demolished in the mid-19th century, date back to the de la Roche and Acciaioli periods.<ref>Tasos Tanulas (2000): [https://www.academia.edu/38854709/The_Athenian_Acropolis_as_a_castle_under_Latin_rule_1204-1458_Military_and_building_technology "The Athenian Acropolis as a castle under Latin rule (1204-1458): Military and building technology]", pp. 96-122</ref>]]

In 1379 the [[Navarrese Company]], in the service of the [[Latin Empire|Latin emperor]] [[James of Baux]], conquered [[Thebes (Greece)|Thebes]] and part of the Duchy of Neopatras. Meanwhile, the Aragonese kept another part of Neopatras and Attica.

After 1381 the Duchy was ruled by the [[Kingdom of Sicily|Kings of Sicily]] until 1388 when the [[Acciaioli]] family of [[Florence]] captured Athens. Neopatras was occupied in 1390.

From 1395 to 1402 the [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] briefly controlled the Duchy. In 1444 Athens became a tributary of [[Constantine XI|Constantine Palaeologus]], the [[Despotate of the Morea|Despot of Morea]] and heir to the Byzantine throne. In 1456, after the [[Fall of Constantinople]] (1453) to the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey]] conquered the remnants of the Duchy. Despite the Ottoman conquest, the title of "Duke of Athens and Neopatras" continued in use by the Kings of Aragon, and through them by the [[Kings of Spain]], up to the present day.

==The Latin Church in the Duchy of Athens==

Athens was the seat of a [[Archbishopric of Athens|metropolitan archdiocese]] within the [[Patriarchate of Constantinople]] when it was conquered by the Franks. The seat, however, was not of importance, being the twenty-eighth in precedence in the Byzantine Empire.{{sfn|Setton|1975a|p=91}} Nonetheless, it had produced the prominent clergyman [[Michael Choniates]]. It was a metropolitan see (province or eparchy) with eleven suffragans at the time of conquest: Euripus, Daulia, Coronea, Andros, Oreos, Scyrus, Karystos, Porthmus, Aulon, Syra and Seriphus, and Ceos and Thermiae (or Cythnus). The structure of the Greek church was not significantly changed by the Latins, and [[Pope Innocent III]] confirmed the first [[Latin Archbishop of Athens]], [[Berard, Archbishop of Athens|Berard]], in all his Greek predecessors' rights and jurisdictions. The customs of the [[Archdiocese of Paris|church of Paris]] were imported to Athens, but few western European clergymen wished to be removed to such a distant see as Athens. [[Antonio Ballester]], however, an educated Catalan, had a successful career in Greece as archbishop.

[[File:Latin monk, Athens.png|thumb|upright=0.65|A Catholic monk holding the bible on a wall painting from the Omorphe Ekklesia church, Athens (c. 1300)]]
The [[Parthenon]], which had been the Orthodox church of the ''[[Church of Panagia Atheniotissa|Theotokos Atheniotissa]]'', became the Catholic Church of Saint Mary of Athens. The Greek Orthodox church survived as an underground institution without official sanction by the governing Latin authorities. The Greek clergy had not typically been literate in the twelfth century and their education certainly worsened under Latin domination, when their church was illegal.{{sfn|Setton|1975a|p=92}}

The [[Metropolis of Thebes and Livadeia|archdiocese of Thebes]] also lay within the Athenian duchy. Unlike Athens, it had no suffragans.{{sfn|Setton|1975a|p=93}} However, the [[Latin Archbishopric of Thebes|Latin archbishopric]] produced several significant figures as archbishops, such as [[Simon Atumano]]. It had a greater political role than Athens because it was situated in the later capital of the duchy at Thebes. Under the Catalans, the Athenian diocese had expanded its jurisdiction to thirteen suffragans, but only the dioceses of Megara,<ref>André Dias de Escobar; bishop of Megara from 1428. Ken Pennington, [http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/1298a-z.htm Medieval and Early Modern Jurists: A Bio-Bibliographical Listing: 1298-1500] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804025837/http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/1298a-z.htm |date=2014-08-04 }}. Accessed 11 May 2013.--The Cornishman Thomas Vyvyan (or Vivian), the penultimate prior of Bodmin Priory, was consecrated bishop of the titular see of Megara in 1517.</ref> Daulia, Salona, and Boudonitza lay within the duchy itself. The archiepiscopal offices of Athens and Thebes were held by Frenchmen and Italians until the late fourteenth century, when Catalan or Aragonese people began to fill them.

==Dukes of Athens==

===De la Roche family===
Of Burgundian origin, the dukes of the petty lordly family from [[Rigney, Doubs|La Roche]] renewed the ancient city of [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] as a courtly European capital of chivalry. The state they built around it was, throughout their tenure, the strongest and most peaceful of the Latin creations in Greece.

* [[Otto de la Roche|Otto]] (1205–1225)
* [[Guy I de la Roche|Guy I]] (1225–1263)
* [[John I de la Roche|John I]] (1263–1280)
* [[William I de la Roche|William I]] (1280–1287)
* [[Guy II de la Roche|Guy II]] (1287–1308)

===Briennist claimants===
The Athenian parliament elected the [[count of Brienne]] to succeed Guy, but his tenure was brief and he was killed in battle by the Catalans. His wife briefly had control of the city, too. The heirs of Brienne continued to claim the duchy, but were recognised only in [[Argos and Nauplia]]. 
* [[Walter V of Brienne]] (1308–1311)
* [[Joanna of Châtillon]] (1311–1354)
* [[Walter VI of Brienne]] (1311–1356)
* [[Isabella of Brienne]] (1356–1360)
* [[Sohier of Enghien]] (1356–1367)
* [[Walter IV of Enghien]] (1367–1381)
* [[Louis of Enghien]] (1381–1394)

===Aragonese domination===
The annexation of the duchy to first the [[Catalan Company]] and subsequently [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] came after a disputed succession following the death of the last Burgundian duke. The Catalans recognised the [[king of Sicily]] as suzerain and this left the duchy often as an [[appanage]] in the hands of younger sons and under [[vicars general]].

* [[Roger Deslaur]] (1311–1312)
* [[Manfred of Athens|Manfred]] (1312–1317)
* [[William II of Athens|William II]] (1317–1338)
* [[John, Duke of Randazzo|John II]] (1338–1348)
* [[Frederick I of Athens|Frederick I]] (1348–1355)
* [[Frederick III the Simple|Frederick II]] (1355–1377)
* [[Maria, Queen of Sicily|Maria]] (1377–1379)
* [[Peter IV of Aragon|Peter IV]] (1379–1387)

====Catalan vicars-general====
These were the vicars-general of the Crown of Sicily, and after 1379 of the Crown of Aragon. 
* [[Berenguer Estañol]] (1312–1316){{sfn|Setton|1975b|p=173}}
* [[Alfonso Fadrique]] (1317 – ca. 1330){{sfn|Setton|1975b|pp=173, 188–189}}
* [[Odo of Novelles]], possibly appointed ''pro tempore'' to lead the war against [[Walter VI of Brienne]] in 1331{{sfn|Setton|1975b|pp=190, 197}}
* [[Nicholas Lancia]] (ca. 1331–1335){{sfn|Setton|1975b|pp=190, 197}}
* [[Raymond Bernardi]] (1354–1356){{sfn|Setton|1975b|pp=197–198}}
* [[Gonsalvo Ximénez of Arenós]] (1359){{sfn|Setton|1975b|p=198}}
* [[Matthew of Moncada]] (1359–1361){{sfn|Setton|1975b|p=198}}
* [[Peter de Pou]] (1361–1362){{sfn|Setton|1975b|p=198}}
* [[Roger de Llúria (Duchy of Athens)|Roger de Llúria]] (1362–1369/70), ''de facto'' and unrecognized until 1366{{sfn|Setton|1975b|pp=198–199}}
* [[Gonsalvo Ximénez of Arenós]] (1362–1363), uncertain{{sfn|Setton|1975b|p=198}}
* [[Matthew of Moncada]] (1363–1366), only ''de jure''{{sfn|Setton|1975b|p=198}}
* [[Matthew of Peralta]] (1370–1374){{sfn|Setton|1975b|p=199}}
* [[Louis Fadrique]] (1375–1382){{sfn|Setton|1975b|p=199}}
* [[Philip Dalmau, Viscount of Rocaberti]] (1379–1386, ''de facto'' only during his stay in Greece 1381–1382){{sfn|Setton|1975b|pp=220–223}}{{sfn|Setton|1975c|pp=235, 238, 240–241}}
** [[Raymond de Vilanova]] (1382–1386), deputy of Philip Dalmau after his departure from Greece{{sfn|Setton|1975c|pp=235, 238, 240–242}}
* [[Bernard of Cornellà]] (1386–1387), never actually went to Greece{{sfn|Setton|1975c|pp=241–242}}
* [[Philip Dalmau, Viscount of Rocaberti]] (1387–1388){{sfn|Setton|1975c|pp=243–244}}
** [[Peter of Pau]] (1386–1388), deputy of Bernard of Cornellà and then of Philip Dalmau in Greece until the fall of Athens to Nerio Acciaioli{{sfn|Setton|1975c|pp=241–245}}

===Acciaioli family===
The Florentine Acciaioli (or Acciajuoli) governed the duchy from their removal of the Catalans, with the assistance of the [[Navarrese Company|Navarrese]]. While Nerio willed the city and duchy to Venice, it returned to the Florentines until the Turkish conquest.

* [[Nerio I Acciaioli|Nerio I]] (1388–1394)
* [[Antonio I Acciaioli|Antonio I]] (1394–1395)
* ''[[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] control'' (1395–1402), under ''[[podestà]]s'':
** [[Albano Contarini]] (1395–1397)
** Lorenzo Venier (1397–1399)
** Ermoaldo Contarini (1399–1400)
** Nicolo Vitturi (1400–1402)
* Antonio I (1402–1435), restored
* [[Nerio II Acciaioli|Nerio II]] (1435–1439)
* [[Antonio II Acciaioli|Antonio II]] (1439–1441)
* Nerio II (1441–1451), restored
* [[Chiara Zorzi|Claire]] (1451–1454)
** with [[Bartolomeo Contarini (nobleman)|Bartolomeo Contarini]] (1451–1454)
* [[Francesco I Acciaioli|Francesco I]] (1451–1454)
* [[Francesco II Acciaioli|Francesco II]] (1455–1458)

==The Duchy, Dante Alighieri, and William Shakespeare==
Italian poet [[Dante Alighieri]] (c. 1265-1321), in the ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'' segment of his ''[[Divine Comedy]]'', meets, along with the Roman poet [[Virgil]], the mythological [[Minotaur]] and, speaking with him, he mentions "the Duke of Athens" ([[Theseus]]). So does [[Shakespeare]] in his comedy ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]''.
In Dante's ''Divine Comedy'' (especially in ''Inferno''), there are many references to [[Greek mythology]], and the poet connects them to Late Middle Ages Greece, such as with the Duke of Athens.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{The Late Medieval Balkans}}
* {{The Latins in the Levant}}
* {{Cite book |last=Setton |first=Kenneth M. |title=Catalan Domination of Athens 1311–1380 |publisher=Variorum |year=1975 |edition=Revised |location=London |ref={{SfnRef|Setton1975a}} |author-link=Kenneth Setton}}
* {{Setton-A History of the Crusades | volume = 3 |first = Kenneth M. |last = Setton |authorlink = Kenneth Setton |chapter = The Catalans in Greece, 1311–1388 |pages = 167–224 | chapter-url = http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=History.CrusThree.i0018&id=History.CrusThree | ref={{SfnRef|Setton1975b}}}}
* {{Setton-A History of the Crusades | volume = 3  |first = Kenneth M. |last = Setton |authorlink = Kenneth Setton |chapter = The Catalans and Florentines in Greece, 1311–1462 |pages = 225–277 | chapter-url = http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=History.CrusThree.i0019&id=History.CrusThree | ref={{SfnRef|Setton1975c}}}}

{{Crusader states}}
{{Fragments of the Byzantine Empire}}
{{Dukes of Athens}}
{{Frankokratia}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord missing|Greece}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duchy Of Athens}}
[[Category:Duchy of Athens| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1205]]
[[Category:1456 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Former countries in the Balkans|Athens]]
[[Category:States of Frankish and Latin Greece]]
[[Category:Medieval Athens]]
[[Category:Medieval Boeotia]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Sicily]]
[[Category:Crown of Aragon]]
[[Category:Former duchies]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Thessalonica]]
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