Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Dufourspitze

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Highest mountain in Switzerland}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name             = Dufourspitze
| native_name      = {{native name list |tag1=de|name1=Dufourspitze |tag2=de|name2=Höchste Spitze|tag3=de|name3=Gornerhorn}}
| other_name       = {{lang-fr|Pointe Dufour}}, {{lang-it|Punta Dufour}}, {{lang-rm|Piz da Dufour}}
| translation      = Peak Dufour, Highest Peak, Large Horn
| photo            = Monte Rosa summit.jpg
| photo_size       =
| photo_caption    = From the peak to the southeast towards Italy, the [[Dunantspitze]] in the rear hides the 18-metre lower [[Grenzgipfel]] ({{lang-en|Border Summit}})
| elevation_m      = 4634
| elevation_ref    = 
| prominence_m     = 2165
| prominence_ref   = <span title="above the wind-gap"> ↓&nbsp;</span>[[Great Saint Bernard Pass|Great St Bernard Pass]]<ref>Retrieved from the [[Swisstopo]] topographic maps. The key col is the [[Great St Bernard Pass]] (2,469&nbsp;m)</ref><br /><small>[[List of Alpine peaks by prominence|Ranked 7th in the Alps]]</small>
| isolation_km     = 78.3
| isolation_ref    = <span title="to"> →&nbsp;</span>[[Mont Blanc de Courmayeur|M Blanc de Courmayeur]]<ref>Retrieved from [[Google Earth]]. The nearest point of higher elevation is east of [[Mont Blanc]].</ref>
| map              = Switzerland#Canton of Valais#Alps
| map_caption      = Location in Switzerland
| label_position   = top
| listing          = [[List of countries by highest point|Country high point]]<br />[[List of highest points of the cantons of Switzerland|Canton high point]]<br />[[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]<br />[[Seven Second Summits]]
| region_type      = Canton
| region           = [[Valais]]
| country          = [[Switzerland]]
| range            = [[Pennine Alps]]
| coordinates      = {{coord|45|56|12.6|N|7|52|01.4|E|type:mountain_region:CH-VS_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| range_coordinates = 
| topo             = [[Swisstopo]] 1348 Zermatt
| first_ascent     = 1 August 1855 by Matthäus and Johannes Zumtaugwald, Ulrich Lauener, Christopher and James Smyth, [[Charles Hudson (climber)|Charles Hudson]], [[John Birkbeck]] and Edward Stephenson.
| easiest_route    = rock/snow/ice climb
}}
The '''Dufourspitze''' is the highest peak of [[Monte Rosa]], an ice-covered mountain massif in the [[Alps]]. Dufourspitze is the [[List of mountains of Switzerland|highest mountain]] of both [[Switzerland]] and the [[Pennine Alps]] and is also the [[List of mountains of the Alps|second-highest mountain]] of the [[Alps]] and [[Western Europe]], after [[Mont Blanc]]. It is located between [[Switzerland]] ([[Canton of Valais]]) and [[Italy]] ([[Piedmont]] and [[Aosta Valley]]). The peak itself is located wholly in Switzerland.

Following a long series of attempts beginning in the early nineteenth century, Monte Rosa's summit, then still called ''Höchste Spitze'' ({{lang-en|Highest Peak}}), was first reached on 1 August, the Swiss National celebration day, in 1855 from Zermatt by a party of eight climbers led by three guides: Matthäus and Johannes Zumtaugwald, Ulrich Lauener, Christopher and James Smyth, [[Charles Hudson (climber)|Charles Hudson]], [[John Birkbeck]] and Edward Stephenson.

== Naming ==
{{See also|List of mountains of Switzerland named after people}}
[[File:Guillaume-Henri Dufour (Irminger).png|thumb|left|160px|Guillaume-Henri Dufour]]
The peak is distinguished by the name ''Dufourspitze'' (in [[German language|German]], lit. ''Dufour Peak''; {{lang-fr|Pointe Dufour}}, {{lang-it|Punta Dufour}}). This replaced the former name ''Höchste Spitze'' ({{lang-en|Highest Peak}}) that was indicated on the Swiss maps before the [[Swiss Federal Council|Federal Council]], on January 28, 1863, decided to rename the mountain in honor of [[Guillaume-Henri Dufour]]. Dufour was a Swiss engineer, topographer, co-founder of the [[Red Cross]] and army general who led the [[Sonderbund]] campaign. This decision followed the completion of the [[Topographic Map of Switzerland|Dufour Map]], a series of military topographical maps created under the command of Dufour.

The point just {{convert|80|m|abbr=on}} east of the Dufourspitze and only 2 metres lower, the [[Dunantspitze]], was renamed in 2014 in honor of [[Henry Dunant]], the main founder of the Red Cross.

== Elevation ==
{{See also|List of countries by highest point|List of Swiss cantons by elevation}}
{{See also|Monte Rosa}}

The Dufourspitze of Monte Rosa is the most [[elevation|elevated]] point of [[Valais]] and [[Switzerland]], although it is not the most [[topographic prominence|prominent]] of the country, that distinction belonging to the [[Finsteraarhorn]], nor the most [[topographic isolation|isolated]], that distinction belonging to [[Piz Bernina]]. The [[Cartography of Switzerland|Swiss national map]] gives an elevation of {{convert|4634.0|m|ft|1}} for the summit,<ref>[http://s.geo.admin.ch/0208efdff The geoportal of the federal authorities of the Swiss Confederation (2013)]</ref> which is 4,441 metres above [[Lake Maggiore]], Switzerland's lowest point. The height difference between the summit and the plains of northern Italy, from where Monte Rosa is well visible, reaches over {{convert|4500|m|-3}}.<!--South of Milan, the river Po is below 60 m--> Monte Rosa has a [[topographic prominence]] of {{convert|2165|m|abbr=on}}, the [[Great St Bernard Pass]] being the lowest col between it and the culminating point of the Alps. A 2000 survey, involving universities and the offices of cartography of Italy and Switzerland and part of the TOWER project (Top of the World Elevations Remeasurement), was made in order to record a more precise elevation for Monte Rosa. The result was {{convert|4635.25|m|ft|1}} from the Italian side and {{convert|4634.97|m|ft|1}} from the Swiss side, with a [[margin of error]] of 0.1&nbsp;m.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ogs.trieste.it/gngts/gngts/convegniprecedenti/2002/media/2001/contents/pdf/02_02_full.pdf |title=La Misura del Monte Rosa (The Measurement of Monte Rosa) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218101046/http://www2.ogs.trieste.it/gngts/gngts/convegniprecedenti/2002/media/2001/contents/pdf/02_02_full.pdf |archive-date=2008-12-18 }}&nbsp;{{small|(989&nbsp;KB)}}</ref> Monte Rosa succeeded the [[Finsteraarhorn]] as the highest summit of Switzerland in 1815, when Valais [[History of Switzerland#Order of accession of the cantons|joined]] the Swiss Confederation.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Height measurements by year<ref>{{cite web |url=https://s.geo.admin.ch/68bd23668c |title=Journey through time – Maps |website=map.geo.admin.ch |publisher=[[Swisstopo]] |access-date=2015-12-11 }}</ref>
! 1796 ([[Horace-Bénédict de Saussure|Saussure's Travels in the Alps]])<ref>{{cite book |last=von Humboldt |first=Alexander |date= 2010-07-15|title=Essay on the Geography of Plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVl9mRUBUJUC |location=[[Chicago]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |page=138 |isbn=978-0-226-36068-3}}</ref>
! 1862 ([[Dufour Map]])
! 1941 ([[Siegfried Map]])
! 1977 ([[National Maps of Switzerland|National Map]])
! 2000 (TOWER)
! 2009 (N. M.)
|-
| 4,736&nbsp;m (2430 [[Toise|T]])
| 4,638 m
| 4,634.0 m
| 4,633.9 m
| 4,634.97 m
| 4,634.0 m
|}

Though the Mediterranean can hardly be visible from the summit of Monte Rosa because of intervening mountains, the view to the south extends to the [[Apennine Mountains|Apennines]], the mountains of [[Corsica]] and the [[Maritime Alps]]. On the north side the view extends to the [[Jura Mountains|Jura]] and further to the [[Vosges]],<!--The Black Forest is entirely hidden--> the [[Swiss Plateau]] being mostly hidden by the high range of the [[Bernese Alps]].<ref>Thomas Hinchliff, after reaching the summit of Monte Rosa in 1856, described the panorama (Hinchliff, ''Summer months among the Alps: with the ascent of Monte Rosa'', pp. 127–132):
:"Not a cloud defaced the gigantic panorama before us: the fair land of Italy commenced at our feet, and stretched far and far away till the view was only bounded by the obscurity of distance. Sitting at the very edge of the vast precipices which descend about 12,000 feet right down to the head of the Val d' Anzasca, we were at the end and extremity, as well as the summit, of the wild kingdom of rocks and snow; and a new world of verdure and cultivation was suddenly spread out before our eyes. The green plains of Lombardy and Sardinia, faintly tinged with blue by distance, and studded with innumerable towns and villages, some of which only looked like white specks of various sizes, fatigued the eye in the endeavour to comprehend their magnitude: all that we could do was to seize upon the most salient points of the picture, and fix them for ever on our minds."

:"Comparatively in the foreground were the lakes of Maggiore, Lugano, and Como; for though the head of the latter is eighty miles in a direct line from Monte Rosa, it was not even dimmed by the haziness of distance: all around these beautiful lakes was fresh and verdant; and, as we looked at the somewhat long and narrow pond which we knew to be Lago Maggiore, it was indeed difficult to believe that the journey down its lovely surface was in reality about as long as that from London to Brighton. Lower down, and seemingly but a short distance from the foot of the lakes, was a city in which we thought we could perceive a shining white mound that we felt to be what Tennyson calls "a mount of marble, a hundred spires" — the far-famed cathedral of Milan. Turning slowly to the right, the eye passed over an immense extent of seemingly plain country, and took in almost at a glance the whole continental possessions of the king of Sardinia, with the vast chain of Alps stretching from Mont Blanc to the Mediterranean. This chain presented a very beautiful serrated outline, in which the higher tops of Mont Cenis and Monte Viso were conspicuous, and terminated abruptly at the southern extremity on the edge of the sea. I could not distinctly assert that we really saw the Mediterranean, for the distance is so enormous that it becomes impossible to distinguish the horizontal line which separates the sky from the water: but judging from the perfect clearness with which we saw the very end of the Maritime Alps, and from the fact that the Apennines were not high enough to appear noticeable in the view, it is undoubtedly certain that our true horizon must have included part of the Gulf of Genoa, though the similarity of tint at so immense a distance made it impossible to say which was sky and which was water. Still turning farther to the right, a change came o'er the fashion of our dream: farewell to the fertile green and purple tinted plains of Italy! The Titans of the mountain world once more confront our sight; and here, close in front, separated from us by a vast gulf of snow crevassed into every fantastic variety of form, rises the nearest of them, the Lyskamm. Even while we were looking at it, there came the roar of a few hundreds of tons of ice thundering down its precipitious side, as if a great frozen giant had tumbled out of bed, and was waking the mountain echoes with his groaning."

:"A little beyond this came the Breithorn, now so much below us that we could look down upon its splendid white head, high over which Mont Blanc and all its dependencies were seen with perfect clearness, though the distance of sixty miles had so reduced the apparent size of this large group, that it was only just long enough to cover the summit of the nearer mountain. The Matterhorn had lost that unique grandeur of isolation which gives it so wonderful an appearance when seen from below, and was now backed up by countless peaks and glaciers of the almost untrodden land, only made known by Studer and Professor Forbes, which extends from the neighbourhood of Zermatt to that of St. Bernard and the Combin, beyond which again some of the highest summits of France were visible. The Gorner glacier with all its ramifications was laid out like a map beneath our feet as far as the Cervin pass and the foot of the Matterhorn; and scores of the smaller glaciers shone with nearly all the colours of the rainbow in their various beds, according as their position and inclination affected the dazzling light that fell upon them."

:"The rocks beneath whose shelter we were entrenched prevented us from seeing the view towards the north till we rose to our feet again; and then in an instant nearly the whole of Switzerland was added to the vast panorama! Near us, and only separated by a ridge, was the Nord end of Monte Rosa, the only one of the points which remains unsealed: but though the last part of it would no doubt be very difficult, I should not think it is altogether unattainable. Further to the north, we had an admirable view of the two great ranges which enclose the valley of the Gorner Visp, that to the west culminating in the Weisshorn, and that to the east in the Dom or Grabenhorn, the highest point of the Mischabel. The last was, as far as we could judge, quite as high as the point we stood upon, and the slopes of rock and snow which lead to its sharp-pointed summit appeared to be inclined at so terribly steep an angle as to present a most formidable difficulty- to the climber. The Weisshorn forms a magnificent star amid the constellation of mountains around Zermatt, and is about 15,000 feet high: seen from Monte Rosa its peak is remarkably like that of the Dom."

:"Far beyond these, and seen through a wide gap between the Dom and the Mittaghorn, shone the Jungfrau, queen of the Oberland, tinged with the same delicate yellowish shade that I had already observed on Mont Blanc: the Finsteraarhorn and many a well-known summit looked at us from afar like old friends; and yet further to the east, group after group of distant mountains, some of which must have been looking down upon the tranquil waters of Lucerne, were followed by the Tyrolese ranges, many of them far beyond the Ortler Spitze, where, at a distance of 200 miles, they displayed their snowy heads all tinged with a rosy light, though we had only arrived at the middle of the day. Thus we observed a regular gradation of colour on the snows, varying in proportion to their distance. Such was the sublime view which we had the rare fortune to enjoy."</ref>

{|style="margin:1em auto;"
| [[File:Nordend and Dufourspitze (15078639650).jpg|thumb|Nordend and Dufourspitze]]
| [[File:Monte Rosa summit3.jpg|thumb|View from Dufourspitze towards the Grenzgletscher]]
| [[File:Monte Rosa003.JPG|thumb|Monte Rosa from Liskamm: Dufourspitze (left), Zumsteinspitze, Signalkuppe and Parrotspitze (right)]]
|}

== History ==
{{See also|Exploration of the High Alps}}

=== Early exploration ===
Monte Rosa could be seen from many places on the south side of the Alps and it had been mentioned in many travel diaries. At the end of the 15th century some outlines of the mountain may possibly have been painted by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] into the background of the [[Madonna of the Rocks]] or other pictures. Da Vinci explored the Italian side of the mountain and made some observations, though there is but scanty evidence that he had climbed even a minor summit in the neighbourhood. He was intrigued by the permanent snow lying on the mountain and the darkness of the sky above him, he wrote:<ref name="Engel">Claire Eliane Engel, ''A History of Mountaineering in the Alps'', p. 82</ref>

:"The base of this mountain gives birth to the 4 rivers which flow in four different directions through the whole of Europe. And no mountain has its base at so great a height as this, which lifts itself above almost all the clouds; and snow seldom falls there, but only hail in the summer, when the clouds are highest. And this hail lies [unmelted] there, so that if it were not for the absorption of the rising and falling clouds, which does not happen more than twice in an age, an enormous mass of ice would be piled up there by the layers of hail, and in the middle of July I found it very considerable; and I saw the sky above me quite dark, and the sun as it fell on the mountain was far brighter here than in the plains below, because a smaller extent of atmosphere lay between the summit of the mountain and the sun."<ref>{{ws|"[[s:The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci/XVII|The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci]]" (Note 1060)}}</ref>

[[File:MteRosa 17000.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the [[Lysjoch]] area from the south]]
At the end of the eighteenth century, the people of the Italian valleys believed that a lost valley existed, hidden away between the glaciers of the great chain. The discovery of the valley was due to Joseph Beck of [[Gressoney-Saint-Jean]]. He put together a party, including his brother Valentin, and the Gressoney mountain guides Sebastian Linty, Joseph Zumstein, Nicolas (Niklaus) Vincent, François Castel and Étienne Lisco. They set out on a Sunday of August 1778. They started from their sleeping places at midnight, and roped carefully. They had furnished themselves with climbing irons and alpenstocks. At the head of the glacier, they encountered a slope of rock devoid of snow, which they climbed.<ref name="Lunn">[[Arnold Lunn]], ''The Alps'', p. 86</ref>
:"It was twelve o'clock. Hardly had we got to the summit of the rock than we saw a grand-an amazing-spectacle. We sat down to contemplate at our leisure the lost valley, which seemed to us to be entirely covered with glaciers. We examined it carefully, but could not satisfy ourselves that it was the unknown valley, seeing that none of us had ever been in the Vallais."

The valley, in fact, was none other than the upper [[Mattertal|valley of Zermatt]], and the pass, which these early explorers had reached, was the [[Lysjoch]], where, to this day, the rock on which they rested bears the name that they gave it, the "[[Entdeckungsfels]]" (German: ''Rock of Discovery''). Beck's party thus reached a height of 4,178 metres (13,707&nbsp;ft), probably a record in the Alps at that times.<ref name="Lunn" /><ref>On July 14, 1775, Jean-Nicolas Couteran, Francois and Michel-Gabriel Paccard and Victor Tissai may have reached a similar height while attempting to climb the [[Dôme du Goûter]] near the [[Mont Blanc]].</ref>

Count Morozzo of Turin was inspired by the view of Monte Rosa and in 1787 he tried to reach its summit from the east face. However he did not go very high, and the mountain looked much too inaccessible to encourage him to proceed further. He reached the place of the actual Marinelli hut, 1,500&nbsp;m below the summit. The route on the east face was opened only in 1872. In 1789, following the recommendation of the Count, [[Horace-Bénédict de Saussure]] went to [[Macugnaga]] to explore the mountain. He climbed [[Pizzo Bianco]], a 3215&nbsp;m summit facing the mountain from the east and measured the altitude of Monte Rosa. He found a height of 2430 [[toise]]s.<ref name="Engel" /><ref>[[Horace-Bénédict de Saussure]], ''Voyages dans les Alpes'', p. 51</ref>

A first serious attempt was made in 1801 by a doctor of [[Alagna Valsesia|Alagna]], Pietro Giordani. He reached alone a great height when climbing a 4,046 metres high point on the south-east ridge of the [[Vincent Pyramid]], later named ''Giordanispétz'' or ''Punta Giordani'' in his honour. He arrived too late to proceed to the Vincent Pyramid summit and night drove him away. He had to sleep in a cleft of ice at about 14,000 feet. He wrote an account of his exploit: After an eloquent description of the view, he expresses his annoyance at the lack of scientific instruments, and the lateness of the hour which prevented him from ascending "Monte Rosa" itself.<ref name="Lunn" />

The 4215&nbsp;m Vincent Pyramid summit was eventually successfully climbed on 15 August 1819 by Johann Niklaus and Joseph Vincent from Gressoney<!--(grand)sons of the 1778 Niklaus Vincent?-->, after whom the peak has been named. The brothers Vincent tried to reach the highest summit again the next year, together with Joseph Zumstein<!--(grand)son of the 1778 Joseph Zumstein?-->, and guides and porters. On August 1, 1820, they reached a 4,563 metres high secondary summit, later named ''[[Zumsteinspitze]]''. The climb was dangerous, as the party had to traverse under threatening walls of ice; they also had great difficulties on descent, because the afternoon sun had melted the snow on the slopes. They used mules to carry their equipment as far as the snow-line. During the expedition they thought they had climbed the true highest peak, but when they reached the summit they found out it was only a subpeak of Monte Rosa. Zumstein was anxious to return later and reach the highest summit, but his desire did not materialize.<ref name="Lunn" /><ref name="Dumler" />

=== First ascents ===
[[File:MonteRosa005.jpg|thumb|The west flank and the Monte Rosa Glacier. The [[Nordend]] (left) is separated from the summit by the Silbersattel.]]
The first approaches to the summit were made from the northern slopes over the Gorner glacier via the Silbersattel (4,510&nbsp;m). This pass was first reached on August 12, 1847, by Matthias and Johann zum Taugwald (guides from Zermatt whose name is also written "Zumtaugwald"), Johann Brantschen and Joseph Moser guiding the French professors Victor Puisieux and Edouard Ordinaire.<ref name="Dumler">Wolfgang Pusch, Helmut Dumler, Willi P. Burkhardt, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5KkhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA119 Viertausender der Alpen], [[Bergverlag Rother GmbH]], 2013, p. 119</ref> Precisely a year later (12 August 1848), [[Johann Madutz]] from [[Matt, Switzerland|Matt, Glarus]], and [[Matthias Zumtaugwald]] guided the Swiss theologian [[:de:Melchior Ulrich]] to the pass for an ascent of the highest summit. Ulrich had to give up, but the guides proceeded to climb to what they thought to be the Eastern summit of the Dufourspitze (''Ostspitze'', since 2014 [[Dunantspitze]], 4632&nbsp;m) and established a new altitude record in Switzerland.<ref>Since 1820 held at 4,563&nbsp;m by the climbers of the [[Zumsteinspitze]].</ref> The descent over the same route was so tricky that Madutz at places had to lower down Zum Taugwald by rope. Three years later, on 22 August 1851, Johann Zumtaugwald returned, with [[Peter Taugwalder]] and Peter Inderbinen and the Swiss botanist brothers [[Adolf Schlagintweit|Adolf]] and [[Hermann Schlagintweit]] to repeat this ascent. They did not dare to traverse to the western summit, which the Schlagintweits estimated to be 7 meters higher.<ref name=studer>[[Gottlieb Studer]], ''Über Eis und Schnee: Die höchsten Gipfel der Schweiz und die Geschichte ihrer Besteigung'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=IcksAAAAYAAJ Volume 2], Schmid, Francke & Company, 1899, pp. 78–85</ref> In 1891, [[W.A.B. Coolidge]] analyzed these ascents and concluded that both parties had reached the 4,618&nbsp;m [[Grenzgipfel]] instead, which is a mere 50 meters to the east of Ostspitze.<ref>Grenzgipfel was in Coolidge and Studer's time thought to be 4,631&nbsp;m vs. 4,638 for both summits of the Dufourspitze, i.e. exactly 7 meters lower, which was then used to argue that the Grenzgipfel must have been reached. The current heights of 4618, 4632 and 4634&nbsp;m suggest a weakness in Coolidge's argument, and modern writers like Dumler and Burkhardt assume that the 1848 and 1851 ascendants were on the Ostspitze after all.</ref> He transferred the honor of first climbing the Ostgipfel to Ulrich Lauener from [[Lauterbrunnen]] and the brothers Christopher, Edmund and James G. Smyth from [[Great Yarmouth]], who reached the Ostspitze on September 1, 1854, from the Silbersattel.<ref name="studer" /> Some sources have the Zumtaugwald brothers also among this party.<ref name="Dumler" /> Zumtaugwald brothers returned twice more to the East summit, Johann and Matthias 10 days later (11 Sep 1854) with Edward Shirley Kennedy and Benedict Leir, and Matthias and Stephan later again with [[Edward Levi Ames]]. On these five occasions they never tried the difficult traverse to the western summit, also because the summits were both mapped as 4,638&nbsp;m high at the time. Partially with the technical difficulty ([[UIAA climbing grades|UIAA]] III) of the route from Silbersattel in mind, many consider the Madutz and Zumtaugwald ascent in 1849 the true first ascent of Monta Rosa.<ref name="Dumler" />

{{multiple image
| align     = left
| direction = vertical
| header    =
| width     = 200
| image1    = Dufourspitze02.jpg
| alt1      = The Dufourspitze from the south
| caption1  = The Dufourspitze from the south
| image2    = Dufourspitze from Nordend.jpg
| alt2      = The Dufourspitze from the north
| caption2  = Dufourspitze, Dunantspitze, and Grenzgipfel from Nordend
}}
The first ascent of the western summit finally took place on August 1, 1855, by the above guides Matthias and Johann zum Taugwald and Ulrich Lauener and two of the Smyth brothers (James Greenville and Christopher). They were joined by the English gentlemen [[John Birkbeck]], [[Charles Hudson (climber)|Charles Hudson]] and Edward Stephenson. Deeming the approach from the east summit unfeasible, the guides devised a route over the junction of the Monte Rosa and Grenz glaciers and over the west ridge directly to the west summit. Not two weeks later, on 13 August 1855, Johann and his brother Peter zum Taugwald guided eight more people, including [[Johann Jakob Weilenmann]], to the summit over the same route.<ref>Studer, pp. 85–86</ref> The west ridge route immediately became very popular and is still the normal route to the Dufourspitze.<ref>[http://www.summitpost.org/dufourspitze/150756 Dufourspitze] at summitpost.org</ref>

The Irish physicist [[John Tyndall]] was guided to the summit in a group led by Ulrich Lauener in August 1858, but returned the next day (or week?) to make the first solo ascent of Dufourspitze on 17 August 1858, which he described in his account, ''Glaciers of the Alps''.<ref name="Dumler" /><ref>[[John Tyndall]], ''The Glaciers of the Alps'', p. 151</ref>
:"After breakfast I poured what remained of my tea into a small glass bottle, an ordinary demi-bouteille in fact; the waiter then provided me with a ham sandwich, and, with my scrip thus frugally furnished, I thought the heights of Monte Rosa might be won..."

After encountering a party of climbers guided by Lauener, Tyndall reached alone the summit:
:"A world of clouds and mountains lay beneath me. Switzerland, with its pomp of summits, was clear and grand; Italy was also grand, but more than half obscured. Dark cumulus and dark crag vied in savagery, while at other places white snows and white clouds held equal rivalry. The scooped valleys of Monte Rosa itself were magnificent, all gleaming in the bright sunlight&nbsp;— tossed and torn at intervals, and sending from their rents and walls the magical blue of the ice."

[[File:Dufourspitze01.jpg|thumb|View from the base of the east face]]
Among mountain guides, the eastern wall had the reputation of being unconquerable. Ferdinand Imseng was convinced that the long snow couloir in the middle of the face could be ascended. He succeeded in convincing other climbers and, on 22 July 1872, [[Richard Pendlebury]], William and Charles Taylor, Ferdinand Imseng, Gabriel Spechtenhauser and Giovanni Oberto began the ascent from Macugnaga. They were aware of the objective dangers of the wall but they decided to go as high as possible, without compromising their lives. After a bivouac on the actual Marinelli hut emplacement, they headed towards the Grenzsattel. Suddenly, when they arrived near the Grenzsattel, an avalanche started and rivers of snow began to flow everywhere around the climbers. They were able to reach the safe rocks of the [[Grenzgipfel]] just in time to save their lives. They finally reached the summit and descended to [[Riffelalp]] on the other side, concluding an 18-hour journey.<ref name="Dumler" />

This ascent made Ferdinand Imseng a famous mountain guide. He lost his life in 1881 on the east wall during the third ascent with Damiano Marinelli and guide Battista Pedranzini. On 8 August, they were caught by an avalanche and brought 1,200&nbsp;metres down. The accident was reported by a porter who survived. The couloir was then named ''Canalone Marinelli''.<ref name="Dumler" /><ref name="Gos">{{cite book|last=Gos|first=Charles|title=Alpine Tragedy|chapter=The Blast of an Avalanche|others=Trans. Malcolm Barnes|location=[[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]|year=1948|pages=116–124}}</ref>

=== Other ascents ===
In 1889 [[Achille Ratti]], who became later Pope Pius XI, made the first traverse from Macugnaga to Zermatt by the Zumsteinjoch. After climbing the Dufourspitze, he spent the night on the summit with his companions.<ref>Nicholas Shoumatoff, Nina Shoumatoff: ''The Alps: Europe's Mountain Heart'' (page 198). University of Michigan Press 2001, {{ISBN|0-472-11111-6}}</ref>

Visiting Zermatt in 1894, the young [[Winston Churchill]] insisted on an ascent of Monte Rosa rather than of the Matterhorn, not only because of its superior height but also because the guides' fee was substantially less.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121026134122/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/skiing/switzerland-for-skiing-dont-look-down-look-up-428898.html Switzerland for skiing: Don't look down, look up] independent.co.uk, retrieved 21 April 2009</ref>

More recently, on August 1 (which happens to be the [[Swiss National Day]]), 2005, the Swiss [[Federal Department of Economic Affairs|Minister of Treasure]] [[Joseph Deiss]] climbed the Dufourspitze. The expedition marked the 150th anniversary of the first ascent.<ref>[http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/search/Result.html?siteSect=882&ty=st&sid=5979956 Switzerland enjoys the highs of August 1, swissinfo]</ref>

== Huts and climbing routes ==
[[File:Neue Monte Rosa Huette2.JPG|thumb|The Monte Rosa Hut in May in front of the [[Lyskamm]]]]
The [[Monte Rosa Hut]] (2,883&nbsp;m) is the only mountain hut in the massif owned by the [[Swiss Alpine Club]]. It is situated on the ''Plattje'', a rocky island between the Gorner and Grenz glaciers. It is accessible from [[Rotenboden railway station|Rotenboden]], a station on the [[Gornergratbahn]] line. The hut was inaugurated in 1894 and rebuilt in 1940. In 2009, a new high technology mountain hut was inaugurated. The five-story crystal-shaped building is designed to obtain 90 per cent of its power needs from the sun and will be used as a research station.

The other huts are owned by the [[Club Alpino Italiano|Italian Alpine Club]], among them the [[Regina Margherita Hut]] located at 4,559&nbsp;metres on the [[Signalkuppe]]. Inaugurated in 1893 and replaced in 1979, it is still the highest construction in Europe, and includes a laboratory and observatory.

Other huts owned by the Italian Alpine Club are the [[Marinelli Hut]] (3,036&nbsp;m), used for the ascent of the east face, and the [[Bivacco Città di Gallarate]] (3,960&nbsp;m), located near the summit of the [[Jägerhorn]].

=== Normal route ===
The [[:File:Dufour swiss.jpg|normal route to the summit]] begins at the [[Monte Rosa Hut]]. The normal route is mainly a glacier itinerary on the west slopes of Monte Rosa (Monte Rosa Glacier), with the final rocky west ridge to the summit. Although the itinerary itself is not difficult, it requires physical endurance and good [[acclimatization]].

=== Marinelli couloir ===
The route starts from the [[Marinelli Hut]] and follows the steep Marinelli couloir on the east face. It is a long and dangerous route and has to be ascended very early in the morning on cold days in order to decrease the risk of avalanches.

== Timeline ==
* First ascent in 1855 (normal route).<ref name="Brandt">Maurice Brandt, ''Alpes valaisannes 4: du Theodulpass au Monte Moro'', 1992, [[Swiss Alpine Club]]</ref>
* First ascent on the eastern wall, via the ''Marinelli Couloir'' in 1872 (July 22) by Taylor, Pendlebury and Ferdinand Imseng (guide)<ref>[http://www.macugnaga-monterosa.com/italiano/monterosa/pagine/storia_dell_alpinismo.htm History of alpinism Macugnaga-Monterosa.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714013204/http://www.macugnaga-monterosa.com/italiano/monterosa/pagine/storia_dell_alpinismo.htm |date=July 14, 2011 }}</ref>
* First ascent via the southern spur (Cresta Rey) by Eustace Hulton with guides Joseph Moser and Peter Rubi on 20 August 1874.<ref name="Brandt" />
* First ascent via the southeast ridge (today route from Margherita hut) by F. P. Barlow, G. W. Prothero with guides Antonio Carrel and Peter Taugwalder on 31 August 1874.<ref name="Brandt" />
* First winter ascent via the southern spur (Cresta Rey) by [[Vittorio Sella]] with guides Daniel Maquignaz and Joseph Maquignaz on 26 January 1884.<ref name="Brandt" />
* First winter ascent via the southeast ridge by Mario Piacenza, A. Curta, A. Lazier, O. Lazier on 18 January 1907.<ref name="Brandt" />
* First solo ascent of the east face by Angelo Taveggia in 1924.<ref name="Brandt" />
* First winter ascent of the east face in 1965 (February 5–6) by mountain guides Luciano Bettineschi, Felice Jacchini, Michele Pala and Lino Pironi.<ref name="Brandt" />
* In June 1969, the [[Extreme skiing|extreme skier]] [[Sylvain Saudan]] descended the entire ''Marinelli Couloir'' on the east face.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bivouak.net/articles/Saudan_Sylvain_153.php?id_article=153&id_sport=1 |title=Saudan Sylvain biography |access-date=2008-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927104139/http://www.bivouak.net/articles/Saudan_Sylvain_153.php?id_article=153&id_sport=1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* First solo winter ascent via the east face on February 4, 1991, by Walter Bernardi. Injured, he was rescued by helicopter on the descent near the Grenzsattel.<ref name="Brandt" /><ref>[http://www.monterosa4000.it/walter-berardi.htm Walter Berardi, MonterRosa4000.it] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226232844/http://www.monterosa4000.it/walter-berardi.htm |date=February 26, 2009 }}</ref>

== Panorama ==
{{wide image|0003 Il massiccio del Monte Rosa.jpg|1100px|Monte Rosa massif, Grenzgletscher, and Liskamm (from Breithorn)}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Alps | left =  | break = }}
*[[List of Alpine four-thousanders]]
* [[List of mountains of Valais]]
* [[High Alps]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Dufourspitze}}
{{Commons|Monte Rosa}}

* [http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/150756/dufourspitze.html Dufourspitze on SummitPost.org]
* [http://www.hikr.org/dir/Dufourspitze_6095/ Dufourspitze on Hikr.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141114123947/http://www.alps360.ch/hr/dufourspitze-swiss-summit 360-degree panorama from the summit]
* Computer generated summit panoramas [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/EUR/Rosa-N.gif North] [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/EUR/Rosa-S.gif South] [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas.html Index]
* [http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10043 Peakbagger link]

{{Seven Second Summits}}
{{Ultras of Europe}}
{{Mountains of Switzerland|state=collapsed}}
{{Swiss cantons highest points|state=collapsed}}
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[[Category:Mountain ranges of the Alps]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Mountains of the Alps]]
[[Category:Pennine Alps]]
[[Category:Mountains of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Mountains of Valais]]
[[Category:Monte Rosa]]
[[Category:Alpine four-thousanders]]
[[Category:Four-thousanders of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Highest points of Swiss cantons]]
[[Category:Seven Second Summits]]
[[Category:Highest points of countries]]
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