Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:EE-9 Cascavel

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Brazilian armoured car}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = EE-9 Cascavel
| image              = File:25 08 2022 Cerimônia do Dia do Soldado, com a Imposição da Medalha do Pacificador e da Medalha Exército Brasileiro (52311002999).jpg
| image_size         = 350
| caption            = Engesa EE-9 of the [[Brazilian Army]] at a public exhibit in 2022
| origin             = [[Brazil]]
| type               = [[Armored car (military)|Armoured car]]
| is_vehicle         = yes
| service            = 1974–present{{sfn|Foss|2000|p=348}}
| used_by            = See ''[[#Operators|Operators]]''
| wars               = [[Colombian civil war (1964–present)|Colombian Civil War]]<br />[[Western Sahara War]]<br />[[Libyan–Egyptian War]]<br />[[Chadian–Libyan conflict]]<br />[[Iran–Iraq War]]<br />[[Gulf War]]<br />[[Second Congo War]]<br />[[Iraq War]]<br />[[Internal conflict in Burma]]<br />[[First Libyan Civil War]]<br />[[War in Iraq (2013–2017)]]<br />[[Boko Haram insurgency]]<br />[[Second Libyan Civil War]]<!-- Production history -->
| designer           = [[Engesa]]
| design_date        = 1970{{sfn|Foss|2000|p=348}}
| manufacturer       = Engesa
| unit_cost          = [[United States dollar|USD]] $500,000 <small>(new)</small>{{sfn|UPI|1980}}
| production_date    = 1974–1993{{sfn|Martins|1994|p=142}}
| number             = 1,738{{sfn|Bastos|2006|p=37}}
| variants           = See ''[[#Variants|Variants]]''
| weight             = {{convert|12|t|ST LT|lk=out}}{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}}
| length             = {{convert|6.29|m|ftin|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}}
| part_length        = {{convert|5.25|m|ftin|abbr=on}} <small>''(hull)''</small>{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}}
| width              = {{convert|2.59|m|ftin|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}}
| height             = {{convert|2.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}}
| diameter           = 
| crew               = 3 (commander, driver, gunner){{sfn|Foss|2000|p=348}}
<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 90mm Engesa EC-90 (44 rounds){{sfn|Foss|2000|p=348}}
| secondary_armament = 2× [[FN MAG]] (2,200–2,400 rounds){{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}}{{sfn|Foss|2000|p=348}}
| engine             = [[Detroit Diesel]] 6V-53N {{convert|5.2|L|in3|abbr=on}} 6-cylinder water-cooled diesel{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}}
| engine_power       = {{convert|158|kW|hp|abbr=on}} at 2,800 rpm{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}}
| transmission       = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| fuel_capacity      = {{convert|360|L|gal|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}}
| pw_ratio           = 15.82hp/tonne{{sfn|Foss|2000|p=348}}
| suspension         = [[Six-wheel drive|6X6]] double axle boomerang drive
| clearance          = {{convert|0.375|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| vehicle_range      = {{convert|750|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}}
| speed              = {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}{{sfn|AIPD|1999|p=213}}
| guidance           = 
}}

The '''EE-9 ''Cascavel''''' ({{IPA-pt|kɐskɐˈvɛl}}, translated to ''Rattlesnake'') is a six-wheeled [[Brazil]]ian [[Armored car (military)|armoured car]] developed primarily for reconnaissance. It was engineered by [[Engesa]] in 1970 as a replacement for Brazil's aging fleet of [[M8 Greyhound]]s.{{sfn|Ogorkiewicz|2015|p=218}} The vehicle was first fitted with the Greyhound's 37mm main gun, and subsequently, a French turret adopted from the [[Panhard AML|Panhard AML-90]]. Later models carry unique Engesa turrets with a Belgian 90mm [[Cockerill-Sambre|Cockerill]] Mk.3 cannon produced under licence as the ''EC-90''.{{sfn|Foss|2000|p=348}}

The Cascavel shares many components with the [[EE-11 Urutu]], its [[armoured personnel carrier]] counterpart; both entered production in 1974 and are now operated by over 20 nations in South America, Africa, and the Middle East.{{sfn|Ogorkiewicz|2015|p=218}} Rights to the design were also sold to the [[United States]] via the [[FMC Corporation]].{{sfn|Neto|1991|p=87}} About 2,767 Cascavels and Urutus were manufactured before Engesa ceased operations in 1993.{{sfn|Ogorkiewicz|2015|p=218}}

==History==
===Development===
Throughout the early 1960s, Brazil's bilateral defence agreements with the United States ensured easy access to a post-war surplus of American military equipment, including a number of [[World War II]]-vintage [[M8 Greyhound]] armoured cars. The Brazilian arms industry limited itself to restoring and maintaining this obsolete hardware until 1964 when American involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] placed restrictions on the amount of defence technology available for export.{{sfn|Neto|1991|p=85}} Brazil responded by creating an indigenous import substitution programme in 1968 aimed at reproducing US equipment already in service.{{sfn|Hurrell|2014|p=159}} Already in 1966 an article in the military periodical ''A Defesa Nacional'' had argued that the state of national [[automotive industry]], [[highways]] and [[Petrobras]] fuel production made it viable to locally produce an 8–10 ton, 6x6 armoured vehicle,{{sfn|Rocha|1966}} and by 1970 the [[Brazilian Army]] was developing an updated Greyhound known simply by its Portuguese initials, CRR (''Carro de Reconhecimento sobre Rodas'').{{sfn|Ogorkiewicz|2015|p=218}}

Engesa, then an obscure civilian engineering firm, took over the project and by November 1970 a prototype of an entirely new vehicle using the Greyhound's basic layout was completed.{{sfn|Foss|2000|p=348}} The new EE-9 Cascavel entered the pre-production phase between 1972 and 1973.{{sfn|Bastos|2004|p=43}} Assembly lines for the Cascavel and its armoured personnel carrier counterpart, the [[EE-11 Urutu]], were opened in 1974.{{sfn|Foss|2000|p=348}} The hulls were purchased by the Brazilian Army but mounted the same antiquated [[37 mm gun M3|37mm cannon]] and turret recycled from its elderly Greyhounds.{{sfn|Bastos|2004|p=42}} To compete with more formidable armament available on the international market, Engesa also marketed a heavily modified Cascavel with an automatic transmission and the same 90mm (3.54&nbsp;in) low-pressure gun found on the [[Panhard AML]].{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}} This model, intended for export, drew interest in the Middle East and twenty were immediately purchased by Qatar.{{sfn|Hurrell|2014|p=303}}

The Qatari Cascavel sale proved to be a major success for Engesa, and Brazil's first successful inroad into the Arabian arms trade. [[Abu Dhabi]] followed suit with an order for two hundred Cascavels in 1977. Both Iraq and Libya chose the Cascavel in preference to the Panhard AML-90 or [[ERC 90 Sagaie|ERC-90 Sagaie]],{{sfn|UPI|1980}} with the former negotiating a $400 million deal for the delivery of two hundred Cascavels and two hundred Urutus.{{sfn|Hurrell|2014|p=303}} Following the Libyan sale, Engesa unveiled a new production model carrying a Belgian designed, Cockerill main gun{{sfn|Ogorkiewicz|2015|p=218}} manufactured under licence as the ''EC-90'' in Brazil.{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}}

===Service===
The [[Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] successfully deployed a number of EE-9 Cascavels against Egyptian tanks, likely [[T-54/55]]s or [[T-62]]s, during the [[Libyan–Egyptian War]] in 1977.{{sfn|Elliot|1987|p=229}} Libyan Cascavels also saw action in [[Chad]], where they engaged [[Panhard AML#AML-90|AML-90]]s of the [[French Foreign Legion]] and French Marines.{{sfn|Grandolini|Cooper|2015|p=37}} An unknown number of these armoured cars were later donated to the [[Polisario Front]]{{sfn|Damis|1983|p=99}} and [[Togo]],{{sfn|Bastos|2006|p=38}} while others remained in service as late as the [[2011 Libyan Civil War]].{{sfn|Cordesman|2011|p=34}} Cascavels were still in use during the [[Battle of Sirte (2016)|2016 battle of Sirte]] against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]].{{sfn|Bastos|2017}}

Chad's [[Transitional Government of National Unity (Chad)|Transitional Government of National Unity]] (GUNT) received five EE-9 Cascavels from Libya in 1986.{{sfn|SIPRI|2009}} Over the course of the [[Chadian–Libyan conflict]], seventy-nine ex-Libyan Cascavels were captured or recovered from the [[Aouzou Strip]] by the Chadian military, which continues to hold them in storage.{{sfn|Bastos|2006|p=39}}

The [[National Army of Colombia]] acquired 128 new EE-9 Cascavels in 1982, in order to modernize its equipment in case of an armed conflict with Venezuela.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fuerzasmilitares.org/opinion/6939-cascavel-ejercito-colombia.html |title=El blindado Engesa EE-9 Mk.III "Cascavél" del Ejército Colombiano |language=es |date=2016-07-04 |access-date=2019-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420204552/http://www.fuerzasmilitares.org/opinion/6939-cascavel-ejercito-colombia.html |archive-date=2019-04-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> The armoured cars saw their first and most meaningful action during the [[Palace of Justice siege]] in 1985, when members of the [[19th of April Movement|M-19]] guerrilla group took over the Palace of Justice in [[Bogotá]]. The EE-9s made some direct hits against the structure's external walls, which started a fire that destroyed the building and killed several hostages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/judicial/articulo161624-ejercito-fue-responsable-del-incendio-toma-palacio-de-justicia |title=Ejército fue responsable del incendio en la toma a Palacio de Justicia |language=es |date=2009-09-19 |access-date=2019-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420204600/https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/judicial/articulo161624-ejercito-fue-responsable-del-incendio-toma-palacio-de-justicia |archive-date=2019-04-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[National Army of Colombia|Colombian Army]] still uses them and have used them in the jungle so on in the [[Colombian conflict|Colombian Conflict.]]

[[File:EE-9-Cascavel-19910228.jpg|thumb|left|A battle-damaged Iraqi EE-9 Cascavel somewhere along the frontier with Saudi Arabia, during [[Operation Desert Storm]].]]
During the [[Iran–Iraq War]], EE-9 Cascavels were operated by Iraqi garrisons near the [[Persian Gulf]]. The armoured cars were frequently able to outmanoeuvre the heavier Iranian [[Chieftain (tank)|Chieftain]] tanks and tracked combat vehicles on the relatively flat, sandy terrain near the coastal region.{{sfn|College|1985|p=11}} Coalition air strikes later destroyed several north of [[Kuwait City]] in [[Operation Desert Storm]].{{sfn|Tucker-Jones|2014|p=30}} Following the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], the surviving fleet was condemned for scrap; however, American technical personnel did restore thirty-five to working order in 2008 and present them to the [[New Iraqi Army]].{{sfn|Rosencrans|2008}} Locally modified EE-9 were refurbished by Iraqi militias of the [[Popular Mobilization Forces]], with some having their 90mm replaced or supplemented by [[DShK]] or [[ZPU]] machine guns, 107mm [[Type 63 multiple rocket launcher|Type 63 rockets]] or a [[2A28 Grom]] gun. They were used against Islamic State forces.{{sfn|Bastos|2017}}

Zimbabwe procured ninety EE-9 Cascavels in 1984 as a suitable replacement for the [[Eland Mk7]].{{sfn|SIPRI|2009}} At least one Zimbabwean Cascavel squadron deployed into [[Mozambique]] during the [[Mozambican Civil War]] to protect Harare's primary commercial links in [[Tete Province]]. The armoured cars provided armed escort for local convoys and patrolled the roads to preempt attacks by [[South Africa]]n-backed [[Mozambican National Resistance]] (RENAMO) insurgents.{{sfn|Emerson|2014|p=342}} During Zimbabwe's intervention in the [[Second Congo War]], [[Ilyushin Il-76]]s commandeered from local charter firms were used to airlift twelve Cascavels to [[N'djili Airport]].{{sfn|Cooper|19 October 2013|p=25}} From there they subsequently engaged Rwandan troops advancing on [[Kinshasha]].{{sfn|Cooper|19 October 2013|p=32}} Some were abandoned by Zimbabwean troops in the Congo after being sabotaged beyond repair,{{sfn|Cooper|19 October 2013|p=57}} while four others were captured by rebel factions.{{sfn|Staff|2011}} Few remain in present service due to lack of funds to source new parts from Brazil.{{sfn|Kahiya|2000}}

The EE-9 Cascavel was also saw combat during the [[Myanmar civil war (2021–present)|Myanmar civil war]] on the side of the [[State Administration Council]], taking some losses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armadarotta.com/2023/12/what-is-happening-in-myanmar.html|title=What is Happening in Myanmar - Documenting Equipment Losses in the Myanmar Civil War}}</ref>

The EE-9 Cascavel has found favour with many armies due to its simplified design and use of components already ubiquitous to civilian industry.{{sfn|Gupta|1997|p=143}} Its low cost next to comparable Western armoured cars makes it an attractive purchase to developing nations in particular. At the height of the Cold War, the strictly commercial nature of Engesa sales—devoid of any political supplier restraints—was also perceived as an acceptable alternative to arms from [[NATO]] and the [[Warsaw Pact]].{{sfn|Gupta|1997|p=143}}

==Description==
All EE-9 Cascavels have a similar layout—the driver is seated at the front of the vehicle and to the left, turrets are typically fitted above the centre, with motor and transmission situated at the rear.{{sfn|Foss|2000|p=348}} The Cascavel Mk II has a manual turret, but all later variants have electrically powered traverse.{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}} Cascavel Mk IIIs are equipped with an Engesa EC-90 90mm gun firing [[Shell (projectile)#HE-FRAG|high explosive]] (HE), [[High-explosive anti-tank warhead|high explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT) or [[High-explosive squash head|high explosive squash head]] (HESH) shells in cartridge form; a coaxial 7.62mm machine gun is also mounted to the left of the main armament.{{sfn|Bastos|2006|p=41}} The EC-90 has an elevation of +15° and a depression of -8°.{{sfn|Foss|2000|p=348}} It is not stabilised and only mounts a rudimentary optical [[fire-control system]], which has been upgraded with a laser [[Rangefinding telemeter|rangefinder]] in Brazilian service.{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}} Late production Cascavels were fitted with run-flat tyres and a unique central tyre pressure regulator accessible from the driving compartment.{{sfn|Foss|2000|p=348}}

===External===
A boxy, boat-shaped vehicle, the EE-9 Cascavel has a steep frontal glacis which slopes upwards and back towards the horizontal hull roof, with recesses for the headlamps and a thick glacis plate over the driver's seat.{{sfn|Foss|2000|p=348}} The hull sides are nearly vertical, but also sloped inwards towards the roof. There is a low, well-rounded turret on the forward section of the hull with a long, tapered gun barrel and a triple baffle muzzle brake.{{sfn|AIPD|1999|p=213}}

==Variants==
[[File:cascavel1.jpg|thumb|A Cascavel Mk I at a museum in [[Rio de Janeiro]].]]
* '''Cascavel Mk I''': Popularly nicknamed ''Cascavel Magro'' (skinny rattlesnake) for its small turret ring, this was Engesa's initial production model and only entered service with the [[Brazilian Army]]. It was equipped with a turret adopted from the [[M8 Greyhound]] and a manual transmission.{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}} Its prevailing feature were two sets of rear road wheels linked by an articulated, boomerang-shaped suspension which boosted rear wheel drive—a characteristic that became nearly synonymous with the Cascavel and Urutu.{{sfn|Foss|2000|p=348}}
* '''Cascavel Mk II''': Popularly nicknamed ''Cascavel Gordo'' (fat rattlesnake) for its wide turret ring, this was Engesa's first export model and entered service with [[Qatar Armed Forces|Qatar]], [[Bolivian Army|Bolivia]], the [[Polisario Front|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]], and [[Libyan Army (1951–2011)|Libya]]. It was equipped with an H-90 turret adopted from the [[Panhard AML|Panhard AML-90]] and an automatic transmission.{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}}
* '''Cascavel Mk III''': An improved EE-9 Cascavel Mk II refitted with a diesel engine and an Engesa turret carrying the new Brazilian-manufactured 90mm EC-90 main gun. An anti-aircraft prototype carrying twin 25mm autocannon was also trialled but not adopted.{{sfn|Godoy|1986|p=309}} Most Cascavel Mk Is were upgraded to this standard, including automatic transmissions, for the [[Brazilian Army]].{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}}
* '''Cascavel Mk IV''': First production model to be equipped with run-flat tyres and the tyre pressure regulator. Also carried a more integrated fire control system.{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}}
* '''Cascavel Mk V''': An EE-9 Cascavel Mk IV fitted with a Mercedes-Benz OM52A diesel engine developing 190&nbsp;hp (142&nbsp;kW). This was the final variant offered for sale by Engesa.{{sfn|Chant|2013|p=29}}
* '''Cascavel Mk VI''': Derivative of the EE-9 Cascavel Mk V with  a Mercedes-Benz OM352A diesel engine.{{sfn|Forecast International|1995|p=4}}
* '''Cascavel Mk VII''': EE-9 Cascavel Mk V with the MT-643 gearbox of the Mk IV.{{sfn|Forecast International|1995|p=4}}
* '''Novo Cascavel''': A modernized variant of the EE-9 Cascavel by AKAER Engenharia ordered by the Brazilian Army in July 2022 with a new engine, tower with automated control, air conditioning, replacement of the optronics, anti-tank missile launcher in its main turret, a new shooting computer as well new sensors. 98 units ordered as a first batch.<ref name="New Cascavel">{{Cite web | url=https://www.forte.jor.br/2022/07/07/exercito-brasileiro-assina-contrato-com-a-akaer-para-modernizacao-dos-blindados-ee-9-cascavel/ | title=Exército Brasileiro assina contrato com a Akaer para modernização dos blindados EE-9 Cascavel | website=Forte | accessdate=7 July 2022 | language=pt}}</ref>

==Operators==
[[File:EE-9 operators.png|thumb|400px|Map of EE-9 operators in blue with former operators in red]]
[[File:EE-9 Cascavel in Iraq 2008.jpg|thumb|right|EE-9 Cascavels of the Iraqi Army in 2008.]]
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->

===Current operators===
* {{BOL}}: 24{{sfn|SIPRI|2009}}
* {{BRA}}: 600 (409 operational in 2010)<ref name="forte.jor.br">{{cite web |url=http://www.forte.jor.br/2010/03/02/urutu-e-cascavel-ganharao-vida-nova/ |title=Urutu e Cascavel ganharão vida nova &#124; Forças Terrestres - ForTe - Estratégia, Tecnologia Militar e Segurança |publisher=ForTe |date=2010-03-02 |language=pt |access-date=2014-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221011557/http://www.forte.jor.br/2010/03/02/urutu-e-cascavel-ganharao-vida-nova/ |archive-date=2013-12-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> 98 being modernized to the "Novo Cascavel" standard,<ref name="New Cascavel"/> remaining in process of replacement by the [[Freccia IFV#Centauro II|Centauro II]] 8×8.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zona-militar.com/2022/11/25/el-ejercito-brasileno-elige-al-centauro-ii-como-su-futuro-vehiculo-de-combate-blindado-8x8/ |title=El Ejército Brasileño elige al Centauro II como su futuro vehículo de combate blindado 8×8 |publisher=Zona Militar |date=25 November 2022 |language=es}}</ref>
* {{BUR}}: 24{{sfn|Forecast International|1995|p=5}}
* {{CHA}}: 20{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=457}}
* {{COL}}: 121{{sfn|SIPRI|2009}}
* {{CYP}}: 126{{sfn|SIPRI|2009}}
* {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}: 19{{sfn|Martin|2013}}
* {{ECU}}: 22{{sfn|Forecast International|1995|p=5}} to 28{{sfn|SIPRI|2009}}
* {{GAB}}: 14{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=466}}
* {{GHA}}: 3{{sfn|Foss|2000|p=349}}{{sfn|Forecast International|1995|p=5}}
* {{flag|Guyana}}: 18{{sfn|Forecast International|1995|p=5}}
* {{IRN}}: 130 to 150;{{sfn|Forecast International|1995|p=5}}{{sfn|Bastos|2006|p=39}} 35 operational {{as of|lc=yes|2004}}.{{sfn|Cordesman|2004}}
* {{IRQ}}: 232 to 364;{{sfn|Forecast International|1995|p=5}}{{sfn|Bastos|2006|p=37}} 35 operational {{as of|lc=yes|2008}}.{{sfn|Rosencrans|2008}}
* {{LBY}}: 380 to 500;{{sfn|Forecast International|1995|p=5}}{{sfn|SIPRI|2009}} 70 operational {{as of|lc=yes|2011}}.{{sfn|Cordesman|2011|p=34}}
* {{flag|Morocco}}: 7{{sfn|Forecast International|1995|p=5}}
* {{flag|Myanmar}}: 150{{sfn|HRW|2007}}
* {{flag|Nigeria}}: 75{{sfn|SIPRI|2009}}
* {{PAR}}: 28{{sfn|SIPRI|2009}} to 30{{sfn|Forecast International|1995|p=5}}
* {{QAT}}: 20{{sfn|SIPRI|2009}}
* {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}: 29{{sfn|Forecast International|1995|p=5}}
* {{SUR}}: 6{{sfn|Forecast International|1995|p=5}} to 7{{sfn|SIPRI|2009}}
* {{TUN}}: 24{{sfn|SIPRI|2009}}
* {{URU}}: 15{{sfn|SIPRI|2009}}
* {{ZIM}}: 90;{{sfn|SIPRI|2009}} 10 operational and 77 reserve {{as of|lc=yes|2011}}.{{sfn|Staff|2011}}

===Former operators===
* {{CHL}}: 83{{sfn|SIPRI|2009}}
* {{TOG}}: 36,{{sfn|Forecast International|1995|p=5}} from Libya{{sfn|Bastos|2006|p=38}}

==See also==
===Engesa series===
* [[EE-3 Jararaca]]
* [[EE-11 Urutu]]
* [[EE-T1 Osório]]

===Vehicles of comparable role, performance, and era===
* [[Alvis Saladin]]
* [[Eland Mk7]]
* [[ERC 90 Sagaie]]
* [[Panhard AML]]
* [[VBC-90]]

==Notes and citations==
{{commons|EE-9 Cascavel|EE-9 Cascavel}}
;Citations
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

;Online sources
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |title=Trade Registers |last=SIPRI |first=(various) |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |location=Solna |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=2009 |access-date=17 February 2015 }}
* {{cite web |title=The quest for autonomy: the evolution of Brazil's role in the international system, 1964-1985 |last=Hurrell |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Hurrell |url=http://funag.gov.br/loja/download/1086-THE_QUEST_FOR_AUTONOMY.pdf |location=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão |date=2014 |orig-year=1986 |access-date=20 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602092330/http://funag.gov.br/loja/download/1086-THE_QUEST_FOR_AUTONOMY.pdf |archive-date=June 2, 2015 }}
* {{cite web |title=The Libyan Uprising: An Uncertain Trajectory |last=Cordesman |first=Anthony, Vira, Varun, and Arleigh |url=http://csis.org/files/publication/110620_libya.pdf |location=Washington |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |date=20 June 2011 |access-date=20 December 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071433/http://csis.org/files/publication/110620_libya.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=U.S. hands over 35 Cascavels to Iraqi Army |last=Rosencrans |first=Aaron |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/16541/us-hands-over-35-cascavels-iraqi-army#.VoyVKneLzIV |location=Washington |publisher=Defense Imagery |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=20 December 2015 }}
* {{cite web |title=Democratic Republic of Congo |last=Martin |first=Guy |url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=30241:democratic-republic-of-congo&catid=119:african-militaries&Itemid=255 |location=Johannesburg |publisher=Defence Web |date=23 April 2013 |access-date=6 January 2016 }}
* {{cite web |title=Burma: Security Council should impose arms embargo |last=HRW |first=(various) |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/10/10/burma-security-council-should-impose-arms-embargo |location=New York |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=10 October 2007 |access-date=20 December 2015 }}
* {{cite web |title=Uma experiência real: EE-9 Cascavel em combate Líbia e Iraque 2015 – 2017 |last=Bastos |first=Expedito Carlos Stephani |url=http://www.defesanet.com.br/guarani/noticia/27104/UMA-EXPERIENCIA-REAL--EE-9-Cascavel-em-combate-Libia-e-Iraque-2015-%E2%80%93-2017--/ |date=14 September 2017 |access-date=5 January 2019 }}
* {{cite book |title=EE-9 Cascavel |last=Forecast International |first=(various) |series=Military Vehicles Forecast |url=https://www.forecastinternational.com/archive/disp_old_pdf.cfm?ARC_ID=1129 |date=August 1995 |access-date=25 February 2019 }}
{{refend}}

;Newspaper and journal articles
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Martins |first=Dean |date=1994 |title=Brazil - The Armed Forces of a Regional Superpower |journal=Jane's Intelligence Review: Yearbook |pages=142–143}}
* {{cite journal |last=Elliot |first=Jeffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUt7aGu6aE8C |date=1987 |title=Who supplies the matches? |journal=Third World Annual 88/89 |page=229 |isbn=9780879677077}}
* {{cite journal |last=Neto |first=Raul de Gouvea |url=http://www.plataformademocratica.org/Publicacoes/19847.pdf |date=1991 |title=How Brazil Competes In The Global Defense Industry |journal=Latin American Research Review |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.1017/S0023879100023943 |s2cid=252930890 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208160523/http://www.plataformademocratica.org/Publicacoes/19847.pdf |archive-date=December 8, 2014}}
* {{cite journal |last=Godoy |first=Robert |date=1986 |title=Brazilian hybrid Cascavel for Iraq |journal=Strategic Digest |volume=16 |page=1309}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bastos |first=Expedito Carlos Stephani |date=June 2006 |title=Uma realidade brasileira - As exportações dos veículos militares Engesa |journal=Revista DaCultura |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=36–41 |url=http://www.ecsbdefesa.com.br/fts/DC10.pdf}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bastos |first=Expedito Carlos Stephani |date=December 2004 |title=Uma realidade brasileira - Desenvolvimento de blindados sobre roadas 1967–1975 |journal=Revista DaCultura |volume=4 |issue=7 |url=http://www.ecsbdefesa.com.br/fts/Blindados%20Rodas%20I.pdf |pages=36–45}}
* {{cite news |title=Arms trade expands in South America |last=UPI |url=http://newbrunswick.archivalweb.com/scans/AppomattoxCL/The%20Hopewell%20News/0118_1980-09-01%20-%201980-12-30/0000673.pdf |work=The Hopewell News |location=Hopewell, Virginia |date=9 December 1980 |access-date=4 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028213455/http://newbrunswick.archivalweb.com/scans/AppomattoxCL/The%20Hopewell%20News/0118_1980-09-01%20-%201980-12-30/0000673.pdf |archive-date=28 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rocha |first=Cezar Marques da |title=O carro de combate nacional |journal=A Defesa Nacional |volume=52 |issue=606 |date=April 1966 |pages=119–122 |url=http://ebrevistas.eb.mil.br/ADN/article/view/4985}}
* {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Staff|2011}} |title=Zimbabwe army crippled: Report exposes decay |author=Staff Reporter |url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2011/07/zna-crippled-report-exposes-decay/ |work=The Zimbabwean |location=Johannesburg, Gauteng |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=29 November 2015}}
* {{cite news |title=Zimbabwe: Controversy Over $600m Spare Parts For ZNA |last=Kahiya |first=Vincent |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200005190154.html |work=The Zimbabwe Independent |location=Harare, Zimbabwe |date=19 May 2000 |access-date=29 November 2015}}
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* {{Cite book |title=National security and mobilization management: regional studies program: academic year 1984-1985 |last=College |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Pajiaeb3BUC&q=manner |location=Washington D.C. |publisher=Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.) |year=1985 |access-date=4 January 2015}}
{{refend}}

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{{refend}}

{{Modern Recce}}
{{Engesa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ee-9 Cascavel}}
[[Category:Armoured cars of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Armoured fighting vehicles of Brazil]]
[[Category:Fire support vehicles]]
[[Category:Wheeled reconnaissance vehicles]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1970]]
[[Category:Reconnaissance vehicles of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Six-wheeled vehicles]]
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