Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:East African shilling

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Currency of British East Africa from 1921 until 1969}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox currency
| using_countries = All in the 1900s:  
*[[Kenya Colony]] ('21–'69)
*[[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]] ('21–'64)
*[[Uganda (1962–1963)]] ('21–'66)
*[[Zanzibar]] ('36–'64)
*[[British Somaliland]] ('41–'62)
*[[History of Eritrea#British administration and federalisation|Eritrea]] ('41–'52)
*[[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]] ('41–'45)
*[[Italian Somaliland]] ('41–'50)
*[[Aden Protectorate]] ('51–'63)
*[[Colony of Aden]] ('51–'63)
*[[Federation of Arab Emirates of the South]] ('59–'63)
*[[Federation of South Arabia]] ('63–'65)
*[[Protectorate of South Arabia]] ('63–'65)
*[[Tanzania]] ('64–'69)
| currency_name_in_local = {{Unbulleted list|{{native name|sw|Shilingi ya Afrika Mashariki}}|{{native name|it|Scellino dell'Africa orientale}}|{{native name|so|Shilinka Bariga Afrika}}|{{native name|ar|شلنق شرق أفريقي}}}}
| subunit_name_1 = [[Cent (currency)|cent]]
| symbol = (none)
| subunit_ratio_1 = {{frac|1|100}}
| superunit_name_1 = [[Pound (currency)|pound]] ([[Pound sign|£]])
| superunit_ratio_1 = 20
| used_coins = 1c, 5c, 10c, 50c, {{shilingi|1}}
| used_banknotes = {{shilingi|5}}, {{shilingi|10}}, {{shilingi|20}}, {{shilingi|100}},  {{shilingi|200}},  {{shilingi|1000}},  {{shilingi|10000}}
| issuing_authority = [[East African Currency Board]]
| obsolete = yes
}}

The '''East African [[shilling]]''' was the [[Pound sterling|sterling]] [[unit of account]] in [[British Empire|British]]-controlled areas of [[East Africa]] from 1921 until 1969.<ref name=gfd_table>{{numis cite GFD|page=table|accessdate=2007-04-27}}</ref> It was issued by the [[East African Currency Board]]. It is also the proposed name for a common currency that the [[East African Community]] plans to introduce.

The shilling was divided into 100 ''cents'', and twenty shillings were 1 ''pound''.

[[File:East African Shilling Map.png|thumb|300px|right|The old East African Shilling (left), East African Shilling (right)]]

==History==

===First East African shilling===

Unlike elsewhere in the possessions of the [[British Empire]] that used the [[Pound sterling|sterling]], in [[British East Africa]] the [[Shilling (British coin)|shilling]] instead of the [[Pound (currency)|pound]] was the primary unit of account, with the pound being a [[superunit]] mainly used for recording very large sums of money that would be inconvenient if quoted solely in shillings.

This anomalous state of affairs arose because the first currency used by the British colonial authorities in British East Africa was the [[rupee]], not sterling. The East African shilling was introduced to [[Kenya]], [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]], and [[Uganda]] in 1921, replacing the short-lived [[East African florin]] at a rate of 2 shillings to 1 florin. The florin had been introduced because of increasing silver prices after [[World War I]]. At that time, the [[Indian rupee]] was the currency of the British East African states. The rupee, being a silver coin, rose in value against sterling. When it reached the value of two shillings, the authorities decided to replace it with the florin. From the florin thence came the East African shilling. The currency remained pegged to one shilling sterling and was subdivided into 100 [[Cent (currency)|cent]]s.<ref name=tmms_kenya>{{numis cite TMMH | region=kenya | access-date=27 April 2007}}</ref><ref name=tmms_tanzania>{{numis cite TMMH | region=tanzania | access-date=28 May 2007}}</ref><ref name=tmms_uganda>{{numis cite TMMH | region=uganda | access-date=27 April 2007}}</ref> In 1936, [[Zanzibar]] joined the currency board, and the [[Zanzibari rupee]] was replaced at a rate of {{shilingi|1|50}} to 1 Zanzibari rupee.<ref name=tmms_tanzania/> It was replaced by local currencies ([[Kenyan shilling]], [[Ugandan shilling]], and [[Tanzanian shilling]]) following the territories' independence.<ref name="tmms_kenya"/><ref name="tmms_tanzania"/><ref name="tmms_uganda"/>

In 1951, the East African shilling replaced the Indian rupee in the [[Aden colony]] and protectorate, which became the [[South Arabian Federation]] in 1963. In 1965, the East African Currency Board was breaking up, and the [[South Yemeni dinar|South Arabian dinar]] replaced the shilling in the South Arabian Federation at a rate of {{shilingi|20}} to 1 dinar.<ref name="gfd_table"/><ref name="tmms_asia">{{numis cite TMMH|region=asia|access-date=2007-04-27}}</ref>

The shilling was also used in parts of what is now [[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia]], and [[Eritrea]] when they were under British control. Before 1941, these areas, then known as [[Italian East Africa]], used the [[Italian East African lira]]. In 1941, as a result of [[World War II]], Britain regained control and introduced the shilling, at a rate of {{shilingi|1}} to 24&nbsp;Lire. [[Italian Somaliland]] was returned to [[Italy]] in 1949 as a [[UN Trusteeship]] and soon switched to the [[Italian Somaliland somalo|somalo]], which was at par with the shilling. [[British Somaliland]] gained independence in 1960, and joined what had been Italian Somaliland to create Somalia. In that year, Somalia began using the [[Somali shilling]] (replacing the Somali somalo) at par with the East African shilling.<ref name=tmms_somalia>{{numis cite TMMH | region=somalia | access-date=29 April 2007}}</ref>

Ethiopia regained independence in 1941, with British support, and began using the East African shilling. [[Maria Theresa thaler]]s, Indian rupees, and [[Egyptian pound]]s were also legal tender at the beginning of this time, and it is unclear exactly when this status ended. Full sovereignty was restored in late 1944, and the [[Ethiopian birr|Ethiopian dollar]] was reintroduced in 1945 at a rate of $1 = {{shilingi|2}}.<ref name=tmms_ethiopia>{{numis cite TMMH| region=ethiopia | access-date=29 April 2007}}</ref> Eritrea was captured from the Italians in 1941, and began using the East African shilling, as well as the Egyptian pound. The lira was demonetised in 1942. When Eritrea formed a federation with Ethiopia in 1952, the dollar, which was already in use in Ethiopia, was also adopted in Eritrea.<ref name=tmms_eritrea>{{numis cite TMMH | region=eritrea | access-date=29 April 2007}}</ref>

===Second East African shilling===

A revived version of the currency has been proposed by the [[East African Community]], which consists of [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[South Sudan]], and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].

It had been proposed that the Second East African shilling would be introduced into circulation in 2012, but the target was not met. A second target date of 2015 was set, but that was not met either. The third target date is 2024.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Asongu | first1=Simplice | last2=Nwachukwu | first2=Jacinta | last3=Tchamyou | first3=Vanessa | date=1 August 2016 | title=A Literature Survey on Proposed African Monetary Unions | journal=Journal of Economic Surveys | volume=31 | issue=3 | pages=878–902 | language=en | doi=10.1111/joes.12174 | s2cid=38454408 | issn=1467-6419| url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/70234/1/MPRA_paper_70234.pdf }}</ref>

==Coins==

===Issued during the reign of George V===

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
!colspan="9"| Issued during the reign of [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]
|- 
!rowspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!rowspan="2"| Catalogue number !!colspan="2"| Technical parameters !!colspan="2"| Description !!rowspan="2"| Dates !!rowspan="2"| Remarks
|-
! Mass !! Composition !! Obverse !! Reverse
|-
|align="center"| [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img13/57-22]
| 1 cent
| KM 22
|
|rowspan="3"| [[Bronze]]
|rowspan="3"| "GEORGIVS V", "REX ET IND:IMP:", crown, value
|rowspan="3"| "EAST AFRICA", value, date
| 1922-1935
|rowspan="3"| central hole
|-
|align="center"|
| 5 cents
| KM 18
|
|rowspan="2"| 1921-1936
|-
|align="center"|
| 10 cents
| KM 19
|
|-
|align="center"| [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=nmc2/57-20]
| 50 cents<br>{{nowrap|{{frac|1|2}} shilling}}
| KM 20
| 3.8879g
|rowspan="2"| 25% [[silver]]
|rowspan="2"| "GEORGIVS V", "REX ET IND:IMP:", bust of George V
| Dual value, "EAST AFRICA", lion in front of mountain, date
| 1921-1924
|
|-
|align="center"| [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img/57-21.jpg]
| 1 shilling
| KM 21
| 7.7759g
| Value, "EAST AFRICA", lion in front of mountain, date
| 1921-1925
|
|-
|colspan="9"| {{Standard coin table notice|BrE=Y}}
|}

===Issued during the reign of Edward VIII===

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
!colspan="9"| Issued during the reign of [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]]
|- 
!rowspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!rowspan="2"| Catalogue number !!rowspan="2"| Composition !!colspan="2"| Description !!rowspan="2"| Dates !!rowspan="2"| Remarks
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse
|-
|align="center"| [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img/57-23]
| 5 cents
| KM 23
|rowspan="2"| Bronze
|rowspan="2"| "EDWARDVS VIII", "REX ET IND:IMP:", crown, value
|rowspan="2"| "EAST AFRICA", value, date
|rowspan="2"| 1936
|rowspan="2"| Central hole
|-
|align="center"|
| 10 cents
| KM 24
|-
|colspan="9"| {{Standard coin table notice|BrE=Y}}
|}

===Issued during the reign of George VI===

====As GEORGIVS VI====

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
!colspan="9"| Issued during the reign of [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] as GEORGIVS VI
|- 
!rowspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!rowspan="2"| Catalogue number !!colspan="2"| Technical parameters !!colspan="2"| Description !!rowspan="2"| Dates !!rowspan="2"| Remarks
|-
! Mass !! Composition !! Obverse !! Reverse
|-
|align="center"|
| 1 cent
| KM 29
|rowspan="7"|
|rowspan="7"| Bronze
|rowspan="7"| "GEORGIVS VI", "REX ET IND:IMP:", crown, value
|rowspan="7"| "EAST AFRICA", value, date
| 1942
| central hole
|-
|align="center"|
|rowspan="4"| 5 cents
| KM 25
| 1936
| central hole
|-
|align="center"|
| KM 25.1
| 1937-1941
| central hole, thick flan
|-
|align="center"| [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img10/57-25_2]
| KM 25.2
| 1941-1943
| central hole, thin flan
|-
|align="center"|
| KM 25.3
| 1942
| NO central hole, thin flan
|-
|align="center"|
|rowspan="2"| 10 cents
| KM 26.1
| 1937-1941
| some with central hole, some without, thick flan
|-
|align="center"|
| KM 26.2
| 1942-1945
| central hole, thin flan
|-
|align="center"|
| 50 cents<br>{{nowrap|{{frac|1|2}} shilling}}
| KM 27
| 3.8879g
|rowspan="5"| 25‰ silver
|rowspan="5"| "GEORGIVS VI", "REX ET INDIÆ IMPERATOR", bust of George VI
| Dual value, "EAST AFRICA", lion in front of mountain, date
| 1937-1944
|
|-
|align="center"|
|rowspan="4"| 1 shilling
| KM 28.1
|rowspan="4"| 7.7759g
|rowspan="4"| Value, "EAST AFRICA", lion in front of mountain, date
| 1937-1944
| edge reeding spaced out
|-
|align="center"|
| KM 28.2
| 1941
| rare, thicker rim, larger milling, minor design differences
|-
|align="center"|
| KM 28.3
| 1942-1943
| retouched central image on reverse
|-
|align="center"|
| KM 28.4
| 1944-1946
| same as KM 28.1 with edge reeding close
|-
|colspan="9"| {{Standard coin table notice|BrE=Y}}
|}

====As GEORGIVS SEXTVS====

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
!colspan="9"| Issued during the reign of George VI as GEORGIVS SEXTVS
|- 
!rowspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!rowspan="2"| Catalogue number !!rowspan="2"| Composition !!colspan="2"| Description !!rowspan="2"| Dates !!rowspan="2"| Remarks
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse
|-
|align="center"| [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?=img10/57-32]
| 1 cent
| KM 32
|rowspan="3"| Bronze
|rowspan="3"| "GEORGIVS SEXTVS REX", crown, value 
|rowspan="3"| "EAST AFRICA", value, date
| 1949-1952
|rowspan="3"| central hole
|-
|align="center"| [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img10/57-33]
| 5 cents
| KM 33
| 1949-1952
|-
|align="center"|
| 10 cents
| KM 34
| 1949-1952
|-
|align="center"|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110926210905/http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/images/003coin_scaled.jpg]
| 50 cents<br>{{nowrap|{{frac|1|2}} shilling}}
| KM 30
|rowspan="2"| [[Cupronickel]]
|rowspan="2"| "GEORGIVS SEXTVS REX", bust of George VI
| Dual value, "EAST AFRICA", lion in front of mountain, date
| 1948-1952
|
|-
|align="center"|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110926210916/http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/images/002coin_scaled.jpg]
| 1 shilling
| KM 31
| Value, "EAST AFRICA", lion in front of mountain, date
| 1948-1952
|
|-
|colspan="9"| {{Standard coin table notice|BrE=Y}}
|}

===Issued during the reign of Elizabeth II===

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
!colspan="9"| Issued during the reign of [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]]
|- 
!rowspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!rowspan="2"| Catalogue number !!rowspan="2"| Composition !!colspan="2"| Description !!rowspan="2"| Dates !!rowspan="2"| Remarks
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse
|-
|align="center"| [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img/57-35]
| 1 cent
| KM 35
|rowspan="3"| Bronze
|rowspan="3"| "QUEEN ELIZABETH THE SECOND", crown, value
|rowspan="3"| "EAST AFRICA", value, date
| 1954-1962
|rowspan="3"| central hole
|-
|align="center"| [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img11/57-37]
| 5 cents
| KM 37
| 1955-1963
|-
|align="center"|
| 10 cents
| KM 38
| 1956-1964
|-
|align="center"|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110926210920/http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/images/EA_50cents_1961_scaled.jpg]
| 50 cents<br>{{nowrap|{{frac|1|2}} shilling}}
| KM 36
| Cupronickel
| "QUEEN ELIZABETH THE SECOND", bust of Elizabeth II
| Dual value, "EAST AFRICA", lion in front of mountain, year of minting
| 1954-1963
|
|-
|colspan="9"| {{Standard coin table notice|BrE=Y}}
|}

===Issued after independence===

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
!colspan="9"| Issued after independence
|- 
!rowspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!rowspan="2"| Catalogue number !!rowspan="2"| Composition !!colspan="2"| Description !!rowspan="2"| Dates !!rowspan="2"| Remarks
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse
|-
|align="center"| [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img10/57-39]
| 5 cents
| KM 39
|rowspan="2"| Bronze
| "SENTI TANO", 5, "FIVE CENTS", "EAST AFRICA"
| "EAST AFRICA", "5", date
| 1964
|rowspan="2"| central hole
|-
|align="center"|[http://www.coinpage.com/coin-image-316.html][http://www.coinpage.com/coin-image-317.html]
| 10 cents
| KM 40
| "SENTI KUMI", 10, "TEN CENTS", "EAST AFRICA"
| "EAST AFRICA", "10", date
| 1964
|-
|colspan="9"| {{Standard coin table notice|BrE=Y}}
|}

{{refbegin}}
{{numis cite SCWC|date=2004}}
{{refend}}

==Banknotes==

{{main|Banknotes of the East African shilling}}

In 1921, [[Banknote|notes]] were issued by the [[East African Currency Board]] in denominations of {{shilingi|5}}, {{shilingi|10}}, {{shilingi|20}}, {{shilingi|100}}, {{shilingi|200}}, {{shilingi|1,000}} and {{shilingi|10,000}}, with the notes of 20 shillings and above also having the denominations expressed in [[Pound (currency)|pounds]] (£1, £5, £10, £50 and £500). In 1943, {{shilingi|1}} notes were issued, the only occasion that such notes were produced. {{shilingi|1,000}} notes were only issued until 1933, with {{shilingi|10,000}} notes last issued in 1947. The remaining denominations were issued until 1964.

Shilling denominations were written on banknotes in [[English language|English]], [[Arabic]], and [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]], while values in pounds were written in English only.

==Gallery==

<gallery>
File:1925 East African 1 Shilling coin obverse.jpg|1925 East African 1 Shilling coin obverse
File:1925 East African 1 Shilling coin reverse.jpg|1925 East African 1 Shilling coin reverse
File:1935 East African 5 cent coin obverse.jpg|1935 East African 5 cent coin obverse
File:1935 East African 5 cent coin reverse.jpg|1935 East African 5 cent coin reverse
File:1930 East African 1 cent coin obverse.jpg|1930 East African 1 cent coin obverse
File:1930 East African 1 cent coin reverse.jpg|1930 East African 1 cent coin reverse
File:British East Africa Currency.png|British East Africa 1 cent and 10 cent coins
File:Half shilling coin from British East Africa, from a personal collection in West Bengal, photographed by Yogabrata Chakraborty, on August 12, 2023.jpg|1956 East African half shilling coin reverse
</gallery>

==See also==

{{Portal|Money|Numismatics}}

* [[British currency in the Middle East]]

==References==

{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{numis cite SCWC | date=1991}}
* {{numis cite SCWPM | date=1994}}
{{refend}}
:The last issued 10,000/= note was dated 1 August 1951 but the high denomination note was used for clearing internally for many years after 1951.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140705202327/http://www.eac.int/ East African Community]
* [http://rodsell.com/enotes/eastafrica.htm Images of East African banknotes]

{{n-start}}
{{n-before|rowspan=3|currency=[[Indian rupee]], [[Maria Theresa Thaler]] and other foreign currencies|ratio=1 shilling = 1 British shilling}}
{{n-currency|colspan=2|location=[[Colony of Aden]]|start=1951|end=1963}}
{{n-currency|rowspan=2|location=[[Federation of South Arabia]]|start=1963|end=1965}}
{{n-after|rowspan=3|currency=[[South Yemeni dinar]]|ratio=1 dinar = 20 shillings = 1 British pound}}

{{n-currency|rowspan=2|location=[[Aden Protectorate]]|start=1951|end=1959}}
{{n-currency|location=[[Federation of Arab Emirates of the South]]|start=1959|end=1963}}
|-

{{n-currency|location=remainder of [[Aden Protectorate]]|start=1959|end=1963|note=throughout this time period, various states within the protectorate joined the federation}}
{{n-currency|location=[[Protectorate of South Arabia]]|start=1963|end=1965}}
|-

{{n-before|currency=[[Zanzibari rupee]]|ratio=1.5 East African shillings = 1 Zanzibari rupee = 1 Indian rupee = 1.5 British shilling}}
{{n-currency|colspan=2|location=[[Zanzibar]]|start=January 1, 1936|end=1964}}
{{n-currency|rowspan=2|location=[[Tanzania]]|subareas=formerly [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]] and [[Zanzibar]]|start=1964|end=1969}}
{{n-after|rowspan=2|currency=[[Tanzanian shilling]]|reason=currency independence|ratio=at par|note=independent shilling introduced in 1966, but EA shilling not demonetized until 1969}}

{{n-before|style=height:40px;|rowspan=3|currency=[[East African florin]]|ratio=2 shillings = 1 florin = 2 British shilling}}
{{n-currency|rowspan=3|colspan=2|location=[[East Africa]]|subareas=[[Kenya]], [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]], [[Uganda]]|start=1921|end=various dates of independence}}
|-
{{n-currency|location=[[Kenya]]|start=1963|end=1969}}
{{n-after|currency=[[Kenyan shilling]]|reason=currency independence|ratio=at par|note=independent shilling introduced in 1966, but EA shilling not demonetized until 1969}}

{{n-currency|location=[[Uganda]]|start=1962|end=1969}}
{{n-after|currency=[[Ugandan shilling|First Ugandan shilling]]|reason=currency independence|ratio=at par|note=independent shilling introduced in 1966, but EA shilling not demonetized until 1969}}

{{n-before|rowspan=4|currency=[[Italian East African lira]]|reason=[[United Kingdom]] recaptured [[British Somaliland]] from [[Italy]], and also occupied [[Italian East Africa]]|ratio=1 shilling = 24 lire = 1 British shilling}}
{{n-currency|colspan=3|location=[[British Somaliland]]|start=1941|end=1962}}
{{n-after|currency=[[Somali shilling]]|reason=independence as part of [[Somalia]]|ratio=at par}}

{{n-currency|colspan=3|location=[[Italian Somaliland]]|start=1941|end=1950}}
{{n-after|currency=[[Italian Somaliland somalo]]|reason=return to [[Italy]] (in 1949)|ratio=at par}}

{{n-currency|colspan=3|location=[[Ethiopia]]|start=1941|end=1945}}
{{n-after|rowspan=2|currency=[[Ethiopian birr]]|reason=(Ethiopia) independence<br>(Eritrea) federation with Ethiopia|ratio=1 birr = 2 shillings}}

{{n-currency|colspan=3|location=[[Eritrea]]|start=1941|end=1952}}

{{n-end}}
{{Shilling}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:East African Shilling}}
[[Category:Currencies of Somalia]]
[[Category:British Somaliland]]
[[Category:East African Community]]
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
[[Category:Currencies of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Currencies of the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Currency unions]]
[[Category:Currencies introduced in 1921]]
[[Category:1969 disestablishments]]
[[Category:20th century in Africa]]
[[Category:20th century in economic history]]
[[Category:Currencies of Kenya]]
[[Category:Currencies of Somaliland]]
[[Category:Currencies of Tanzania]]
[[Category:Currencies of Uganda]]
[[Category:Currencies of Yemen]]
[[Category:Shillings]]
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