Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Economy of Turkey

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox economy
| country = Turkey
| image = Levent Financial Center - Istanbul.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = [[Levent]] business district in [[Istanbul]]
| currency = [[Turkish lira]] (TRY, {{Turkish lira}})
| year = [[Calendar year]]<ref name="CIAWFTU">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye/ |title=Turkey (Turkiye) |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |website=CIA.gov |accessdate= 10 August 2023}}</ref>
| organs = [[G20|G-20]], [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], [[EU Customs Union]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[MIKTA]], [[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation|BSEC]], [[Economic Cooperation Organization|ECO]], [[Organization of Turkic States|OTS]] and [[Turkey's membership of international organizations|others]]
| group = {{plainlist|
* [[Emerging market]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/01/weodata/groups.htm 
|title=World Economic and Financial Surveys World Economic Outlook Database—WEO Groups and Aggregates Information April 2020 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>
* [[Newly industrialized country]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Principles of Economics|author=N. Gregory Mankiw|year=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=4th|isbn=978-0-324-22472-6}}</ref>}}
| population = {{Increase}} 85,279,553 (2023)<ref name="IMF.TR"/>
| gdp = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} $1.340 trillion ([[Nominal GDP|Nominal]], 2024)<ref name="IMF.TR">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TUR |title=Türkiye, Republic of |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=October 2023}}</ref>
* {{increase}} $3.805 trillion ([[purchasing power parity|PPP]], 2024)<ref name="IMF.TR"/>
}}
| gdp rank = {{plainlist|
*[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|17th (Nominal, 2023)]]
*[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|11th (PPP, 2024)]]}}
| growth = {{plainlist| 
*5.5%&nbsp;(2022)
*4.5%&nbsp;(2023)
*4.0%&nbsp;(2024) <ref name="IMF.TR"/>
}}
| per capita = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} $15,368 (Nominal; 2024)<ref name="IMF.TR"/>
*{{increase}} $43,624 (PPP; 2024)<ref name="IMF.TR"/>
}}
| per capita rank = {{plainlist|
*[[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|65th (Nominal; 2023)]]
*[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|47th (PPP; 2023)]]
}}
| sectors = {{plainlist|
*Manufacturing: 22.1%
*Wholesale and retail trade: 13.5%
*[[Transport in Turkey|Transport]] and storage: 10.0%
*[[Agriculture in Turkey|Agriculture]], [[Forest in Turkey|forestry]] and [[Fishing in Turkey|fishing]]: 6.5%
*[[Turkish construction and contracting industry|Construction]]: 4.9%
*(2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2023 |title=Annual Gross Domestic Product, 2022 |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Annual-Gross-Domestic-Product-2022-49742&dil=2 |website=[[Turkstat]]}}</ref>
}}
| inflation = {{IncreaseNegative}} 64,86% (2023)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Consumer Prices|url=https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/EN/TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/Statistics/Inflation+Data/Consumer+Prices|access-date=2022-12-22|website=TCMB|language=en}}</ref>
| poverty = {{DecreasePositive}} 14.4% at 50% of the median equivalised income (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2023 |title=Poverty and Living Conditions Statistics, 2022 |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Poverty-and-Living-Conditions-Statistics-2022-49746&dil=2 |website=[[Turkstat]]}}</ref>
| labor = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} 34,796,000 (2023)<ref name="OCTOBER2023"/>
*{{increase}} 48,5% employment rate (October 2023)<ref name="OCTOBER2023"/>
*about 3.2 million Turks work abroad<ref name="CIAWFTU"/>}}
| edbr = {{increase}} [[Ease of doing business index#Ranking|33rd (very easy, 2020)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.doingbusiness.org/en/rankings |title=Ease of Doing Business rankings |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=worldbank.org |access-date=18 October 2023 }}</ref>
| occupations = {{plainlist|
*[[Agriculture in Turkey|Agriculture]], [[Forest in Turkey|forestry]] and [[Fishing in Turkey|fishing]]:14.8%
*[[Secondary sector]]: Industry: 20.8%
*Secondary sector: [[Turkish construction and contracting industry|Construction]]: 6.4%
*[[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]]: 58.0% 
*(2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2023 |title=Labour Force Statistics, Quarter III: July-September, 2023 |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=49381&dil=2 |website=[[Turkstat]]}}</ref>}}
| average gross salary = 35,650 TRY (per month, 2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/7dab7e4b-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/7dab7e4b-en | title=Home }}</ref>
| unemployment = {{plainlist|
*{{DecreasePositive}} 8.5% (2023)<ref name="OCTOBER2023"/>
*{{decreasePositive}} 16.3% youth unemployment rate (15 to 24 year-olds; October 2023)<ref name="OCTOBER2023">{{cite web |title=İşgücü İstatistikleri, Ekim 2023 |trans-title=Labor Statistics, October 2023 |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-Ekim-2023-49377 |website=tuik.gov.tr|publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>}}
| gini = {{decreasePositive}} 42.6 {{color|darkorange|medium}} (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ILC_DI12__custom_6886906/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref>
| hdi = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} 0.838 {{color|darkgreen|very high}} (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|48th]])
*{{increase}} 0.717 {{color|green|high}} [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI (48th)]] (2021)<ref>{{cite journal |title=Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/138806 |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] |access-date=27 November 2022|last1=Nations |first1=United }}</ref>}}
| industries = {{hlist|[[Machinery]]|[[tourism]]|[[textile]]|[[electronics]]|[[construction]]|[[shipbuilding]]|[[autos]]|[[mining]]|[[steel]]|[[iron]]|[[copper]]|[[boron]]|[[Defense industry|defence]]|[[petroleum]]|[[food processing]]|[[cotton]]}}
| exports = {{increase}} $255.8 billion (2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/news/542/150680/-our-exports-in-2023-have-broken-the-republican-era-record- | title=Presidency of the Republic of Turkey : "Our exports in 2023 have broken the Republican era record" }}</ref>
| export-goods = {{hlist|[[Transport|Transport equipment]]|[[machinery]]|[[Metallurgy|metal manufactures]]|[[apparel]]|[[electronics]]|[[foodstuff]]|[[textile]]|[[plastic]]|<ref name="oec.world">{{Cite web|url=https://oec.world/fr/profile/country/tur/|title=Turkey (TUR) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners &#124; OEC|access-date=15 October 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101011900/https://oec.world/fr/profile/country/tur/|url-status=dead}}</ref> }}
| export-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|Germany}} 8.3%
*{{flag|United States}} 5.8%
*{{flag|Iraq}} 5.0%
*{{flag|United Kingdom}} 4.9%
*{{flag|Italy}} 4.8%
*{{flag|Russia}} 4.3% 
*{{flag|France}} 4.0%
*{{flag|Spain}} 3.8%
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} 3.4%
*{{flag|Netherlands}} 3.1%
*(2023)<ref name="TRTRADE">{{cite web |title=Foreign Trade Statistics, December 2023 |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Foreign-Trade-Statistics-December-2023-49630&dil=2 |publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]] |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref>}}
| imports = {{decrease}} $361.8 billion  (2023)<ref name="TRTRADE"/>
| import-goods = {{hlist|[[Fuel]]s|[[Outline of industrial machinery|machinery]]|[[Chemical substance|chemicals]]|[[Intermediate good|semi-finished goods]]|[[Transport|transport equipment]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2058.html#tu|title=Imports Products of Turkey|publisher=[[CIA World Factbook]]|access-date=2013-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005060619/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2058.html#tu|archive-date=2018-10-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| import-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|Russia}} 12.6%
*{{flag|China}} 12.4%
*{{flag|Germany}} 7.9%
*{{flag|Switzerland}} 5.5%
*{{flag|United States}} 4.4%
*{{flag|Italy}} 4.1%
*{{flag|France}} 3.2%
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} 3.2%
*{{flag|Spain}} 2.6%
*{{flag|South Korea}} 2.6%
*(2023)<ref name="TRTRADE"/>}}
| current account = {{decreasePositive}} −1.74% of GDP (2021)<ref name="Turkey – Current Account">{{cite web |url=https://www.maxinomics.com/turkey/current-account-balance-as-percent-of-gdp |title= Maxinomics |publisher=Maxinomics |website=maxinomics.com |access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref>
| FDI = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} $180.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFTU"/>
*{{increase}} Abroad: $47.44 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFTU"/>}}
| gross external debt = {{IncreaseNegative}} $476 billion (2023) [[List of countries by external debt|(24th)]]<!-- European Union and Hong Kong are subtracted out because they are not countries. --><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/external-debt | title=External Debt &#124; Economic Indicators &#124; CEIC }}</ref>
| debt = {{increaseNegative}} 34.4% of GDP (2023)<ref name="IMF.TR"/>
| revenue = $210.5 billion (2020 est.)<ref name="CIAWFTU"/>
| expenses = $249.2 billion (2020 est.)<ref name="CIAWFTU"/>
| balance = {{decreaseNegative}} −5.4% (of GDP) (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Finance |url=https://en.hmb.gov.tr/public-finance |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=[[Ministry of Treasury and Finance]]}}</ref>
| reserves = {{increase}} $137 billion (2024) ([[List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves|22nd]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/cc755e33-b5c0-4632-bfe4-2434d35da011/RT20220114TR.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-cc755e33-b5c0-4632-bfe4-2434d35da011-nVTg3hB|title=Info |website=tcmb.gov.tr}}</ref>
| credit = {{plainlist|
*[[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/eu/?subSectorCode=39 | title=Sovereigns rating list | publisher=Standard & Poor's | access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref>
*B
*Outlook: Positive (November 2023)
----
*[[Moody's]]:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moodys.com/credit-ratings/Turkiye-Government-of-credit-rating-768337 | title=Turkiye, Government of| publisher=Moody's | access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref>
*B3
*Outlook: Stable (October 2023)
----
*[[Fitch Group|Fitch]]:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fitchratings.com/entity/turkiye-80442217 | title=Turkiye | publisher=Fitch | access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref>
*B
*Outlook: Stable (September 2023)
----
*Scope:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scoperatings.com/ratings-and-research/rating/EN/176107|title=Scope affirms Türkiye's long-term foreign-currency ratings at B- and revises the Outlooks to Stable|date=12 January 2024|website=Scope Ratings|access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref>
*B-
*Outlook: Stable (January 2024)}}
| aid = ''donor'': $8.399 billion, 0.79% of [[Gross national income|GNI]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/humanitarian-assistance-by-turkiye.en.mfa |title=Turkish Emergency Humanitarian Assistance |publisher=mfa.gov.tr |date=2018 |access-date=2023-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey ranks second in the world for humanitarian aid, named most generous donor|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2017/06/21/turkey-ranks-second-in-the-world-for-humanitarian-aid-named-most-generous-donor|newspaper=[[Daily Sabah]]|access-date=2017-06-21|date=15 August 2017}}</ref>
| cianame = turkey
}}
{{Economy of Turkey}}
[[File:EU and Turkey Locator Map.png|thumb|After becoming [[Member states of the Council of Europe|one of the early members]] of the [[Council of Europe]] in 1950, Turkey became an [[Ankara Agreement|associate member]] of the [[European Economic Community|EEC]] in 1963, joined the [[European Union Customs Union|EU Customs Union]] in 1995 and started [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|full membership negotiations]] with the [[European Union]] in 2005.<ref name="TR_EUChrono">{{cite web|url=http://www.abgs.gov.tr/en/tur-eu_relations_dosyalar/chronology.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515022203/http://www.abgs.gov.tr/en/tur-eu_relations_dosyalar/chronology.htm|archive-date=15 May 2007|title=Chronology of Turkey-EU relations|publisher=Turkish Secretariat of European Union Affairs|access-date=30 October 2006}}</ref><ref name="barroso">{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/pdf/interview_20061015_en.pdf|title=Interview with European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso on BBC Sunday AM|publisher=[[European Commission]]|access-date=17 December 2006|date=15 October 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061121143823/http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/pdf/interview_20061015_en.pdf| archive-date= 21 November 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Participants at the 2015 G20 Summit (Presidencia de la Nación Argentina).jpg|thumb|right|[[Turkey]] is a founding member of the [[OECD]] (1961) and [[G20]] (1999)]]

[[Turkey]] is a founding member of the [[OECD]] and [[G20]]. The country's economy ranked as the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|17th-largest in the world]] and [[List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)|7th-largest]] in [[Europe]] by [[nominal GDP]] in 2023. It also ranked as the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|11th-largest in the world]] and 5th-largest in Europe by [[purchasing power parity|PPP]] in 2023. According to the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], as of 2022, Turkey had an [[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita|upper-middle income]], [[mixed economy|mixed-market]], [[emerging market|emerging]] economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/select-countries?grp=2903&sg=All-countries/Emerging-market-and-developing-economies/Emerging-and-developing-Europe|title=IMF WEO Database of April 2022 – Emerging and Developing – Europe|publisher=International Monetary Fund|access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref> Turkey has often been defined as a [[newly industrialized country]] since the turn of the 21st century.<ref name=Limits>{{cite book|title=The Limits of Convergence|author=Mauro F. Guillén|author-link=Mauro F. Guillén|chapter=Multinationals, Ideology, and Organized Labor|pages=126 (Table 5.1)|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-691-11633-4}}</ref><ref name=AIA>{{cite book|title=Geography, An Integrated Approach|author=David Waugh|chapter=Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)|pages=563, 576–579, 633, and 640|publisher=Nelson Thornes Ltd.|year=2000|edition=3rd|isbn=0-17-444706-X}}</ref><ref name=Principles>{{cite book|title=Principles of Economics|author=N.&nbsp;Gregory Mankiw|year=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=4th|isbn=978-0-324-22472-6}}</ref> The country is the [[World Tourism rankings|fourth most visited destination in the world]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourism on Track for Full Recovery as New Data Shows Strong Start to 2023 |url=https://www.unwto.org/news/tourism-on-track-for-full-recovery-as-new-data-shows-strong-start-to-2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=www.unwto.org |language=en}}</ref> and has over 1,500 [[Research and development|R&D]] centres established both by multinational and national firms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Turkey has extended R&D and design centers incentive program|url=https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/inside-turkey/blog/2021/03/turkey-has-extended-rd-and-design-centers-incentive-program|date=29 March 2021|publisher=[[Norton Rose Fulbright]]|author1=Ekin İnal|author2=Mert Müstecaplıoğlu|access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> Turkey is among the world's leading producers of agricultural products, textiles, motor vehicles, transportation equipment, construction materials, consumer electronics, and home appliances. 

Over the past 20 years, there have been major developments in the financial and social aspects of Turkey's economy, such as increases in [[employment]] and average [[income]] since 2000.<ref name="Overview">{{Cite web|title=Overview|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/turkey/overview|access-date=2021-04-04|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> Despite the declining value of the [[Turkish lira]], especially during the [[Turkish economic crisis (2018–current)|ongoing Turkish currency and debt crisis]], there has been a sharp increase in the country's [[United States dollar|USD]]-based GDP figures in recent years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GDP, current prices: Billions of U.S. dollars|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/TUR|website=International Monetary Fund|language=en}}</ref> However, high [[inflation]] continues to be a problem in the early 2020s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/11/03/annual-inflation-in-turkey-reaches-record-25-year-high-of-855|title=Annual inflation in Turkey reaches record 25-year high of 85.5%|date=3 November 2022|website=euronews.com|publisher=[[Euronews]]}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Economic history of the Ottoman Empire|Economic history of Turkey}}

== Data ==
[[File:Turkey_GDP_per_capita_growth_in_time.png|thumb|Change in per capita GDP of Turkey, 1913–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}]]
The following table shows the main economic indicators from 1980 to 2023 (with [[IMF]] staff estimates in 2024–2028). Inflation below 10% is in green.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=186,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,LUR,GGXWDG_NGDP,&sy=1980&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 | title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!GDP
<small>(in Bil. US$PPP)</small>
!GDP per capita
<small>(in US$ PPP)</small>
!GDP
<small>(in Bil. US$nominal)</small>
!GDP per capita
<small>(in US$ nominal)</small>
!GDP growth
<small>(real)</small>
!Inflation rate
<small>(in Percent)</small>
!Unemployment
<small>(in Percent)</small>
|-
|1980
|159.2
|3,516.3
|96.6
|2,133.7
|{{Decrease}}-0.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}110.6%
|7.2%
|-
|1981
|{{Increase}}181.9
|{{Increase}}3,926.5
|{{Increase}}97.9
|{{Decrease}}2,113.1
|{{Increase}}4.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}36.4%
|{{Steady}}7.2%
|-
|1982
|{{Increase}}199.7
|{{Increase}}4,215.0
|{{Decrease}}88.9
|{{Decrease}}1,876.6
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}31.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.6%
|-
|1983
|{{Increase}}217.4
|{{Increase}}4,486.2
|{{Decrease}}85.0
|{{Decrease}}1,753.3
|{{Increase}}4.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}31.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}7.5%
|-
|1984
|{{Increase}}240.6
|{{Increase}}4,857.9
|{{Decrease}}82.6
|{{Decrease}}1,668.5
|{{Increase}}6.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}48.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}7.4%
|-
|1985
|{{Increase}}258.8
|{{Increase}}5,116.5
|{{Increase}}92.8
|{{Increase}}1,835.2
|{{Increase}}4.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}44.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}6.9%
|-
|1986
|{{Increase}}282.3
|{{Increase}}5,471.0
|{{Increase}}102.3
|{{Increase}}1,983.1
|{{Increase}}6.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}34.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.7%
|-
|1987
|{{Increase}}318.3
|{{Increase}}6,051.1
|{{Increase}}118.9
|{{Increase}}2,260.7
|{{Increase}}10.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}38.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.1%
|-
|1988
|{{Increase}}336.5
|{{Increase}}6,280.3
|{{Increase}}125.0
|{{Increase}}2,333.2
|{{Increase}}2.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}73.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.7%
|-
|1989
|{{Increase}}350.6
|{{Increase}}6,427.2
|{{Increase}}147.7
|{{Increase}}2,707.9
|{{Increase}}0.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}63.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}8.6%
|-
|1990
|{{Increase}}397.4
|{{Increase}}7,159.3
|{{Increase}}207.5
|{{Increase}}3,738.2
|{{Increase}}9.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}60.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}8.0%
|-
|1991
|{{Increase}}414.7
|{{Increase}}7,344.8
|{{Increase}}208.4
|{{Decrease}}3,691.4
|{{Increase}}0.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}66.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}7.7%
|-
|1992
|{{Increase}}449.5
|{{Increase}}7,831.6
|{{Increase}}219.2
|{{Increase}}3,818.8
|{{Increase}}6.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}70.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.9%
|-
|1993
|{{Increase}}497.2
|{{Increase}}8,523.4
|{{Increase}}248.6
|{{Increase}}4,261.6
|{{Increase}}8.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}66.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.4%
|-
|1994
|{{Decrease}}480.1
|{{Decrease}}8,101.2
|{{Decrease}}179.4
|{{Decrease}}3,026.7
|{{Decrease}}-5.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}104.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}8.0%
|-
|1995
|{{Increase}}525.4
|{{Increase}}8,729.4
|{{Increase}}233.6
|{{Increase}}3,880.9
|{{Increase}}7.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}89.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}7.1%
|-
|1996
|{{Increase}}572.5
|{{Increase}}9,368.7
|{{Increase}}250.5
|{{Increase}}4,099.2
|{{Increase}}7.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}80.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}6.1%
|-
|1997
|{{Increase}}626.2
|{{Increase}}10,096.0
|{{Increase}}261.9
|{{Increase}}4,221.9
|{{Increase}}7.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}85.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.3%
|-
|1998
|{{Increase}}652.8
|{{Increase}}10,376.8
|{{Increase}}275.8
|{{Increase}}4,384.5
|{{Increase}}3.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}84.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.4%
|-
|1999
|{{Decrease}}640.4
|{{Decrease}}10,035.0
|{{Decrease}}256.6
|{{Decrease}}4,020.3
|{{Decrease}}-3.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}64.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.2%
|-
|2000
|{{Increase}}700.3
|{{Increase}}10,819.4
|{{Increase}}274.3
|{{Increase}}4,238.0
|{{Increase}}6.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}55.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}6.0%
|-
|2001
|{{Decrease}}674.9
|{{Decrease}}10,288.1
|{{Decrease}}202.2
|{{Decrease}}3,082.9
|{{Decrease}}-5.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}54.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.8%
|-
|2002
|{{Increase}}729.6
|{{Increase}}10,988.4
|{{Increase}}240.2
|{{Increase}}3,617.2
|{{Increase}}6.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}45.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.8%
|-
|2003
|{{Increase}}786.9
|{{Increase}}11,712.5
|{{Increase}}314.8
|{{Increase}}4,684.7
|{{Increase}}5.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}25.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.9%
|-
|2004
|{{Increase}}887.2
|{{Increase}}13,045.3
|{{Increase}}409.1
|{{Increase}}6,015.7
|{{Increase}}9.8%
|{{Increase}}8.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}9.7%
|-
|2005
|{{Increase}}997.3
|{{Increase}}14,483.1
|{{Increase}}506.2
|{{Increase}}7,350.9
|{{Increase}}9.0%
|{{Increase}}8.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}9.2%
|-
|2006
|{{Increase}}1,099.5
|{{Increase}}15,768.3
|{{Increase}}555.1
|{{Increase}}7,961.1
|{{Increase}}6.9%
|{{Increase}}9.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}8.7%
|-
|2007
|{{Increase}}1,186.2
|{{Increase}}16,804.9
|{{Increase}}680.5
|{{Increase}}9,640.6
|{{Increase}}5.0%
|{{Increase}}8.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.9%
|-
|2008
|{{Increase}}1,218.8
|{{Increase}}17,042.0
|{{Increase}}770.8
|{{Increase}}10,778.1
|{{Increase}}0.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}10.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.8%
|-
|2009
|{{Decrease}}1,167.4
|{{Decrease}}16,089.1
|{{Decrease}}648.8
|{{Decrease}}8,941.4
|{{Decrease}}-4.8%
|{{Increase}}6.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}13.0%
|-
|2010
|{{Increase}}1,281.0
|{{Increase}}17,376.4
|{{Increase}}776.6
|{{Increase}}10,533.5
|{{Increase}}8.4%
|{{Increase}}8.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}11.0%
|-
|2011
|{{Increase}}1,454.1
|{{Increase}}19,459.8
|{{Increase}}838.5
|{{Increase}}11,221.4
|{{Increase}}11.2%
|{{Increase}}6.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}9.0%
|-
|2012
|{{Increase}}1,550.7
|{{Increase}}20,504.4
|{{Increase}}880.1
|{{Increase}}11,637.9
|{{Increase}}4.8%
|{{Increase}}8.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}8.3%
|-
|2013
|{{Increase}}1,703.7
|{{Increase}}22,221.4
|{{Increase}}957.5
|{{Increase}}12,489.0
|{{Increase}}8.5%
|{{Increase}}7.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.9%
|-
|2014
|{{Increase}}1,860.5
|{{Increase}}23,945.5
|{{Decrease}}938.5
|{{Decrease}}12,079.3
|{{Increase}}4.9%
|{{Increase}}8.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.9%
|-
|2015
|{{Increase}}2,022.9
|{{Increase}}25,691.1
|{{Decrease}}864.1
|{{Decrease}}10,973.6
|{{Increase}}6.1%
|{{Increase}}7.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}10.3%
|-
|2016
|{{Increase}}2,116.2
|{{Increase}}26,513.6
|{{Increase}}869.3
|{{Decrease}}10,891.2
|{{Increase}}3.3%
|{{Increase}}7.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}10.9%
|-
|2017
|{{Increase}}2,282.3
|{{Increase}}28,242.5
|{{Decrease}}858.9
|{{Decrease}}10,628.9
|{{Increase}}7.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}11.1%
|{{Steady}}10.9%
|-
|2018
|{{Increase}}2,406.5
|{{Increase}}29,345.6
|{{Decrease}}779.7
|{{Decrease}}9,508.0
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}16.3%
|{{Steady}}10.9%
|-
|2019
|{{Increase}}2,468.7
|{{Increase}}29,688.0
|{{Decrease}}759.5
|{{Decrease}}9,132.9
|{{Increase}}0.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}15.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}13.7%
|-
|2020
|{{Increase}}2,546.9
|{{Increase}}30,490.5
|{{Decrease}}720.1
|{{Decrease}}8,612.3
|{{Increase}}1.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}12.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}13.1%
|-
|2021
|{{Increase}}2,953.9
|{{Increase}}35,063.5
|{{Increase}}817.5
|{{Increase}}9,654.1
|{{Increase}}11.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}19.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}12.0%
|-
|2022
|{{Increase}}3,352.0
|{{Increase}}39,319.4
|{{Increase}}905.8
|{{Increase}}10,621.9
|{{Increase}}5.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}64.27%
|{{DecreasePositive}}10.8%
|-
|2023
|{{Increase}}3,613.5
|{{Increase}}41,887.5
|{{Increase}}1,118.6
|{{Increase}}13,110.6
|{{Increase}}4.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}51.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}10.5%
|-
|2024
|{{Increase}}3,805.6
|{{Increase}}43,624.2
|{{Increase}}1,340.6
|{{Increase}}15,368.2
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}24.2%
|{{Steady}}10.5%
|-
|2025
|{{Increase}}4,005.9
|{{Increase}}45,423.9
|{{Increase}}1,403.4
|{{Increase}}16,103.2
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}17.2%
|{{Steady}}10.5%
|-
|2026
|{{Increase}}4,215.2
|{{Increase}}47,296.0
|{{Increase}}1,454.2
|{{Increase}}16,317.0
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}15.4%
|{{Steady}}10.5%
|-
|2027
|{{Increase}}4,430.9
|{{Increase}}49,213.2
|{{Increase}}1,515.5
|{{Increase}}16,832.4
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}12.0%
|{{Steady}}10.5%
|-
|2028
|{{Increase}}4,659.0
|{{Increase}}51,239.5
|{{Increase}}1,575.9
|{{Increase}}17,332.6
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}10.0%
|{{Steady}}10.5%
|}

==Main economic sectors==
As of November 2023, there are 1,086,670 registered companies based in [[Turkey]]. The sector with the highest number of companies registered in the country is [[Manufacturing]] with 241,362 companies. This is followed by [[Wholesaling|Wholesale Trade]] and [[Service (economics)|Services]] with 197,476 and 187,325 companies respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hithorizons.com/eu/analyses/country-statistics/turkey | title=Industry Breakdown of Companies in Turkey | website=HitHorizons}}</ref>

===Agricultural sector===
[[File:Atatürk_Dam.jpg|thumb|380px|The [[Atatürk Dam]] is the largest of the 22 dams in the [[Southeastern Anatolia Project]]. The program includes 22 dams, 19 hydraulic power plants, and the irrigation of 1.82 million hectares of land. The total cost of the project is estimated at $32 billion.]]
{{Excerpt|Agriculture in Turkey|only=paragraphs}}

===Industrial sector===
{{update section|date=April 2019}}

====Consumer electronics and home appliances====
{{Multiple image
|align =right
|direction=vertical
|width =160
|image1=New_Beko_logo.svg
|caption1=
|image2=Vestel logo.svg
|caption2=Turkish brands like [[Beko]] and [[Vestel]] are among the largest producers of [[consumer electronics]] and [[home appliance]]s in Europe.
}}

Turkey's [[Vestel]] is the largest TV producer in [[Europe]], accounting for a quarter of all TV sets manufactured and sold on the continent in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jun2006/gb20060609_371863.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613161738/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jun2006/gb20060609_371863.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2006|title=The Unknown TV Giant|author=Michael Kuser|work=Bloomberg Businessweek}}</ref> By January 2005, Vestel and its rival Turkish electronics and white goods brand [[Beko]] accounted for more than half of all TV sets manufactured in Europe.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/BUSINESS/01/17/turkey.beko/|access-date=2008-08-29|title=Turkey switches on to TV market|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=2005-01-17|first=Jim|last=Boulden}}</ref> Another Turkish electronics brand, Profilo Telra, was Europe's third-largest TV producer in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_August_19/ai_n14927389|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530095559/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_August_19/ai_n14927389|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-05-30|access-date=2008-08-29 |title=Europe's No. 3 TV Manufacturer, a Private Company: PROFILO-TELRA |date=2005-08-19 |work=[[Business Wire]] |publisher=BNET}}</ref>

====Textiles and clothing====
Turkish companies made [[clothing]] exports worth $13.98 billion in 2006; more than $10.67 billion of which (76.33%) were exported to EU member states.<ref>"[http://www.itkib.org.tr/en_new/reports/clothing_2006_annual_report.pdf The Export Performance of the Turkish Clothing Industry in 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128170222/http://www.itkib.org.tr/en_new/reports/clothing_2006_annual_report.pdf |date=2007-11-28 }}," ITKIB</ref>

====Motor vehicles and automotive products====
{{Main|Automotive industry in Turkey}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Anadol A1 in red.jpg
| width1 = 140
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = 
| image2 = Rahmi Koç Museum DSC 1325 (17478786313).jpg
| width2 = 132
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = 
| footer = 1966 [[Anadol#Anadol A1 (1966–1975)|Anadol A1]] (left) and 1973 [[Anadol#Anadol STC-16 (1973–1975)|Anadol STC-16]] (right) at the [[Rahmi M. Koç Museum]] in Istanbul. [[Devrim]] (1961) was the first Turkish car.}}

The [[automotive industry in Turkey]], which plays an important role in the [[Secondary sector of the economy|manufacturing sector]] of the Turkish economy, produced 1,352,648 motor vehicles in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Türkiye Otomotiv Sanayi 2022 |url=https://www.osd.org.tr/haberler/136 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Otomotiv Sanayi Derneği}}</ref> ranking as the [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|13th largest producer in the world]] (production peaked at 1,695,731 motor vehicles in 2017, when Turkey also [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|ranked 13th]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=2021 Statistics {{!}} www.oica.net|url=https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2021-statistics/|access-date=2022-08-26|website=oica.net}}</ref> Turkish automotive companies like [[TEMSA]], [[Otokar]] and [[BMC (Turkey)|BMC]] are among the world's largest van, bus and truck manufacturers. [[Togg]], or Turkey's Automobile Joint Venture Group Inc. is the first all-electric vehicle company of Turkey.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

{{multiple image
| align=left
| direction=vertical
| image1 = Togg_Models.jpg
| width1 = 190
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = 
| image2 = Togg Sedan Back.jpg
| width2 = 190
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = 
| footer = [[Togg T10X]] [[SUV]]<ref name="insideevs">{{cite web|url=https://insideevs.com/news/620213/turkey-national-carmaker-togg-starts-production-2023-c-suv-ev/|title=Turkey's National Carmaker Togg Starts Production Of 2023 C SUV EV|website=insideevs.com|author=Dan Mihalascu|date=4 November 2022}}</ref> and [[Togg#Models|Togg T10S sedan]] produced by [[Togg]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.togg.com.tr/|title=TOGG Official Website|publisher=togg.com.tr|accessdate=3 April 2020}}</ref> a [[Automotive industry in Turkey|Turkish automotive company]] which manufactures [[electric vehicle|EVs]].<ref name="Jay Ramey">{{cite web|url=https://www.autoweek.com/news/green-cars/a30355931/turkey-bets-on-evs-with-the-pininfarina-designed-togg/|title=Turkey Bets on EVs with the Pininfarina-Designed TOGG|author=Jay Ramey|publisher=autoweek.com|date=30 December 2019|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=2 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602194913/https://www.autoweek.com/news/green-cars/a30355931/turkey-bets-on-evs-with-the-pininfarina-designed-togg/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Togg-2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/a-game-changer-t%C3%BCrkiye-inaugurates-its-first-national-car-plant-62068|title='A game changer': Türkiye inaugurates its first national car plant|publisher=[[TRT World]]|date=30 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="insideevs"/>
}}

The automotive industry is an important part of the economy since the late 1960s. The companies that operate in the sector are mainly located in the [[Marmara Region]]. With a cluster of car-makers and parts suppliers, the Turkish automotive sector has become an integral part of the global network of production bases, exporting over $22.94 billion worth of motor vehicles and components in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haberler.com/otomotiv-ihracati-2008-de-22-milyar-944-milyon-haberi/ |title=Otomotiv İhracatı 2008'de 22 Milyar 944 Milyon Dolara Ulaştı |publisher=Haberler |access-date=2011-08-29 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208102218/http://www.haberler.com/otomotiv-ihracati-2008-de-22-milyar-944-milyon-haberi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=29.08.2011 Pazartesi 15:58 |url=https://www.bankakredim.net/2008-otomotiv-ihracati-rekor-kirdi/ |title=2008'de otomotiv ihracatı rekor kırdı |publisher=bankakredimnet |access-date=2011-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313124254/https://www.bankakredim.net/2008-otomotiv-ihracati-rekor-kirdi/ |archive-date=2017-03-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Global car manufacturers with production plants include [[Fiat]]/[[Tofaş]], [[Oyak-Renault]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Toyota]], [[Honda]] and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]/[[Otosan]]. Turkish automotive companies like [[TEMSA]], [[Otokar]] and [[BMC (Turkey)|BMC]] are among the world's largest van, bus and truck manufacturers.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}} [[Togg]] is a new Turkish automotive company established in 2018 for producing [[electric vehicle|EV]]s.<ref name="Jay Ramey" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.togg.com.tr/|title=TOGG Official Website|publisher=togg.com.tr|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> Togg's factory in [[Gemlik]], [[Bursa Province]], was inaugurated on 29 October 2022, the 99th anniversary of the Turkish Republic.<ref name="Togg-2022"/>

[[File:Otokar_Territo_U_IAA_2016_(1)_Travelarz.JPG|thumb|upright|Turkish automotive companies like [[TEMSA]], [[Otokar]] and [[BMC (Turkey)|BMC]] are among the world's largest van, bus and truck manufacturers.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}]]

Turkey's annual auto exports, including trucks and buses, surpassed 1 million units for the first time in 2016 as foreign automakers' investment in new models and a recovery in its mainstay European market lifted shipments. According to industry group the Automotive Manufacturers Association, or OSD, Turkey exported 1.14 million units in 2016, up 15% from the year before.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}} Auto exports hit a record high for the fourth straight year. Production grew 9% year on year in 2016 to 1.48 million units, setting a new record for the second consecutive year. Nearly 80% of vehicles produced in Turkey were exported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Turkish-auto-exports-hit-1m-for-first-time-in-2016/|title=Turkish auto exports hit 1m for first time in 2016|website=Nikkei Asian Review}}</ref>

====Multiple unit trains, locomotives and wagons====
[[TÜLOMSAŞ]] (1894), [[TÜVASAŞ]] (1951) and [[EUROTEM]] (2006) are among the major producers of [[multiple unit]] [[train]]s, [[locomotive]]s and [[Railroad car|wagons]] in Turkey, including [[High-speed rail|high-speed]] [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] and [[Diesel multiple unit|DMU]] models.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

[[Bozankaya]] is a Turkish manufacturer of rolling stock including metro, tram and trolleybus vehicles in Ankara.

====Defense industry====
{{Main|Defense industry of Turkey}}

[[File:IMG-TAI-TFX.jpg|thumb|The [[TAI TF Kaan]], a twin-engine fifth generation air superiority fighter, is currently being produced by [[Turkish Aerospace Industries|TAI]] for the [[Turkish Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/turkish-future-fighter-comes-together-ahead-of-victory-day-roll-out|title=Turkish future fighter comes together ahead of 'victory day' roll-out|website=janes.com|author=Gareth Jennings|date=24 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.overtdefense.com/2022/11/25/turkeys-domestic-5th-generation-tf-x-fighter-jet-is-on-the-final-assembly-line/|title=Turkey's Domestic 5th Generation TF-X Fighter Jet Is on the Final Assembly Line|website=overtdefense.com|date=25 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2023/01/tf-x-mmu-turkeys-future-fifth-generation-fighter-is-taking-shape/|title=TF-X/MMU: Turkey's future fifth-generation fighter is taking shape|website=aviacionline.com|publisher=Aviacionline|author=Gastón Dubois|date=8 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/unique-sensor-setup-emerges-on-turkeys-stealthy-new-fighter|title=Unique Sensor Setup Emerges on Turkey's Stealthy New Fighter|website=thedrive.com|author=Joseph Trevithick|date=10 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/our-first-full-look-at-turkeys-new-tf-x-stealthy-fighter|title=Our First Full Look at Turkey's New TF-X Stealthy Fighter|website=thedrive.com|author=Joseph Trevithick|date=17 March 2023}}</ref> [[TAI Anka-3]], a [[jet engine|jet]]-powered [[flying wing]] type [[UCAV]] with [[stealth aircraft|stealth technology]], completed its maiden flight on December 28, 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/turkeys-anka-3-flying-wing-unmanned-combat-air-vehicle-flies|title=Turkey's ANKA-3 Flying Wing Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle Flies|author=Thomas Newdick|website=www.thedrive.com|date=28 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-29/turkey-s-stealth-drone-anka-3-makes-debut-flight-with-ukraine-engine|title=Turkish Stealth Drone Makes Debut Flight After Years of Secrecy|publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|date=29 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAnxwJk0h10|title=Turkey's ANKA III Fighter Drone Makes Debut Flight|publisher=Bloomberg Television|date=29 December 2023}}</ref>]]
[[File:TCG Anadolu (L-400) on the Bosphorus (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[TCG Anadolu|TCG ''Anadolu'' (L-400)]] at the [[Bosporus]] [[strait]] during the naval parade for celebrating the [[Republic Day (Turkey)|centennial of the Turkish Republic]] on October 29, 2023. [[Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma|Baykar MIUS Kızılelma]] is a jet-powered [[UCAV]] designed to operate on TCG ''Anadolu''.<ref name="Helfrich">{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/turkeys-drone-carrier-amphibious-assault-ship-enters-service|title=Turkey's 'Drone Carrier' Amphibious Assault Ship Enters Service|author=Emma Helfrich|website=thedrive.com|date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Baykar MIUS Official">{{cite web|url=https://baykartech.com/en/press/baykars-unmanned-fighter-aircraft-completes-first-flight/|title=Baykar's unmanned fighter aircraft completes first flight|website=baykartech.com|date=15 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/05/here-is-how-uavs-will-be-recovered-aboard-tcg-anadolu/|title=Here Is How UAVs Will Be Recovered Aboard TCG Anadolu|website=navalnews.com|publisher=Naval News|author=Tayfun Özberk|date=1 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vS5zTOAqZE|title=Flight of the Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV at Teknofest 2023|publisher=Savunma Sanayii|date=30 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTfj4aSlFBU|title=Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV flies in formation with the Turkish Stars aerobatics team of the Turkish Air Force|publisher=[[Habertürk TV]]|date=7 June 2023}}</ref>]]
[[File:TCG İstanbul (F-515) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[TCG Istanbul (F-515)|TCG ''Istanbul'' (F-515)]], the lead ship of the [[Istanbul-class frigate|''Istanbul''-class frigates]], at the Bosporus strait, October 29, 2023. The construction of the [[TF-2000-class destroyer]]s will begin in 2024.]]

Turkey has many modern armament manufacturers. Annual exports reached $1.6 billion in 2014.<ref name=Milliyet>{{cite news|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/savunma-sanayi-ihracat-artisi-turkiye-istanbul-yerelhaber-644220/|title=Savunma Sanayi İhracat Artışı, Türkiye Ortalamasının Dört Katından Fazla Oldu|newspaper=Milliyet|access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> [[Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation|MKEK]], [[Turkish Aerospace Industries|TAI]], [[Aselsan]], [[Roketsan]], [[FNSS Defence Systems|FNSS]], [[Nurol Makina]], [[Otokar]], and [[Havelsan]] are major manufacturers. On 11 July 2002, Turkey became a Level&nbsp;3 partner of the [[F-35 Joint Strike Fighter]] (JSF) development program. [[Turkish Aerospace Industries|TAI]] builds various aircraft types and models, such as the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] for the [[Turkish Air Force]].<ref name=reuters>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/tnBasicIndustries-SP/idUSL114958220070511 |title=Turkey signs $1.78 bln deal to buy warplanes |work=Reuters| date=11 May 2007}}</ref><ref name=f16art2325>{{cite web |url=http://www.f-16.net/news_article2325.html |work=F-16.net |title=Turkey signs contract to buy 30 F-16 block 50+ jets}}</ref> Turkey has recently launched domestically built new [[reconnaissance satellite|military/intelligence satellites]] including a 0.8m resolution reconnaissance satellite (Project [[Göktürk-1]]) for use by the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] and a 2m resolution reconnaissance satellite (Project [[Göktürk-2]]) for use by the [[National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)|Turkish National Intelligence Organization]].{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

Other important products include the [[TAI TF Kaan]], [[TF2000-class destroyer]], [[Milgem class corvette]], [[Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma|Baykar MIUS Kızılelma]] [[UCAV]], [[Baykar Bayraktar Akıncı|Baykar Akıncı]] [[High-altitude long endurance|HALE]] UCAV, [[Baykar Bayraktar TB2]] [[Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle|MALE]] UCAV, [[TAI Aksungur]] MALE UCAV, [[TAI Anka]] MALE [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]]/UCAV, [[ASELSAN|Aselsan İzci]] [[Unmanned ground vehicle|UGV]], [[Altay (tank)|Altay main battle tank]], [[T-155 Fırtına|T-155 Fırtına self-propelled howitzer]], [[J-600T missile]], [[TAI/AgustaWestland T-129|T-129 attack helicopter]], [[Airbus A400M Atlas|A400M]], [[UMTAS|Roketsan UMTAS anti-tank missile]], [[Roketsan Cirit|Roketsan Cirit laser-guided rocket]], [[Panter howitzer]], [[ACV-300]], [[Otokar Cobra]] and [[Otokar Akrep|Akrep]], [[BMC Kirpi]], [[FNSS Pars|FNSS Pars 6x6 and 8x8 APC]], [[Nurol Ejder|Nurol Ejder 6x6 APC]], [[TOROS artillery rocket system]], [[Bayraktar Mini UAV]], [[ASELSAN|ASELPOD]], and [[SOM (missile)|SOM cruise missile]].{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

====Steel-Iron industry====
Turkey ranks 8th in the [[list of countries by steel production]]. In 2013, total steel production was 35.134 million tonnes. <ref>{{Cite web |title=İstatıstıkler |url=https://www.cib.org.tr/tr/istatistikler.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Turkish Steel Exporters Association |language=tr}}</ref> Turkey's crude steel production reached a record high of 34.1 million tons in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcud.org.tr/en/page.asp?id=30|title=Turkish Steel Producers Association|author=Turkish Steel Producers Association|work=dcud.org.tr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109224504/http://www.dcud.org.tr/en/page.asp?id=30|archive-date=2014-01-09}}</ref>
Notable producers (above 2 million tonnes) and their ranks among top steel producing companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gozlemgazetesi.com/671-en-buyuk-celik-ureticileri-listesine-turkiye-damgasi.html|title=Gözlem Gazetesi|author=Gözlem Gazetesi|work=gozlemgazetesi.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104042043/http://www.gozlemgazetesi.com/671-en-buyuk-celik-ureticileri-listesine-turkiye-damgasi.html|archive-date=2011-11-04}}</ref>
* [[Erdemir]] (7.1 million tonnes) (47th) (<small>Only Erdemir-Turkey; Erdemir-Romania is not included</small>)
* Habaş (4.4 million tonnes) (72nd)
* İçdaş (3.6 million tonnes) (76th)
* Diler (2.3 million tonnes) (108th)
* Çolakoğlu (2.1 million tonnes) (110th)

====Science and technology====
{{Main|Science and technology in Turkey}}
Turkey boasts over 80 [[Science parks|technoparks]] where around 6,000 national and multinational companies engage in R&D activities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Developing an Innovation-Oriented Society|url=https://horasis.org/developing-an-innovation-oriented-society/|website=horasis.org|publisher=[[Horasis]]|author=Frank-Jürgen Richter|author-link=Frank-Jürgen Richter|date=20 September 2023|access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> [[Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey|TÜBİTAK]] is the leading agency for developing science, technology and innovation policies in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/en/about-us/content-who-we-are|title=Who We Are? – The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey|work=tubitak.gov.tr}}</ref> The [[Turkish Academy of Sciences]] is an autonomous scholarly society acting to promote scientific activities in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tuba.gov.tr/content/amac/id/212/pid/43/mid/49/|title=Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi|work=tuba.gov.tr|access-date=2014-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221214423/http://www.tuba.gov.tr/content/amac/id/212/pid/43/mid/49/|archive-date=2014-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[TAEK]] is the official [[nuclear technology|nuclear energy]] institution of Turkey. Its objectives include academic research in nuclear energy, and the development and implementation of peaceful nuclear tools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taek.gov.tr/en/institutional/mission-of-taek.html |title=Turkish Atomic Energy Authority – Mission of TAEK |access-date=2014-08-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608145555/http://www.taek.gov.tr/en/institutional/mission-of-taek.html |archive-date=2014-06-08 }}</ref>

Turkish government companies for [[research and development]] in [[military technology|military technologies]] include [[Turkish Aerospace Industries]], [[ASELSAN]], [[HAVELSAN]], [[ROKETSAN]], [[Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation|MKE]], among others. [[Turkish Satellite Assembly, Integration and Test Center]] is a spacecraft production and testing facility owned by the Ministry of National Defence and operated by the Turkish Aerospace Industries. The [[Space Launch System (Turkey)|Turkish Space Launch System]] is a project to develop the satellite launch capability of Turkey. It consists of the construction of a [[spaceport]], the development of [[satellite launch vehicle]]s as well as the establishment of remote earth stations.<ref name="ssm1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ssm.gov.tr/home/projects/Sayfalar/proje.aspx?projeID=222|publisher=Undersecretariat for Defence Industries|title=Space Launch System Project|access-date=2013-12-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220135241/http://www.ssm.gov.tr/home/projects/Sayfalar/proje.aspx?projeID=222|archive-date=2013-12-20}}</ref><ref name="dn1">{{cite news|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130728/DEFREG04/307280004/Turkey-s-Sat-Launcher-Plans-Raise-Concerns |newspaper=[[Defense News]] |title=Turkey's Sat-Launcher Plans Raise Concerns |author=Bekdil, Burak Ege |date=2013-07-28 |access-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130830224731/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130728/DEFREG04/307280004/Turkey-s-Sat-Launcher-Plans-Raise-Concerns |archive-date=2013-08-30 }}</ref><ref name="dn2">{{cite news|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131212/DEFREG01/312120022/Turkey-Spends-Big-Innovation |newspaper=[[Defense News]] |title=Turkey Spends Big on Innovation |author=Bekdil, Burak Ege |date=2013-12-12 |access-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220150620/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131212/DEFREG01/312120022/Turkey-Spends-Big-Innovation |archive-date=2013-12-20 }}</ref>

===Construction and contracting sector===
{{Main|Turkish construction and contracting industry}}
The [[Turkish construction and contracting industry]] is made up of a large number of businesses. In 2016 a total of 39 Turkish construction and contracting companies were listed in the Top 250 International Contractors List prepared by the [[Engineering News-Record]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-contractors-rank-second-in-world-for-ninth-straight-year-103260 |title=Turkish contractors rank second in world for ninth straight year |date=26 August 2016 |access-date=2018-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.enr.com/toplists/2016-Top-250-International-Contractors1 |title=The Top 250 International Contractors |publisher=Enr.construction.com |date=2016-08-24 |access-date=2018-08-19}}</ref> 

From the beginning of the 1970s to the end of 2022, Turkish contractors have completed more than 11,605 projects in 133 countries.<ref name="TCA-2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.tmb.org.tr/en|title=Turkish International Contracting Services, 1972-2022|publisher=Turkish Contractors Association|access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> Their business volume abroad has reached 472 billion US Dollars in 2022.<ref name="TCA-2022"/>

As Turkey is prone to strong earthquakes, the buildings that were constructed before the post-[[1999 İzmit earthquake|1999]] safety standards and regulations remain a major concern, with many ongoing urban redevelopment and reconstruction projects, especially in large cities. In 2019, an amnesty plan to register illegally constructed buildings for generating extra tax revenues to the government brought in $3.1 billion, but the plan was criticized for ignoring safety issues.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-construction-idUSKCN1QF1VU|title=Turkish cities could become 'graveyards' with building amnesty|date=26 February 2019|access-date=11 March 2019|work=Reuters|last1=Caglayan|first1=Birsen Altayli}}</ref> The [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes|two major earthquakes]] on February 6, 2023 in southern Turkey have revealed that some of the recently-built structures that collapsed weren't constructed in accordance with the latest safety regulations.

===Service sector===
====Banking and finance====
{{main|Banking in Turkey}}
[[File:IFM Görsel (cropped).jpg|thumb|400px|The [[Turkish Central Bank]] and other state-owned banks such as [[Ziraat Bank]], [[VakıfBank]] and [[Halkbank]] have their new headquarters at the [[Istanbul]] Financial Center (IFC) in [[Ataşehir]].<ref name="ifm-aa">{{cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/istanbul-finance-center-opens-with-inauguration-of-banking-section/2874556|title=Istanbul Finance Center opens with inauguration of banking section|author=Tuba Ongun|publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]|date=17 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="ifc-bloomberg-image">{{cite web|url=https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iNU2UmulMILU/v0/-1x-1.jpg|title=Image of the Istanbul Financial Center|website=bloomberg.com|date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="ifm-1">{{cite web|url=https://ifm.gov.tr/properties|title=Istanbul Financial Center: Properties|website=ifm.gov.tr|access-date=13 May 2023}}</ref>]]

In 2020, the total value of assets of the banking sector in Turkey amounted to more than $800 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leading banks in Turkey by total assets, 2020|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/857299/leading-banks-in-turkey/ |website=Statista |access-date=14 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> As of January 2021, there were a total of 48 banks operating with 9,880 branches in Turkey and 71 branches abroad.<ref name="banking1">{{cite web |title=Banking System in Turkey |url=https://www.allaboutturkey.com/banks.html |website=www.allaboutturkey.com |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> {{as of|2021|October}}, the foreign currency deposits of the citizens and residents in [[List of banks in Turkey|Turkish banks]] stood at $234 billion, equivalent to around half of all deposits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-14/the-fate-of-turkey-s-battered-lira-hangs-with-local-investors|title=The Fate of Turkey's Battered Lira Hangs With Local Investors|publisher=Bloomberg|website=bloomberg.com|date=14 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/10/14/turkish-lira-falls-out-of-favour-with-local-investors-again|title=Turkish lira falls out of favour with local investors again|publisher=Al Jazeera|website=aljazeera.com|date=14 October 2021}}</ref> {{as of|2023|March}}, the foreign currency reserves of the [[Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey|Turkish Central Bank]] were $62.6 billion (a 2.3% increase compared to the previous month), its gold reserves were $52.2 billion (a 7.2% increase compared to the previous month), while its official reserve assets stood at $122.4 billion (a 4.3% increase compared to the previous month).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/EN/TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/Statistics/Balance+of+Payments+and+Related+Statistics/International+Reserves+and+Foreign+Currency+Liquidity/|title=International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity - March 2023|publisher=Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey|website=tcmb.gov.tr|access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>

The [[Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey]] (''Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası'') was founded in 1930, as a privileged joint-stock company. It possesses the sole right to issue notes. It also has the obligation to provide for the monetary requirements of the state agricultural and commercial enterprises.

Originally established as the Ottoman Stock Exchange (''Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası'') in 1866, and reorganized to its current structure at the beginning of 1986, the [[Istanbul Stock Exchange]] (ISE) is the sole [[Capital market|securities market]] of Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imkb.gov.tr/genel/tarih.htm |title=Istanbul Stock Exchange: History of the Istanbul Stock Exchange |publisher=Imkb.gov.tr |access-date=2011-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225094722/http://www.imkb.gov.tr/genel/tarih.htm |archive-date=2012-02-25 }}</ref> During the 19th and early 20th centuries, [[Bankalar Caddesi]] (Banks Street) in [[Istanbul]] was the financial center of the [[Ottoman Empire]], where the headquarters of the Ottoman Central Bank (established as the ''Bank-ı Osmanî'' in 1856, and later reorganized as the ''Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane'' in 1863)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.obarsiv.com/ob-tarih.html |title=Ottoman Bank Museum: History of the Ottoman Bank |publisher=Obarsiv.com |access-date=2011-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614105241/http://www.obarsiv.com/ob-tarih.html |archive-date=2012-06-14 }}</ref> and the Ottoman Stock Exchange (1866) were located.<ref name=OBM>{{cite web|url=http://www.obmuze.com/eng/voyvoda.asp|title=Ottoman Bank Museum|publisher=Ottoman Bank Museum|access-date=2009-06-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518102012/http://www.obmuze.com/eng/voyvoda.asp|archive-date=2009-05-18}}</ref> Bankalar Caddesi continued to be Istanbul's main financial district until the 1990s, when most Turkish banks began moving their headquarters to the modern [[central business district]]s of [[Levent]] and [[Maslak]].<ref name=OBM/> In 1995, the Istanbul Stock Exchange moved to its current building in the [[Istinye]] quarter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imkb.gov.tr/genel/gelismeler.htm |title=Istanbul Stock Exchange: "İMKB'nin Kuruluşundan İtibaren Önemli Gelişmeler" (Timeline of important events since 1985) |publisher=Imkb.gov.tr |access-date=2011-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225094814/http://www.imkb.gov.tr/genel/gelismeler.htm |archive-date=2012-02-25 }}</ref> The Istanbul Gold Exchange was also established in 1995. The stock [[market capitalisation]] of listed companies in Turkey was valued at $161,537,000,000 in 2005 by the [[World Bank]].<ref>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20394793~menuPK:1192714~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html Data – Finance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205235151/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20394793%7EmenuPK%3A1192714%7EpagePK%3A64133150%7EpiPK%3A64133175%7EtheSitePK%3A239419%2C00.html |date=5 December 2006 }}, ''World Development Indicators'', [[World Bank]]</ref>

[[File:Levent District.jpg|thumb|left|[[Akbank]], [[Türkiye İş Bankası]], [[Yapı Kredi]], [[QNB Finansbank]] and [[Garanti BBVA]] are among the Turkish banks headquartered in [[Levent]], [[Istanbul]].]]

Government regulations passed in 1929 required all insurance companies to reinsure 30% of each policy with the ''Millî Reasürans T.A.Ş.'' (National Reinsurance Corporation) which was founded on 26 February 1929.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.millire.com/tarihce.htm |title=Millî Reasürans: Tarihçe |publisher=Millire.com |access-date=2011-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009124522/http://www.millire.com/tarihce.htm |archive-date=2011-10-09 }}</ref> In 1954, life insurance was exempted from this requirement. The insurance market is officially regulated through the Ministry of Commerce.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

Until 1991, establishing a private sector bank in Turkey was subject to strict government controls and regulations. On 10 October 1991 (ten days before the general elections of 20 October 1991) the ANAP government of Prime Minister [[Mesut Yılmaz]] gave special permissions to five prominent businessmen (who had close links to the government) to establish their own small-scale private banks.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}} These were ''Kentbank'' (owned by the Süzer Group), ''Park Yatırım Bankası'' (owned by Karamehmet), ''Toprakbank'' (owned by Toprak), ''Bank Ekspres'' (owned by Betil), and ''Alternatif Bank'' (owned by Doğan.) They were followed by other small-scale private banks established between 1994 and 1995, during the DYP government of Prime Minister [[Tansu Çiller]], who introduced drastic changes to the banking laws and regulations which made it easier to establish a bank in Turkey, but also opened many loopholes in the system.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}} In 1998 there were 72 [[List of banks in Turkey|banks in Turkey]], many of which were owned by businessmen who used them for financing the investments of their own companies in diverse sectors, such as contracting, textiles and media.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

As a result, in 1999 and [[2001 Turkish economic crisis|2001]], the DSP government of Prime Minister [[Bülent Ecevit]] had to face two major economic crises that were caused mostly by the weak and loosely regulated banking sector, the growing trade deficit, and the devastating [[1999 İzmit earthquake|İzmit earthquake]] of 17 August 1999.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}} The [[Turkish lira]], which was pegged to the [[U.S. dollar]] prior to the crisis of 2001, had to be floated, and lost an important amount of its value. This financial breakdown reduced the number of banks to 31. Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit had to call the renowned economist [[Kemal Derviş]] to tidy up the economy and especially the weak banking system so that a similar economic crisis would not happen again.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

[[File:Ankara from bus station.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Söğütözü]] business district in [[Ankara]], Turkey's capital and second largest city.]]
[[File:Skyscrapers in Izmir - Turkey.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Mistral Office Tower|Mistral Towers]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/complex/127519/mistral-towers-izmir-turkey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501222109/https://www.emporis.com/complex/127519/mistral-towers-izmir-turkey|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2019|title=Mistral Towers|website=emporis.com}}</ref> [[Folkart Towers]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/complex/127522/folkart-towers-izmir-turkey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315085206/http://www.emporis.com/complex/127522/folkart-towers-izmir-turkey|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2016|title=Folkart Towers|website=emporis.com}}</ref> and Ege Perla Towers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/complex/127520/ege-perla-izmir-turkey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415060734/https://www.emporis.com/complex/127520/ege-perla-izmir-turkey|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2021|title=Ege Perla|website=emporis.com}}</ref> in [[Bayraklı]], [[İzmir]], Turkey's third largest city.]]

More than 34% of the assets in the Turkish banking sector are concentrated in the Agricultural Bank (''Ziraat Bankası''), Housing Bank (''Yapı Kredi Bankası''), Isbank (''Türkiye İş Bankası'') and Akbank.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}} The five big state-owned banks were restructured in 2001. Political involvement was minimized and loaning policies were changed. There are also numerous [[List of banks in Turkey#Foreign banks|international banks]], which have branches in Turkey. A number of Arabian trading banks, which practice an [[Islamic banking]], are also present in the country.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

After years of low levels of [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI), in 2007 Turkey succeeded in attracting $21.9 billion in FDI and is expected to attract a higher figure in following years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/8280578.asp|title=Yabancı sermayede rekor|work=[[Anka News Agency]]|publisher=[[Hürriyet]]|access-date=2008-02-21|date=2008-02-21|language=tr}}</ref> A series of large privatizations, the stability fostered by the start of [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|Turkey's EU accession negotiations]], strong and stable growth, and structural changes in the banking, retail, and telecommunications sectors have all contributed to the rise in foreign investment. {{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} 

At present, the Turkish banking sector is among the strongest and most expansive in [[East Europe]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Central Asia]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} Between 2001 and 2008, the Turkish lira maintained its stability, becoming an internationally exchangeable currency again, in line with the inflation that had dropped to single-digit figures during this period. The "New [[Turkish lira]]" (TRY) was introduced on 1 January 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4137469.stm |title=Turkey knocks six zeros off lira|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=2008-07-20|date=2004-12-31}}</ref> For a few days in March 2006, 1 New Turkish lira was slightly more valuable than 1 [[Swiss franc]] (1 CHF =  0.994 TRY on March 1, 2006),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freecurrencyrates.com/en/exchange-rate-history/CHF-TRY/2006/cbr|title=CHF/TRY (Swiss franc/Turkish lira) exchange rate history, 2006|access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> maintaining a close balance with the value of the Swiss franc (CHF) until the end of December 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freecurrencyrates.com/en/exchange-rate-history/CHF-TRY/2007/cbr|title=CHF/TRY (Swiss franc/Turkish lira) exchange rate history, 2007|access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> On 1 January 2009, the New Turkish lira was renamed once again as the "Turkish lira", with the introduction of [[Turkish lira#9th Emission group|new banknotes]] and [[Turkish lira#Since 2009|coins]]. Fiscal deficit benefitted (though in a small amount) from large industrial privatizations. Banking came under stress beginning in October 2008, as a result of the [[2007–2008 financial crisis|2008 global financial crisis]]. Turkish banking authorities warned state-run banks against the pullback of loans from the larger financial sectors.<ref>[http://bankrun.us/forums/index.php?topic=10.0 Turkey warns against potential Bank Runs] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005085455/http://bankrun.us/forums/index.php?topic=10.0 |date=5 October 2011 }}</ref> Turkey's economy resumed its growth between 2009 and 2013, which was followed by a period of stagnation and recession between 2014 and 2020. Turkey's GDP began to recover and grow again in the period between 2020 and 2023.

====Transport====
[[File:Turkish Airlines 1350321.jpg|thumb|[[Turkish Airlines]], [[flag carrier]] of Turkey, has been selected by [[Skytrax]] as [[Europe]]'s best airline for five years in a row (2011–2015).<ref name=TurkishAirlinesSkytrax>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldairlineawards.com/Awards_2012/europe.htm |title=Turkish Airlines is named the Best Airline in Europe at the 2012 World Airline Awards held at Farnborough Air Show |publisher=[[Skytrax]] |date=12 July 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425042957/http://www.worldairlineawards.com/awards_2012/europe.htm |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref><ref name="five">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-airlines-named-best-airline-in-europe-for-fifth-year-in-a-row.aspx?PageID=238&NID=84117&NewsCatID=345|title=Turkish Airlines named best airline in Europe for fifth year in a row – BUSINESS|date=17 June 2015 }}</ref> With destinations in 129 countries worldwide, Turkish Airlines is the [[World's largest airlines#By number of countries served|largest carrier in the world by number of countries served]] {{As of|2019|lc=y}}.<ref name="Turkish Airlines">{{cite web|title=Turkish Airlines: International Flight Destinations|url=http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-int/flights-tickets/flights-destinations/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519093619/http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-int/flights-tickets/flights-destinations|archive-date=19 May 2016|access-date=22 June 2016|publisher=Turkish Airlines}}</ref>]]

{{Main|Transport in Turkey}}[[File:İstanbul_Havalimanı_Airport_2019_24.jpg|thumb|[[Istanbul Airport]] is the main international airport serving Istanbul, Turkey. It is a major hub in the world.]]
[[File:YHT train at Ankara railway station.jpg|thumb|A [[TCDD HT80000]] [[High-speed rail in Turkey|high-speed train]] of the [[Turkish State Railways]] at the [[Ankara Tren Garı|ATG terminal]] in [[Ankara]]]]

In 2013 there were ninety-eight [[List of airports in Turkey|airports in Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=CIA World Factbook: Turkey|access-date=2014-11-17}}</ref> including 22 [[international airport]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studyinturkey.org/en/discover-turkey/first-step-to-turkey/international-airports/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225064653/http://www.studyinturkey.org/en/discover-turkey/first-step-to-turkey/international-airports/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-25 |title=Study in Turkey: International Airports in Turkey |access-date=2014-11-17 }}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, [[Istanbul Atatürk Airport]] is the [[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|11th busiest airport in the world]], serving 31,833,324 passengers between January and July 2014, according to [[Airports Council International]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Passenger-Summary/Year-to-date |title=Year to date Passenger Traffic |publisher=ACI |date=2014-09-25 |access-date=2014-09-25 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813170044/http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Passenger-Summary/Year-to-date |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Istanbul Airport|new (third) international airport of Istanbul]] is planned to be the largest airport in the world, with a capacity to serve 150 million passengers per annum.<ref name="dhmi">{{cite web|url=http://www.dhmi.gov.tr/haberler.aspx?HaberID=1451|title=It will be the biggest airport of the world|date=2013-01-24|access-date=2013-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129004331/http://www.dhmi.gov.tr/haberler.aspx?HaberID=1451|archive-date=2013-01-29|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/istanbuls-new-erdogan-backed-airport-be-named-after-erdogan-264580|title=Istanbul's New Erdoğan-Backed Airport to Be Named After... Erdoğan|website=[[Newsweek]]|date=14 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/erdogan-airport-istanbuls-super-hub-be-named-after-turkeys-president-elect-1461166|title=Erdogan Airport: Istanbul's Super Hub 'to be Named After Turkey's President-Elect'|author=Gianluca Mezzofiore|work=International Business Times UK|date=14 August 2014}}</ref>


The state-owned utility [[Turkish State Railways]] operates the 12,740–km railway network, [[List of countries by rail transport network size|23rd longest in the world]]. Since 2003, [[Turkish State Railways]] has also been investing in [[High-speed rail in Turkey|high-speed rail]] lines, which at 2,175&nbsp;km (1,353&nbsp;mi) ranked ninth longest in the world.<ref name="diction">{{cite book |last1=Heper |first1=Metin |title=Historical Dictionary of Turkey |date=2018}}</ref>

[[File:1915 Çanakkale Bridge 20220327.jpg|thumb|right|The [[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] on the [[Dardanelles]] strait, connecting Europe and Asia, is the [[List of longest suspension bridge spans#Completed suspension bridges|longest suspension bridge in the world]].<ref name="B1M-website">{{cite web|url=https://www.theb1m.com/video/turkey-has-built-the-worlds-longest-suspension-bridge|title=Turkey Has Built the World's Longest Suspension Bridge|publisher=The B1M|author=Tim Gibson|date=11 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzrdNIsGVc0|title=Why Turkey Built the World's Longest Suspension Bridge|publisher=The B1M|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="hdn">{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/groundbreaking-ceremony-for-bridge-over-dardanelles-to-take-place-on-march-18.aspx?pageID=238&nID=110948&NewsCatID=345 |newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |title=Groundbreaking ceremony for bridge over Dardanelles to take place on March 18 |date=2017-03-17 |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>]]
As of 2010, the country had a roadway network of 426,951&nbsp;km, including 2,080&nbsp;km of [[Limited-access road|expressways]] and 16,784&nbsp;km of [[divided highways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Kurumsal/YolAgi.aspx|title=Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü|work=kgm.gov.tr|access-date=10 December 2011|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109030650/http://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Kurumsal/YolAgi.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of 2010, the Turkish [[merchant marine]] included 1,199 ships (604 registered at home), ranking 7th in the world.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/> Turkey's coastline has 1,200&nbsp;km of navigable waterways.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/>

In 2008, {{convert|7555|km}} of [[natural gas]] pipelines and {{convert|3636|km}} of [[petroleum]] pipelines spanned the country's territory.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/>

====Communications====
{{Main|Communications in Turkey}}

As of 2008, there were 17,502,000 operational [[landline|landline telephones]] in Turkey, which ranked 18th in the world;<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2021 |title=CIA World Factbook: Turkey |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2011-08-29}}</ref> while there were 65,824,000 registered [[mobile phone]]s in the country, which ranked 15th in the world during the same year.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/> The largest landline telephone operator is [[Türk Telekom]], which also owns [[TTNET]], the largest [[internet service provider]] in Turkey.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}} The largest mobile phone operators in the country are [[Turkcell]], [[Vodafone Turkey]], [[Avea]] and [[TTNET|TTNET Mobil]].{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

The telecommunications liberalisation process started in 2004 after the creation of the Telecommunication Authority, and is still ongoing.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}} Private sector companies operate in mobile telephony, long-distance telephony and Internet access. Additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers;{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}} the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both [[Optical fiber|fiber-optic cable]] and digital microwave radio relay, is facilitating communication between urban centers.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/>

The remote areas of the country are reached by a domestic satellite system, while the number of subscribers to mobile-cellular telephone service is growing rapidly.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/>

The main line international telephone service is provided by the [[SEA-ME-WE 3]] [[submarine communications cable]] and by [[fiber-optic communication|submarine fiber-optic cables]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and [[Black Sea]] that link Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/> In 2002, there were 12 [[Intelsat]] satellite earth stations; and 328 mobile satellite terminals in the [[Inmarsat]] and [[Eutelsat]] systems.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/>

[[Türksat (company)|Türksat A.Ş.]] is the primary [[communications satellite]] operator of Turkey, controlling the [[Turksat (satellite)|Turksat series of satellites]]. [[Göktürk-1]], [[Göktürk-2]] and [[Göktürk-3]] are Turkey's [[earth observation satellite]]s for [[reconnaissance]], operated by the [[Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)|Turkish Ministry of National Defense]]. [[BILSAT-1]] and [[RASAT]] are the scientific observation satellites operated by the [[TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute]], which (together with [[Turkish Aerospace Industries]] and [[Aselsan]]) also takes part in the production of Turkey's satellites.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

As of 2001, there were 16 AM, 107 FM, and 6 shortwave radio stations in the country.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/>

As of 2015, there were 42,275,017 [[internet user]]s in Turkey, which ranked 15th in the world;<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/> while as of 2012, there were 7,093,000 [[internet host]]s in the country, which ranked 16th in the world.<ref name=CIAFactbookTurkey/>

====Tourism====
{{Main|Tourism in Turkey}}
[[File:Ölüdeniz on the Turquoise Coast, Turkey.jpg|thumb|[[Ölüdeniz]] on the [[Turkish Riviera]]]]

In 2019, Turkey [[World Tourism rankings#Most visited destinations by international tourist arrivals|ranked sixth in the world]] in terms of the number of international tourist arrivals, with 51.2 million foreign tourists visiting the country.<ref name="WTO Tourism Highlights 2019 Edition">{{Cite book|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2019 Edition {{!}} World Tourism Organization|year=2019|doi=10.18111/9789284421152|isbn=978-92-844-2115-2|s2cid=240665765}}</ref> Over the years, Turkey has emerged as a popular tourist destination for many Europeans, competing with [[Greece]], [[Italy]] and [[Spain]]. Resorts in provinces such as [[Antalya province|Antalya]] and [[Muğla province|Muğla]] (which are located on the [[Turkish Riviera]]) have become very popular among tourists.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

==== Medical tourism ====
{{Main|Health care in Turkey}}
[[File:BaşakşehirCityHospital_(1).jpg|thumb|Public Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital in [[Istanbul]]]]

There are numerous private hospitals in Turkey, which has benefited from medical tourism in recent years. Health tourism generated revenues worth $1 billion in 2019 for Turkey's economy.<ref name="sabah-health"/> A total of 662,087 patients were treated at Turkish hospitals in 2019 within the scope of health tourism, with around 60% of the income being obtained from plastic surgeries.<ref name="sabah-health">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/tourism/health-tourism-earns-above-1b-to-turkey-in-2019-under-spotlight-with-covid-19|access-date=2021-04-08 |title=Health tourism earns above $1B to Turkey in 2019, under spotlight with COVID-19|date=2020-08-20|work=[[Daily Sabah]] |publisher=Daily Sabah}}</ref>

==Largest companies==
In 2022, 9 Turkish companies were listed in the [[Forbes Global 2000]] list – an annual ranking of the top 2000 public companies in the world by [[Forbes magazine]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Andrea Murphy and Isabel Contreras|title=The Global 2000|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/|date=12 May 2022|access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Banking industry leads with 4 companies in the list followed by airline, automotive and metallurgy industry with 1 companies each. There are also 2 conglomerates.  As of 2022, listed companies were:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
!World Rank !! Company !! class="unsortable"|Industry !! Revenue <br /> (billion $) !! Profits <br /> (billion $) !! Assets <br /> (billion $) !! Market Value <br /> (billion $)
|- style="text-align:right;"
|626 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Koç Holding]]|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bank|Conglomerate]]|| 38.84 || 1.7 || 76.85 || 6.79
|- style="text-align:right;"
|884 || style="text-align:left;" | [[İşbank|İş Bankası]]|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bank|Banking]]|| 12.25 || 0.94 || 95.42 || 3.2
|- style="text-align:right;"
|902 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Sabancı Holding]]|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bank|Conglomerate]]|| 10.51 || 1.35 || 61.73 || 2.79
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1224 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Turkish Airlines]]|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Airline]]|| 10.91 || 0.92 || 26.64 || 3.72
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1262|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Akbank]]|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bank|Banking]]|| 5.97 || 0.94 || 61.91 || 3.22
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1353 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Halk Bankası|Halkbank]] || style="text-align:left;"| [[Bank|Banking]]|| 7.66|| 0.52 || 93.67 || 1.97
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1381 || style="text-align:left;" | [[VakıfBank]] || style="text-align:left;"| [[Bank|Banking]]|| 7.66 || 0.51 || 85.49 || 2.22
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1478|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Erdemir]]|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Metallurgy]]|| 7.64 || 1.74 || 9.52 || 8.04
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1793 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Ford Otosan]]|| style="text-align:left;" | [[Automotive industry|Automotive Industry]]|| 7.96 || 0.98 || 3.23 || 7.17
|}

== Long term GDP forecasts ==
{{main|List of countries by GDP (PPP)|List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)}}

The following table is an [[OECD]] Long Term Projections made in February 2022 for largest 16 economies by GDP using PPP exchange rates from 2030 to 2060.
<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic Outlook No 109 – February 2022 – Long-term baseline projections|url=https://data.oecd.org/gdp/gdp-long-term-forecast.htm|access-date=11 February 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120203842/https://data.oecd.org/gdp/gdp-long-term-forecast.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Static row numbers}}{{mw-datatable}}{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable static-row-numbers sticky-header sort-under defaultright col1left col3left col5left col7left col9left"
|-
|+The top 16 largest economies in the world (GDP at 2010 constant PPP in billions [[USD]])
!Country
!2021
!Country
!2030
!Country
!2040
!Country
!2050
!Country
!2060
|-
| {{CHN}}
|26,656
| {{CHN}}
|36,977
| {{CHN}}
|47,306
| {{CHN}}
|54,765
| {{CHN}}
|62,140
|-
| {{USA}}
| 22,675
| {{USA}}
|24,302
| {{USA}}
|28,063
| {{IND}}
|33,363
| {{IND}}
|42,204
|-
| {{IND}}
|10,181
| {{IND}}
|16,603
| {{IND}}
|25,083
| {{USA}}
|32,119
| {{USA}}
|36,527
|-
| {{JPN}}
|5,585
| {{JPN}}
|5,632
| {{IDN}}
|7,507
| {{IDN}}
|9,846
| {{IDN}}
|12,320
|-
| {{DEU}}
|4,743
| {{IDN}}
|5,309
| {{JPN}}
|5,908
| {{JPN}}
|6,060
| style="background: #FA6E79" |{{TUR}}
|7,068
|-
| {{RUS}}
|4,328
| {{DEU}}
|4,566
| {{DEU}}
|4,914
| style="background: #FA6E79" |{{TUR}}
|5,934
| {{JAP}}
|6,333
|-
| {{IDN}}
|3,507
| {{RUS}}
|4,233
| style="background: #FA6E79"  |{{TUR}}
|4,776
| {{DEU}}
|5,362
| {{DEU}}
|5,891
|-
| {{BRA}}
|3,328
| {{BRA}}
|3,759
| {{RUS}}
|4,624
| {{BRA}}
|5,168
| {{BRA}}
|5,746
|-
| {{FRA}}
|3,231
| style="background: #FA6E79" |{{TUR}}
|3,653
| {{BRA}}
|4,492
| {{RUS}}
|4,882
| {{MEX}}
|5,407
|-
| {{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}
|3,174
| {{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}
|3,375
| {{MEX}}
|3,832
| {{MEX}}
|4,620
| {{RUS}}
|5,340
|-
| style="background: #FA6E79" |{{TUR}}
|2,749
| {{FRA}}
|3,267
| {{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}
|3,800
| {{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}
|4,249
| {{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}
|4,768
|-
| {{MEX}}
|2,613
| {{MEX}}
|3,073
| {{FRA}}
|3,679
| {{FRA}}
|4,148
| {{FRA}}
|4,736
|-
| {{ITA}}
|2,610
| {{KOR}}
|2,675
| {{KOR}}
|2,866
| {{ITA}}
|2,959
| {{ITA}}
|3,366
|-
| {{KOR}}
| 2,436
| {{ITA}}
|2,499
| {{ITA}}
|2,692
| {{KOR}}
|2,880
| {{AUS}}
|3,104
|-
| {{CAN}}
| 2,027
| {{ESP}}
|2,094
| {{CAN}}
|2,370
| {{SAU}}
|2,698
| {{SAU}}
|3,066
|-
| {{ESP}}
| 1,959
| {{CAN}}
|2,062
| {{SAU}}
|2,362
| {{CAN}}
|2,694
| {{CAN}}
|3,046
|}

==External trade and investment==
{{update section|date=April 2019}}
[[File:EU and Turkey Locator Map.png|thumb|Turkey joined the [[European Union Customs Union]] (EUCU) in 1995]]
[[File:Organization of Turkic States (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Members and observers of the [[Organization of Turkic States]]]]
[[File:Map-TurksoyMembers.svg|thumb|Members of the [[International Organization of Turkic Culture]]]]

As of 2016, the main trading partners of Turkey are [[Germany]], [[Russia]] and the [[United Kingdom]], UAE, Iraq, Italy and China, many being top in both export as well as import.<ref name="TSI_ForeignTrade2012">{{cite web|url=http://rapor.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?disticaretdb2=&report=IHT0151.RDF&p_kod=1&p_ulke1=-1&p_yil1=2012&p_kod1=1&p_kod2=4&p_dil=2&desformat=html&ENVID=disticaretEnv|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221194510/http://rapor.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?disticaretdb2=&report=IHT0151.RDF&p_kod=1&p_ulke1=-1&p_yil1=2012&p_kod1=1&p_kod2=4&p_dil=2&desformat=html&ENVID=disticaretEnv|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-21|title=Foreign Trade Statistics as of October 2012|publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]]|access-date=2008-08-29|date=2006-11-30|format=Word document}}</ref> Turkey has taken advantage of a [[European Union–Turkey Customs Union|customs union with the European Union]], signed in 1995, to increase industrial production for exports, while benefiting from EU-origin foreign investment into the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/05/03/000016406_20060503112446/Rendered/PDF/wps3908.pdf |title=Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European markets |author=Bartolomiej Kaminski |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2008-08-29 |date=2006-05-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614030216/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/05/03/000016406_20060503112446/Rendered/PDF/wps3908.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-14 }}</ref> In addition to Customs Union, Turkey has [[Free-trade agreements of Turkey|free-trade agreements]] with 22 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı |url=https://www.ticaret.gov.tr/dis-iliskiler/serbest-ticaret-anlasmalari/yururlukte-bulunan-stalar |website=ticaret.gov.tr |access-date=8 September 2018 |language=tr}}</ref>

A very large aspect of Turkey trade revolves around the automotive industry, where its top exports are cars, accounting for $13.2 billion. Other top exports from the country are gold, delivery trucks, vehicle parts and jewelry, which are respectively, $6.96 billion, $5.04 billion, $4.64 billion, and $3.39 billion. These values are calculated using the 1992 revision of the Harmonized System classification. Comparatively, it imports many of the same industries, such as, gold valued at $17.1 billion, refined petroleum at $9.8 billion, cars at $8.78 billion, vehicle parts at $6.34 billion and scrap iron at $5.84 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/country/tur/|title=OEC – Turkey (TUR) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners|website=oec.world|language=en|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref>

Turkey is also a source of [[foreign direct investment]] in [[Central Europe|central]] and [[eastern Europe]] and the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]], with more than $1.5 billion invested. 32% has been invested in [[Russia]], primarily in the natural resources and construction sector, and 46% in Turkey's [[Black Sea]] neighbours, [[Bulgaria]] and [[Romania]]. Turkish companies also have sizable FDI stocks in [[Poland]], at about $100 million.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

[[Turkish Construction/Contracting Industry|The construction and contracting companies]], such as [[Enka Insaat ve Sanayi A.S.|Enka]], [[Rönesans Holding]] and [[Tekfen Construction and Installation|Tekfen]], have been significant players in the country's economy.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

Without a [[carbon price]] exporters to the EU will have to pay the [[Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|CBAM]] from 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey balks at coal phaseout amid growing energy woes – Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/03/turkey-balks-coal-phaseout-amid-growing-energy-woes |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=al-monitor.com |date=4 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Turkey had many improvements in the [[ease of doing business index]]. Its rank increased from 68th in 2017 to 33th in 2020. As of 2021, it was performing better than countries like the Netherlands and Belgium.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank Group to Discontinue Doing Business Report|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/statement/2021/09/16/world-bank-group-to-discontinue-doing-business-report|access-date=2021-09-16|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Zumbrun|first=Josh|date=2021-09-16|title=World Bank Cancels Flagship 'Doing Business' Report After Investigation|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/world-bank-cancels-flagship-doing-business-report-after-investigation-11631811663|access-date=2021-09-16|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last1=Machen|first1=Ronald|last2=Jones|first2=Matthew|last3=Varghese|first3=George|last4=Stark|first4=Emily|date=15 September 2021|title=Investigation of Data Irregularities in Doing Business 2018 and Doing Business 2020|url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/84a922cc9273b7b120d49ad3b9e9d3f9-0090012021/original/DB-Investigation-Findings-and-Report-to-the-Board-of-Executive-Directors-September-15-2021.pdf|url-status=live|website=[[World Bank]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916154554/https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/84a922cc9273b7b120d49ad3b9e9d3f9-0090012021/original/DB-Investigation-Findings-and-Report-to-the-Board-of-Executive-Directors-September-15-2021.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2021 }}</ref>

==Natural resources==

===Energy===
{{Excerpt|Energy in Turkey#Economics}}

====Renewable energy====
{{Excerpt|Renewable energy in Turkey|only=paragraphs}}

====Fossil fuels====

=====Gas=====
{{Excerpt|Natural gas in Turkey}}

=====Oil=====
{{Excerpt|Oil in Turkey}}

=====Coal=====
{{Excerpt|Coal in Turkey}}

===Minerals===
[[File:ALİ_EKŞİ_KMPAŞA_BEJİ_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Marble quarries in Turkey. Turkey's reserves amount to 72% of the world's total.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}]]

Turkey is the tenth-ranked producer of minerals in the world in terms of diversity. Around 60 different minerals are currently produced in Turkey. The richest mineral deposits in the country are [[boron]] salts, Turkey's reserves amount to 72% of the world's total.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}} According to the [[CIA]] [[The World Factbook|World Factbook]], other natural resources include [[iron ore]], [[copper]], [[chromium]], [[uranium]], [[antimony]], [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], [[gold]], [[silver]], [[barite]], [[borate]], [[Celestine (mineral)|celestine]] ([[strontium]]), [[emery (mineral)|emery]], [[feldspar]], [[limestone]], [[magnesite]], [[marble]], [[perlite]], [[pumice]], [[pyrites]] ([[sulfur]]) and [[clay]].{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

In 2019, the country was the 2nd largest world producer of [[chromium]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-chromium.pdf| title = USGS Chromium Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[boron]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf| title = USGS Boron Production Statistics}}</ref> 6th largest world producer of [[antimony]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf| title = USGS Antimony Production Statistics}}</ref> 9th largest world producer of [[lead]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf| title = USGS Lead Production Statistics}}</ref> 13th largest world producer of [[iron ore]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf| title = USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics}}</ref> 11th largest world producer of [[molybdenum]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf| title = USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics}}</ref> 4th largest world producer of [[gypsum]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gypsum.pdf| title = USGS Gypsum Production Statistics}}</ref> 15th largest world producer of [[graphite]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-graphite.pdf| title = USGS Graphite Production Statistics}}</ref> in addition to being the 11th largest world producer of [[table salt|salt]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf| title = USGS Salt Production Statistics}}</ref>

As a gold producer Turkey is currently ranked 22nd globally. Hosting some of the largest gold deposits in the European continent it is currently Europe's largest gold producer, producing 42 tonnes of gold in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gold Mining Industry {{!}} Turkish Gold Miners Association|url=http://turkishgoldminersassociation.org/madenciligin-onemi/|access-date=2021-10-05|language=en-US}}</ref> World class deposits include [[Kişladağ mine|Kisladag Mine]] 17Moz and [[Çöpler mine|Copler]] 10Moz. The country hosts 18 mid sized deposits from 1-10Moz gold, these include the Kiziltepe Gold Mine, Salinbas, Hod Maden, Ovacik and [[Efemçukuru|Efemcukuru]].{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}}

==Environment==
{{See also|Environmental issues in Turkey}}[[File:Renewable energy increases employment in Turkey.jpg|thumb|Renewable energy increases employment in Turkey{{Cn|date=September 2023}}]]
Almost all post-covid stimulus was detrimental to the environment, with Russia being the only worse country.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.f4b-initiative.net/publications-1/greenness-of-stimulus-index---6th-edition|title=Greenness of Stimulus Index – 6th Edition|date=July 2021|publisher=F4B}}</ref> In the 21st century, Turkey's fossil fuel subsidies are around 0.2% of GDP,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Acar|first1=Sevil|last2=Challe|first2=Sarah|last3=Christopoulos|first3=Stamatios|last4=Christo|first4=Giovanna|year=2018|title=Fossil fuel subsidies as a lose-lose: Fiscal and environmental burdens in Turkey|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ca3d/038634a2b6bf7886688e17840aa7dc19652d.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=New Perspectives on Turkey|volume=58|pages=93–124|doi=10.1017/npt.2018.7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227003746/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ca3d/038634a2b6bf7886688e17840aa7dc19652d.pdf|archive-date=2020-02-27|s2cid=149594404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/new-report-finds-g-20-member-countries-support-fossil-fuels-at-levels-untenable-to-achieve-paris-agreement-goals/|title=Climate Policy Factbook|date=2021-07-20|publisher=BloombergNEF|page=29}}</ref> including at least US$14&nbsp;billion (US$169 per person) between January 2020 and September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey|url=https://www.energypolicytracker.org/country/turkey/|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Energy Policy Tracker|language=en-US}}</ref> Data on finance for fossil fuels by state-owned banks and [[export credit agencies]] is not public.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/new-report-finds-g-20-member-countries-support-fossil-fuels-at-levels-untenable-to-achieve-paris-agreement-goals/|title=Climate Policy Factbook|date=2021-07-20|publisher=BloombergNEF|page=32}}</ref>
As of 2023 fossil gas is subsidized more than electricity - equalizing the subsidies would benefit the environment.<ref>https://shura.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/SHURA-2023-08-YO-Elektrifikasyon.pdf {{bare URL PDF|date=February 2024}}</ref>

== Employment ==
{{Expand section|date=November 2021}}
In 2021 trade unions complained that TurkStat data showed unemployment falling whereas that of the government employment agency showed it rising.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unemployment rises according to Employment Agency, TurkStat says the opposite|url=https://m.bianet.org/english/labor/253151-unemployment-rises-according-to-employment-agency-turkstat-says-the-opposite}}</ref> Environmentalists argue that some actions to improve the environment would also benefit the economy, for example: that investing in [[wind power in Turkey]] and [[solar power in Turkey]] would create jobs and is competitive with fossil fuels.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Yilmaz|first1=Onur|last2=Yetisgin|first2=Cansu|date=2020-07-27|title=Turkey's 11th Development Plan Needs to be Updated to Ensure a Green Recovery for Sectors Affected by COVID-19|url=https://www.climatescorecard.org/2020/07/turkeys-11th-development-plan-needs-to-be-updated-to-ensure-a-green-recovery-for-sectors-affected-by-covid-19/|access-date=2020-07-29|website=Climate Scorecard|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Poverty==
{{Excerpt|Poverty in Turkey}}

==Regional disparities==
{{See also|List of Turkish provinces by GDP}}

According to [[Eurostat]] data, Turkish GDP per capita adjusted by [[purchasing power]] standards stood at 64 percent of the EU average in 2018.<ref name="GDP per capita in PPS">{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tec00114|title=GDP per capita in PPS|publisher=Eurostat|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> [[Istanbul]] has the largest GDP and GDP per capita in [[Turkey]].

The country's wealth is mainly concentrated in the northwest and west, while the east and southeast suffer from poverty, lower economic production and higher levels of unemployment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/17276440?story_id=17276440|title=Anchors aweigh|date=21 October 2010|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> However, in line with the rapid growth of Turkey's GDP during the first two decades of the 21st century (with brief periods of stagnation and recession), parts of [[Anatolia]] began reaching a higher economic standard. These cities are known as the [[Anatolian Tigers]].{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Need independent reliable source}} 
{{clear right}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Richest and poorest NUTS-2 regions (GDP PPP 2017)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | 
! rowspan=2 | Region
! colspan=2 | GDP per capita 2017
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! style="width:5em;" | <small>in euros</small>
! style="width:5em;" | <small>As % of EU-28 average</small>
|- style="text-align:right;"
! style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"|{{flag|Turkey}}
| '''20,282''' || 52.73%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|'''Richest'''
|[[Istanbul Subregion|Istanbul]]
|''29,000'' || ''60.8%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|
|[[Ankara Subregion|Ankara]]
|''28,900'' || ''58.33%''
|- style="text-align:right;" 
| 
|[[Kocaeli Subregion|Kocaeli]]
|''25,000'' || ''55.2%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Bursa Subregion|Bursa]]
|''22,000'' || ''52.4%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Tekirdağ Subregion|Tekirdağ]] 
|''20,700'' || ''51.65%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Izmir Subregion|Izmir]]
|''18,500'' || ''48.1%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Antalya Subregion|Antalya]]
|''17,600'' || ''45.76%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Balıkesir Subregion|Balıkesir]]
|''17,000'' || ''44.2%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Aydın Subregion|Aydın]]
|''16,500'' || ''42.9%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Zonguldak Subregion|Zonguldak]]
|''16,000'' || ''41.6%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Manisa Subregion|Manisa]]
|''15,590'' || ''40.53%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Adana Subregion|Adana]]
|''14,600'' || ''37.96%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Kırıkkale Subregion|Kırıkkale]]
|''14,000'' || ''39%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Konya Subregion|Konya]]
|''14,400'' || ''36.4%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Samsun Subregion|Samsun]]
|''13,200'' || ''34.32%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Kayseri Subregion|Kayseri]]
|''12,000'' || ''31.2%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Trabzon Subregion|Trabzon]]
|''11,000'' || ''28.598%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Kastamonu Subregion|Kastamonu]]
|''10,000'' || ''26%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Erzurum Subregion|Erzurum]]
|''9,600'' || ''24.96%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Hatay Subregion|Hatay]]
|''9,000'' || ''23.098%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Malatya Subregion|Malatya]]
|''8,600'' || ''22.358%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Gaziantep Subregion|Gaziantep]]
|''8,000'' || ''20.8%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Mardin Subregion|Mardin]]
|''7,700'' || ''20.02%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Şanlıurfa Subregion|Şanlıurfa]]
|''7,000'' || ''18.2%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Ağrı Subregion|Ağrı]]
|''6,500'' || ''16.9%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|'''Poorest'''
|[[Van Subregion|Van]]
|''6,000'' || ''15.6%''
|}

Source: Eurostat – ESA 95<ref>{{cite web |url= http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-513634_QID_4B285805_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;UNIT,L,Z,0;INDICATORS,C,Z,1;&zSelection=DS-513634INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-513634UNIT,PPS_HAB;&rankName1=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName4=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=NONE&time_most_recent=false&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23|title=Data |website=appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref>

{{col-2}}

===Richest and poorest NUTS-1 regions (GDP PPP 2017)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | 
! rowspan=2 | Region
! colspan=2 | GDP per capita 2017
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! style="width:5em;" | <small>in euros</small>
! style="width:5em;" | <small>As % of EU-28 average</small>
|- style="text-align:right;"
! style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"|{{flag|Turkey}}
| '''20,282''' || 52.73%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|'''Richest'''
|[[Istanbul Region (statistical)|Istanbul]]
|''24,000''|| ''62.395%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[East Marmara Region (statistical)|East Marmara]]
|''22,500''|| ''58.495%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[West Anatolia Region (statistical)|West Anatolia]]
|''20,900''|| ''54.336%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[West Marmara Region (statistical)|West Marmara]]
|''19,700''|| ''51.216%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Aegean Region (statistical)|Aegean]]
|''19,400''|| ''50.435%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Mediterranean Region (statistical)|Mediterranean]]
|''15,900''|| ''41.3363%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[West Black Sea Region (statistical)|West Black Sea]]
|''14,300''|| ''37.177%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Central Anatolia Region (statistical)|Central Anatolia]]
|''13,800''|| ''35.877%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[East Black Sea Region (statistical)|East Black Sea]]
|''12,500''|| ''32.497%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Northeast Anatolia Region (statistical)|Northeast Anatolia]]
|''9,400''|| ''24.44%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
| 
|[[Southeast Anatolia Region (statistical)|Southeast Anatolia]]
|''8,650''|| ''23.089%''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|'''Poorest'''
|[[Central East Anatolia Region (statistical)|Central East Anatolia]]
|''8,600''|| ''22.358%''
|}

Source: Eurostat – ESA 95<ref>{{cite web |url= http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-101610_QID_5EB84452_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;UNIT,L,Z,0;INDICATORS,C,Z,1;&zSelection=DS-101610UNIT,PPS_HAB_EU;DS-101610INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;&rankName1=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName4=GEO_1_0_0_1&sortR=ASC_-1_FIRST&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=NONE&time_most_recent=false&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23|title=Data |website=appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref>

{{col-2}}
{{col-end}}

==See also==
* [[Economic history of Turkey]]
* [[National debt of Turkey]]
*[[List of companies of Turkey]]
*[[List of countries by labour force]] 
*[[List of countries by real GDP growth rate]] 
*[[List of countries by total wealth]] 

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite report |title=Turkey Energy Outlook |first1=Carmine |last1=Difiglio |first2=Bora Şekip |last2=Güray |first3=Ersin |last3=Merdan |publisher=Sabanci University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate (IICEC) |url=https://iicec.sabanciuniv.edu/teo |date=November 2020 |website=iicec.sabanciuniv.edu |isbn=978-605-70031-9-5}}
* {{cite report |last=Ersoy |first=Mücella |year=2019 |title=Turkish coal mining sector: Current State, Strategy for the Future |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/images/CMM/CMM_CE/Turkey_2019/3._2019-_CBM_Workshop-M_Ersoy-100619.pdf |publisher=Turkish Coal Operations Authority}}
* {{Cite report |last1=Taranto |first1=Yael |last2=Aydınalp Köksal |first2=Merih |last3=Dal |first3=Eda |date=December 2020 |title=The external cost of fossil fuel use in power generation, heating and road transport in Turkey |url=https://www.shura.org.tr/the-external-cost-of-fossil-fuel-use-in-power-generation-heating-and-road-transport-in-turkey/ |website=SHURA Energy Transition Center}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/TUR Turkey Trade Statistics, World Bank]
*[https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/country/turkey Green growth knowledge platform] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629060631/https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/country/turkey |date=29 June 2020 }}

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