Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Royal Navy admiral (1880–1957)}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Edgar Evans]] of the ill-fated Scott polar party}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= The Lord Mountevans
|image= Commander Evans 5126121136 99388b2868 o.jpg 
|birth_date= {{Birth date|1880|10|28|df=y}}
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1957|08|20|1880|10|28|df=y}}
|birth_place= [[London]], England
|death_place= [[Gålå]], Norway
|placeofburial= 
|nickname= "Teddy"
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[Royal Navy]]
|serviceyears= 1896–1941
|rank= [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]
|servicenumber= 
|unit= 
|commands= [[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore|Nore Command]] (1935–39)<br/>[[Cape of Good Hope Station|Africa Station]] (1933–35)<br/>[[Commander Australian Fleet|HM Australian Squadron]] (1929–31)<br/>{{HMS|Repulse|1916|6}} (1926–27)<br/>[[Minesweepers|RN Minesweeping and Fishery Protection Flotilla]] (1923–26)<br/>{{HMS|Carlisle|D67|6}} (1921–22)<br/>{{HMS|Broke|1914|6}} (1917)<br/>{{HMS|Viking|1909|6}} (1915)<br/>{{HMS|Mohawk|1907|6}} (1914)<br/>[[Terra Nova Expedition|British Antarctic Expedition]] (1913)
|battles= [[First World War]]
* [[Battle of Dover Strait (1917)|Battle of Dover Strait]]
[[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]]<br/>[[Distinguished Service Order]]<br/>[[Order of St John of Jerusalem|Knight of the Order of St John]]<br/>[[Sea Gallantry Medal]]<br/>[[Mentioned in Despatches]]<br/>[[Order of the Tower and Sword|Grand Officer of the Order of the Tower and Sword]] (Portugal)<br/>[[Order of St. Olaf|Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olaf]]<br/>[[War Medal (Norway)|War Medal]] (Norway)<br/>[[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Commander of the Order of the Belgian Crown]] (Belgium)<br/>[[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Officer of the Order of Leopold]] (Belgium)<br/>[[Legion d'honneur|Officer of the Legion of Honour]] (France)<br/>[[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]] (France)<br/>[[Military Order of Savoy|Knight of the Military Order of Savoy]] (Italy)<br/>[[Navy Cross (United States)|Navy Cross]] (United States)
|relations= 
|laterwork= London Regional Commissioner for [[Civil Defence]] (1939–45)<br/>Special [[Naval Attaché]] to Norway (1940)<br/>Younger Brother of [[Trinity House]]
}}
[[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] '''Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|KCB|DSO|SGM}} (28 October 1880&nbsp;– 20 August 1957) was a [[Royal Navy]] officer and [[Antarctic explorer]].<ref name="ODNB-EEvans">H. G. Thursfield, 'Evans, Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell, first Baron Mountevans (1880–1957)’, rev. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011.</ref>

Evans was seconded from the Navy to the [[Discovery expedition|''Discovery'' expedition]] to Antarctica in 1901–1904, when he served on the crew of the relief ship, and afterwards began planning his own Antarctic expedition. However, he suspended this plan when offered the post of second-in-command on [[Robert Falcon Scott]]'s ill-fated [[Terra Nova expedition|''Terra Nova'' expedition]] to the [[South Pole]] in 1910–1913, as captain of the expedition ship {{ship||Terra Nova|ship|2}}. He accompanied Scott to within 150 miles of the Pole, but was sent back in command of the last supporting party. On the return he became seriously ill with scurvy and only narrowly survived.

After the expedition he toured the country giving lectures, and returned to his naval duties as a commander in the summer of 1914. He spent the [[First World War]] as a destroyer captain, becoming famous as "Evans of the ''Broke''" after the [[Battle of Dover Strait (1917)|battle of Dover Strait]] in 1917. He commanded a cruiser at Hong Kong in 1921–1922, where he was awarded a medal for his role in rescuing passengers from the wrecked vessel {{SS|Hong Moh||2}}, and then spent several years commanding the Home Fisheries Protection Squadron before being given command of the modern battlecruiser {{HMS|Repulse|1916|6}}. He later commanded the [[Commander Australian Fleet|Australian Squadron]] and the [[Africa Station]] before becoming [[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore]], one of the Navy's senior Home Commands; during this time, unusually for a serving officer, he was also [[Rector of the University of Aberdeen]].

After four years at the Nore, he handed over command in early 1939, and was appointed Civil Defence Commissioner for London during the preparations for the [[Second World War]]; after the [[German invasion of Norway]] he travelled there to liaise with [[King Haakon VII]], a personal acquaintance. He remained in a civil defence role throughout the War, though he had officially retired from the Navy in 1941, and was raised to the [[Peer of the Realm|peerage]] in 1945, sitting in the [[House of Lords]] as a [[Backbencher|Labour member]].

==Early life==
Edward Ratcliffe Garth Evans, known to his family and friends as "Teddy", was born in London on 28 October 1880, at a [[mews]] near [[Berkeley Square]]. He was the second of three sons born to Frank Evans and his wife Eliza, ''née'' McNulty.<ref>[http://www.burkespeerage.com/ www.burkespeerage.com]</ref> Frank Evans, a young [[barrister]] at Lincoln's Inn, hailed from a large Lancashire family of Welsh descent; his father had been a [[merchant|provision merchant]] in Oldham. Eliza McNulty's family were of Irish origin and lived at Deptford.<ref>Pound, pp. 1–3</ref>

The family were respectably middle-class, but the three Evans children did not behave as respectably as might be expected; when Edward was nine, he and his brothers frequently roamed far into the [[East End of London|East End]], on one occasion being detained by the police after a theft. Edward and his older brother Joe were admitted to the [[Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood|Merchant Taylors' School]] in 1890, when he was ten, and were expelled for fighting and truancy a year later. He was then sent to a relatively modern school in the countryside near Croydon, which aimed to educate "troublesome boys";<ref>Pound, p. 5</ref> despite being the youngest boy and often victimised and homesick, he enjoyed the rural environment and responded well to the teaching. He later attended a school in [[Maida Vale]] where he obtained high marks but slipped back into his old misbehaviour; the headmaster responded by making him a [[prefect]], which shocked Evans into self-discipline. He became one of the school's star performers, with a string of prizes, before leaving at 14.<ref>Pound, pp. 3–8</ref>

Evans sought a career at sea, and while at school had tried, but failed, to obtain a cadetship with the Royal Navy training ship {{HMS|Britannia|1860|6}}. The alternatives open to him were to be "[[cramming (education)|crammed]]" by an expensive tutor and resit the ''Britannia'' examination, or to attend the cheaper privately run training ship [[Thames Nautical Training College|HMS ''Worcester'']], which mainly trained officers for the Merchant Navy. His father chose the latter, and Evans joined the ''Worcester'' in January 1895. He was heavily bullied, but by the middle of his second year had found his place, and gained a reputation as an able and diligent – if still troublesome – [[cadet]]. He won several prizes, culminating in a coveted Navy cadetship in his final year.<ref>Pound, pp. 8–13</ref>

As a Midshipman Evans was posted to the cruiser {{HMS|Hawke|1891|6}} in the Mediterranean in 1897, a ship noted for her immaculate presentation and strict conduct, which was not entirely to Evans' taste. In August he became seriously ill with [[brucellosis]], after drinking contaminated milk, and was sent home to recover for three months. During this time, he gained a lasting fanaticism for physical fitness, walking forty or fifty miles in a day and swimming for hours in the sea; he would maintain this state of fitness for decades to come. After returning to duty, he was posted to the battleship {{HMS|Repulse|1892|6}} and then the sloop {{HMS|Dolphin||6}}, following which he was examined and passed as a [[sub-lieutenant]]. He then studied at the [[Royal Naval College, Greenwich]], interrupted with a posting to {{HMS|Majestic|1895|6}}, where he first encountered then-[[Lieutenant]] [[Robert Falcon Scott]].<ref>Pound, pp. 14–19</ref>

==First Antarctic expedition, 1902–04==
{{main|Discovery Expedition}}

In July 1901, the British National Antarctic Expedition – the "''Discovery'' Expedition" – sailed from London aboard {{ship|RRS|Discovery||6}}, with Scott in command. Part of the planning for the expedition had provided for a relief ship to follow a year later, in case ''Discovery'' was lost in the Antarctic; on reading a newspaper article about this some months later, Evans saw an opportunity for adventure and wrote to [[Sir]] [[Clements Markham]], the organising force behind the expedition. He met Markham twice in the following weeks, and made a strong impression. In early 1902, Evans was seconded from the Navy to be second officer aboard the relief ship, the {{ship|SY|Morning||6}}, an ageing ex-whaler.<ref>Pound, pp. 23–26</ref>

The ''Morning'' sailed from London in July 1902, and after a severe storm and a refit in [[Christchurch]], New Zealand, headed for the Antarctic on 6 December to search for the expedition in their winter quarters, somewhere in the [[Ross Sea]].<ref>Pound, pp. 29–32</ref> After working steadily south-east from [[Cape Adare]] and along the ice-front to [[Cape Crozier]], the limit of their search range, they found a message from the expedition, directing them back towards [[McMurdo Sound]]. Here the two crews met – the two ships were separated by fifteen miles of ice, requiring long sledge journeys – with Evans among the first party to greet the ''Discovery''{{'}}s crew. A week later, Scott, [[Ernest Shackleton|Shackleton]], and [[Edward Adrian Wilson|Wilson]] returned from their journey inland, sick with [[scurvy]] and [[snow-blindness]], but triumphant at having reached 82°17′S, a new "[[Farthest South]]". Evans privately recorded that having known the three was "a great thing in my life".<ref>Pound, pp. 36–43</ref> While in the Antarctic, Evans was promoted to [[Lieutenant (Royal Navy)|lieutenant]] on 31 December 1902.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27512 |date=2 January 1903 |page=4 }}</ref>

At the end of March 1903 the ''Morning'' was ordered to return, leaving supplies with the ''Discovery'', still sealed in the ice. Several crew were exchanged, including Shackleton, who was considered not healthy enough to remain for the winter, though personal conflicts with Scott may have played a part in the decision. Once back in New Zealand, Evans applied for a temporary posting to {{HMS|Phoebe|1890|6}} stationed in the country, while the ''Morning'' was refitted for another relief voyage, this time organised by the Admiralty rather than the Royal Geographical Society. She sailed south again in November, in company with a second relief ship, [[Terra Nova (ship)|''Terra Nova'']], and met the ''Discovery'' in January 1904. Evans was given charge of a party of men laying explosives to blast a channel through eight miles of ice, which they achieved in eleven days, bringing the ''Discovery'' out just before a heavy gale struck.<ref>Pound, pp. 45–51</ref> In recognition of his work with the expedition, Scott named a mountain overlooking the Sound as [[Mount Evans (Antarctica)|Mount Evans]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Evans, Mount|url=https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=113261|work=SCAR Composite Gazetteer|publisher=Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research}}</ref>

Shortly before sailing south for the second time, Evans' engagement to a New Zealand woman, Hilda Russell, had been announced. Hilda was the daughter of T.G. Russell, a prominent local solicitor, and the niece of [[George Warren Russell|G.W. Russell]], one of the [[Member of parliament|Members of Parliament]] for the Christchurch area.<ref name="Fashionable Wedding">{{cite news|title=Fashionable Wedding|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=CHP19040414.2.29&srpos=1&e=01-04-1904-30-06-1904--50-CHP%2cTS-1--on--0Hilda+Russell--|newspaper=Press|date=14 April 1904}}</ref> Evans arrived back in Christchurch on 1 April 1904, and the couple were married on 13 April. They arrived back in England in October, where Evans was awarded the Bronze [[Polar Medal]] and rejoined the navy, specialising as a navigation officer. In 1907 he briefly considered applying to join [[Nimrod Expedition|Shackleton's Antarctic expedition]], but decided instead that it was important to spend more time in his naval career, to avoid limiting his future prospects.<ref>Pound, pp. 47, 51–53</ref>

==Second Antarctic expedition, 1910–13==
{{main|Terra Nova Expedition}}
In 1909, Evans finally succumbed to the lure of the Antarctic, and announced – with Markham's blessing – that he would organise an expedition to explore [[King Edward VII Land]]. He planned an expedition to the Pole, but as a secondary objective; "the circum-navigation of the great Antarctic continent appealed to me far more".<ref>Evans (1946), p. 80</ref> Evans initially sought support in Cardiff for a Welsh National Antarctic Expedition. Around the same time, Scott began planning a new expedition in response to Shackleton's recently completed [[Nimrod Expedition]] – the two were by this time rivals – and on hearing of this Evans abandoned his own project, transferring his funding and support to Scott. In return, Scott appointed him second-in-command. Evans brought so much Cardiff and Welsh sponsorship that Scott named Cardiff the home port of the expedition ship, ''Terra Nova'' and made Evans Captain. Despite this partnership, the two were never close, with the clash between Scott's reserve and Evans' openness accentuated by the difference in rank and age.<ref>Pound, pp. 53–56, 63–64</ref> Scott later described Evans in his diary as carried by "boyish enthusiasms" and "well-meaning, but terribly slow to learn",<ref name="Pound, p. 81">Pound, p. 81</ref> deeming that he was much more capable as a sailor than an explorer on land, and probably would never be suited to command his own expedition.<ref>Pound, pp 81–2</ref><!-- have to check Huntford for this next bit: However, it was an uneasy working relationship, as Scott continued to regard Evans as a rival.<ref name="multiple">Huntford, R. (1999). pp 313</ref>-->

The expedition landed on the west side of [[Ross Island]] on 4 January 1911,<ref>Pound, p. 72</ref> at a site Scott named [[Cape Evans]] in Evans' honour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Evans, Cape|url=https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=113260|work=SCAR Composite Gazetteer|publisher=Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research}}</ref> Evans joined the main shore party, leaving the ''Terra Nova'' in the hands of Lieutenant [[Harry Pennell]], and worked to establish a series of depots along the [[Great Ice Barrier]] for the use of the Polar expedition later in the year.<ref>Pound, pp. 72–80</ref> After wintering in the [[Scott's Hut|Cape Evans hut]], the party began to prepare for the main journey in August and September. Evans was given command of the Motor Party, which was to leave first, taking four men and two tracked motor sledges south onto the Barrier with supplies for the main expedition, which would follow with dogs and ponies.<ref>Pound, pp. 84–88</ref>

In the event, the motor sledges failed to work as planned; the engines proved unreliable, frequently refusing to start until heated, or stopping after a short distance. The first broke down permanently on 30 October, five days after starting, and the second followed a day later. The four men reorganised their loads and pushed south pulling a single sledge with {{convert|740|lb|kg}} of equipment and supplies. They managed about the same speed as before the breakdown, and made the rendezvous six days ahead of the main party, who caught up with them on 21 November. Two of Evans' party (the motor mechanic and an assistant) returned north, and the Motor Party was reorganised as the "Man-hauling Party". with Evans leading Chief Stoker [[William Lashly|Lashly]], Surgeon-Lieutenant [[Edward L. Atkinson|Atkinson]] and [[C. S. Wright]], a Canadian physicist. The group pushed onwards until 5 December, when they were halted by a blizzard for four days, working through their supplies but unable to press south. The remaining ponies from the main expedition had to be shot before moving on. On arriving at the [[Beardmore Glacier]] on 10 December, their route off the Barrier, the dog parties were also sent back, leaving the entire expedition to be man-hauled.<ref>Pound, pp. 89–97</ref>

At this point, the expedition was made up of three groups of four men, all man-hauling their sledges. However, two of the groups were relatively rested, whilst Evans and Lashly had been pulling a sledge since 1 November. This began to tell, with the group dropping behind and causing tensions with Scott, who grew frustrated and impatient with Evans' perceived carelessness and disorganisation.<ref>Pound, pp. 97–98</ref> On 20 December, the first supporting party turned back, leaving eight men to press onwards; Evans' team was reorganised comprising himself, Lieutenant [[Henry Robertson Bowers|Bowers]], Lashly, and Petty Officer [[Tom Crean (explorer)|Crean]]. On 3 January, Scott announced that Evans would not continue to the Pole, but would take his team, the Last Supporting Party, back north. Evans privately attributed this to his physical exhaustion – he and Lashly had pulled a loaded sledge for six hundred miles by this stage – and recorded his reactions stoically, though Bowers described him as "frightfully cut up".<ref>Pound, p. 105</ref> The groups parted emotionally on 4 January, and Evans, Lashly and Crean turned to head back, only {{convert|160|mi|km}} from the Pole – Bowers had remained with the main party.<ref>Pound, pp. 101–107</ref>

The journey back was difficult, as until this point the sledges had been handled by four-man teams, and the reduction to three slowed them considerably. In an attempt to save several days, the party descended from the plateau by sledging several hundred feet down the deeply crevassed [[Shackleton Icefalls]] onto the Beardmore Glacier, rather than take the slower and safer climb down the mountainside. The three emerged battered but without major injury, despite having reached speeds that Evans estimated at close to sixty miles per hour.<ref>Pound, pp. 108–110</ref> Once on the glacier, however, Evans began to suffer severe physical problems. He was initially afflicted with snow-blindness, making him unable to see clearly, and later began to develop the early signs of scurvy. These signs rapidly multiplied, leaving him weakened and constantly in severe pain, and within a couple of weeks he had deteriorated to the point that he was being pulled on the sledge by Lashly and Crean.<ref>Pound, pp. 111–115</ref> Evans was the only one to develop scurvy to this degree, and a number of arguments have been put forward as to the reason. However, it seems likely that the root cause was that unlike the other explorers, Evans had apparently tried to avoid eating [[seal meat]] (in particular seal liver) during the winter, which he disliked but which was a rich source of [[Vitamin C]].<ref>May, pp. 73–76</ref> As his companion [[Frank Debenham]] put it many years later, "Teddy really was a very naughty boy and wouldn't eat his seal meat".<ref>May, p. 75</ref>

On 13 February, Evans attempted to order them to abandon him, but they refused, in what Evans later called "the first and last time my orders as a naval officer were disobeyed".<ref>Pound, p. 116</ref> They were finally forced to halt by a blizzard on 17 February, thirty-five miles from the base camp at Hut Point, when it became clear that the two men would no longer be able to pull the sledge. Lashly remained to look after Evans while Crean headed north; after walking for eighteen hours, he arrived at the hut where he met Atkinson with an assistant and a dog team. They headed south as soon as the weather cleared, finding Evans near to death, and carefully brought him back to the camp. He arrived there a few days before the ''Terra Nova'' returned, and he was returned to the ship to be nursed back to health. He remained bedridden until April, when he arrived in New Zealand.<ref>Pound, pp. 116–119</ref>

After meeting Amundsen, recently returned from the Pole, and being reunited with his wife, Evans headed back to England, where he spent the northern summer of 1912 recuperating and raising funds for the Expedition. There, he met [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]], who promoted him to the rank of commander. Returning south later in the year, Evans commanded the ''Terra Nova'' on its relief journey; it arrived at McMurdo Sound on 18 January, the anniversary of Scott's arrival at the Pole, to be greeted by the news of the polar party's death. Recording his "overwhelming sorrow" at the news, Evans assumed formal command of the expedition in lieu of Scott, and organised the final departure of the expedition from the continent.<ref>Pound, pp. 119–125</ref>

Evans' wife, Hilda, became ill with [[peritonitis]] on board the ''Oranto'' on 14 April 1913 whilst on her way to England with her husband after his return from Scott's second and fateful expedition. She was operated on by the ship's doctor on 15 April. Conscious when the ship reached [[Naples]] on the 17th she stayed on board but after setting back to sea, she died at midnight of 18 April.<ref>{{cite news|title=Death of Mrs Evans|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=CHP19130604.2.13&srpos=4&e=20-04-1913-30-06-1913--50-CHP%2cTS-1--on--0Commander+Evans|newspaper=Press|date=4 June 1913}}</ref> Hilda was buried in Toulon, France. A memorial to Hilda Evans is to be found in Linwood Cemetery, Bromley, Christchurch, New Zealand at Block 46 Plot 205 – the Russell family grave.

In 1921 Evans published through Collins, a first hand account of the ''Terra Nova'' Expedition entitled ''South With Scott''. Out of print for many years, the book attracted interest as the centenary of the Expedition approached and it was re-examined from a counter revisionist perspective, most notably by Karen May of the Scott Polar Institute.{{clarify|date=February 2018}}

==First World War==
<!--
Evans wrote to a friend during the voyage from Antarctica, "I do know that my ambition is to succeed rather as a naval officer than as a Shackleton." - Pound p. 124

-->

Following his Antarctic service, Evans had a successful naval career, serving at the outbreak of the [[First World War]] in 1914 in the rank of commander.

On 20 April 1917, while on night patrol of the [[Dover Traffic Separation System|Dover Barrage]] near [[Goodwin Sands]], he commanded the destroyer {{HMS|Broke|1914|6}} in an action against six German destroyers of the [[Kaiserliche Marine]] that had started to bombard Dover. Along with {{HMS|Swift|1907|6}}, Evans engaged the German destroyers in what became known as the [[Battle of Dover Strait (1917)|Battle of Dover Strait]]. A torpedo from HMS ''Swift'' sank one of the enemy destroyers, {{SMS|G85||2}}. Then the ''Broke'' deliberately rammed another, {{SMS|G42||2}}, almost breaking it in two. The two ships became locked together and for a while there was close-quarters fighting on ''Broke's'' deck until the ''Broke'' managed to break free. The German destroyer sank while the remaining German warships escaped. The badly damaged ''Broke'' was towed home, while the similarly damaged ''Swift'' made her own way back. The action gained him immediate promotion to the rank of [[Captain (naval)|captain]], award of the [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]], and made Evans a popular hero, feted in the British press as "Evans of the ''Broke''". Evans wrote an account of his activities on the [[Dover Patrol]] in his book ''Keeping the Seas'' (1920).

Evans married Norwegian Elsa Andvord in 1916, by whom he had two children: [[Baron Mountevans|Richard Evans, 2nd Baron Mountevans]] (born 1918), and [[Commander|Cdr]] [[The Honourable|the Hon]] Edward Evans (born 1924), both of whom left children.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==Inter-war service==
[[File:Edward Evans UK2117.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Admiral Sir Edward Evans in 1944]]
While in command of {{HMS|Carlisle|D67|6}} on the [[China Station]], Evans rescued 200 survivors from the SS ''Hong Moh''. His actions, including swimming to give direction on the sinking ship, earned him several awards for [[life-saving]].

In February 1928 he was promoted to [[rear-admiral]] commanding the [[Royal Australian Navy]] Fleet (formally titled "Rear Admiral Commanding HM Australian Squadron"). In November 1932 he was made [[vice-admiral]]. He was commander-in-chief of the [[Cape of Good Hope Station|Africa Station]] and [[wikt:deputy|Deputy]] [[High Commissioner]] of the [[British protectorates|British Protectorates]] of [[Bechuanaland Protectorate|Bechuanaland]], [[Swaziland]] and [[Basutoland]] from 1933 to 1935. He served as [[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore]], an operational command position of the Royal Navy based at Chatham in Kent, from 1935 to 1939 and was promoted to [[admiral]] in July 1936.

Evans was advanced to [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (KCB) in 1935, and appointed a Knight of Grace of the [[Venerable Order of St John|Order of St John of Jerusalem]] (KGStJ) in 1937.

==Second World War==

Recalled in 1939, the following year Evans participated in the [[Norwegian campaign]], after which he retired from the Royal Navy on 9 January 1941. During the remainder of the [[Second World War]] he served as London Regional Commissioner for Civil Defence.<ref name="ODNB-EEvans"/> On 12 November 1945, he was created a [[Peerage of the United Kingdom|Peer]] as '''Baron Mountevans''', ''of [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] in the [[County of London]]''.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37348 |date=13 November 1945 |page=5535}}</ref><ref name=adm>{{cite web| last = Bevand| first = Paul A.| title = Admiral Sir Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell Evans, Baron Mountevans of Chelsea| work = Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904–1945| year = 2010| url = http://www.admirals.org.uk/admirals/individual.php?RecNo=43| access-date = 1 May 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111001071938/http://www.admirals.org.uk/admirals/individual.php?RecNo=43| archive-date = 1 October 2011| url-status = dead}}</ref> He was [[Rector of the University of Aberdeen]] from 1936 to 1942.

==Retirement==
On 4 March 1947 Mountevans was on board a Norwegian vessel, MV ''Bolivar'', when it broke in two and was wrecked on the [[Kish Bank]] 13 kilometers from [[Dalkey Island]]. He and 44 others on board were rescued by the [[Dún Laoghaire]] and [[Howth]] [[RNLI]] lifeboats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mariner.ie/history-3/articles/ships/bolivar/|title=The Wreck of the Bolivar &#124; National Maritime Museum of Ireland|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106125537/http://www.mariner.ie/history-3/articles/ships/bolivar/|archive-date=6 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rnli.org/findmynearest/station/Pages/Dun-Laoghaire-Lifeboat-Station.aspx|title=Dun Laoghaire Lifeboat Station – RNLI Lifeboat Stations}}</ref>

In 1947 Evans chaired a committee to formalise the rules of [[professional wrestling]] in the [[UK]]. These rules became known as the [[Admiral-Lord Mountevans rules]].{{Citation needed|date = March 2022}}

Evans died in Norway on 20 August 1957 and was succeeded by his son [[Richard Evans, 2nd Baron Mountevans]]. He was buried in the family<!--his wife's family?--> plot at the [[Cemetery of Our Saviour|Vår Frelsers gravlund]] cemetery in [[Oslo]].{{Citation needed|date = March 2022}}

==Honours and awards==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Mountevans Achievement.png
|escutcheon = Argent two bars wavy Azure between three boars' heads Sable.
|crest = Between two cross crosslets fitchee Sable a demi lion erased reguardant Or holding between the paws a boar's head also Sable.
|supporters = On either side a king penguin Proper.
|motto = Libertas<ref>{{cite book|title=Debrett's Peerage |date=2019 |page=3735}}</ref>}}
[[File:Knight Commander of the Bath star, awarded to Cecil Fane de Salis (1859-1948) in 1935.jpg|thumb|right|120px|'''KCB''' breast star]]
[[File:Star-KStJ.jpg|thumb|right|120px|'''KStJ''' breast star]]
Edward Evans received numerous honours and decorations for his Antarctic efforts, military service and for life-saving (given with [[London Gazette]] entries, where available):

'''Companion''' of the [[Order of the Bath]] (LG 16 May 1913, p.&nbsp;3507), ('''[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath|Knight Commander]]''' (1935))<br />
'''Companion''' of the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (LG 10 May 1917, p.&nbsp;4481)<br />
'''Knight of Grace''' of the [[Order of St John of Jerusalem]] (20 December 1937)<br/>
'''Grande-Oficial''' of the [[Order of the Tower and Sword]] – Portugal (LG 17 Jan 1919, p.&nbsp;887)<br />
'''Commandeur''' of the [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Order of the Crown]] – Belgium (LG 8 Apr 1921, p.&nbsp;2797)<br> 
'''Kommandør''' of the [[Order of St. Olaf|Royal Norwegian Order of St Olaf]] (1939)<br>
'''Officier''' of the [[Legion of Honour]] – France (LG 20 Jul 1917, p.&nbsp;7427)<br />
'''Officier''' of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] – Belgium (LG 1 Jan 1917, p.&nbsp;11)<br />
'''Cavaliere''' of the [[Military Order of Savoy]] – Italy (1905)<br />
[[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]] – France (LG 22 Jun 1917, p.&nbsp;6257)<br />
[[Navy Cross (United States)|Navy Cross]] – United States (LG 16 Sep 1919, p.&nbsp;11583)<br />
[[Civic Decoration (Belgium)|Médaille Civique]] – Belgium (LG 12 Dec 1919, p.&nbsp;15432)<br />
[[Polar Medal|Antarctic Polar Medal]] (Silver) (LG 25 Jul 1913, p.&nbsp;5322)<br />
[[Sea Gallantry Medal]] (1921).

He was made a [[Freedom of the City|Freeman]] of several municipalities: [[Calgary|Calgary, Alberta]], Canada (1914); [[Dover]] (1938); [[Chatham, Kent|Chatham]] (1939); [[Kingston upon Thames]] (1945); the [[City of London]] (1945); and [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] (1945).<ref name=hh>{{cite web| last = Houtermann| first = Hans| title = Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939–1945: J.H. Eaden to W.C.T. Eyres| work = Unit histories| url = http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersE.html| access-date =2 May 2010 }}</ref>

Evans also received various awards: recognising the part he played at the ''Hong Moh'' disaster in the [[South China Sea]]: [[Civic Decoration (Belgium)|Médaille Civique]] of Belgium, 1st Class for saving life at sea (1919); [[Sea Gallantry Medal|Board of Trade Silver Medal for Saving Life at Sea]] (1921); Special Gold Medal from [[Lloyd's of London|Lloyd]]'s for saving life (1921);<ref name=hh /> <br>
for his part in expeditions: King Edward VII and King George V Medal<br> for Antarctic Exploration: [[Polar Medal|Silver Polar Medal]] (24 July 1913); Gold Medallist of Royal Hungarian and [[Royal Belgian Geographical Society|Royal Belgian Geographical Societies]]; [[Livingstone Medal]]list; Gold Medals from the Cities of Paris and Rouen, and from the Geographical Societies of Marseilles, Rouen, and Newcastle; honorary member of many Geographical Societies;<ref name=hh /><br/> and, in academia: [[Legum Doctor|LLD]], Aberdeen Univ, (1936).

== In popular culture ==
In the 1948 film ''[[Scott of the Antarctic (film)|Scott of the Antarctic]]'', Evans was played by [[Kenneth More]]. In the 1985 [[Central Independent Television|Central Television]] serial, ''[[The Last Place on Earth]]'', Evans was played by actor [[Michael Maloney]].

== Publications ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Works about Antarctica'''
* ''Voyages of the 'Terra Nova{{'}}'' (1913)
* {{cite book
 | title = South with Scott
 | author = Rear-Admiral E.R.G.R Evans C.B., D.S.O., R.N.
 | year = 1921
 | publisher = [[William Collins, Sons|Collins]]
 }}
* ''British Polar Explorers'' (1944)
* ''The Desolate Antarctic'' (1950)
* ''The Antarctic Challenged'' (1955)
* ''Man of the White South: The story of Captain Scott'' (1958)

'''Other works'''
* ''Keeping the Seas'' (1920)
* ''Adventurous Life'' (1946)

{{col-break}}
'''Children's literature'''
* ''The Adventures of Peter.'' (1924)
* ''The Mysteries of the 'Polar Star{{'}}'' (1927)
* ''The Treasure Trail'' (1927)
* ''To Sweep the Spanish Main!'' (1930)
* ''For The White Cockade'' (1931)
* ''The Exile (A Story for Boys)'' (1933)
* ''Spanish Death'' (1933)
* ''Troopers of the King'' (1933)
* ''The Ghostly Galleon'' (1933)
* ''Noel Howard, Midshipman'' (1935)
* ''Pirate's Doom'' (1930)
* ''Ghosts of the Scarlet Fleet'' (1931)
* ''The Mystery Chest'' 
{{col-end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [[History of Antarctica]]
* [[Cape Evans]]
* [[Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott Expeditions]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
*{{cite journal|last=May|first=Karen|title=Could Captain Scott have been saved? Revisiting Scott's last expedition|journal=[[Polar Record]]|date=20 January 2012|volume=49|issue=1|pages=72–90|doi=10.1017/S0032247411000751|s2cid=145297104}}
*{{cite book|title=Adventurous life|author=Lord Mountevans|year=1946|place=London|publisher=Hutchinson}}
*{{cite book|title=Evans of the Broke: a biography of Admiral Lord Mountevans KCB, DSO, LLD|last=Pound|first=Reginald|year=1963|place=London|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
*{{cite ODNB|title=Evans, Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell, first Baron Mountevans (1880–1957)|first=H. G.|last=Thursfield|year=2004|id=33036}}
*{{cite thesis|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/2927729/DX225968.pdf|last=Woolven|first=Robin|title=Civil Defence in London 1935–1945: the Formation and Implementation of the Policy for, and the Performance of, the Air Raid Precautions (later Civil Defence) Services in the London Region|year=2001|publisher=King's College, London}}
*[[Apsley Cherry-Garrard|Cherry-Garrard, Apsley]]: ''The Worst Journey in the World''. {{ISBN|0-88184-478-0}}
*Evans E.R.G.R. ''South With Scott'' Collins, London, 1921.
*[[Ranulph Fiennes|Fiennes, Ranulph]] (2003). ''Captain Scott''. Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. {{ISBN|0-340-82697-5}}.
*[[Roland Huntford|Huntford, Roland]]: ''The Last Place on Earth''. {{ISBN|0-689-70701-0}}
*Preston, Diana: ''A First Rate Tragedy''. {{ISBN|0-618-00201-4}}

== External links ==
{{commons category||Edward&nbsp;Evans, 1st Baron&nbsp;Mountevans}}
* {{OL author|OL134086A}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=7825}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Evans, Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell|name=Edward Evans|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author|search=("Mountevans, Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell Evans, Baron, 1880–1957")}}

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{{s-reg|uk}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Baron Mountevans]]
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{{s-break}}
{{s-mil}}
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{{s-break}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Cape of Good Hope Station|Commander-in-Chief, Africa Station]]
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{{s-break}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Rector of the University of Aberdeen]]
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   }}
{{Fleet Commander of the Royal Australian Navy}}
{{Rectors of the University of Aberdeen}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mountevans, Edward Evans, 1st Baron}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
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