Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset

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{{short description|Lord Protector of England from 1547 to 1549}}
{{other people|1st Duke of Somerset|Duke of Somerset|named=titled}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[His Grace]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Garter|KG]] [[His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]]
| name             = The Duke of Somerset
| image            = Edward Seymour.jpg
| image_size       = 
| caption          = Portrait of Edward Seymour as 1st [[Earl of Hertford]] (cr 1537), wearing the Collar of the [[Order of the Garter]]. By unknown artist, [[Longleat House]], [[Wiltshire]].
| office1          = [[Lord High Treasurer]]
| term_start1      = 10 February 1547
| term_end1        = 10 October 1549
| monarch1         = [[Edward VI]]
| predecessor1     = [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk]]
| successor1       = [[William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester]]
| office2          = [[Lord Protector of the Realm]]
| term_start2      = 4 February 1547
| term_end2        = 11 October 1549
| monarch2         = Edward VI
| office3          = [[Lord Great Chamberlain]]
| term_start3      = c.1543
| term_end3        = c.1549
| monarch3         = [[Henry VIII]]<br>Edward VI
| predecessor3     = [[Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex]]
| successor3       = [[John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick]]
| birth_name       = 
| birth_date       = 1500
| birth_place      = 
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1552|01|22|1500|||df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Tower Hill]], London
| death_cause      = [[Decapitation]]
| body_discovered  = 
| resting_place    = [[St. Peter ad Vincula (London)|Chapel Royal of St. Peter ad Vincula]], [[Tower of London]], London, [[United Kingdom]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|51.508611|-0.076944|type:landmark_region:GB |display=inline}}
| other_names      = 
| known_for        = 
| years_active     = 
| nationality      = [[England|English]]
| residence        = {{plainlist|
* [[Somerset House]], London
* [[Syon House]], Isleworth, Middlesex
* [[Woodmancote Place]], West Sussex
}}
| networth         = 
| allegiance       = [[Kingdom of England]]
| battles          = {{plainlist|
* French wars, 1522–1524
* [[The Rough Wooing]]
* Siege of [[Boulogne]], 1544
* [[Battle of Pinkie]]
}}
| offices          = 
| predecessor      = 
| heir             = 
| successor        = 
| spouse           = {{unbulleted list|[[Catherine Fillol]]|[[Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset|Anne Stanhope]]}}
| children         = '''''with Catherine:'''''{{unbulleted list|John Seymour|[[Lord Edward Seymour (died 1593)|Lord Edward Seymour]]}}
 '''''with Anne:'''''  {{unbulleted list|Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp of Hache|[[Anne Dudley, Countess of Warwick (died 1588)|Lady Anne Seymour]]|[[Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford]], and 7 others ...}}
| parents          = {{unbulleted list|[[John Seymour (1474–1536)|Sir John Seymour]]|[[Margery Wentworth]]}}
| signature        = Signature Edward Seymour 1st Duke of Somerset.gif
| footnotes        = 
| misc             = 
}}

'''Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, 1st Earl of Hertford, 1st Viscount Beauchamp''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KG|PC}} (1500{{sfn|Beer|2009}}{{snd}}22 January 1552), also known as '''Edward Semel''',<ref>''"She is the sister of one Edward Semel [...]'' – Eustace Chapuys to Antoine Perrenot, 18 May 1536, Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10, January – June 1536, (1887)</ref> was an English nobleman and politician who served as [[Lord Protector]] of England from 1547 to 1549 during the [[Minor (law)|minority]] of his nephew King [[Edward VI]]. He was the eldest surviving brother of Queen [[Jane Seymour]], the [[Wives of Henry VIII|third wife]] of King [[Henry VIII]].

Seymour grew rapidly in favour with Henry VIII following Jane's marriage to the king in 1536, and was subsequently made [[Marquess of Hertford|Earl of Hertford]]. On Henry's death in 1547, he was appointed protector by the [[Regent|Regency Council]] on the accession of the nine-year-old Edward VI. Rewarded with the title [[Duke of Somerset]], Seymour became the effective ruler of England. Somerset continued Henry's military campaign against the Scots and achieved a sound victory at the [[Battle of Pinkie]], but ultimately he was unable to maintain his position in Scotland. Domestically, Somerset pursued further reforms as an extension of the [[English Reformation]], and in 1549 imposed the first ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'' through the [[Act of Uniformity 1549|Act of Uniformity]], offering a compromise between [[Protestant]] and [[Roman Catholic]] teachings. The unpopularity of Somerset's religious measures, along with agrarian grievances, resulted in unrest in England and provoked a series of uprisings (including the [[Prayer Book Rebellion]] and [[Kett's Rebellion]]). Costly wars and economic mismanagement brought the Crown to financial ruin, further undermining his government.

In October 1549, Somerset was forced out of power and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] by [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|John Dudley, Earl of Warwick]], and a group of privy councillors. He was later released and reconciled with Warwick (now Duke of Northumberland), but in 1551 Northumberland accused him of treason, and he was executed in January 1552. Until the 1970s historians had a highly positive view of Somerset, seeing him as a champion of political liberty and the common people, but since then he has also often been portrayed as an arrogant and inept ruler of the [[House of Tudor|Tudor]] state.

==Origins and early career==
Edward Seymour was born c.&nbsp;1500, the son of [[John Seymour (1474–1536)|Sir John Seymour]] (1474–1536), [[Feudal barony of Hatch Beauchamp|feudal baron of Hatch Beauchamp]] in Somerset, by his wife [[Margery Wentworth]], eldest daughter of Sir Henry Wentworth of [[Nettlestead, Suffolk]], and descended from [[Edward III of England|Edward III]].{{sfn|Pollard|1911}} In 1514, aged about 14, he received an appointment in the household of [[Mary Tudor, Queen of France]], and was ''enfant d'honneur'' at her marriage with [[Louis XII of France|Louis XII]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911 |inline=y |wstitle=Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of |volume=25 |pages=386–387 |last=Pollard |first=Albert Frederick |author-link=Albert Pollard}}</ref>

Seymour served in the [[Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk|Duke of Suffolk]]'s campaign in France in 1523, being knighted by the duke on 1 November, and accompanied [[Cardinal Wolsey]] on his embassy to France in 1527. Appointed [[Esquire of the Body]] to Henry VIII in 1529, he grew in favour with the king, who visited his manor at [[Hartley Wintney#Elvetham|Elvetham]] in [[Hampshire]] in October 1535.<ref name="EB1911"/>

==Rise under Henry VIII==
When Seymour's sister, [[Jane Seymour|Jane]], married King [[Henry VIII]] in 1536, Edward was created [[Viscount Beauchamp]] on 5 June 1536, and [[Earl of Hertford]] on 15 October 1537. He became Warden of the [[Scottish Marches]] and continued in royal favour after his sister's death on 24 October 1537.

[[File:Coat of arms of Edward Seymour Viscount Beauchamp.png|thumb|220px|Coat of Arms of Edward Seymour, [[:en:Viscount Beauchamp|Viscount Beauchamp]]: Quarterly of six. 1. [[:File:Coats of arms of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset.svg|''Or, on a pile, gules, between six fleurs de lys, azure three lions of England.'']] ([[Augmentation of honour|Augmentation]] granted by Henry VIII on his marriage to Jane Seymour). 2. Seymour: ''gules, two wings conjoined in lure, or.'' 3. Beauchamp of Hache: ''Vair.'' 4. Esturmy: ''Argent, three demi-lions rampant, gules.'' 5. MacWilliams: ''Per bend, argent and gules, three roses, bend-wise, counterchanged.'' 6. Coker: ''Argent, on a bend, gules, three leopards' heads, or.''{{sfn|MacCulloch|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qLBwDQAAQBAJ&q=%22six+fleurs+de+lys%22 427–8], plate 9.}}{{sfn|Boutell|1863|p=[https://archive.org/details/amanualheraldry00boutgoog/page/242/mode/2up?view=theater 243]}}]]

In 1541, during Henry's absence in the north, Hertford, [[Thomas Cranmer]] and [[Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden|Thomas Audley]] had the chief management of affairs in London. In September 1542 he was appointed [[Lord Warden of the Marches|Warden of the Scottish Marches]], and a few months later [[Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom|Lord High Admiral]], a post which he almost immediately relinquished in favour of [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|John Dudley]], the future duke of Northumberland. In March 1544 he was made lieutenant-general of the north and instructed to punish the [[Scottish people|Scots]] for their repudiation of the [[Treaty of Greenwich|treaty of marriage]] between Prince Edward and the infant [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]. He landed at [[Leith]] on 3 May 1544, [[Burning of Edinburgh|captured and pillaged Edinburgh]], and returned by land burning villages and castles along the way.<ref name="EB1911"/>

In July 1544 he was appointed lieutenant of the realm under [[Catherine Parr]], Henry's sixth wife and [[regent]], during Henry's absence at [[Sieges of Boulogne (1544–46)#First siege|Boulogne]], but in August he joined the king and was present at the surrender of the town. In the autumn he was one of the commissioners sent to [[Flanders]] to keep [[Emperor Charles V]] to the terms of his treaty with England, and in January 1545 he was placed in command at Boulogne, where on the 26th he repelled an attempt of [[Oudard du Biez|Marshal de Biez]] to recapture the town. In May he was once more appointed lieutenant-general in the north to avenge the Scottish victory at the [[Battle of Ancrum Moor]]; this he did by a savage foray into Scotland in September. He reported that on 16 September 1545 he had "sent forth a good band to the number of 1500 light horsemen in the leading of me [and] [[Robert Bowes (lawyer)|Sir Robert Bowes]], which from 5 a.m. till 3 p.m., forayed along the waters of [[River Teviot|Tyvyote]] and [[Rule Water|Rowle]], 6 or 7 miles beyond Jedburgh, and burnt 14 or 15 towns and a great quantity of all kinds of corn".<ref>James Gairdner & R H Brodie, ''Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII'', vol. 20:2 (London, 1907), no. 400: ''State Papers Henry the Eighth'', Part IV (London, 1836), pp. 521-2.</ref>

In March 1546 he was sent back to Boulogne to supersede the [[Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey|Earl of Surrey]], whose command had not been a success; and in June he was engaged in negotiations for peace with France and for the delimitation of the English conquests.<ref name="EB1911"/>

From October to the end of Henry's reign he was in attendance on the king, engaged in the struggle for predominance which was to determine the complexion of the government during the coming minority. Personal, political and religious rivalry separated him and [[Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick|Baron Lisle]] from the [[House of Howard|Howards]], and Surrey's hasty temper precipitated his own ruin and that of his father, the [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk|duke of Norfolk]]. They could not acquiesce in the Imperial ambassador's verdict that Hertford and Lisle were the only noblemen of fit age and capacity to carry on the government; and Surrey's attempt to secure the predominance of his family led to his own execution and to his father's imprisonment in the [[Tower of London]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

==Seymour's Protectorate==

===Council of Regency===
[[File:Arms of Seymour Family.svg|thumb|Arms of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset: [[Quartering (heraldry)|Quarterly]], 1st and 4th: ''Or, on a pile gules between six fleurs-de-lys azure three [[Lions in heraldry|lions of England]]'' (special grant); 2nd and 3rd: ''Gules, two wings conjoined in lure or'' (Seymour)<ref name="Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.1036">Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.1036</ref> These arms concede the positions of greatest honour, the 1st & 4th [[Quartering (heraldry)|quarters]], to a special grant of arms incorporating the fleurs-de-lys and lions of the royal [[Armorial of Plantagenet|arms of Plantagenet]]]]
Upon the death of Henry VIII (28 January 1547), Seymour's nephew became king as [[Edward VI]]. [[Henry VIII's will]] named sixteen [[executor]]s, who were to act as Edward's Council until he reached the age of 18. These executors were supplemented by twelve men "of counsail" who would assist the executors when called on.<ref>{{harvnb|Loach|1999|pp=17–18}}; {{harvnb|Jordan|1968|p=56}}</ref> The final state of Henry VIII's will has occasioned controversy. Some historians suggest that those close to the king manipulated either him or the will itself to ensure a shareout of power to their benefit, both material and religious. In this reading, the composition of the [[Privy chamber|Privy Chamber]] shifted towards the end of 1546 in favour of the [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[political faction|faction]].<ref>{{harvnb|Starkey|2002|pp=130–145}}</ref> In addition, two leading conservative Privy Councillors were removed from the centre of power. [[Stephen Gardiner]] was refused access to Henry during his last months. [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk]], found himself accused of [[treason]]; on 24–25 December, he offered his vast estates to the Crown making them available for redistribution, and he spent the whole of Edward's reign in the [[Tower of London]].<ref>{{harvnb|Starkey|2002|pp=130–145}}, incorrectly dates the surrender to 12 January, the date of Norfolk's final confession of treason; see also {{harvnb|Elton|1977|pp=330–331}}.

In his letter offering his lands, now lost but quoted in Herbert of Cherbury, ''Henry the Eight'' (1649), p. 566, Norfolk asserted that he was as innocent as "the childe that was born this night", the Christ child born on Christmas Day.</ref>

Other historians have argued that Gardiner's exclusion had non-religious causes, that Norfolk was not noticeably conservative in religion, that conservatives remained on the council, and that the radicalism of men such as Sir [[Anthony Denny]], who controlled the dry stamp that replicated the king's signature, is debatable.<ref>{{harvnb|Loach|1999|pp=19–25}}

In addressing these views, Loach cites, among others: G. Redworth, ''In Defence of the Church Catholic: the Life of Stephen Gardiner (Oxford, 1990), pp. 231–237; Susan Brigden, "Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and the Conjoured League", Historical Journal, xxxvii (1994), pp. 507–537; and Eric Ives, "Henry VIII's Will: A Forensic Conundrum", Historical Journal (1992), pp. 792–799.</ref> Whatever the case, Henry's death was followed by a lavish hand-out of lands and honours to the new power group.<ref name="Loach 1999 19–25">{{harvnb|Loach|1999|pp=19–25}}</ref> The will contained an "unfulfilled gifts" clause, added at the last minute, which allowed Henry's executors to freely distribute lands and honours to themselves and the court,<ref>{{harvnb|Starkey|2002|p=142}}; {{harvnb|Elton|1977|p=332}}

[[David Starkey]] describes this distribution of benefits as typical of "the shameless back-scratching of the alliance"; [[Geoffrey Elton|G. R. Elton]] calls the changes to the will "convenient".</ref> particularly to Seymour (then known as Earl of Hertford), who became the [[Lord Protector|Lord Protector of the Realm]] and Governor of the King's Person, and who created himself [[Duke of Somerset]].<ref name="Loach 1999 19–25"/>

Henry VIII's will did not provide for the appointment of a Protector. It entrusted the government of the realm during his son's minority to a [[Regent|Regency Council]] that would rule collectively, by majority decision, with "like and equal charge".<ref>{{harvnb|Starkey|2002|pp=138–139}}; {{harvnb|Alford|2002|p=69}}

The existence of a council of executors alongside the Privy Council was rationalised in March when the two became one, incorporating the executors and most of their appointed assistants and adding [[Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley|Thomas Seymour]], who had protested at his exclusion from power.</ref> Nevertheless, a few days after Henry's death, on 4 February, the executors chose to invest almost regal power in Edward Seymour.<ref>{{harvnb|MacCulloch|2002|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Alford|2002|p=65}}</ref> Thirteen out of the sixteen (the others being absent) agreed to his appointment as Protector, which they justified as their joint decision "by virtue of the authority" of Henry's will.<ref>{{harvnb|Starkey|2002|pp=138–139}}; {{harvnb|Alford|2002|p=67}}</ref> Seymour may have done a deal with some of the executors, who almost all received hand-outs;<ref>{{harvnb|Loach|1999|pp=26–27}}; {{harvnb|Elton|1962|p=203}}</ref> he is known to have done so with [[William Paget, 1st Baron Paget|William Paget]], private secretary to Henry VIII,<ref>In 1549, Paget was to remind Seymour: "Remember what you promised me in the gallery at Westminster before the breath was out of the body of the king that dead is. Remember what you promised immediately after, devising with me concerning the place which you now occupy ... and that was to follow mine advice in all your proceedings more than any other man's". Quoted in {{harvnb|Guy|1988|p=211}}</ref> and to have secured the support of [[Sir Anthony Browne (d.1548)|Sir Anthony Browne]] of the Privy Chamber.<ref>{{harvnb|Alford|2002|pp=67–68}}</ref>

Seymour's appointment was in keeping with historical precedent,<ref>{{harvnb|Alford|2002|pp=49–50, 91–92}}; {{harvnb|Elton|1977|p=333}} Uncles of the king had been made Protector in 1422 and 1483 during the minorities of [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] and [[Edward V of England|Edward V]] (though not also Governor of the King's Person, as Hertford's brother [[Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley|Thomas]], who coveted the role for himself, pointed out).</ref> and his eligibility for the role was reinforced by his military successes in Scotland and France. He was senior to his ally Lisle in the peerage, and was the new king's closest relative.<ref name="EB1911"/>

In March 1547, he secured [[letters patent]] from King Edward granting him the almost monarchical right to appoint members to the [[Privy Council]] himself and to consult them only when he wished.<ref>{{harvnb|Alford|2002|p=70}}; {{harvnb|Jordan|1968|pp=73–75}} In 1549, William Paget described him as king in all but name.</ref> In the words of historian [[Geoffrey Elton|G. R. Elton]], "from that moment his autocratic system was complete".<ref>{{harvnb|Elton|1977|pp=334, 338}}</ref> He proceeded to rule largely by [[proclamation]], calling on the Privy Council to do little more than rubber-stamp his decisions.<ref>{{harvnb|Alford|2002|p=66}}</ref>

Seymour's takeover of power was smooth and efficient. The [[Holy Roman Empire|imperial ambassador]] [[Francis van der Delft]] reported that he "governs everything absolutely", with Paget operating as his secretary, although he predicted trouble from [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|John Dudley, Viscount Lisle]], who had recently been raised to [[Earl of Warwick]] in the share-out of honours.<ref>{{harvnb|Jordan|1968|pp=69, 76–77}}; {{harvnb|Skidmore|2007|pp=64–63}}</ref> In fact, in the early weeks of his Protectorate, Seymour met opposition only from the [[Lord Chancellor]], [[Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton|Thomas Wriothesley]], whom the [[Earl of Southampton|Earldom of Southampton]] had evidently failed to buy off, and from his own brother.<ref>{{harvnb|Elton|1977|p=333}}</ref> Wriothesley, a religious conservative, objected to Seymour's assumption of monarchical power over the council. He then found himself abruptly dismissed from the chancellorship on charges of selling off some of his offices to delegates.<ref>{{harvnb|Loades|2004|pp=33–34}}; {{harvnb|Elton|1977|p=333}}</ref>

In his first parliament, which met in November 1547, Seymour procured the repeal of all the [[heresy]] laws and nearly all the [[treason]] laws passed since [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]. He sought to win over the Scots by those promises of autonomy, free trade, and equal privileges with England. But the Scots were not to be won over yet, and would not be persuaded; the protector led another army into Scotland in September 1547, and won the [[Battle of Pinkie Cleugh]] on 10 September. He trusted the garrisons he established throughout the Lowlands to wear down Scottish opposition, but their pressure was soon weakened by troubles in England and abroad; and [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], having been betrothed to [[Francis II of France|Francis]], heir to the French throne, was transported to France in 1548, where the two married ten years later.<ref name="EB1911"/>

To deal with the widespread social problems in England, Seymour introduced the [[Vagabonds Act 1547]], which dictated that able-bodied men who were unemployed for three days or more should be sold into slavery for two years. This law was deeply unpopular and turned many people against him, particularly local officials who were blamed for enforcing the Act.<ref>{{cite web |title=Edward Seymour and Government |url=https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tudor-england/edward-seymour-and-government/ |website=History Learning Site |date=17 March 2015 |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>

Seymour also attempted to bring uniformity to forms of worship, and in 1549 the first [[Act of Uniformity 1549|Act of Uniformity]] introduced a ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'' that attempted to compromise between different teachings; it was replaced by a more severe form in 1552, after his fall.{{sfn|Pollard|1911}} Prior to and during the Protectorate, the Book of Common Prayer was a central element of the emerging Protestant literature.<ref>King, John N. (1982). ''English Reformation Literature: the Tudor Origins of the Protestant Tradition''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; {{ISBN|9780691065021}}</ref>

===Thomas Seymour===
[[File:Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour from NPG.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley|Thomas Seymour]], Lord Admiral and brother of Edward Seymour]]
Edward Seymour faced less manageable opposition from his younger brother [[Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley|Thomas]], who has been described as a "worm in the bud".<ref>{{harvnb|Loades|2004|p=34}}</ref> As King Edward's uncle, Thomas Seymour demanded the governorship of the king's person and a greater share of power.<ref>{{harvnb|Elton|1977|pp=333, 346.}}</ref> Seymour tried to buy his brother off with a [[baron]]y, an appointment to the [[British Admiralty|Lord Admiralship]], and a seat on the Privy Council—but Thomas was bent on scheming for power. He began smuggling pocket money to King Edward, telling him that the Duke of Somerset held the purse strings too tight, making him a "beggarly king".<ref>{{harvnb|Loades|2004|p=36}}</ref> He also urged him to throw off the Protector within two years and "bear rule as other kings do"; but Edward, schooled to defer to the council, failed to co-operate.<ref>{{harvnb|Loades|2004|pp=36–37}}; {{harvnb|Brigden|2000|p=182}}</ref>

In April 1547, using King Edward's support to circumvent his brother's opposition, Thomas Seymour secretly married Henry VIII's widow [[Catherine Parr]], whose Protestant household included the 11-year-old [[Lady Jane Grey]] and the 13-year-old [[Elizabeth I of England|Princess Elizabeth]].<ref>{{harvnb|Erickson|1978|p=234}}</ref>

In summer 1548, a pregnant Catherine Parr discovered Thomas Seymour embracing Princess Elizabeth.<ref>{{harvnb|Somerset|2003|p=19}}</ref> As a result, Elizabeth was removed from Catherine Parr's household and transferred to that of Sir Anthony Denny. In that September, Catherine Parr died in childbirth, and Thomas Seymour promptly resumed his attentions to Elizabeth by letter, planning to marry her. Elizabeth was receptive, but, like Edward, unready to agree to anything unless permitted by the council.<ref>{{harvnb|Loades|2004|pp=37–38}}</ref> In January 1549, the council had Thomas Seymour arrested on various charges, including [[embezzlement]] at the Bristol [[Mint (coin)|mint]]. King Edward himself testified about the pocket money.<ref>{{harvnb|Loades|2004|pp=40–41}}; {{harvnb|Alford|2002|pp=96–97}}</ref> Most importantly, Thomas Seymour had sought to officially receive the governorship of King Edward, for no earlier Lord Protectors, unlike Edward Seymour, had ever held both functions. Lack of clear evidence for treason ruled out a trial, so Thomas was condemned instead by an [[Bill of Attainder|Act of Attainder]] and beheaded on 20 March 1549.<ref>{{harvnb|Alford|2002|pp=91–97}}</ref>

===War===
Edward Seymour's only undoubted skill was as a soldier, which he had proved on his expeditions to Scotland and in the defence of Boulogne in 1546. From the first, his main interest as Protector was the war against Scotland.<ref>{{harvnb|Brigden|2000|p=183}}; {{harvnb|MacCulloch|2002|p=42}}</ref> After a crushing victory at the [[Battle of Pinkie]] in September 1547, he set up a network of garrisons in Scotland, stretching as far north as [[Dundee]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mackie|1952|p=484}}</ref> His initial successes, however, were followed by a loss of direction, as his aim of uniting the realms through conquest became increasingly unrealistic.  The Scots allied with France, who sent reinforcements for the defence of Edinburgh in 1548,<ref>{{harvnb|Mackie|1952|p=485}}</ref> while [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], was removed to France, where she was betrothed to the [[Dauphin of France|dauphin]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wormald|2001|p=62}}; {{harvnb|Loach|1999|pp=52–53.}} The dauphin was the future [[Francis II of France]], son of [[Henry II of France]].</ref> The cost of maintaining the Protector's massive armies and his permanent garrisons in Scotland also placed an unsustainable burden on the royal finances.<ref name =Bwar>{{harvnb|Brigden|2000|p=183}}</ref> A French attack on Boulogne in August 1549 at last forced Seymour to begin a withdrawal from Scotland.<ref>{{harvnb|Elton|1977|pp=340–41}}</ref>

===Rebellion===
During 1548, England was subject to social unrest. After April 1549, a series of armed revolts broke out, fuelled by various religious and agrarian grievances. The two most serious rebellions required major military intervention to put down: one was in [[Devon]] and [[Cornwall]], the other in [[Norfolk]]. The first, called the [[Prayer Book Rebellion]] (and also known as the Western rebellion), arose mainly from the imposition of church services in English; the second, led by a tradesman called [[Kett's Rebellion|Robert Kett]], mainly from the encroachment of landlords on common grazing ground.<ref>{{harvnb|Loach|1999|pp=70–83}}</ref> A complex aspect of the social unrest was that the protestors believed they were acting legitimately against [[Enclosure|enclosing]] landlords with the Protector's support, convinced that the landlords were the lawbreakers.<ref>{{harvnb|Elton|1977|pp=347–350}}; {{harvnb|Loach|1999|pp=66–67, 86.}} For example, in Hereford, a man was recorded as saying that "by the king's proclamation all enclosures were to be broken up".</ref>

The same justification for outbreaks of unrest was voiced throughout the country, not only in Norfolk and the west. The origin of the popular view of Edward Seymour as sympathetic to the rebel cause lies partly in his series of sometimes liberal, often contradictory, proclamations.<ref>{{harvnb|Loach|1999|pp=60–61, 66–68, 89}}; {{harvnb|Elton|1962|p=207.}} Some proclamations expressed sympathy for the victims of enclosure and announced action; some condemned the destruction of enclosures and associated riots; another announced pardons for those who had destroyed enclosures by mistake ("of folly and of mistaking") after misunderstanding the meaning of proclamations, so long as they were sorry.</ref> and partly in the uncoordinated activities of the commissions he sent out in 1548 and 1549 to investigate grievances about loss of tillage, encroachment of large sheep flocks on [[common land]], and similar issues.<ref>{{harvnb|Loach|1999|pp=61–66.}}</ref> Seymour's commissions were led by the evangelical M.P. [[John Hales (died 1572)|John Hales]], whose socially liberal rhetoric linked the issue of enclosure with [[English Reformation|Reformation]] theology and the notion of a godly [[commonwealth]].<ref>{{harvnb|MacCulloch|2002|pp=49–51}}; {{harvnb|Dickens|1967|p=310}}</ref> Local groups often assumed that the findings of these commissions entitled them to act against offending landlords themselves.<ref>"Their aim was not to bring down government, but to help it correct the faults of local magistrates and identify the ways in which England could be reformed." {{harvnb|MacCulloch|2002|p=126}}</ref> King Edward wrote in his ''Chronicle'' that the 1549 risings began "because certain commissions were sent down to pluck down enclosures".<ref>{{harvnb|Loach|1999|p=85}}</ref>

Whatever the popular view of the Duke of Somerset, the disastrous events of 1549 were taken as evidence of a colossal failure of government, and the Council laid the responsibility at the Protector's door.<ref name =E350>{{harvnb|Elton|1977|p=350}}</ref> In July 1549, Paget wrote to Seymour: "Every man of the council have misliked your proceedings ... would to God, that, at the first stir you had followed the matter hotly, and caused justice to be ministered in solemn fashion to the terror of others ...".<ref>{{harvnb|Loach|1999|p=87}}</ref>

===Fall from power===
The sequence of events that led to Seymour's removal from power has often been called a ''[[coup d'état]]''.<ref name="E350"/> By 1 October 1549, Seymour had been alerted that his rule faced a serious threat. He issued a proclamation calling for assistance, took possession of the king's person, and withdrew for safety to the fortified [[Windsor Castle]], where Edward said, "Methinks I am in prison".<ref>{{harvnb|Brigden|2000|p=192}}</ref>

[[File:British (English) School - Sir Rowland Hill (1492–1561) - 1298284 - National Trust.jpg|thumb| One of Somerset's last desperate acts as Lord Protector was to request 1,000 troops from [[Rowland Hill (MP)|Sir Rowland Hill]] as Lord Mayor of London. Hill did not send assistance.]]

By 7 October he was writing desperately to [[Rowland Hill (MP)|Sir Rowland Hill]], [[Lord Mayor of London]], and a fellow member of the Privy Council requesting 1000 troops to defend him and the King.  By this point a meeting had already been had between Hill and London representatives with [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|John Dudley, then Earl of Warwick]] at [[Ely Place|Ely Palace]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HILL, Sir Rowland (by 1498-1561), of London and Hodnet, Salop. {{!}} History of Parliament Online |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/hill-sir-rowland-1498-1561 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org}}</ref> That meeting moved decisively against Somerset.

Meanwhile, a united Council published details of Seymour's mismanagement of government. They made clear that the Protector's power came from them, not from Henry VIII's will. On 11 October, the council had Seymour arrested and brought the king to [[Richmond Palace|Richmond]].<ref name="E350"/> Edward summarised the charges against Somerset in his ''Chronicle'': "ambition, vainglory, entering into rash wars in mine youth, negligent looking on Newhaven, enriching himself of my treasure, following his own opinion, and doing all by his own authority, etc."<ref>Quoted in {{harvnb|Loach|1999|p=91}}. By "Newhaven" is meant [[Ambleteuse]], near Boulogne.</ref>

In February 1550, [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|John Dudley, Earl of Warwick]], emerged as the leader of the Council and, in effect, as Seymour's successor. Although Seymour was released from the Tower and restored to the council in early 1550, in October 1551 he was sent to the Tower on an exaggerated charge of treason.<ref name="EB1911"/> Instead, he was executed for [[felony]] (that of seeking a change of government) on 22 January 1552 after scheming to overthrow Dudley's regime.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref>{{harvnb|Guy|1988|pp=212–15}}; {{harvnb|Loach|1999|pp=101–102}}</ref> Edward noted his uncle's death in his ''Chronicle'': "the duke of Somerset had his head cut off upon Tower Hill between eight and nine o'clock in the morning".<ref>{{harvnb|Loach|1999|p=102}}</ref> Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset was interred at [[St. Peter ad Vincula (London)|St. Peter ad Vincula]], [[Tower of London]].

===Historiography===
Historians have contrasted the efficiency of Edward Seymour's takeover of power in 1547 with the subsequent ineptitude of his rule.<ref>{{harvnb|MacCulloch|2002|p=104}}; {{harvnb|Dickens|1967|p=279}}</ref> By autumn 1549, his costly wars had lost momentum, the crown faced financial ruin, and riots and rebellions had broken out around the country. Until recent decades, Seymour's reputation with historians was high, in view of his many proclamations that appeared to back the common people against a rapacious landowning class.<ref>{{harvnb|Elton|1977|p=333''n''}}; {{harvnb|Alford|2002|p=65}}.</ref> In the early 20th century this line was taken by the influential [[A. F. Pollard]], and was echoed by Edward VI's 1960s biographer [[Wilbur Kitchener Jordan|W. K. Jordan]]. A more critical approach was initiated by M. L. Bush and Dale Hoak in the mid-1970s. Since that time the first Duke of Somerset has often been portrayed as an arrogant ruler, devoid of the political and administrative skills necessary for governing the Tudor state.<ref>{{harvnb|Elton|1977|pp=334–350}}</ref><ref>David Loades, "The reign of Edward VI: An historiographical survey", ''Historian'' 67#1 (2000): 22+ [https://search.proquest.com/openview/6e66c4ea075218e9e4650f5ae82126ac/1 online]</ref>

==Marriages and children==
[[File:SeymourMonumentBerry PomeroyDevon.JPG|thumb|upright|Monument to Lord Edward Seymour (d.1593), and to his son and daughter-in-law, [[St Mary's Church, Berry Pomeroy]]]]

Edward Seymour married twice:
*Firstly by 1518, to [[Catherine Fillol]] (or Filliol) (d.&nbsp;{{circa|1535}}), a daughter and co-heiress of Sir William Fillol (1453–1527), of [[Fillol's Hall]], Essex and [[Woodlands, Dorset|Woodlands]], [[Horton, Dorset|Horton]], Dorset.{{sfn|Beer|2009}}<ref>{{harvnb|Vivian|1895|p=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yale.39002002213917&view=1up&seq=716 702]}}, pedigree of Seymour</ref> Catherine bore two sons, whose paternity was questioned by her husband after it was discovered that she was "apt to bestow her favours too liberally",<ref>{{harvnb|Beer|2009|ps=: "Reports that Katherine was repudiated by her husband because of misconduct, and that the paternity of her eldest son was suspect, circulated during the seventeenth century."}}</ref>{{sfn|Seymour|1972|pp=116–117}} which resulted in both being excluded in 1540 from their paternal and maternal inheritances, and all their claims to their father's dignities being postponed to his children by his second wife.<ref name="archive.org">Locke, A. Audrey, ''The Seymour Family: History and Romance'', London, 1911, p. [https://archive.org/details/seymourfamilyhis00lockuoft/page/192/mode/2up 193]</ref> Ironically these two sons remained faithful to their father during his misfortunes and both were imprisoned with him in the [[Tower of London]]:
** John Seymour (1527&nbsp;– 19 December 1552) was sent to the Tower where he died in December 1552,<ref name="archive.org"/> having survived his father by 11 months. He successfully petitioned Parliament for the restoration of his maternal inheritance, but as her lands had been sold, he was awarded compensation in the form of the estate of [[Maiden Bradley Priory|Maiden Bradley]], an Augustinian priory in Wiltshire granted to his father at the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|Dissolution]] by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], which had descended to his half-siblings.<ref>Locke, A. Audrey, ''The Seymour Family: History and Romance'', London, 1911, p.  [https://archive.org/details/seymourfamilyhis00lockuoft/page/194/mode/2up 194]</ref> However, he did not live to enjoy the grant and bequeathed it with all his other lands and goods to his younger brother Lord Edward Seymour.
** [[Lord Edward Seymour (died 1593)|Lord Edward Seymour]] (1529–1593){{efn|Name 'Lord Edward Seymour' is per Vivian, ''Herald's Visitations of Devon'', 1895, p.702,{{Better source needed|date=October 2020}} and as shown on the inscription on his monument in [[St Mary's Church, Berry Pomeroy|Berry Pomeroy Church]]: ''Here lyeth the bodies of the Honorable Lord Edward Seymour, knight, sonne unto th Right Honorable Edward Seymour Duke of Somerset...''}} of [[Berry Pomeroy]], Devon, [[Sheriff of Devon]].<ref>The Complete Peerage vol.XIIpI, p.84</ref> He was sent to the Tower in 1551 but was later released, and became heir to his elder brother, from whom he inherited Maiden Bradley, where today [[Bradley House, Wiltshire|Bradley House]] is the seat of his descendant, the present Duke of Somerset.
[[File:Anne stanhope.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Anne Stanhope]]
*Secondly, before 9 March 1535, to [[Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset|Anne Stanhope]] (c. 1510–1587), only child and sole heiress of Sir Edward Stanhope (1462–1511) by his wife [[Elizabeth Bourchier (died 1557)|Elizabeth Bourchier]] (c. 1473–1557), daughter of [[Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin]] (1445–1479). Seymour's suspicions about the fathering of Catherine Fillol's sons led him to obtain an [[act of Parliament]]{{which|date=November 2023}} in 1540, [[entail]]ing his estates away from the children of his first wife in favour of the children of Anne Stanhope.<ref name = DNB>{{cite DNB |wstitle=Seymour, Edward (1506?-1552) |volume=51 |noicon=y }}</ref> By Anne, he had ten children:
**Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp of Hache (12 October 1537{{snd}}1539), known by the [[courtesy title]] of one of his father's subsidiary titles. He died as a two-year-old infant and predeceased his father.
**[[Anne Dudley, Countess of Warwick (died 1588)|Lady Anne Seymour]] (1538–1588), who married twice: firstly to [[John Dudley, 2nd Earl of Warwick]]; secondly to Sir [[Edward Unton (high sheriff)|Edward Unton]], [[Member of Parliament|MP]], by whom she had children.
**[[Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford]] (22 May 1539{{snd}}1621), in 1559 created [[Earl of Hertford]] and [[Baron Beauchamp|Baron Beauchamp of Hatch]]<ref name="Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.1036"/> by Queen Elizabeth I, the half-sister of King Edward VI. He married three times: firstly in November 1560, [[Lady Catherine Grey]], by whom he had two sons; secondly in 1582 to Frances Howard, daughter of [[William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham|Baron Howard of Effingham]]; thirdly in 1601 to [[Frances Howard, Duchess of Richmond|Frances Prannell]].
**[[Lord Henry Seymour (naval commander)|Lord Henry Seymour (1540–?)]], married Lady Joan Percy, daughter of [[Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland]]
**[[Lady Margaret Seymour]] (born 1540), a noted author
**[[Lady Jane Seymour]] (1541–1561), Maid of Honour to Queen Elizabeth I, also a noted author
**Lady Catherine Seymour
**Lady Mary Seymour (born 1542), who married three times:
** Firstly to [[Francis Cosby]]<ref name="ReferenceA">Royal Ancestry by Douglas Richardson, Vol IV:619</ref><ref>Genealogies of Virginia Vamilies From William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine, Vol V, p186</ref><ref>The Early Descendants of Wm. Overton & Elizabeth Waters of Virginia, and Allied Families, W.P. Anderson, p.&nbsp;17</ref>
**Secondly, to Andrew Rogers (died c. 1599), MP,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/rogers-andrew-1599|title=ROGERS, Andrew (died c. 1599), of Bryanston, Dorset. – History of Parliament Online|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> of Bryanstone, Dorset. They had no children. 
**Thirdly, to Sir Henry Peyton<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Peyton, Sir Henry |volume=45 |noicon=y }}</ref>
**Lord Edward Seymour (1548–1574), died unmarried and childless
**Lady Elizabeth Seymour (1552&nbsp;– 3 June 1602), who married [[Richard Knightley|Sir Richard Knightley]], of [[Fawsley]], Northamptonshire. Her monument with effigy survives in All Saints church, [[Norton, Northamptonshire]].<ref>See image:  [[:File:LadyElizabethSeymour Died1602 WifeOf SirRichardKnightley NortonChurch Northamptonshire.jpg|Monument to Lady Elizabeth Seymour]]  (1552 – 3 June 1602), wife of Sir Richard Knightley, of Fawsley, Northamptonshire, Norton Church, Northamptonshire.</ref>

The male line of Edward Seymour and Anne Stanhope died out with the [[Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset|seventh Duke of Somerset]] in 1750, when the descendants of Edward Seymour by his first wife, Catherine Fillol, inherited the Somerset dukedom in accordance with the private act{{which|date=November 2023}} of 1540.<ref name = DNB/> However, the female line continued, and Queen Elizabeth II was descended from Somerset through his grandchild by Catherine Grey.

== In popular culture ==

=== Books ===
* Edward Seymour appears in ''[[The Prince and the Pauper]]'' by [[Mark Twain]].
* Edward Seymour is the main character in ''The Path To Somerset'' by Janet Wertman, which depicts Edward's rise to power and rivalry with [[Stephen Gardiner]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-9971338-4-4|title=The Path to Somerset|date=8 October 2018|website=Publishers Weekly|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref>

=== Television ===
* [[Laurence Naismith]] portrayed Edward Seymour in the 1962 [[Walt Disney anthology television series#Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color (1961–1969)|Disneyland]] TV film ''The Prince and the Pauper''.
* Daniel Moynihan portrayed Edward Seymour in the 1970 [[BBC]] series ''[[The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1970 TV series)|The Six Wives of Henry VIII]]''.
* Michael Brill portrayed Edward Seymour in the 1969 musical film ''The Adventures of the Prince and the Pauper''.
* [[Bernard Kay]] portrayed Edward Seymour in the 1976 TV series ''The Prince and the Pauper''.
* [[John Bowe (actor)|John Bowe]] portrayed Edward Seymour in the 1996 miniseries ''The Prince and the Pauper''.
* Richard Felix portrayed Edward Seymour in the 2001 TV series ''[[The Six Wives of Henry VIII (2001 TV series)|The Six Wives of Henry VIII]]''.
* Thomas Lockyer portrayed Edward Seymour in the 2003 TV serial ''[[Henry VIII (TV serial)|Henry VIII]]''.
* [[Max Brown (English actor)|Max Brown]] portrayed Edward Seymour in [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]'s original [[historical fiction]] television series ''[[The Tudors]]'', which portrayed him as a shrewd and ambitious political player.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QUbDgAAQBAJ&q=edward+seymour+in+fiction&pg=PA148|title=History, Fiction, and The Tudors: Sex, Politics, Power, and Artistic License in the Showtime Television Series|last=Robison|first=William B.|date=11 February 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-43883-6|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Ed Speleers]] portrayed Edward Seymour in the 2015 miniseries ''[[Wolf Hall (miniseries)|Wolf Hall]]''.
*[[John Heffernan (British actor)|John Heffernan]] portrayed Edward in the 2022 [[Starz]] series ''[[Becoming Elizabeth]]''.

=== Film ===
* [[Felix Aylmer]] portrayed Edward Seymour in the 1936 film ''[[Tudor Rose (film)|Tudor Rose]]''.
* [[Claude Rains]] portrayed Edward Seymour in the 1937 film ''[[The Prince and the Pauper (1937 film)|The Prince and the Pauper]]''.
* [[Guy Rolfe]] portrayed Edward Seymour in the 1953 film ''[[Young Bess]]''.
* [[Michael Byrne (actor)|Michael Byrne]] portrayed Edward Seymour in the 1972 film ''[[Henry VIII and His Six Wives]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/570886/credits.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Henry VIII and His Six Wives (1972) Credits|website=www.screenonline.org.uk|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref>
* [[Rex Harrison]] portrayed Edward Seymour in the 1977 film ''[[The Prince and the Pauper (1977 film)|The Prince and the Pauper]]''.
* [[Jonathan Hyde]] portrayed Edward Seymour in the 2000 film ''[[The Prince and the Pauper (2000 film)|The Prince and the Pauper]]''.
* Thomas Lockyer portrayed Edward Seymour in the 2003 film ''[[The Other Boleyn Girl (2003 film)|The Other Boleyn Girl]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jq3UvEK_rHQC&pg=PA98|title=The Tudors on Film and Television|last1=Parrill|first1=Sue|last2=Robison|first2=William B.|date=4 February 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5891-2|pages=98|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tudor period]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|colwidth=60em}}
*{{citation |last=Alford |first=Stephen |year=2002 |title=Kingship and Politics in the Reign of Edward VI |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-03971-1}}.
*{{cite ODNB|last=Beer|first=Barrett L.|orig-year=First published 2004 |date=January 2009|title=Seymour, Edward, duke of Somerset [known as Protector Somerset] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/25159}}.
* {{Citation |last=Boutell |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Boutell |title=A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular |year=1863 |publisher=Winsor & Newton |url=https://archive.org/stream/amanualheraldry00boutgoog#page/n346/mode/2up |location=London}}
*{{citation |last=Brigden |first=Susan |year=2000 |title=New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603 |publisher=Allen Lane/Penguin |place=London |isbn=0-7139-9067-8}}.
*{{citation |last=Dickens |first=A. G. |year=1967 |title=The English Reformation |publisher=Fontana |place=London |isbn=0-00-686115-6}}.
*{{citation |last=Elton |first=G. R. |author-link=Geoffrey Elton |year=1962 |title=England Under the Tudors |publisher=Methuen |place=London |oclc=154186398}}.
*{{citation |last=Elton |first=G. R. |year=1977 |title=Reform and Reformation |publisher=Edward Arnold |place=London |isbn=0-7131-5953-7}}.
*{{citation |last=Erickson |first=Carolly |author-link=Carolly Erickson |year=1978 |title=Bloody Mary |publisher=Doubleday |place=New York |isbn=0-385-11663-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodymary00eric }}.
*{{citation |last=Guy |first=John |author-link=John Guy (historian) |year=1988 |title=Tudor England |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford |isbn=0-19-285213-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/tudorengland00john }}.
*{{citation |last=Jordan |first=W. K. |year=1968 |title=Edward VI: The Young King. The Protectorship of the Duke of Somerset |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |place=London |oclc=40403}}.
*{{citation |last=Loach |first=Jennifer |year=1999 |title=Edward VI |editor1-first=George |editor1-last=Bernard |editor2-first=Penry |editor2-last=Williams |publisher=Yale University Press |place=New Haven, CT |isbn=0-300-07992-3}}.
*{{citation |last=Loades |first=David |author-link=David Loades |year=2004 |title=Intrigue and Treason: The Tudor Court, 1547–1558 |publisher=Pearson Longman |place=London |isbn=0-582-77226-5}}
*{{citation |last=MacCulloch |first=Diarmaid |year=2002 |title=The Boy King: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation |publisher=University of California Press |place=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-23402-2}}.
*{{citation |last=MacCulloch |first=Diarmaid |author-link=Diarmaid MacCulloch |year=2018 |title=Thomas Cromwell: A Life |publisher=Allen Lane |place=London |isbn=9780141967660}}. 
*{{citation |last=Mackie |first=J. D. |author-link=J. D. Mackie |year=1952 |title=The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558 |publisher=Clarendon Press |place=Oxford |oclc=186603282}}.
*{{citation |last=Seymour |first=William |year=1972 |title=Ordeal by Ambition: An English Family in the Shadow of the Tudors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpogAAAAMAAJ |location=London |publisher=[[Sidgwick & Jackson]] |isbn=978-0283978661 }}
*{{citation |last=Skidmore |first=Chris |author-link=Chris Skidmore |year=2007 |title=Edward VI: The Lost King of England |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |place=London |isbn=978-0-297-84649-9}}.
* {{cite book | last=Somerset | first=Anne | title=Elizabeth I | publisher=Anchor Books | publication-place=New York | date=2003 | isbn=978-0-307-77399-9 | oclc=697656720 | url=https://archive.org/details/elizabethi00some_0 |url-access=registration }}
*{{citation |last=Starkey |first=David |year=2002 |title=The Reign of Henry VIII |publisher=Vintage |place=London |isbn=0-09-944510-7}}.
*{{cite book|last=Vivian |first=J.L. |title=The Visitations of the County of Devon, Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564, to 1620, with additions by J. L. Vivian |location=Exeter |publisher=H.S. Eland |year=1895 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yale.39002002213917&view=1up&seq=716}}.
*{{citation |last=Wormald |first=Jenny |year=2001 |title=Mary, Queen of Scots: Politics, Passion and a Kingdom Lost |publisher=Tauris Parke |place=London |isbn=1-86064-588-7}}.
{{refend}}

===Historiography===
{{Commons category}}
* Loades, David. "The reign of Edward VI: An historiographical survey" '' Historian'' 67#1 (2000): 22+ [https://search.proquest.com/openview/6e66c4ea075218e9e4650f5ae82126ac/1 online]
{{S-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford|The Lord Russell]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[British Admiralty|Lord High Admiral]]|years=1542–1543}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|The Viscount Lisle]]}}

{{s-bef| rows   = 2 | before = [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk|The Duke of Norfolk]] }}
{{s-ttl| title  = [[Lord High Treasurer]]
       | years  = 1547–1549 }}
{{s-aft| after  = [[William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester|The Marquess of Winchester]] }}
{{s-ttl| title  = [[Earl Marshal]]
       | years  = 1547–1549 }}
{{s-aft| after  = [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|The Earl of Warwick]] }}
{{s-vac | last= [[Richard III of England|The Duke of Gloucester]]}}
{{s-ttl | title= [[Lord Protector|Lord Protector of the Realm]]
        | years=1547–1549}}
{{s-vac | next= [[Oliver Cromwell]]}}
{{s-hon|en}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk|The Duke of Suffolk]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire]]|years=1551–1552}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton|The Marquess of Northampton]]}}
{{S-reg|en}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl| title  = [[Duke of Somerset]]
       | years  = 1547–1552 }}
{{s-vac|forfeit
       | next   = [[William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset|William Seymour]] }}
{{S-end}}

{{House of Tudor Lord High Treasurers}}
{{Dukes of Somerset}}
{{Chancellors of the University of Cambridge}}

{{Authority control}}

<!--in 1536, as Viscount Beauchamp-->

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somerset, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke Of}}
<!--Categories-->
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