Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Effects of Hurricane Georges in Puerto Rico

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Hurricane Georges
| image = Hurricane Georges (Puerto Rico).PNG
| caption = Hurricane Georges approaching Puerto Rico
| no-history = y
}}{{Infobox weather event/NWS
| winds = 100
| pressure = 968
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 1998
| fatalities = 1 direct, 7 indirect
| damage = 3000000000
| areas = [[Puerto Rico]], particularly [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]] and [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]]
| refs = 
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1998 Atlantic hurricane season]]
| related = {{Hurricane Georges related}}
}}
The '''effects of [[Hurricane Georges]] in [[Puerto Rico]]''' included $2&nbsp;billion in damages and five fatalities. Hurricane Georges was the first hurricane to cross the entire island since the [[1932 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Seven|San Ciprian Hurricane]] in 1932.<ref name="puertovirgin"/> Georges formed on September 15 as Tropical Depression Seven off the African coast. Georges strengthened into a Category 4-hurricane on September 19 as it made landfall in the [[Lesser Antilles]]. Georges made landfall on the island on September 21 as a Category 3-hurricane. Georges caused $3 billion (1998 [[United States dollar|USD]], $4.5 billion 2017 USD) in damage to the island.

==Background==
[[File:Georges 1998 track.png|thumb|left|Track of Hurricane Georges|alt=A map of a path across a portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The track starts near the Cape Verde Islands, and heads generally west-northwestward. South America is depicted on the lower-left side of the map.]]
{{Main article|Hurricane Georges|Meteorological history of Hurricane Georges}}
Hurricane Georges began as a [[tropical wave]] that moved off the coast of Africa during mid-September 1998. Tracking westward, the wave spawned an [[Low-pressure area|area of low pressure]] two days later, which quickly strengthened into a tropical depression. On September&nbsp;16, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Georges, and to Hurricane Georges the next day. The storm reached its peak intensity on September&nbsp;20 with winds of {{convert|155|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, just below [[Category 5 hurricane|Category 5 status]] on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]].<ref name="TCR"/>

Over the following five days, the hurricane tracked through the [[Greater Antilles]], causing over 600 fatalities, mainly in the [[Dominican Republic]] and [[Haiti]]. By September&nbsp;25, Georges entered the [[Gulf of Mexico]] as a [[Category 2 hurricane]]. The storm made landfall three days later near [[Biloxi, Mississippi]] with winds of {{convert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Upon landfall, the hurricane's forward motion slowed to an eastward drift. Georges dissipated on October&nbsp;1 near the Atlantic coast of Florida.<ref name="TCR"/>

== Preparations ==
On September 19, a hurricane watch was issued for Puerto Rico. A day later on September 20, the watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning for the entire island. The warning was discontinued on September 22 at 1500 [[UTC]].<ref name="TCR">{{
cite web
| author=John L. Guiney
| date=1999-01-05
| title=Hurricane Georges Preliminary Report
| publisher=National Hurricane Center 
| accessdate=2007-08-18
| url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998georges.html
}}</ref> More than 1,600 people sought shelter in public buildings on Puerto Rico and the nearby United States Virgin Islands.<ref name="puertoprep">{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/9809/21/hurricane.georges.01/ | title = Hurricane Georges pounds Caribbean islands | author = Staff writer | agency=[[Associated Press]] (via the [[Internet Archive#Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]]) | date = 1998-09-21 | accessdate = 2007-08-24 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060829204640/http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/9809/21/hurricane.georges.01/ |archivedate = 2006-08-29}}</ref> Both areas declared a state of emergency and activated the [[United States National Guard]] for help. Puerto Rico's governor, [[Pedro Rosselló]] banned all liquor sales and ordered the [[Puerto Rico Police]] to open all the shelters throughout the island.<ref name="puertoprep"/> Banks and schools closed and flights were canceled as Puerto Rico braced for the upcoming impact. More than 1,000 people left their homes for shelters in towns of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], Arecibo and Mayagüez.

== Impact ==
[[Image:Georges 1998 Puerto Rico rainfall.gif|thumb|left|Total rainfall in Puerto Rico from Georges]]
[[File:Home destroyed by Hurricane Georges in Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|right|A home destroyed by Georges in Toa Baja]]
Upon making landfall in Puerto Rico, Hurricane Georges brought 10 and 20-foot storm surges in succession.<ref name="wave">{{cite web|url=http://www.arrl.org/w1aw/1998-arlb076.html |publisher=[[American Radio Relay League]] |title=Hurricane Georges hits Puerto Rico and moves on |date=1998-09-22 |accessdate=2007-08-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211636/http://www.arrl.org/w1aw/1998-arlb076.html |archivedate=2007-09-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rainfall totaled out to {{convert|30.51|in|mm}} in Jayuya with rains of up to {{convert|25|in|mm}} spread around the rest of the island.<ref name="hpc">{{cite web| url = http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/georges1998.html | author = David Roth | title = Hurricane Georges - September 19 - October 1, 1998 | work = Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Climatology | accessdate = 2007-08-25}}</ref> As the mountains' flooding drained off into every river in [[Puerto Rico]] and causing them to overflow.<ref name="puertovirgin">{{cite web | url = http://www.srh.noaa.gov/sju/public_report.html | title = Hurricane Georges Preliminary Storm Report | author = Shawn P. Bennett and Rafael Mojica | publisher = [[National Weather Service]] | accessdate = 2007-08-25 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081014181517/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/sju/public_report.html | archivedate = 2008-10-14}}</ref> Three tornadoes were reported to possibly have occurred on Puerto Rico. One was detected just north of [[Puenta Este]] in Vieques. A second one was recorded in the Orocovis and Barranquitas general area at about 100 [[UTC]]. [[Doppler weather radar]] recorded a third tornado in the Jayuya area.<ref name="puertovirgin"/> No fatalities were reported on the island. Damages to the utility system was catastrophic. 96[[percent|%]] of the electrical system was lost for 1.3 million people. Water and sewer service was lost to 75% of the island's population. Road damage totaled out to $21.995 million. Only 8.4% of the population lost telephone service.<ref name="puertovirgin"/>

The agricultural sector of Puerto Rico lost over 50% of its crops and 65% of its poultry.<ref name="puertovirgin"/> Equipment, agriculture and manufacturing losses amounted to $212.9&nbsp;million a day. Damages to houses were catastrophic, with 28,005&nbsp;houses completely destroyed; an additional 72,000 were partially destroyed. On the nearby island of [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]], 74&nbsp;houses were completely destroyed with 89&nbsp;suffering partial damage. Schools received an estimated $20–25&nbsp;million in damage. The total damage to the Puerto Rican economy was estimated at $1.907&nbsp;billion.<ref name="puertovirgin"/>

[[File:Puente Victor Rojas, Arecibo, Puerto Rico - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Victor Rojas Bridge, had collapsed in 1998 with the forces from Hurricane George]]
The {{lang|es|Puente Victor Rojas}} in Arecibo collapsed during Hurricane Georges.<ref name="Flood of 1998">{{cite web |title=Flood of September 22, 1998, in Arecibo and Utuado, Puerto Rico |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri01-4247/pdf/wri01_4247.pdf |website=pubs.usgs.gov |accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref>

No deaths in Puerto Rico have been directly attributed to Hurricane Georges. Georges indirectly caused 8 deaths in Puerto Rico.<ref name="puerto">{{cite web | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00055476.htm | title = Deaths Associated with Hurricane Georges &ndash; Puerto Rico, September 1998 | author = CDC | publisher = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] | accessdate = 2007-08-27}}</ref> A 28-year-old woman died from [[carbon monoxide poisoning]] after operating a gasoline-powered generator inside her home. Two others were hospitalized for the same issue. A Bayamón man was found dead from carbon monoxide poisoning after fumes entered his store. A mother and her three children were killed as a lit candle set their house on fire.<ref name="puerto"/> The other two cases were due to accidents (head trauma and electrocution) while repairing storm damage. Total damages from the storm amounted to roughly $3&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=1998|accessdate=April 20, 2009|title=NCDC Event Report: Puerto Rico Hurricane|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~347811}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
[[Image:Georges PR Damage.jpg|left|thumb|Severe flooding caused by the storm]]
The [[Church World Service]] donated 1,000 bed sheets, 200 light-weight blankets, 1,000 cotton blankets, 2,000 health/first aid kits, 500 kerosene lanterns, 6,000 vials of water purification tablets, 1,000 school kits, 350 layettes, 500 flashlights, 500 sets of batteries, and 1,000 air mattresses to the Puerto Rico Council of Churches and other organizations. Total value of the items reached over $100,000 (1998 USD).<ref name="ReliefWeb">{{
cite web
| author=ReliefWeb
| year=1998
| title=Expanded emergency appeal : Hurricane Georges
| publisher=ReliefWeb
| accessdate=2007-08-25
| url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/ACOS-64DAWQ?OpenDocument
}}</ref> The [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] donated a 50-generator power pack for the island on September 23. The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] purchased 1 million pounds of ice and gallons of water for distribution. The Army Corps also provided teams of emergency debris clearance and removal.<ref name="ReliefWeb2">{{
cite web
 |author=ReliefWeb 
 |year=1998 
 |title=FEMA operates In both response and recovery modes after hurricane Georges hits Puerto Rico and heads toward Florida 
 |publisher=ReliefWeb 
 |accessdate=2007-08-25 
 |url=http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/03a244915646dfc9c1256689004cd2ad?OpenDocument 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184236/http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/03a244915646dfc9c1256689004cd2ad?OpenDocument 
 |archivedate=2007-09-27 
}}</ref> [[New York Yankees]] manager [[George Steinbrenner]] donated $200,000 from the [[Yankee Foundation]] to the hardest-hit areas of Puerto Rico and the nearby [[Dominican Republic]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite news| author=Staff Writer| title=Steinbrenner Will Donate $200,000 for Hurricane Relief Effort| newspaper=New York Times|accessdate=August 26, 2007| url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10F16FE34580C7A8EDDA90994D0494D81&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/H/Hurricanes%20and%20Tropical%20Storms | date=October 29, 1998}}</ref>

Federal and Commonwealth officials created a 5-year, $1.2 billion plan to build and replace homes destroyed by Georges. The money for this rebuilding process was to be funded by state and local governments and houses were not to be built in landslide-prone areas. FEMA also ordered that they be built stronger as Georges devastated houses made out of wood or corrugated metal. FEMA received more than 190,000 requests for aid and had given more than $65 million in aid checks.<ref name="USATODAY">{{cite news| author=Staff Writer| title=FEMA announces housing plan for Puerto Rico| newspaper=USA Today| accessdate=August 26, 2007| url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/1998/wgprmony.htm | date=June 11, 1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991115161826/https://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/1998/wgprmony.htm |archive-date=1999-11-15}}</ref>

Hurricane Georges caused catastrophic damage to the road system in Puerto Rico. The hurricane had affected over 7000 kilometers of roads and 2100 bridges throughout the island. Most of these effects were structural failure, signs, signal systems, and landslides. The Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works started an emergency response to clean up the roads. Over 230 teams cleaned up debris and installed four temporary bridges.<ref name="FEMA-Roads">{{cite web|author=Staff Writer |year=1999 |title=FEMA – Hurricane Georges – Transportation |publisher=Federal Emergency Management Agency |accessdate=August 26, 2007 |url=http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=10167 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111617/http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=10167 |archivedate=September 29, 2007 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Puerto Rico}}
*[[Effects of Hurricane Georges in the Dominican Republic]]
*[[Effects of Hurricane Georges in the Lesser Antilles]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Georgesseries}}

[[Category:Hurricanes in Puerto Rico|Georges Effects]]
[[Category:Hurricane Georges]]
[[Category:1998 in Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Effects of tropical cyclones|Georges]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]