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{{Use Hong Kong English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Politics of Hong Kong}}
'''Elections in Hong Kong''' take place when certain political offices in the government need to be filled. Hong Kong has a [[multi-party system]], with numerous [[List of political parties in Hong Kong|parties]] in the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]. The [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong]] is [[Non-partisan democracy|nonpartisan]] but has to work with several parties to form a [[coalition government]].

Every four years, ninety representatives are chosen to sit on the [[unicameralism|unicameral]] [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] (LegCo). Twenty seats representing the [[geographical constituencies]] are returned by popular vote, thirty seats representing the [[Functional constituency (Hong Kong)|functional constituencies]] are elected through smaller closed elections within business sectors, and the remaining forty seats representing the [[Election Committee (constituency)|Election Committee constituency]] are chosen by members of the [[Election Committee (Hong Kong)|Election Committee]]. The [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong]] is returned by the 1,500-member [[Election Committee of Hong Kong|Election Committee]] on five-year intervals. [[Hong Kong local elections|Local elections]] are held on four-year intervals to return members of [[District councils of Hong Kong|District Councils]].
 
Following the [[2019–2020 Hong Kong protests]], and the landslide victory of [[Hong Kong]]'s [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|pro-democracy camp]] in the [[2019 Hong Kong local elections]], the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] unilaterally passed the [[Hong Kong national security law]] and [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes|changes to Annex I and Annex II]] of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]]. Pro-democracy activists are now prevented from participating in future elections, curtailing the influence of the public's vote on the outcome.

==History==
{{Main|Democratic development in Hong Kong}}

Elections for unofficial members of the [[Urban Council]] were held since 1888. Suffrage was restricted to residents on the special and common jury lists between 1888 and 1973. In 1973, the electoral franchise for the [[Urban Council]] was widened to residents above 21 years of age who have lived in Hong Kong for at least three years that qualified in at least one of 23 specified categories, which included educational qualifications (School Certificate Examination or equivalent), being a juror, salaried taxpayer, or a member of certain professional organisations as listed in Schedule 1 of the Urban Council Ordinance (Cap. 101, ''Laws of Hong Kong'').<ref>Norman Miners. 1981. ''The Government and Politics of Hong Kong''. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.</ref> Half of the members of the Urban Council were elected, but by a minority of the population. It was estimated that in 1970 there were 250,000 eligible voters<ref>“Elected Urbco protest over reform plan,” in: ''South China Morning Post'', 1970</ref>  and in 1981 the number had increased to 400,000 – 500,000.<ref>“Sing Tao Jih Pao,” in ''Hong Kong Standard'', 8 March 1981</ref> Prominent elected Urban Councilors included [[Elsie Tu]] and [[Brook Bernacchi]] of the [[Reform Club (Hong Kong)|Reform Club]].

=== Expansion of elected offices ===
The ''Green Paper: A Pattern of District Administration in Hong Kong'' was published on 6 June 1980 for public consultations on reforming local administration in Hong Kong. The Green Paper recommended that elections by popular vote be introduced to return some members of the newly established [[District councils of Hong Kong|District Boards]] and unofficial members of the Urban Council.<ref>{{cite book|title=Green Paper: A Pattern of District Administration in Hong Kong|author=The Hong Kong Government|publisher=Government Printer|location=Hong Kong|year=1980}}</ref> The [[White Paper on District Administration in Hong Kong|''White Paper: District Administration in Hong Kong'']] of January 1981 further cemented the government's will to introduce elections by popular vote. Proposals in the White Paper were implemented between 1982 and 1983, during which elections to the [[District councils of Hong Kong|District Boards]] and [[Urban Council]] were held.

Months before the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] was signed which the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China governments agreed on handing over Hong Kong from British to Chinese rule in 1997, the ''Green Paper: the Further Development of Representative Government in Hong Kong'' was published in July 1984. The Green Paper cemented first large-scale constitutional reform in developing a representative government during the British rule. The Green Paper suggested the introduction of [[indirect election]] in two stages in 1985 and 1988 to the [[unofficial member]]s of the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] (LegCo) by an [[electoral college]] consisting of Members of the [[Urban Council of Hong Kong]], the new [[Regional Council of Hong Kong|Regional Council]] to be established in 1986, and [[District Councils of Hong Kong|District Boards]] and functional groups or [[Functional constituency (Hong Kong)|functional constituencies]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Green Paper: The Further Development of Representative Government in Hong Kong|author=The Hong Kong Government|publisher=Government Printer|location=Hong Kong|year=1984|page=12}}</ref> The [[1985 Hong Kong legislative election|first Legislative Council elections]], electing 24 unofficial members of LegCo, was held in September 1985.

=== Popular elections to the legislature ===
Consultations on electoral reform followed the [[1985 Hong Kong electoral reform|1985 electoral reform]]. In the ''White Paper: the Further Development of Representative Government in Hong Kong'' of 1984, the idea of direct election was suggested to be reviewed in the development of representative government in 1987.<ref name="Green Paper">{{cite book|title=Green Paper: The 1987 Review of Developments in Representative Government|author=The Hong Kong Government|publisher=Government Printer|location=Hong Kong|year=1987|page=5}}</ref>

In May 1987, the government published the 1987 [[1988 Hong Kong electoral reform|''Green Paper: Review of Developments in Representative Government'']] to consider the next stage of development of representative government. Despite strong public opinion in the consultations supporting the introduction of direct elections, the Government concluded that no clear consensus on the timing or the extent of the introduction of direct elections emerged.<ref>{{cite book|page=164|title=Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong|first=Christine|last=Loh|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=2010}}</ref> The subsequent ''White Paper: the Development of Representative Government: The Way Forward'' delayed the first direct elections to the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] from 1988 to the [[1991 Hong Kong legislative election|1991 elections]]. A total of 18 members were returned from [[geographical constituency|geographical constituencies]] by popular vote, out of a total of 60 LegCo members.

As [[Chris Patten]] succeeded [[David Wilson, Baron Wilson of Tillyorn|David Wilson]] as the last [[Governor of Hong Kong]], [[1994 Hong Kong electoral reform|extensive electoral reform proposals]] were announced in Patten's inaugural Policy Address. The minimum voting age was lowered from 21 to 18, and all appointed seats on the Urban Council, Regional Council and District Boards were to be abolished by 1995. [[first-past-the-post voting|Single-member constituencies]] were to be introduced to geographical constituencies of the Legislative Council, elected seats of the Urban Council, elected seats of the Regional Council and elected seats of District Boards.

Patten significantly broadened the electoral franchise to the [[1995 Hong Kong legislative election|first fully-elected Legislative Council returned in 1995]], the composition of which conformed with [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]] provisions on the composition of the [[1st Legislative Council of Hong Kong|1st Legislative Council of Hong Kong SAR]]. Patten lobbied the Legislative Council (Electoral Provisions) (Amendment) Bill 1994 which broadened the franchise of certain existing functional constituencies by replacing corporate voting with individual voting. Nine new functional constituency seats were established, allowing about 2.7 million people to have the right to vote in functional constituencies. An Election Committee composed of district board members returned ten members to the Legislative Council.

In response to Patten's reforms, Beijing cancelled the "through-train arrangement" allowing the last Legislative Council in the British-era to be sworn in as the [[1st Legislative Council of Hong Kong|1st Legislative Council of Hong Kong SAR]] after the [[handover of Hong Kong|transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997]].{{sfn|Loh|2010|p=181}} The Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong SAR under Chinese [[National People's Congress]] established the [[Provisional Legislative Council]] on 26 January 1996 that served as Hong Kong's interim legislature until July 1998.

=== Post-handover development ===
The [[Provisional Legislative Council]] (PLC) installed by the Beijing government during the intense Sino-British confrontation over the [[1994 Hong Kong electoral reform|democratic reform]] decided on the electoral system of the post-handover Legislative Council.<ref>{{cite book|title=Power Transfer and Electoral Politics: The First Legislative Election in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|first=Hsin-chi|last=Kuan|publisher=Chinese University Press|year=1999|page=3}}</ref> For geographical constituencies, [[proportional representation]] using the [[largest remainder method]] with [[Hare quota]] was adopted by the SAR government in replacement of the [[first-past-the-post]] system introduced in 1995. The system designed to reward the weaker [[pro-Beijing camp|pro-Beijing]] candidates and dilute the electoral strength of the majority democrats.<ref>{{cite book|title=Elections and Democracy in Greater China|first1=Larry|last1=Diamond|first2=Ramon H.|last2=Myers|publisher=OUP Oxford|year=2001|pages=1985–6}}</ref> For functional constituencies, corporate voting was restored after it was abolished in 1995. It reduced the number of eligible voters by almost 90 per cent, from over 1.1 million in 1995 to fewer than 140,000 in 1998. The elected [[Urban Council]] and [[Regional Council (Hong Kong)|Regional Council]] were also abolished by [[First Tung government|Tung Chee-hwa's government]].

The [[1998 Hong Kong legislative election|first legislative election in the HKSAR]] was held in 1998, with 20 members returned by [[geographical constituencies]] through direct elections, 10 members returned by the 800-member [[Election Committee (Hong Kong)|Election Committee]] and 30 members returned by [[functional constituency (Hong Kong)|functional constituencies]] (FC). The number of LegCo members returned from [[geographical constituencies]] (GC) increased from 20 to 24 in [[2000 Hong Kong legislative election|2000]] and to 30 in [[2004 Hong Kong legislative election|2004]], constituting half of the legislature. Seats returned by [[Election Committee (Hong Kong)|Election Committee]] were abolished by 2004.

The first Chief Executive election after the [[handover of Hong Kong|transfer of sovereignty]] was held in [[2002 Hong Kong Chief Executive election|2002]]. Incumbent [[Tung Chee-hwa]] was elected uncontested. Subsequent Chief Executives were returned by the [[Election Committee (Hong Kong)|Election Committee]], members of which were elected by members of specified associations or professions.

===Demand for universal suffrage===
Before the [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes]], the [[Hong Kong|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]] had the power to initiate amendments of Annexes I and II of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]] to change its electoral system. From late 2003 on, the Government and the public had been drawing out plans of democratisation to realise the ultimate aim of electing a chief executive by universal suffrage after nomination by an ad hoc committee (Basic Law, Art. 45) and electing the whole Legislative Council by universal suffrage (Basic Law, Art. 68). On 6 April 2004, the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] (NPCSC) issued its second interpretation on the [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]], indicating that electoral reforms are possible in 2007 and stipulating the “five steps” of initiating political reform under Annex I of the Basic Law. On 26 April 2004, the NPCSC further passed a decision that negated universal suffrage for CE elections in 2007 and LegCo elections in 2008, but provided for electoral reforms withstanding a 50:50 ratio between GC and FC seats. The Legislative Council vetoed the Motions put by the HKSAR Government to the LegCo concerning [[2005 Hong Kong electoral reform|amendment to the methods for selecting the CE in 2007 and for forming LegCo]].

In late 2007, the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] (NPCSC) decided that the universal suffrage for the [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] can be achieved in 2017 or later, and universal suffrage for the Legislative Council can be achieved after the former has been. The NPCSC decision also provided for electoral reforms in 2012 withstanding a 50:50 ratio between GC and FC seats. The Legislative Council approved of the [[2010 Hong Kong electoral reform|Motions concerning the amendment to the methods for selecting the CE and for forming LegCo in 2012]].

Amidst the [[2014–2015 Hong Kong electoral reform]] on universal suffrage in 2017, the NPCSC has outlined a screening mechanism of Chief Executive candidates, in which Chief Executive candidates must first receive nominations by an absolute majority of a Nominating Committee before proceeding to popular vote. The [[Hong Kong Government|Hong Kong Government's]] bill for universal suffrage in Chief Executive elections was subsequently rejected.

With the [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes|NPCSC's amendment of Annexes I and II of the Basic Law in 2021]], the NPCSC has retracted the power of the HKSAR to initiate political reform. The Chinese NPCSC now exercises the sole power to amend Annexes I and II of the Basic Law. In lieu of recent efforts by China to hamper the pro-democracy camp, universal suffrage remains unlikely.

The evolution of elected offices in Hong Kong returned by popular vote is as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Constituencies returned by popular vote
!style=width:10em | 
!style=width:5em|1982/83
!style=width:5em|1985/86
!style=width:5em|1988/89
!style=width:5em|1991
!style=width:5em|1994/95
!style=width:5em|1998
!style=width:5em|1999/00
!style=width:5em|2003/04
!style=width:5em|2007/08
!style=width:5em|2011/12
!style=width:5em|2015/16
!style=width:5em|2019/21
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]
| colspan="3" {{n/a}}
| colspan="9" |[[Geographical constituency|Geographical<br/> Constituencies]]
|-
| colspan="9" {{n/a}}
| colspan="2" |[[District Council (Second)|District Council<br/>(Second) FC]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
|[[Urban Council]] and<br/>[[Regional Council (Hong Kong)|Regional Council]]
| colspan="5" |Elected seats of<br/> Municipal Councils
| colspan="7" {{n/a}}
|-
|[[District Councils of Hong Kong|District Councils]]
| colspan="5" |Elected seats of<br/> District Boards
|{{n/a}}
| colspan="6" |Elected seats of<br/> District Councils
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Number and proportion (%) of seats returned by popular vote
!style=width:10em | 
!style=width:5em|1982/83
!style=width:5em|1985/86
!style=width:5em|1988/89
!style=width:5em|1991
!style=width:5em|1994/95
!style=width:5em|1998
!style=width:5em|1999/00
!style=width:5em|2003/04
!style=width:5em|2007/08
!style=width:5em|2011/12
!style=width:5em|2015/16
!style=width:5em|2019/21
|-
|[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]
| colspan="3" {{n/a}}
| 18 (29.5%)
| colspan="2" |20<br/>(33.3%)
| 24<br/>(40%)
| colspan="2" |30<br/>(50%)
| colspan="2" |40<br/>(57.1%)
| 20 (22.2%)
|-
|[[Urban Council]] and<br/>[[Regional Council (Hong Kong)|Regional Council]]
| 15<br/>(50%)
| 27 (40.9%)
| colspan="2" | 27<br/>(35.5%)
| 59 (73.8%)
| colspan="8" {{n/a}}
|-
|[[District Councils of Hong Kong|District Councils]]
|132 (26.9%)
|237 (55.6%)
|264 (57.1%)
|274 (62.1%)
|346 (92.8%)
|{{n/a}}
|390 (75.1%)
|400 (77.1%)
|405 (75.8%)	
|412 (81.3%)
|431 (94.1%)
|452 (95.4%)
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Electoral methods of seats returned by popular vote
!style=width:10em | 
!style=width:5em|1982/83
!style=width:5em|1985/86
!style=width:5em|1988/89
!style=width:5em|1991
!style=width:5em|1994/95
!style=width:5em|1998
!style=width:5em|1999/00
!style=width:5em|2003/04
!style=width:5em|2007/08
!style=width:5em|2011/12
!style=width:5em|2015/16
!style=width:5em|2019/21
|-
|[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]
| colspan="3" {{n/a}}
| [[Plurality block voting|MNTV]]
| [[First-past-the-post voting|FPTP]]
| colspan="6" |[[Proportional representation]]<br /><small>([[Largest remainder method]]: [[Hare quota]])</small>
| [[Single non-transferable vote|SNTV]]
|-
|[[Urban Council]] and<br/>[[Regional Council (Hong Kong)|Regional Council]]
| colspan="5" |[[First-past-the-post voting]]
| colspan="8" {{n/a}}
|-
|[[District Councils of Hong Kong|District Councils]]
| colspan="4" |[[First-past-the-post voting]] &<br /> [[Plurality block voting]]
| [[First-past-the-post voting|FPTP]]
|{{n/a}}
| colspan="6" |[[First-past-the-post voting]]
|}

==Voter registration and nomination==
Any [[Hong Kong resident#permanent residents|Hong Kong permanent resident]] aged 18 or above may register as an elector in the [[geographical constituency]] in which they reside, except those mentally incapacitated and those serving in an armed force. Persons serving a sentence of imprisonment used to be barred from registering and voting, but a 2008 judgment by the Court of First Instance of the High Court ruled that a blanket bar was unconstitutional and that the Government had a year to change the offending provisions. The Government did not appeal the judgment, and held consultations with the public on how the law should be changed. A bill was then introduced to the LegCo, providing that no person would be barred from electoral registration or voting because of criminal conviction, even for [[electoral fraud|crimes against the electoral system]]. It became law and entered into force on 30 October 2009.

Hong Kong permanent residents must satisfy all the following requirements to be eligible for registration as electors in a geographical constituency:<ref>[https://www.eac.hk/en/legco/2021lc_guide.htm], "Guidelines on Election-related Activities in respect of the Legislative Council Elections", Electoral Affairs Commission</ref>
* permanent resident of Hong Kong;
* aged 18 years or above as at 25 July next following his application for registration (or 25 September in a District Council election year)
* ordinarily resident in Hong Kong, and the residential address in his application for registration is his only or principal residence in Hong Kong;
* holds a [[Hong Kong Identity Card|Hong Kong identity document]] or has applied for a new identity card; and
* not disqualified by application of s.31 of the Legislative Council Ordinance (Cap 542).

Electors can run for elections if they have reached 21 years of age and have ordinary resided in Hong Kong for the 3 years immediately preceding the nomination. In addition, candidates running for the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council, except [[Hong Kong legislative elections#nominations|12 specified functional constituencies]] have to be a [[Chinese nationality law|Chinese citizen]] with no right of abode in any country other than the People's Republic of China.

===Candidate eligibility review ===
Under the [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes]] initiated by the [[National People's Congress]], nominees for elections are screened so as to ensure the "administration of Hong Kong by Hong Kong people with patriots as the main body".<ref>{{cite news|title=China adopts decision to improve Hong Kong electoral system|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-03/11/c_139802279.htm|work=Xinhua|date=11 March 2021}}</ref> A Candidate Eligibility Review mechanism is established to review and confirm of eligibility of candidates for the [[Election Committee (Hong Kong)|Election Committee]], Chief Executive and Legislative Council elections:
* Review by the department for safeguarding national security of the [[Hong Kong Police Force]] on whether a candidate meets the legal requirements and conditions of upholding the [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]] and swearing allegiance to HKSAR of [[China|PRC]];
* the [[Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the HKSAR]] issues opinion in respect of a candidate who fails to meet such legal requirements and conditions on the basis of the police review; and
* Review and Confirmation of eligibility of candidates by the Candidate Eligibility Review Committee of the HKSAR.

In practice, every candidate approved to run for election to the Legislative Council is either a member of the [[Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)|pro-Beijing camp]] or has otherwise been deemed "patriotic" enough by the government of China to participate. Since the 2021 reforms, numerous pro-democracy activists who had attempted to run in elections [[2021 arrests of Hong Kong pro-democracy primaries participants|were arrested]].

==Chief Executive elections==
{{Main|Election Committee}}

The Election Committee is responsible for nomination of Chief Executive candidates and election of the Chief Executive-elect. Under the [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes]] initiated by the [[National People's Congress]], each candidate running for Chief Executive elections is to be nominated by at least 188 members of the [[Election Committee (Hong Kong)|Election Committee]], before their eligibility is reviewed and confirmed by the Candidate Eligibility Review Committee of the HKSAR according to opinions issued by the [[Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]]. The	Chief Executive-designate is then returned by the Election Committee with an absolute majority.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Executive Election Ordinance (Cap. 569) |url=https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap569 |website=Hong Kong e-Legislation |access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref>

===Election Committee===
The specific method for selecting the Chief Executive is prescribed in  Annex I of the Basic Law. The [[Election Committee]] shall be composed of 1500 members from the following sectors pursuant to the amended Annex I under the [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes]] initiated by the [[National People's Congress]] from the following sectors pursuant to the amended Annex I under the [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes]] initiated by the [[National People's Congress]]. The Election Committee consists of individuals (i.e. private citizens) and representatives of bodies (i.e. special interest groups or corporate bodies) selected or elected by 40 prescribed sub-sectors as stipulated in Annex I to the [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]]:

{|class="wikitable"
! width=70% | Sector
! width=30% | Members<ref name="HKbasicalaw">HK basic law web pdf. "[http://www.info.gov.hk/basic_law/fulltext/Basic_Law.pdf HK basic law]." ''The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative region of the People's Republic of China.'' Retrieved on 8 January 2007.</ref>
|-
| Industrial, commercial and financial sectors || 300
|-
| The professions || 300
|-
| Grassroots, labour, religious and other sectors || 300
|-
| Members of the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]],<br /> representatives of district organisations and other organisations || 300
|-
| HKSAR deputies to the [[National People's Congress]], the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|National Committee<br /> of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]], and representatives<br /> of Hong Kong members of relevant national organisations || 300
|-
| '''Total''' || 1,500
|-
|}

The Election Committee is now principally elected by body votes. The number of subsectors with individual votes were significantly reduced, together with elimination of mixed individual and body voting:
* Half of seats (150 seats) in Sector III are nominated by members of national professional organisations or filled by ex officio members;
* District Council subsectors were  replaced by subsectors consisting of appointed representatives of members of Area Committees, District Fight Crime Committees, and District Fire Safety Committees;
* All NPC and CPPCC sectors serve as ex officio EC members; and
* subsectors consisting of grassroot organisations, associations of Chinese Fellow Townsmen, associations of Hong Kong residents in Mainland and Hong Kong members of relevant national organisations were introduced.

===Electoral system===
Chief Executive candidates must receive nominations by at least 188 members of the [[Election Committee (Hong Kong)|Election Committee]], with Nomination by at least 15 members of each sector of the Election Committee. Candidacy is confirmed upon review and confirmation of eligibility by the Candidate Qualification Review Committee, according to opinions issued by the [[Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]] on the basis of a review by the National Security Department of the [[Hong Kong Police Force]] on whether a candidate meets the legal requirements and conditions of upholding the Basic Law and swearing allegiance to the HKSAR of [[China|the People's Republic of China]].

The Chief Executive-designate is then returned by the Election Committee with an absolute majority in a two-round system:<ref name="Hong Kong e-Legislation">{{cite web|title=Cap. 569 Chief Executive Election Ordinance|url=https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap569!en?INDEX_CS=N&xpid=ID_1438403454708_002|work=Hong Kong e-Legislation}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! [[Uncontested election]]
! colspan="2" | Contested election
|-
| rowspan="3" | Election Committee casts votes of support/not support;
the Chief Executive-designate is to be returned with an absolutely majority (>750 valid votes)
| colspan="2" | Election Committee casts votes for 1 of the candidates;<br/> the Chief Executive-designate is to be returned with an absolute majority (>750 valid votes)
|-
| ''If absolute majority won''
| ''If absolute majority not won''
|-
| Candidate with an absolutely majority of valid votes elected
|If:<br/>
1.	>= 2 candidates obtain the highest and the same no. of votes; or <br/>
2.	no candidates win an absolute majority <br/>

Then:
* elimination of candidates other than those who obtained the highest number of votes in (1) or candidates with the highest and second highest number of votes in (2); 
* second round(s) of voting conducted, until a candidate with an absolutely majority (>750 valid votes) is elected 
|}

The Chief Executive-designate must publicly disaffiliate with a political party within seven days of the election and must not become a member of a party during their term of office.<ref name="Hong Kong e-Legislation"/> The Chief Executive-designate is then appointed by the [[Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|Central People's Government]] before taking office.

===Article 45===
[[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 45|Article 45]] gives the requirements for choosing the Chief Executive, and Annex I does likewise in a more specific manner.

{{cquote|''"The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be selected by election or through consultations held locally and be appointed by the Central People's Government.<ref name="HKbasicalaw" />"''}}

{{cquote|''"The method for selecting the Chief Executive shall be specified in the light of the actual situation in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and in accordance with the principle of gradual and orderly progress. The ultimate aim is the selection of the Chief Executive by [[universal suffrage]] upon nomination by a [[Election Committee|broadly representative nominating committee]] in accordance with [[democracy|democratic procedures]].<ref name="HKbasicalaw" />"''}}

===Article 46===
According to [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 46|Article 46]] of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]], elections for the Chief Executive are held every five years. A 1,500-member [[electoral college]] called the [[Election Committee]] is elected by representations of specified associations, and some other sectors of the society, with each of the forty sectors of the society and interests of the Central Authorities receiving a set number of electoral votes. The eligible voters in each sector vote directly for the electors, who in turn cast ballots for Chief Executive.

Pursuant to the Annex II of the Basic Law, the Election Committee also selected 10 Members of the 1st LegCo by [[Plurality-at-large voting|block vote]] in 1998. Four of the seats were reassigned to geographical constituencies for the 2nd LegCo in 2000, and the remainder for the 3rd LegCo in 2004. As a part of the [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes|2021 amendments to Annex II]] by the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]], the Election Committee selects 40 members of the LegCo since [[2021 Hong Kong legislative election|2021]].

The EC elections are quite irregular. They were held in 1998 and 2000, but none (except for the 2002 [[by-election]]) have been held since. The claim in Ann. 1, Sect. 2, of the Basic Law, saying that the Election Committee must be renewed at least once every five years.

Article 46 was a subject of controversy regarding the term of the newly elected Chief Executive.  The article states:

{{cquote|"''The term of office of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be five years. He or she may serve for not more than two consecutive terms.''"}}

The law requires a term of five years, but [[mainland China|mainland]] officials have said the new leader filling-in can only serve until 2007.  The matter was settled after a re-interpretation by the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC)]].<ref name="Will">Williams, Mark. Competition Policy and Law in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. [2005] (2005). Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-83631-X}}.</ref>  Though this did damage the credibility and integrity of the [[one country, two systems]] formula.<ref name="Will" />

A literal interpretation would mean Tsang has to serve until 2010, but this is not common sense behaviour in most other nations; one can only complete the term of a predecessor. The [[Government of the People's Republic of China|Chinese government]] has decided that the new leader would serve until [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day|Inauguration day]] in 2007.

===History of electoral contests===
The last uncontested election was held in 2002, and with the resignation of Tung Chee Hwa an election would have been called on 10 July, had the election been contested. A controversial decision by the [[National People's Congress]] stated that a resignation did not end a term, so that Donald Tsang would serve only until 2007, rather than 2010 had a term been deemed to begin with each resignation. This is in line with the practice on mainland China (see [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 46]]). The 800-member [[Election Committee]] held a vote on a day specified by the sitting chief executive sometime during the six months of the year prior to the HKSAR's Inauguration Day, 1 July. An [[absolute majority]] of the votes (i.e. 401 votes) are required to be elected. If no candidate has a majority vote, the one with the lowest vote is eliminated for the next round until a candidate has a majority vote.

In [[1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election|1996]], [[Tung Chee Hwa]] was elected with eighty per cent of the electoral votes against two other candidates, Mr. [[Peter Woo]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-HK|吳光正}}) and Sir [[Yang Ti-liang|Ti Liang Yang]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-HK|楊鐵樑}}). In [[2002 Hong Kong Chief Executive election|12002]], Tung was re-elected uncontested, as he had received 713 signatures of support in the Electoral Committee, and 100 are required for nomination.(Annex I, Section 4, Basic Law)

The [[2005 Hong Kong Chief Executive election|2005]] provided a sense of déjà vu for many, as Donald Tsang cruised to victory with 674 nomination signatures out of a possible 796 (four seats were vacant).

The EC elections are quite irregular. They were held in [[1998 Hong Kong Election Committee Subsector elections|1998]] and [[2000 Hong Kong Election Committee Subsector elections|2000]], but none (except for the [[2002 Hong Kong Election Committee Subsector by-elections|2002 by-election]]) have been held since. The claim in Ann. 1, Sect. 2, of the Basic Law, saying that the Election Committee must be renewed at least once every five years, exposed an interesting flaw in the system that was averted when Tsang was the only candidate nominated.

The problem was that the timing is crucial for the new chief executive election after Tung Chee Hwa's resignation on 12 March 2005. Since electoral law states that an election must be held 120 days after the vacancy, an election would be held on the tenth of July. It was unclear as to the exact time period separating the election and the date of taking of office for this Election Committee. If the new EC convened prior to the chief executive election, it would be applied to select the next chief executive, but otherwise the old Election Committee dating from 2000 would have to complete the task (see [[2005 Hong Kong Chief&nbsp;Executive election]] for more information on the topic). The second round produces a further dispute, if the term of the old EC ended after the first round of voting but before the second. It would be rather insensible to use different electors for the two rounds; the same one would probably have to be prescribed.

The compositions of electoral colleges returning [[Chief Executives of Hong Kong|Chief Executives]] are as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!style=width:6em | 
!style=width:8em|[[1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election|1996]]
!style=width:6em|[[2002 Hong Kong Chief Executive election|2002]] &<br/> [[2005 Hong Kong Chief Executive election|2005]]
!style=width:6em|[[2007 Hong Kong Chief Executive election|2007]]
!style=width:6em|[[2012 Hong Kong Chief Executive election|2012]]
!style=width:6em|[[2017 Hong Kong Chief Executive election|2017]]
!style=width:6em|[[2022 Hong Kong Chief Executive election|2022]]
|-
| Electoral<br/> College
| [[Selection Committee (Hong Kong)|Selection<br/> Committee]]
| colspan="5" |[[Election Committee (Hong Kong)|Election Committee]]
|-
| Size of<br/> electorate
| 400
| colspan="2" |800
| colspan="2" |1,200
| 1,500
|}

==Legislative elections==
{{Main|Hong Kong legislative elections}}

Under the [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes]] initiated by the [[National People's Congress]], the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|'''Legislative Council''']] is now composed of 90 members returned from 3 constituencies: the [[Election Committee (Hong Kong)|Election Committee Constituency]], [[Functional constituency (Hong Kong)|Functional Constituencies]] and [[Geographical constituency|Geographical Constituencies]] by popular vote.

In Hong Kong, [[legislature|legislative]] elections are held every four years in accordance with [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 69|Article 69 of the Basic Law of HKSAR]]. The  [[2021 Hong Kong legislative election|most recent election]] was held on 19 December 2021.

===Electoral system===
Each candidate running for Legislative elections is to be nominated by 10–20 members of the [[Election Committee (Hong Kong)|Election Committee]], before their eligibility is reviewed and confirmed by the Candidate Eligibility Review Committee of the HKSAR according to opinions issued by the [[Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]]:<ref>{{cite web |title=Legislative Council Ordinance (Cap. 542) |url=https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap542 |website=Hong Kong e-Legislation |access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Composition of the Legislative Council (2022–)
|-
! !! Number of<br /> Members !! Returned by !! Voting Method !! Number of<br /> Voters ([[2021 Hong Kong legislative election|2021]])
|-
| [[Election Committee (constituency)|Election Committee<br /> Constituency]] || 40 || Members of the<br /> Election Committee || [[Plurality block voting]] || 1,448
|-
| [[Functional constituency (Hong Kong)|Functional Constituencies]] || 30 || Members of specified<br /> associations or professions || [[First-past-the-post voting]] or<br /> [[Plurality block voting]] || 210,675 (individual voters);<br /> 8,579 (body voters)
|-
| [[Geographical constituency|Geographical Constituencies]] || 20 || Popular vote || [[Single non-transferable vote]] with [[binomial voting system|district size of 2]] || 4,472,863
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Composition and Proportion (%) of Elected Seats of the Legislative Council
!style=width:12em | 
!style=width:5em|[[1985 Hong Kong legislative election|1985]]
!style=width:5em|[[1988 Hong Kong legislative election|1988]]
!style=width:5em|[[1991 Hong Kong legislative election|1991]]
!style=width:5em|[[1995 Hong Kong legislative election|1995]]
!style=width:5em|[[Provisional Legislative Council|PLC]]
!style=width:5em|[[1998 Hong Kong legislative election|1998]]
!style=width:5em|[[2000 Hong Kong legislative election|2000]]
!style=width:5em|[[2004 Hong Kong legislative election|2004]]
!style=width:5em|[[2008 Hong Kong legislative election|2008]]
!style=width:5em|[[2012 Hong Kong legislative election|2012]]
!style=width:5em|[[2016 Hong Kong legislative election|2016]]
!style=width:5em|[[2021 Hong Kong legislative election|2021]]
|-
|<div style="text-align: left;">Returned by the<br /> [[Selection Committee (Hong Kong)|Selection Committee]] or<br />[[Election Committee (Hong Kong)|Election Committee]]</div>
| colspan="4" {{n/a}}
| 60<br/>(100%)
| 10<br/>(16.7%)
| 6<br/>(10%)
| colspan="4" {{n/a}}
| 40 (44.4%)
|-
|<div style="text-align: left;">[[Functional constituency (Hong Kong)|Functional<br />Constituencies]]{{NoteTag|Excluding the [[District Council (Second)|District Council (Second) Functional Constituency]], which was returned by popular vote; and the Urban Council, Regional Council and [[District Council (First)]] functional constituencies, which were returned by indirect elections.}}</div>
| 12<br/>(21.1%)
| 14<br/>(24.6%)
| 19<br/>(31.1%)
| 28<br/>(46.7%)
|{{n/a}}
|28<br/>(46.7%)
| colspan="3"|29<br/>(48.3%)
| colspan="2"|29<br/>(41.4%)
| 30<br/>(33.3%)
|-
|<div style="text-align: left;">Seats returned by<br />indirect election{{NoteTag|12 electoral colleges were established to return unofficial members of the Legislative Council in the [[1985 Hong Kong legislative election|1985]] and [[1988 Hong Kong legislative election|1988]] Legislative Council elections, composed of members of district boards and municipal councils. Between [[1991 Hong Kong legislative election|1991]] and  [[1998 Hong Kong legislative election|1998]], 2 members were returned by the Urban Council and Regional Council functional constituencies. In the [[1995 Hong Kong legislative election|1995 Legislative Council election]], 10 seats were returned through an Election Committee composed of elected members of [[district councils of Hong Kong|district boards]]. Between [[2000 Hong Kong legislative election|2000]] and [[2016 Hong Kong legislative election|2016]], 1 member was returned by [[District Council (First)|District Council (First) Functional Constituency]].}}</div>
| colspan="2" |12<br/>(21.1%)
| 2<br/>(3.3%)
| 12<br/>(20%)
|{{n/a}}
| 2<br/>(3.3%)
| colspan="3" |1<br/>(1.7%)
| colspan="2" |1<br/>(1.4%)
|{{n/a}}
|-
|<div style="text-align: left;">Seats returned by<br />popular vote{{NoteTag|Including [[Geographical constituency|Geographical Constituencies]] and the [[District Council (Second)|District Council (Second) Functional Constituency]].}}</div>
|colspan="2"{{n/a}}
|18<br/>(29.5%)
|20<br/>(33.3%)
|{{n/a}}
|20<br/>(33.3%)
|24<br/>(40%)
| colspan="2" |30<br/>(50%)
| colspan="2" |40<br/>(57.1%)
|20<br/>(22.2%)
|}

===Geographical Constituencies===
{{Main|Geographical constituency}}

20 seats of the Legislative Council are returned by geographical constituencies (GC) through [[single non-transferable vote]] with a district magnitude of 2 ("binomial system"). The binomial system was instituted by the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] in its amendment to Annex 2 of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]] on 30 March 2021.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Geographical constituency
!Number of voters<ref>{{cite web |title=No. of electors in the 2021 final registers |url=https://www.voterregistration.gov.hk/eng/statistic2021.html |website=Registration and Electoral Office |access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref>
!Number of seats
!Voting system
|-
|[[Hong Kong Island East (2021 constituency)|Hong Kong Island East]]
|424,849
| rowspan="10" |2
| rowspan="10" |[[Single non-transferable vote]]
|-
|[[Hong Kong Island West (2021 constituency)|Hong Kong Island West]]
|374,795
|-
|[[Kowloon East (2021 constituency)|Kowloon East]]
|475,223
|-
|[[Kowloon West (2021 constituency)|Kowloon West]]
|381,484
|-
|[[Kowloon Central (2021 constituency)|Kowloon Central]]
|454,595
|-
|[[New Territories South East (2021 constituency)|New Territories South East]]
|472,751
|-
|[[New Territories North (2021 constituency)|New Territories North]]
|431,604
|-
|[[New Territories North West (2021 constituency)|New Territories North West]]
|468,752
|-
|[[New Territories South West (2021 constituency)|New Territories South West]]
|510,558
|-
|[[New Territories North East (2021 constituency)|New Territories North East]]
|478,252
|}

Geographical constituencies were first introduced in Hong Kong's first legislative election with direct elections in [[1991 Hong Kong legislative election|1991]]. The electoral system and boundaries of GCs have since changed:
{| class="wikitable"
!Election Year
!Voting system 
!Number of<br /> constituencies
!District<br /> magnitude
!Total number of<br /> GC seats
!Proportion of<br /> LegCo seats
|-
|[[1991 Hong Kong legislative election|1991]]
|[[plurality-at-large voting|Plurality-at-large]]
|9 constituencies
|2 seats 
|18 seats
|29.5%
|-
|[[1995 Hong Kong legislative election|1995]]
|[[First-past-the-post voting]] 
|20 constituencies
|1 seat 
|20 seats
|33.3%
|-
|[[1998 Hong Kong legislative election|1998]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Proportional representation]]<br /> <small>([[Largest remainder method]]: [[Hare quota]])</small>
| rowspan="6" |5 constituencies
| rowspan="6" |3–9 seats
|20 seats
|33.3%
|-
|[[2000 Hong Kong legislative election|2000]]
|24 seats
|40%
|-
|[[2004 Hong Kong legislative election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |30 seats
| rowspan="2" |50%
|-
|[[2008 Hong Kong legislative election|2008]]
|-
|[[2012 Hong Kong legislative election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" |35 seats
| rowspan="2" |50%
|-
|[[2016 Hong Kong legislative election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 Hong Kong legislative election|2021]]
|[[Single non-transferable vote]] 
|10 constituencies
|2 seats
|20 seats
|22.2%
|}

===Functional Constituencies===
{{Main|Functional constituency (Hong Kong)}}

Under the [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes]], 28 functional constituencies (FC) return 30 members. The [[Labour (constituency)|Labour Functional Constituency]] returns three members by [[plurality block voting]]. The other FCs return one member each with [[first-past-the-post voting]].

The 2021 electoral reform saw the dissolution of [[District Council (First)]] and [[District Council (Second)]] FCs. 3 existing FCs were reconstituted: the Information Technology FC reorganised as the [[Technology and Innovation (constituency)|Technology & Innovation FC]]; the Medical FC and Health Services FC combined to form the Medical and Health Services FC. 2 new FCs were established, namely the [[Commercial (Third)]] and the [[HKSAR Deputies to the National People's Congress, HKSAR Members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and Representatives of Relevant National Organisations (constituency)|HKSAR Deputies to the National People's Congress, HKSAR Members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and Representatives of Relevant National Organisations]] FCs. Functional constituencies are now principally elected by body votes; the number of FCs with individual votes were reduced, together with elimination of mixed individual and body voting systems.

{{HK Functional constituencies}}

===Election Committee Constituency===
{{Main|Election Committee (constituency)}}

The Election Committee constituency was one of the three constituencies designed in the [[Basic Law of Hong Kong]] next to the directly elected [[geographical constituencies]] and the indirectly elected [[functional constituency (Hong Kong)|functional constituencies]] for the first and second-term  Legislative Council fin the early SAR period. With the last [[Governor of Hong Kong|British Governor]] [[Chris Patten]]'s [[1994 Hong Kong electoral reform|electoral reform]], the ECC was composed of all elected [[District Councils of Hong Kong|District Board]] members who had been [[1994 Hong Kong local elections|elected in 1994]]. The [[Single Transferable Vote]] system was used in the [[1995 Hong Kong legislative election|1995 election]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B35838851.pdf |title=Report on the 1995 Legislative General Election, Boundary and Election Commission |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019113453/http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B35838851.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After the [[handover of Hong Kong]], the ECC was allocated 10 seats out of the total 60 seats in the SAR Legislative Council, comprising all members of the [[Election Committee]] which also elected the [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] every five years. The size of the constituency reduced to six seats in 2000 and was entirely abolished and replaced by the directly elected geographical constituency seats in the [[2004 Hong Kong legislative election|2004 election]]. The [[plurality-at-large voting]] system was used in 1998 and 2000.

In the 2021 electoral overhaul, the Election Committee constituency was reintroduced, taking 40 of the 90 seats, almost half, of the Legislative Council with plurality-at-large voting system. The electorate is composed of all newly expanded 1,500 members in the Election Committee.

===2010 electoral reform ===
{{Main|2010 Hong Kong electoral reform}}
The Legislative Council passed the Government's bill on amending Annex II of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]]. The total number of Legislative Council members is increased from 60 to 70. Alongside the creation of five new geographical constituency seats,<ref name=consult2012/> five new functional constituency seats were created in the [[District Council (Second) |District Council (Second) FC]]. The 5 new FC seats were returned by direct elections through [[proportional representation]] using the [[largest remainder method]] with [[Hare quota]].<ref name=uturn>Cheung, Gary (22 Jun 2010) "Beijing's U-turn 'to thwart radicals'", ''South China Morning Post''</ref>

The 2010 electoral reform provides for [[parallel voting]], in which each registered voter can participate in the elections of one geographical constituency and one functional constituency.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Parallel Voting in Legislative Council elections (2012–2021)
|-
! !! Geographical Constituencies !! Functional Constituencies
|-
| Voters eligible for traditional FCs || 1 vote in respective GCs || 1 vote in respective traditional FCs
|-
| Other voters || 1 vote in respective GCs || 1 vote in the District Council (Second) FC
|}

The District Council (Second) FC was abolished by the [[National People's Congress]] under the [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes]].

===2012 by-election procedure amendment proposal ===
{{Main|Legislative Council (Amendment) Ordinance 2012}}
In mid-May 2011, the government, which considered the resignations leading to "de facto referendum" ([[2010 Hong Kong by-election]]) 'abusive' and a waste of resources, revealed its plan to do away with by-elections entirely. Secretary for Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Stephen Lam proposed that a Legislative Council seat in any geographical constituency or one of the newly created five-seat district council 'superconstituency' vacated by the resignation or death of a legislator would be filled by a 'leapfrog' mechanism by the next best placed candidate at the previous election.<ref>Cheung, Gary (18 May 2011). "By-elections given a no-vote". ''South China Morning Post''</ref> The plan attracted criticism from Pan-Democrats; even its allies in the legislature expressed reservations about the workability of the plan.<ref>Fung, Wai-yee Fanny (19 May 2011). "Plan to scrap by-elections criticised". ''South China Morning Post''</ref> The Bar Association severely criticised the plan, expressing concern over the constitutionality of the proposals, particularly the reasonableness on restrictions on the right to participation.<ref>Chong, Tanna (29 June 2011). "Government still not in clear over by-elections axe". ''South China Morning Post''</ref>

The government tabled a bill to amend current legislation for by-elections for 13 July.<ref name=20110701SCMP>Fung, Wai-yee Fanny (1 July 2011). "Majority oppose polls-axe bid". ''South China Morning Post''</ref> Following call by the Central Government Liaison Office to re-think, the government revised its proposal on 28 June stipulating replacement by an unsuccessful candidate on the same election ticket.<ref name=20110701SCMP/> The government bowed to pressure and announced one week later that it would suspend reading of the bill for two months, pending consultations on the revised proposals.<ref>Lee, Colleen; Wong, Natalie (5 July 2011). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=112760&sid=32936962&con_type=1 "U-turn"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016014831/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=112760&sid=32936962&con_type=1 |date=16 October 2012 }}. ''The Standard'' (Hong Kong)</ref>

===Electoral performances by party===
[[File:Hong Kong LegCo vote share (1991–2016).png|thumb|Vote share of the Legislative Council elections by party since 1991.]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2| Party !! colspan=2| [[1998 Hong Kong legislative election|1998]] !! colspan=2| [[2000 Hong Kong legislative election|2000]] !! colspan=2| [[2004 Hong Kong legislative election|2004]] !! colspan=2| [[2008 Hong Kong legislative election|2008]] !! colspan=2| [[2012 Hong Kong legislative election|2012]] !! colspan=2| [[2016 Hong Kong legislative election|2016]]
|-
! % !! Seats !! % !! Seats !!  % !! Seats !!  % !! Seats !!  % !! Seats !!  % !! Seats 
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (Hong Kong)}} || 42.87 || 13 || 31.66 || 12 || 25.19 || 9 || 20.63 || 8 || 13.65 || 6 || 9.22 || 7
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Party (Hong Kong)}} || 3.40 || 10 || 1.88 || 8 || 6.72 || 10 || 4.33 || 7 || 2.69 || 5 || 0.99 || 4
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong}} || 25.23 || 9 || 28.40 || 11 || 22.73 || 10 || 22.92 || 10 || 20.22 || 13 || 16.68 || 12
|-
| {{party color cell|Hong Kong Progressive Alliance}} || align=left| [[Hong Kong Progressive Alliance|PA]] || – || 5 || 1.95 || 4 || 0.80 || 0 || colspan=6 |
|-
| {{Party name with colour|The Frontier (Hong Kong)}} || 10.03 || 3 || 6.78 || 2 || 6.89 || 1 || 2.19 || 1 || colspan=4 style="border-bottom-style:hidden;" |
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Citizens Party (Hong Kong)}} || 2.81 || 1 || colspan=10 |
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood}} || 3.99 || 0 || 4.75 || 1 || 4.22 || 1 || 2.79 || 1 || 1.69 || 1 || 1.53 || 0
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions}} || colspan=2 rowspan=4 style=border-bottom-style:hidden;| || 7.33 || 2 || 3.95 || 1 || 2.80 || 1 || colspan=4| 
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre}} || 4.50 || 1 || 3.33 || 1 || 2.80 || 1 || 2.42 || 1 || 0.97 || 1
|-
| {{Party name with colour|New Century Forum}} || 1.60 || 1 || 0.25 || 0 || colspan=2 | || – || 1 || – || 1
|-
| {{party color cell|April Fifth Action}} || align=left| [[April Fifth Action|AFA]] || 1.38 || 0 || 3.44 || 1 || colspan=6 | 
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions}} || colspan=4 style=border-bottom-style:hidden;| || 2.97 || 3 || 5.70 || 4 || 7.06 || 6 || 7.93 || 5
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Civic Party}} || colspan=6 rowspan=3 style=border-bottom-style:hidden;| || 13.66 || 5 || 14.08 || 6 || 9.59 || 6
|-
| {{Party name with colour|League of Social Democrats}} || 10.10 || 3 || 4.86 || 1 || 2.61 || 1
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Civic Act-up}} || 2.04 || 1 || colspan=4 |
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (Hong Kong)}} || colspan=8 rowspan=6 style=border-bottom-style:hidden;| || 6.19 || 4 || 4.70 || 1
|-
| {{Party name with colour|People Power (Hong Kong)}} || 9.73 || 3 || 4.59 || 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Economic Synergy}} || align=left| [[Economic Synergy|ES]] || 0.32 || 3 || colspan=2| 
|-
| {{Party name with colour|New People's Party (Hong Kong)}} || 3.76 || 2 || 7.73 || 3
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Kowloon West New Dynamic}} || 1.91 || 1 || colspan=2| 
|-
| {{party color cell|Neo Democrats}} || align=left| [[Neo Democrats|ND]] || 1.58 || 1 || 1.46 || 0
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong}} || colspan=10 rowspan=6 | || 2.29 || 7
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Youngspiration}} ||  2.06 || 2
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Civic Passion}} || 5.63 || 1
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Demosisto}} || 2.34 || 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Democracy Groundwork}} || align=left| [[Democracy Groundwork|DG]] || 1.76 || 1
|-
|}

==District Council elections==
{{Main|Hong Kong District Council election}}
There are eighteen districts, and thus eighteen [[District Councils of Hong Kong|District Councils]] in Hong Kong, each being a [[city council]] for its district. There is one constituency for, on average, every 17,000 residents, as there are 452 directly-elected constituencies for 2019, and over 7.4 million residents in Hong Kong. A member is elected from each constituency by [[Plurality voting|plurality vote]]. The chairpersons of the 27 rural committees are ''[[List of Latin phrases (C-E)#E|ex officio]]'' members of the councils.

==Elections of deputies to the National People's Congress of the PRC==
Article 21 of The Basic Law of HKSAR stipulates:

<blockquote>Chinese citizens who are residents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be entitled to participate in the management of state affairs according to law. In accordance with the assigned number of seats and the selection method specified by the [[National People's Congress]] (NPC), Chinese citizens among permanent residents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall locally elect deputies of the Region to the National People's Congress to participate in the work of the highest organ of state power.</blockquote>

The 36 Hong Kong deputies to the National People's Congress are chosen by an electoral college composed of the following as specified in the Method for Election of Deputies of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China to the Eleventh National People's Congress passed in March 2022:<ref>{{cite web |title=中華人民共和國香港特別行政區選舉第十四屆全國人民代表大會代表的辦法 |url=http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-03/12/content_5678645.htm |website=The State Council of the People's Republic of China |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
* Members of the [[Election Committee (Hong Kong)|Election Committee]] (which elects the chief executive) who are Chinese nationals, except those who opt out; and
* The [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] of the HKSAR

A total of 1,989 electors returned Hong Kong deputies in the [[2017 National People's Congress election in Hong Kong|2017 election]].

==Village Representative elections ==
{{Main|Rural Representative elections}}
Rural Representatives consist of Village Representatives and Kaifong Representatives.

The [[Court of Final Appeal (Hong Kong)|Court of Final Appeal]] ruled that the [[Secretary for Home Affairs]] had to consider whether the person elected to represent a village was elected in accordance with electoral arrangements consistent with the Bill of Rights and the Sex Discrimination Ordinance whether to approve an elected Village Representative in December 2000. This decision caused Hong Kong Government to set up new arrangements for Village Representative. There are two types of Village Representatives, namely
* Indigenous Inhabitant Representative representing indigenous inhabitants of an Indigenous Village; and
* Resident Representative representing all residents of an Existing Village

Indigenous Inhabitant of an Indigenous Village that existed in 1898 (whether or not the name the Village now has is the same name it had in 1898) refers to:
* a person who was in 1898 a resident of the Village; or
* a person who is descended through the male line from a person mentioned above.

In 2013, the new Village Representative Election Ordinance has been implemented that the Kaifong Representatives from [[Cheung Chau]] and [[Peng Chau]] are regulated by the [[Home Affairs Department]]. The first new arrangements Village Representative elections was held in 2019. The next Village Representative elections would be held in 2023.

==Electoral results==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center"
|+ [[Hong Kong legislative elections|Legislative Council elections]]
|- align=center
!Election
!Largest faction<br/>in LegCo
!Composition of LegCo<br/><small>(by alignment)</small>
!Largest faction in<br/>directly elected seats
!Composition of directly<br/> elected seats<small> (by alignment)</small>
!% of popular vote won by the<br/> largest faction in directly elected seats
!Turnout in<br/> direct election
|-
| align=center|[[1991 Hong Kong legislative election|1991]]
| [[Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-Beijing/<br/>Conservative<br/> Camp]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">23</span>:<span style="color:Silver;">4</span>:<span style="color:Red;">34</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 61
|party1       = 23
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 4
|partycolor2  = Gray
|party3       = 34
|partycolor3  = Red
}}
| rowspan="8"|[[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-democracy<br/> Camp]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">16</span>:<span style="color:Red;">2</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 18
|party1       = 16
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 2
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
|61.63%
|35.72%
|-
| align=center|[[1995 Hong Kong legislative election|1995]]
| [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-democracy<br/> Camp]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">31</span>:<span style="color:Red;">29</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 60
|party1       = 31
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 29
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
| <small><span style="color:Green;">16</span>:<span style="color:Red;">4</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 20
|party1       = 16
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 4
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
|61.13%
|35.42%
|-
| align=center|[[1998 Hong Kong legislative election|1998]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-Beijing<br/> Camp]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">20</span>:<span style="color:Red;">40</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 60
|party1       = 20
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 40
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
| <small><span style="color:Green;">15</span>:<span style="color:Red;">5</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 20
|party1       = 15
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 5
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
|66.36%
|53.29%
|-
| align=center|[[2000 Hong Kong legislative election|2000]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">21</span>:<span style="color:Red;">39</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 60
|party1       = 21
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 39
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
| <small><span style="color:Green;">16</span>:<span style="color:Red;">8</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 24
|party1       = 16
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 8
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
|60.56%
|43.57%
|-
| align=center|[[2004 Hong Kong legislative election|2004]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">25</span>:<span style="color:Red;">35</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 60
|party1       = 25
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 35
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
| <small><span style="color:Green;">18</span>:<span style="color:Red;">12</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 30
|party1       = 18
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 12
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
|62.44%
|55.63%
|-
| align=center|[[2008 Hong Kong legislative election|2008]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">23</span>:<span style="color:Red;">37</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 60
|party1       = 23
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 37
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
| <small><span style="color:Green;">19</span>:<span style="color:Red;">11</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 30
|party1       = 19
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 11
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
|59.50%
|45.20%
|-
| align=center|[[2012 Hong Kong legislative election|2012]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">27</span>:<span style="color:Red;">43</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 70
|party1       = 27
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 43
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
| <small><span style="color:Green;">21</span>:<span style="color:Red;">19</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 40
|party1       = 21
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 19
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
|56.24% ([[Geographical constituency|GC]])<br/> 50.73% ([[District Council (Second)|DCII]])
|53.05% ([[Geographical constituency|GC]])<br/> 51.95% ([[District Council (Second)|DCII]])
|-
| align=center|[[2016 Hong Kong legislative election|2016]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">29</span>:<span style="color:Silver;">1</span>:<span style="color:Red;">41</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 70
|party1       = 29
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 1
|partycolor2  = Gray
|party3       = 41
|partycolor3  = Red
}}
| <small><span style="color:Green;">21</span>:<span style="color:Red;">19</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 40
|party1       = 21
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 19
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
|55.02% ([[Geographical constituency|GC]])<br/> 58.02% ([[District Council (Second)|DCII]])
|'''58.28%''' ([[Geographical constituency|GC]])<br/> 57.09% ([[District Council (Second)|DCII]])
|-
| align=center|[[2021 Hong Kong legislative election|2021]]
| <small><span style="color:Silver;">1</span>:<span style="color:Red;">89</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 90
|party1       = 1
|partycolor1  = Gray
|party2       = 89
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
| [[Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-Beijing<br/> Camp]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">0</span>:<span style="color:Red;">20</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 20
|party1       = 0
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 20
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
|'''91.25%'''
|30.20%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center"
|+ Municipal elections
|- align=center
!Election
!Largest faction in<br/>elected seats
!Composition of <br/> elected seats<small> (by alignment)</small>
!% of popular vote won by the<br/> largest faction in elected seats
!Turnout
|-
| align=center|[[1983 Hong Kong municipal election|1983]]
|[[Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)|Conservative Camp]]
| <small><span style="color:Silver;">8</span>:<span style="color:Red;">7</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 15
|party1       = 8
|partycolor1  = Silver
|party2       = 7
|partycolor2  = Red
}}
|33.93%
|22.37%
|-
| align=center|[[1986 Hong Kong municipal elections|1986]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-democracy camp]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">9</span>:<span style="color:Silver;">10</span>:<span style="color:Red;">8</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 27
|party1       = 9
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 10
|partycolor2  = Silver
|party3       = 8
|partycolor3  = Red
}}
|29.13%
|'''26.92%'''
|-
| align=center|[[1989 Hong Kong municipal elections|1989]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">11</span>:<span style="color:Silver;">8</span>:<span style="color:Red;">8</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 27
|party1       = 11
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 8
|partycolor2  = Silver
|party3       = 8
|partycolor3  = Red
}}
|33.73%
|17.60%
|-
| align=center|[[1991 Hong Kong municipal elections|1991]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">15</span>:<span style="color:Silver;">5</span>:<span style="color:Red;">7</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 27
|party1       = 15
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 5
|partycolor2  = Silver
|party3       = 7
|partycolor3  = Red
}}
|47.23%
|23.14%
|-
| align=center|[[1995 Hong Kong municipal elections|1995]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">34</span>:<span style="color:Silver;">1</span>:<span style="color:Red;">24</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 59
|party1       = 34
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 1
|partycolor2  = Silver
|party3       = 24
|partycolor3  = Red
}}
|'''51.51%'''
|22.93%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center"
|+ [[Hong Kong local elections|District Council elections]]
|- align=center
!Election
!Largest faction in<br/>elected seats
!Composition of <br/> elected seats<small> (by alignment)</small>
!% of popular vote won by the<br/> largest faction in elected seats
!Turnout
|-
| align=center|[[1994 Hong Kong local elections|1994]]
| rowspan="6"|[[Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-Beijing Camp]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">146</span>:<span style="color:Silver;">4</span>:<span style="color:Red;">196</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 346
|party1       = 146
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 4
|partycolor2  = Silver
|party3       = 196
|partycolor3  = Red
}}
|54.12%
|33.14%
|-
| align=center|[[1999 Hong Kong local elections|1999]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">157</span>:<span style="color:Silver;">1</span>:<span style="color:Red;">232</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 390
|party1       = 157
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 1
|partycolor2  = Silver
|party3       = 232
|partycolor3  = Red
}}
|54.69%
|35.82%
|-
| align=center|[[2003 Hong Kong local elections|2003]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">198</span>:<span style="color:Silver;">1</span>:<span style="color:Red;">201</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 400
|party1       = 198
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 1
|partycolor2  = Silver
|party3       = 201
|partycolor3  = Red
}}
|46.48%
|44.10%
|-
| align=center|[[2007 Hong Kong local elections|2007]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">127</span>:<span style="color:Silver;">2</span>:<span style="color:Red;">276</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 405
|party1       = 127
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 2
|partycolor2  = Silver
|party3       = 276
|partycolor3  = Red
}}
|53.98%
|38.83%
|-
| align=center|[[2011 Hong Kong local elections|2011]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">103</span>:<span style="color:Silver;">8</span>:<span style="color:Red;">301</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 412
|party1       = 103
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 8
|partycolor2  = Silver
|party3       = 301
|partycolor3  = Red
}}
|55.42%
|41.49%
|-
| align=center|[[2015 Hong Kong local elections|2015]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">126</span>:<span style="color:Silver;">7</span>:<span style="color:Red;">298</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 431
|party1       = 126
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 7
|partycolor2  = Silver
|party3       = 298
|partycolor3  = Red
}}
|54.61%
|47.01%
|-
| align=center|[[2019 Hong Kong local elections|2019]]
|[[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-democracy camp]]
| <small><span style="color:Green;">388</span>:<span style="color:Silver;">2</span>:<span style="color:Red;">62</span></small><br />{{Composition_bar/advanced
|divisionname =
|boxwidth     = 150
|total        = 452
|party1       = 388
|partycolor1  = Green
|party2       = 2
|partycolor2  = Silver
|party3       = 62
|partycolor3  = Red
}}
|'''57.09%'''
|'''71.23%'''
|}

;Legends
*{{color box|Green}}：[[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-democracy Camp]]
*{{color box|Red}}：[[Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-Beijing Camp]]
*{{color box|Silver}}：non-aligned and others

==Latest elections==

===2019 District Council election===
{{Main|2019 Hong Kong local elections}}

===2021 Legislative election===
{{Main|2021 Hong Kong legislative election}}

===2022 Chief executive election===
{{Main|2022 Hong Kong Chief Executive election}}

==See also==
* [[electoral calendar 2016|Electoral calendar]] (global)
* [[Politics of Hong Kong]]
* [[List of constituencies of Hong Kong]]
* [[2010 Hong Kong electoral reform]]
* [[2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform]]
* [[2021 Hong Kong electoral reform]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.had.gov.hk/vre/ Hong Kong Government Website]
*[http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/h/hongkong/ Adam Carr's Election Archive]
*[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05E3DB1538F934A2575AC0A961958260&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/E/Elections&scp=1&sq=Elections%20in%20Hong%20Kong/Roland%20Nicholson,%20Jr.%20&st=cse Elections in Hong Kong/ Roland Nicholson, Jr.]
*[http://www.ln.edu.hk/pgp/level2/pgp-data-f.htm Previous election results by Lingnan University]
*[http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2003/english/chapter01/01_05.html The Electoral System], ''Hong Kong 2003 – Constitution and Administration'', Government of Hong Kong
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050207055310/http://www.info.gov.hk/eac/index_en.htm Web Site of the Electoral Affairs Commission]

{{Hong Kong elections}}
{{Hong Kong electoral reform}}
{{Asia topic|Elections in}}
{{Hong Kong topics}}

[[Category:Elections in Hong Kong| ]]
[[Category:Politics of Hong Kong]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]