Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Elisabeth Schwarzkopf

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|German-born opera soprano (1915–2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix   = Dame
| name               = Elisabeth Schwarzkopf
| honorific_suffix   = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DBE}}
| image              = Elisabeth Schwarzkopf FDC 76 1858.3.jpg
| image_size         = 
| caption            = The soprano around 1950
| birth_name         = Olga Maria Elisabeth Friederike Schwarzkopf
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1915|12|09|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Jarocin|Jarotschin]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Empire]] (now Poland)
| death_date         = {{death date and age|2006|08|03|1915|12|09|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[Schruns]], [[Vorarlberg]], Austria
| citizenship        = {{plainlist|
*Germany
*Austria
*United Kingdom}}
| occupation         = {{plainlist|
* Classical soprano
* Voice teacher
}}
| organizations      = {{plainlist|
* [[Deutsche Oper Berlin]]
* [[Vienna State Opera]]
* [[Salzburg Festival]]
}}
| title              = {{plainlist|
* [[Kammersänger]]in
* Honorary member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Music]]
* Honorary member of the [[Vienna State Opera]]
* Commandeur of the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
}}
| awards             = {{plainlist|
* [[Lilli Lehmann Medal]]
* [[Edison Award]]
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
* [[UNESCO Mozart Medal]]
}}
}}
'''Dame Olga Maria Elisabeth Friederike Schwarzkopf''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|DBE}} (9 December 1915{{spaced ndash}}3 August 2006) was a German-born Austro-British [[lyric soprano]]. She was among the foremost singers of [[lieder]], and is renowned for her performances of Viennese [[operetta]], as well as the operas of [[Mozart]], [[Wagner]] and [[Richard Strauss]].<ref name="Macy2008"/><ref name="HendersonStacey2014">{{cite book|author1=Lol Henderson|author2=Lee Stacey|title=Encyclopedia of Music in the 20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8W2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA565|date=27 January 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-92946-6|pages=565–}}</ref> After retiring from the stage, she was a voice teacher internationally. She is considered one of the greatest sopranos of the 20th century.<ref>see eg [http://www.operaworld.es/en/the-best-sopranos-of-the-twentieth-century/ Opera World Best Sopranos of the 20th Century]</ref>

==Early life==
Schwarzkopf was born on 9 December 1915 in [[Jarocin|Jarotschin]] in the [[Province of Posen]] in [[Prussia]], [[German Empire|Germany]] (now Poland) to Friedrich Schwarzkopf and his wife, Elisabeth ({{nee|Fröhlich}}). Schwarzkopf performed in her first opera in 1928, as Eurydice in a school production of [[Christoph Willibald Gluck|Gluck's]] ''[[Orfeo ed Euridice]]'' in [[Magdeburg]], Germany. In 1934, Schwarzkopf began her musical studies at the [[Berlin University of the Arts|Berlin Hochschule für Musik]], where her singing tutor, [[Lula Mysz-Gmeiner]], attempted to train her to be a mezzo-soprano. Schwarzkopf later trained under [[Maria Ivogün]], and in 1938 joined the [[Deutsche Oper Berlin|Deutsche Oper]].<ref name="Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/music-obituaries/1525522/Dame-Elisabeth-Schwarzkopf.html|title=Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf|work=The Telegraph|date=4 August 2006|access-date=1 December 2015}}</ref>

== Early career ==
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2011}}
In 1933, shortly after the Nazis came to power, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf's father, a local school headmaster, was dismissed from his position by the new ruling authorities for having refused to allow a [[Nazi Party|Nazi party]] meeting at his school. He was also banned from taking any new teaching post. Until Friedrich Schwarzkopf's dismissal, the probability was that the 17-year-old Elisabeth would have studied medicine after passing her [[Abitur]]; but now, as the daughter of a banned school teacher, she was not allowed to enter university and she commenced music studies at the [[Berlin University of the Arts|Berlin Hochschule für Musik]]. Schwarzkopf made her professional debut at the [[Deutsche Oper Berlin]] (then called Deutsches Opernhaus) on 15 April 1938, as the Second Flower Maiden (First Group) in act 2 of [[Richard Wagner]]'s ''[[Parsifal]]''. In 1940 Schwarzkopf was awarded a full contract with the Deutsches Opernhaus, a condition of which was that she had to join the Nazi party.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Guilty Victim: Austria from the Holocaust to Haider|page=89|first=Hella|last=Pick|author-link=Hella Pick|year=2000|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1860646188|quote=Schwarzkopf who justified Party membership as a passport to performance}}</ref>

Since the theme was brought up in the dissertation of the Austrian historian [[Oliver Rathkolb]] in 1982, the question of Schwarzkopf's relationship with the [[Nazi Party]] has been discussed repeatedly in the media and in literature.<ref name="nazi guardian">{{cite web|last1=Kater|first1=Michael H.|title=The Nazi past of the late, great German soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/aug/24/classicalmusicandopera.secondworldwar|website=The Guardian|access-date=13 October 2017|date=24 August 2006}}</ref> There was criticism that Schwarzkopf, not only in the years immediately after the war but also in confrontation with revelations made in the 1980s and 1990s made contradictory statements, including in regard to her membership in the NSDAP (Member No. 7,548,960). At first, she denied this and then with varying explanations defended it. In one version, for example, she claimed that she joined the party only at the insistence of her father who, himself, had earlier lost his position as school principal after forbidding a Nazi program in the school.<ref name=wapo_obit>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/03/AR2006080301675_2.html|title=Renowned Coloratura Soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, 90|first=Adam|last=Bernstein|date=August 4, 2006|access-date=August 4, 2015}}</ref>

Further publications discussed her musical performances during the war before Nazi party conferences and for units of the [[Waffen-SS]].<ref name=wapo_obit/> Her defenders argue in favor of her claim that she always strictly separated art from politics and that she was a non-political person.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/17/arts/germans-explore-ties-of-musicians-of-nazis.html|first=John|last=Tagliabue|title=Germans Explore Ties of Musicians of Nazis|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 17, 1983}}</ref>

In 1942, she was invited to sing with the [[Vienna State Opera]], where her roles included Konstanze in Mozart's ''[[Die Entführung aus dem Serail]]'', Musetta and later Mimì in [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]]'s ''[[La bohème]]'' and Violetta in [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]]'s'' [[La traviata]]''.

Schwarzkopf starred in five feature films for Reich Minister of Propaganda [[Joseph Goebbels]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7611528/Alan-Jefferson.html|title=Alan Jefferson|work=The Telegraph|date=20 April 2010|access-date=1 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/book-review-her-masters-voice-1319665.html|title=BOOK REVIEW / Her Masters' voice|work=The Independent|author=Michael Church|date=23 October 2011|access-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> in which she acted, sang and played the piano.<ref name="Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf"/>

== Post-war career ==
[[File:Elisabeth Schwarzkopf.jpeg|thumb|left|upright|Schwarzkopf as Donna Elvira in Mozart's ''[[Don Giovanni]]'']]
In 1945, Schwarzkopf was granted Austrian citizenship to enable her to sing in the [[Vienna State Opera]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} In 1947 and 1948, Schwarzkopf appeared on tour with the Vienna State Opera at London's [[Royal Opera House, Covent Garden]] on 16 September 1947 as Donna Elvira in Mozart's ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' and at [[La Scala]] on 28 December 1948, as the Countess in Mozart's ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'', which became one of her signature roles.

Schwarzkopf later made her official debut at the Royal Opera House on 16 January 1948, as Pamina in Mozart's ''[[The Magic Flute]]'', in performances sung in English, and at La Scala on 29 June 1950 singing Beethoven's ''[[Missa solemnis (Beethoven)|Missa solemnis]]''. Schwarzkopf's association with the Milanese house in the early 1950s gave her the opportunity to sing certain roles on stage for the only time in her career: Mélisande in Debussy's ''[[Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)|Pelléas et Mélisande]]'', Iole in Handel's ''[[Hercules (Handel)|Hercules]]'', Marguerite in Gounod's ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'', Elsa in Wagner's ''[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]'', as well as her first Marschallin in Richard Strauss's ''[[Der Rosenkavalier]]'' and her first Fiordiligi in Mozart's ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' at the Piccola Scala. On 11 September 1951, she appeared as Anne Trulove in the world premiere of Stravinsky's ''[[The Rake's Progress]]''. Schwarzkopf made her American concert debut with the [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]] on 28 and 29 October 1954, in Strauss's ''[[Four Last Songs]]'' and the closing scene from ''[[Capriccio (opera)|Capriccio]]'' with [[Fritz Reiner]] conducting; her [[Carnegie Hall]] debut was a [[lied]] recital on 25 November 1956;<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/04/arts/music/04schwarzkopf.html "Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Opera Singer, Dies at 90"] by [[Anthony Tommasini]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 4 August 2006 (requires registration)</ref> her American opera debut was with the [[San Francisco Opera]] on 20 September 1955 as the Marschallin, and her debut at the [[Metropolitan Opera]] on 13 October 1964, also as the Marschallin.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Der Rosenkavalier'' {191} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/13/1964|url=http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=200010&limit=2500&xBranch=ALL&xsdate=&xedate=&theterm=Der%20Rosenkavalier%3A%20Leopold%20%5BAldridge,%20Erbert%5D&x=0&xhomepath=&xhome=|publisher=Metropolitan Opera Archives|access-date=December 19, 2017}}</ref>

[[File:ElisabethSchwarzkopfMarschallin.jpg|thumb|upright|Schwarzkopf as the Marschallin in Richard Strauss' ''[[Der Rosenkavalier]]'']]
In March 1946, Schwarzkopf was invited to audition for [[Walter Legge]], an influential British classical record producer and a founder of the [[Philharmonia Orchestra]]. Legge asked her to sing [[Hugo Wolf]]'s lied ''Wer rief dich denn?'' and, impressed, signed her to an exclusive contract with [[EMI]]. They began a close partnership and Legge subsequently became Schwarzkopf's manager and companion. They were married on 19 October 1953 in [[Epsom]], [[Surrey]]; Schwarzkopf thus acquired British citizenship by marriage. Schwarzkopf would divide her time between lieder recitals and opera performances for the rest of her career. When invited in 1958 to select her eight favourite records on the [[BBC]]'s ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'', Schwarzkopf chose seven of her own recordings,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009y865 |title=BBC Radio 4 – ''Desert Island Discs'', Elisabeth Schwarzkopf |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=1958-07-28 |access-date=2012-11-06}}</ref> and an eighth of [[Herbert von Karajan|Karajan]] conducting the ''Rosenkavalier'' prelude, as they evoked fond memories of the people she had worked with.<ref>Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Alan Jefferson (1996). "In any case, this famous ''Desert Island Discs'' broadcast has gone down in legend, immediately identifying Schwarzkopf for many who had never previously heard of her."</ref><ref>''[[Gramophone (magazine)|Gramophone]]'', vol. 83 (2006). "1958 Appears on ''Desert Island Discs'' and raises eyebrows by ..."</ref><ref>''Gramophone'', vol. 83 (2005), Letters. "Schwarzkopf's ''Desert Island Discs'' Talk has come up again of Elisabeth Schwarzkopf and her ''Desert Island Discs'' broadcast in 1958 [and recently repeated on Radio 3] with her unique choice of seven of her ..."</ref><ref>Prima donna: a history, [[Rupert Christiansen]] (1995). "It made Schwarzkopf into a uniquely self-conscious interpreter: it was perfectly natural to her that when asked on the BBC radio programme ''Desert Island Discs'' to select eight recordings to be shipwrecked with, she should choose only her ..."</ref>

In the 1960s, Schwarzkopf concentrated nearly exclusively on five operatic roles: Donna Elvira in ''Don Giovanni'', Countess Almaviva in ''The Marriage of Figaro'', Fiordiligi in ''Così fan tutte'', Countess Madeleine in Strauss's ''Capriccio'', and the Marschallin. She was also well received as Alice Ford in Verdi's ''[[Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff]]''. However, on the EMI label she made several "champagne operetta" recordings like Franz Lehár's ''[[The Merry Widow]]'' and Johann Strauss II's ''[[The Gypsy Baron]]''.

Schwarzkopf's last operatic performance was as the Marschallin on 31 December 1971, in the theatre of [[La Monnaie]] in Brussels. For the next several years, she devoted herself exclusively to lieder recitals. On 17 March 1979, Walter Legge suffered a severe heart attack. He disregarded doctor's orders to rest and attended Schwarzkopf's final recital two days later in Zurich. Three days later, he died.

==Retirement and death==
[[File:E. Schwarzkopf-Legge.jpg|thumb|Grave in Zumikon]]
After retiring (almost immediately after her husband's death), Schwarzkopf taught and gave [[master class]]es around the world, notably at the [[Juilliard School]] in New York City. After living in Switzerland for many years, she took up residence in Austria. She was made a doctor of music by the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1976, and became a Dame Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (DBE) in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/52767/supplements/7 |title=Viewing Page 7 of Issue 52767 |publisher=London-gazette.co.uk |date=1991-12-30 |access-date=2012-11-06}}</ref>

Schwarzkopf died in her sleep during the night of 2–3 August 2006 at her home in [[Schruns]], [[Vorarlberg]], Austria, aged 90. Her ashes, and those of Walter Legge, were buried next to her parents in [[Zumikon]] near [[Zürich]], where she had lived from 1982 to 2003.

==Legacy==
Her discography is considerable both in quality and in quantity and is distinguished for her Mozart and [[Richard Strauss]] operatic portrayals, her two commercial recordings of Strauss's ''Four Last Songs'' and her recordings of lieder, especially those of [[Hugo Wolf|Wolf]].

Schwarzkopf is generally considered to have been the greatest German [[lyric soprano]] of the twentieth century and one of the finest Mozart singers of all time with an "indescribably beautiful" voice.<ref>Matthew Boyden. ''The Rough Guide to Opera'', 3rd Edition London: Rough Guides Ltd., 2002</ref>

Schwarzkopf's entry in ''The Grove Book of Opera Singers'' concludes: "Although she dismissed her [Nazi Party] membership as a professional necessity, her reputation has remained tarnished by what seems to have been an active party membership."<ref name="Macy2008">{{cite book|author=Laura Williams Macy|title=The Grove Book of Opera Singers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0zthpCZuAUC&pg=PA442|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533765-5|pages=442–}}</ref>

==Awards==
[[File:Uitreiking Edisons in Grand Gala Du Disque, Bestanddeelnr 912-9837.jpg|thumb|Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (Amsterdam, 1961)]]
* 1950: [[Lilli Lehmann Medal]], Mozarteum International Foundation, Salzburg
* 1959: 1. "Orfeo d'Oro", Mantua (?)
* 1969: ''Orphée d'or'' recording award from the Académie du disque lyrique in Paris
* 1961: [[Edison Award]], Amsterdam
* 1961: Awarded the title Deutsche [[Kammersänger]]in
* 1964: Honorary member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Music]]
* 1967: Stockholm television award for best European soprano Stockholmer
* 1971: Hugo-Wolf Medal
* 1974: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
* 1982: Mozart Medal of the city of [[Frankfurt]] am Main
* 1983: Honorary member of the [[Vienna State Opera]] and title of Kammersängerin
* 1986: Commandeur de l'[[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
* 1991: [[UNESCO Mozart Medal]]
* 1992: Dame Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] for services to music
* 2002: {{Interlanguage link multi|Honorary Medal of the City of Vienna|de|3=Ehrenmedaille der Bundeshauptstadt Wien}}
* 2012: Voted into [[Gramophone Hall of Fame]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (soprano)|url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/HallofFame/ArtistPage/Schwarzkopf|publisher=Gramophone|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref>

==Quotations==
{{Copy to Wikiquote|section=yes|date=November 2011}}
* ''(After being asked about [[Peter Sellars]])'' "There are names I do not want mentioned in my home. Do not say that name in my presence. I have seen what he has done, and it is criminal. As my husband used to say, so far no one has dared go into the [[Musée du Louvre|Louvre]] Museum to spray graffiti on the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', but some opera directors are spraying graffiti over masterpieces." &ndash;&nbsp;''[[Newsweek]]'' interview, 15 October 1990
* "Many composers today don't know what the human throat is. At [[Bloomington, Indiana]], I was invited to listen to music written in [[quarter tone]]s for four harps and voices. I had to go out to be sick." &ndash;&nbsp;''Newsweek'' interview, 15 October 1990
* ''(Asked in 1995 if she would sing in the cultural climate of the 1990s if she were much younger)'' "It's a kind of prostitution now. There is nobody I envy. There's a disintegration of integrity in our profession."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-08-18/news/9608180091_1_berlin-deutsche-oper-nazi-party-waffen-ss/2|title=Past Imperfect|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|author=John von Rhein|date=18 August 1996|access-date=1 December 2015}}</ref>

== Recordings ==
{{external media|audio1=Schwarzkopf as Hanna Glawari in [https://archive.org/details/FridayOpera_090904 a complete recording] of Lehár's operetta ''[[The Merry Widow]]'', [[Lovro von Matačić]] conducting the [[Philharmonia Orchestra]] with [[Eberhard Waechter]] and [[Nicolai Gedda]] in 1963}}

*''Recital at Carnegie Hall'' (1956), [[EMI]] in "Great Performances of the Century", 1989<ref>[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-04-30/entertainment/8904100568_1_emi-songs-piano "Elisabeth Schwarzkopf Recital"], review by John von Rhein, ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', 30 April 1989</ref>

'''Bach'''
* ''[[St Matthew Passion]]'' ([[Otto Klemperer|Klemperer]]), [[Philharmonia Orchestra]] (Warner Classics 1961)
'''Brahms'''
* ''[[A German Requiem (Brahms)|A German Requiem]]'' (Klemperer), [[Philharmonia Orchestra]] (Warner Classics 1961)
'''Humperdinck'''
* ''[[Hänsel und Gretel (opera)|Hänsel und Gretel]]'' ([[Herbert von Karajan|Karajan]]) (1953) Naxos 8.110897-98
'''Lehár'''
* ''[[The Land of Smiles|Das Land des Lächelns]]'' (Ackermann) (1953) and excerpts from Lehár Operettas Naxos 8.111016-17
* ''[[The Merry Widow|Die lustige Witwe]]'' ([[Erich Kunz|Kunz]], [[Nicolai Gedda|Gedda]]) (1953) Naxos 8.111007
'''Mozart'''
* ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' ([[Carlo Maria Giulini]], [[Philharmonia Orchestra]]) (Warner Classics 1959) with [[Joan Sutherland]] as Donna Anna.
* ''[[The Marriage of Figaro|Le nozze di Figaro]]'' ([[Carlo Maria Giulini]], [[Philharmonia Orchestra]]) (Warner Classics 1959)
* ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' (Otto, Karajan) (1954) Naxos 8.111232-34
* ''[[The Magic Flute|Die Zauberflöte]]'' ([[Otto Klemperer]]) (1960) ([[EMI]] 5673852).  She plays the First Lady.
* ''[[Die Entführung aus dem Serail]]'' ([[Rudolf Moralt]]) (1949) (Gala GL100.501)
'''Puccini'''
*''[[Turandot]]'' as Liù ([[Tullio Serafin]], [[La Scala]] Orchestra; 1957 EMI Classics) [[Maria Callas|Callas]] as Turandot
'''Johann Strauss II'''
* ''[[Die Fledermaus]]'' (Gedda, Karajan) (1955) Naxos 8.111036-37
*[[Der Zigeunerbaron]] (Gedda, Prey, Kunz) (1954 [[Otto Ackermann (conductor)|Otto Ackermann]], Philharmonia Orchestra & Chorus) EMI Classics 67535 ADD monaural 2CDs: 56:00, 44:11
'''Richard Strauss'''
* ''[[Der Rosenkavalier]]'' ([[Herbert von Karajan]]) (1956) (EMI 77357)  The Marschallin was considered her signature-role.
* ''[[Four Last Songs]]'' / ''[[Arabella]]'' (highlights) (Ackermann, Matacic) (1953, 1954) Naxos 8.111145
* ''Four Last Songs'' (Szell; 1965; Warner Classics "Great Recordings of the Century"; Cat: 0724356696020)
* ''[[Ariadne auf Naxos]]'' (Streich, Karajan) (1954) Naxos 8.111033-34
* ''[[Capriccio (opera)|Capriccio]]'' ([[Christa Ludwig]], [[Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau]], [[Nicolai Gedda]], [[Wolfgang Sawallisch]]) (1957) Warner Classics CDS 7 49014-8
{{external media|audio1=Schwarzkopf in [https://archive.org/details/BRAHMSAGermanRequiem-NEWTRANSFER/05.V.IhrHabtNunTraurigkeit.mp3 a complete recording] of Brahms' ''[[A German Requiem (Brahms)|A German Requiem]]'', [[Herbert von Karajan]] conducting the [[Vienna Philharmonic]] with [[Hans Hotter]] in 1947}}
'''Verdi'''
* ''[[Requiem (Verdi)|Messa da Requiem]]'' (Di Stefano, De Sabata) (1954) Naxos 8.111049-50
'''Richard Wagner'''
* ''[[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg]]'' (Karajan) (1951) Naxos 8.110872-75

==Video==
She can be seen in two videotaped performances as the [[Der Rosenkavalier|Marschallin]]:
* ''Schwarzkopf Seefried Fischer-Dieskau'', a black-and-white DVD of these three singers.  Schwarzkopf performs the Act I Finale from ''Der Rosenkavalier'', from a performance filmed in London, 1961.  Published by Warner Classics, Catalog number DVB 4904429.
*  ''[[Der Rosenkavalier (1962 film)|Der Rosenkavalier: the Film]]'', a color videotape/DVD of a full length performance conducted by [[Herbert von Karajan]] with the [[Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra]] from the 1961 [[Salzburg Festival]], featuring [[Sena Jurinac]], [[Anneliese Rothenberger]], [[Otto Edelmann]] and [[Erich Kunz]]; film directed by [[Paul Czinner]].  Published by KULTUR.  ASIN: B0043988GM.

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* Jefferson, Alan ''Elisabeth Schwarzkopf'' Northeastern University Press (August 1996) {{ISBN|1-55553-272-1}} [http://google.com/search?q=cache:o3OVbz7o0PgJ:www.nytimes.com/books/first/j/jefferson-elisabeth.html+%22Elisabeth+Schwarzkopf%22&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=3&client=firefox-a Chapter One extract]
* [[Walter Legge|Legge, Walter]]; postscript by Schwarzkopf, Elisabeth; ed. Sanders, Alan ''Walter Legge: Words and Music'' Routledge (1998) {{ISBN|0-415-92108-2}}
* Liese, Kirsten, ''Elisabeth Schwarzkopf. From Flower Maiden To Marschallin''. English translation: Charles Scribner. Molden, Vienna 2007. {{ISBN|978-3-85485-218-6}}; Amadeus Press, New York, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-57467-175-9}}
* Sanders, Alan ''The Schwarzkopf Tapes: An artist replies to a hostile biography'', Classical Recordings Quarterly and The Elisabeth Schwarzkopf/Walter Legge Society, (2010) {{ISBN|978-0-9567361-0-9}}
* Sanders, Alan and [[J. B. Steane|Steane, John B.]] ''Elisabeth Schwarzkopf: A Career on Record'', Amadeus Press (January 1996) {{ISBN|0-931340-99-3}}
* Schwarzkopf, Elisabeth ''Les autres soirs'' Tallandier (August 16, 2004) {{ISBN|2-84734-068-8}}
* Schwarzkopf, Elisabeth ''On and Off the Record: A Memoir of Walter Legge'' Faber and Faber (December 31, 1982) {{ISBN|0-571-11928-X}}; Scribner (March 1982) {{ISBN|0-684-17451-0}}; (paperback) {{ISBN|0-571-14912-X}}; University of British Columbia Press (January 1, 2002) {{ISBN|1-55553-519-4}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Elisabeth Schwarzkopf}}
* [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Schwarzkopf-Elisabeth.htm Bach Cantatas biography]
* [http://www.schubertiade.at/index.php?mod=seiten&html=elisabeth-schwarzkopf-museum&language=en Elisabeth Schwarzkopf Museum in Hohenems/Austria]
* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5243696.stm Obituary: Elisabeth Schwarzkopf]
* ''[[The Guardian]]'' ([[Alan Blyth]]) [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/obituary/0,,1836949,00.html Obituary: Elisabeth Schwarzkopf]
* ''[[The Times]]'' [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-2298366,00.html Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf] (obituary)
* ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20071118051437/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/news/2006/08/04/db0401.xml Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf] (obituary)
* ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (Adam Bernstein) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/03/AR2006080301675.html Renowned Coloratura Soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, 90] (obituary)
* ''The Washington Post'' (Tim Page) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/03/AR2006080301681.html The Plaintive Last Song of Elisabeth Schwarzkopf] (appreciation)
* [[Norman Lebrecht]]: [https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601088&sid=aokRKiFTNkWY&refer=culture Schwarzkopf's Career Had Somber Side]
* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5243582.stm Soprano Schwarzkopf dies aged 90]
* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5244964.stm Diva's 'place in history assured']
* ''The Guardian'' (Charlotte Higgins) [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/04/arts.artsnews Elisabeth Schwarzkopf dies at 90]
* {{IMDb name|0777695}}
* [http://www.schmitt-walter.de/Grussworte/ Prewar photo of Schwarzkopf as Zerbinetta] (scroll down)
* [http://www.warnerclassics.com/elisabeth-schwarzkopf/releases Discography] warnerclassics.com
* [http://sopranos.freeservers.com/schwardi.htm Discography] from sopranos.freeservers.com
* [http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLSISCHW.HTM Another Discography] (Capon's Lists of Opera Recordings)
{{Gramophone Hall of Fame}}
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[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Lieder singers]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Singers awarded knighthoods]]
[[Category:German operatic sopranos]]
[[Category:Musicians from the Province of Posen]]
[[Category:People from Jarocin]]
[[Category:Nazi Party members]]
[[Category:Berlin University of the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:Österreichischer Kammersänger]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of Austria]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music]]
[[Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:20th-century German women opera singers]]
[[Category:Voice teachers]]
[[Category:German music educators]]
[[Category:German women music educators]]
[[Category:Women in Nazi Germany]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
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[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]