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{{Short description|Where and how the United States gets electrical and other power}}
[[File:Hoover dam from air.jpg|thumb|[[Hoover Dam]]]]
[[File:US oil production, imports, & exports.webp|thumb|300px|US oil production, imports, & exports]]
{{Use American English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=October 2022}}
{{Update|date=June 2022|reason=future statements in lead referring to past years, and lack of coverage of recent energy issues, the IRA and other new Biden-signed acts}}
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The '''energy policy of the United States''' is determined by federal, state, and local entities. It addresses issues of energy production, distribution, consumption, and modes of use, such as building codes, mileage standards, and commuting policies. [[Energy policy]] may be addressed via [[legislation]], regulation, court decisions, public participation, and other techniques.

Federal [[List of United States energy acts|energy policy acts]] were passed in 1974, 1992, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009,<ref name="EISA">{{cite web
 |url          = http://www.thomas.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c110:H.R.6.ENR:
 |title        = Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House and Senate)
 |access-date  = 2008-01-18
 |url-status   = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160115001453/http://www.thomas.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c110%3AH.R.6.ENR%3A
 |archive-date = January 15, 2016
 |df           = mdy
}}</ref> 2020, 2021, and 2022, although energy-related policies have appeared in many other bills. State and local energy policies typically relate to efficiency standards and/or transportation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency |url=http://www.dsireusa.org/ |access-date=2012-03-30 |publisher=Dsireusa.org}}</ref>

Federal energy policies since the [[1973 oil crisis]] have been criticized over an alleged crisis-mentality, promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities.<ref>{{cite book| last =Grossman| first =Peter| title =U.S. Energy Policy and the Pursuit of Failure| publisher =Cambridge University Press| year =2013| page =416| url =http://www.cambridge.org/us/knowledge/isbn/item7078295/U-S--Energy-Policy-and-the-Pursuit-of-Failure/?site_locale=en_US| isbn =978-1107005174}}</ref><ref>Hamilton, Michael S. 2013. ''Energy Policy Analysis: A Conceptual Framework''. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.</ref>

[[United States#Demographics|Americans]] constitute less than 5% of the [[world population|world's population]], but consume 26% of the [[Energy use in the United States|world's energy]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SEI: Energy Consumption |url=http://www.solarenergy.org/resources/energyfacts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525042417/http://www.solarenergy.org/resources/energyfacts.html |archive-date=May 25, 2009 |access-date=2012-03-30 |publisher=Solarenergy.org |df=mdy-all}}</ref> to produce 26% of the world's industrial output. Technologies such as [[Hydraulic fracturing|fracking]] and [[Directional drilling|horizontal drilling]] allowed the United States in 2014 to become the world's top oil fossil fuel producer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Grant |date=4 July 2014 |title=U.S. is now world's biggest oil producer |website=www.chicagotribune.com |publisher=Bloomberg News |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-us-is-now-worlds-biggest-oil-producer-20140704,0,1536194.story |access-date=4 July 2014}}</ref> In 2018, US exports of coal, natural gas, crude oil and petroleum products exceeded imports, achieving a degree of [[energy independence]] for the first time in decades.<ref name="oil">{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2018-07-10/eia-us-net-oil-imports-to-drop-to-lowest-levels-in-60-years |title=EIA: U.S. Net Oil Imports to Drop to Lowest Levels in 60 Years |access-date=13 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="gas">{{cite web |title=BP Statistical Review 2018 |url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf |access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/US-Will-Soon-Export-More-Oil-Liquids-Than-Saudi-Arabia.html |title=U.S. Will Soon Export More Oil, Liquids Than Saudi Arabia |access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> In the second half of 2019, the US was the world's top producer of oil and gas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/US-Is-Now-Largest-Oil-And-Gas-Producer-In-The-World.html |title=U.S. Is Now Largest Oil... And Gas Producer In The World |access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref> This energy surplus ended in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Is-US-Energy-Dominance-Coming-To-An-End.html |title=Is U.S. Energy Dominance Coming To An End? |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52226236 |title=Oil producers agree to cut production by a tenth |work=BBC News |date=April 9, 2020 |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref>

Various multinational groups have attempted to establish goals and timetables for energy and other climate-related policies, such as the 1997 [[Kyoto Protocol]], and the [[Paris Agreement|2015 Paris Agreement]]. {{Toclimit}}

==History==
{{See also|History of the petroleum industry in the United States|History of coal mining in the United States}}
[[File:US historical energy consumption 1776-2018.svg|thumb|US energy use (values in [[Quad (unit)|quad]]/year, each equal to {{Convert|1|quad|TWh|abbr=on|disp=out|lk=on}}/year)]]
[[File:US Proven Oil Reserves 1900 to 2005.png|thumb|US oil reserves increased until 1970, then began to decline.]]
[[File:Grand Coulee Dam.jpg|thumb|left|[[Grand Coulee Dam]] in Washington State.]]

In the early days of the Republic energy policy allowed free use of standing [[timber]] for heating and industry. Wind and water provided energy for tasks such as milling grain. In the 19th century, coal became widely used. Whales were rendered into [[whale oil|lamp oil]].<ref name=HistElect>{{cite web | url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/eh/elec.html | title=Energy in the United States: 1635–2000 – Electricity | publisher=[[United States Department of Energy]] | access-date=2007-07-04 }}</ref> [[Coal gas]] was fractionated for use as lighting and [[town gas]]. Natural gas was first used in America for lighting in 1816.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lsa.colorado.edu/summarystreet/texts/naturalgas.htm |title=Natural Gas |access-date=2008-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108155406/http://lsa.colorado.edu/summarystreet/texts/naturalgas.htm |archive-date=January 8, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> It has grown in importance, especially for electricity generation, but US natural gas production peaked in 1973<ref>{{cite web |title=Oil and natural gas depletion and our future |url=http://www.energybulletin.net/32146.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209195939/http://www.energybulletin.net/32146.html|archive-date=February 9, 2008}}</ref> and the price has risen significantly since then.

[[Coal]] provided the bulk of the US energy needs well into the 20th century. Most urban homes had a coal bin and a coal-fired furnace. Over the years these were replaced with oil furnaces that were easier and safer to operate.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vivian |first=John |url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/Homesteading-and-Self-Reliance/1992-12-01/Mothers-1993-Wood-and-Coal-Stove-Advisory.aspx |title=Wood and Coal Stove Advisory |publisher=Motherearthnews.com |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref>

From the early 1940s, the US government and oil industry entered into a mutually beneficial collaboration to control global oil resources.<ref>{{Cite book |last= Painter |first= David S. |author-link= David S. Painter |year= 1986 |title= Oil and the American Century: The Political Economy of US Foreign Oil Policy, 1941–1954 |location= Baltimore,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-801-82693-1 |url= https://archive.org/details/oilamericancent00pain }}</ref> By 1950, [[oil consumption]] exceeded that of coal.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/history/timelines/petroleum.html | title=Petroleum Timeline | publisher=United States Department of Energy | access-date=2007-07-04 }}</ref><ref name=HistCoal>{{cite web | url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/eh/coal.html | title=Energy in the United States: 1635–2000 – Coal | publisher=United States Department of Energy| access-date=2007-07-04 }}</ref> Abundant oil in California, Texas, Oklahoma, as well as in Canada and Mexico, coupled with its low cost, ease of transportation, high [[energy density]], and use in [[internal combustion engine]]s, led to its increasing use.<ref name=HistTotal/>

Following [[World War II]], oil heating boilers took over from coal burners along the Eastern Seaboard; [[diesel locomotives]] took over from coal-fired [[steam engines]]; oil-fired power plants dominated; petroleum-burning buses replaced electric [[streetcars]], and citizens bought gasoline-powered cars. [[Interstate Highways]] helped make cars the major means of personal transportation.<ref name=HistTotal>{{cite web | url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/eh/total.html | title=Energy in the United States: 1635–2000 – Total Energy |  publisher=United States Department of Energy | access-date=2007-07-04 }}</ref> As oil imports increased, [[Foreign policy of the United States|US foreign policy]] was drawn into [[Middle East]] politics, seeking to maintain steady supply via actions such as protecting [[Persian Gulf]] sea lanes.<ref name=HistPetro>{{cite web | url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/eh/petro.html | title=Energy in the United States: 1635–2000 – Petroleum | publisher=United States Department of Energy | access-date=2007-07-04 }}</ref>

[[Hydroelectricity]] was the basis of [[Nikola Tesla]]'s introduction of the US electricity grid, starting at [[Niagara Falls, New York]], in 1883.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niagarafrontier.com/power.html |title=Niagara Falls History of Power |publisher=Niagarafrontier.com |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref> Electricity generated by major dams such as the [[Tennessee Valley Authority|TVA Project]], [[Grand Coulee Dam]] and [[Hoover Dam]] still produce some of the lowest-priced ($0.08/kWh) electricity. Rural electrification strung [[Electric power transmission|power lines]] to many more areas.<ref name=HistElect /><ref name=HistRenew>{{cite web | url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/eh/renew.html | title=Energy in the United States: 1635–2000 – Renewable | publisher=United States Department of Energy | access-date=2007-07-04 }}</ref>

A [[National Maximum Speed Law|National Maximum Speed Limit]] of 55&nbsp;mph (88&nbsp;km/h) was imposed in 1974 (and repealed in 1995) to help reduce consumption. [[Corporate Average Fuel Economy]] (aka CAFE) standards were enacted in 1975 and progressively tightened over time to compel manufacturers to improve vehicle mileage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers 1993 |url=http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/financial/020693.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011127094625/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/financial/020693.pdf |archive-date=2001-11-27 |access-date=2007-07-04 |publisher=United States Department of Energy |quote=See page 48.}}</ref> Year-round [[Daylight Saving Time]] was imposed in 1974 and repealed in 1975. The United States [[Strategic Petroleum Reserve (United States)|Strategic Petroleum Reserve]] was created in 1975.

The [[Weatherization Assistance Program]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-01-30 |title=Weatherization Assistance Program |url=http://www.eere.energy.gov/weatherization/ |access-date=2012-03-30 |publisher=Eere.energy.gov}}</ref> was enacted in 1977. On average, low-cost [[weatherization]] reduces heating bills by 31% and overall energy bills by $358 per year at 2012 prices. Increased energy efficiency and weatherization spending has a high [[return on investment]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Communities of the Future |url=http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy99osti/26318.pdf |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref>

On August 4, 1977, President [[Jimmy Carter]] signed into law ''The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977'' ({{USStatute|95|91|91|565|1977|08|04}}), which created the [[United States Department of Energy]] (DOE).<ref name=Relyea2003>{{cite book |last1=Relyea |first1=Harold |last2=Carr |first2=Thomas P. |title=The Executive Branch, Creation and Reorganization |year=2003 |publisher=Nova Publishers |page=29}}</ref> The new agency, which began operations on October 1, 1977, consolidated the [[Federal Energy Administration]], the [[Energy Research and Development Administration]], the [[Federal Power Commission]], and programs of various other agencies. Former Secretary of Defense [[James Schlesinger]], who served under Presidents Nixon and Ford during the [[Vietnam War]], was appointed as the first secretary.

On June 30, 1980, Congress passed the [[Energy Security Act]], which reauthorized the [[Defense Production Act of 1950]] and enabled it to cover domestic energy supplies. It also obligated the federal government to promote and reform the [[Strategic Petroleum Reserve (United States)|Strategic Petroleum Reserve]], [[biofuel]]s, [[geothermal power]], [[acid rain]] prevention, [[solar power]], and [[synthetic fuel commercialization]].<ref>{{USPL|96|294}}</ref> The Defense Production Act was further reauthorized in 2009, with modifications requiring the federal government to promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and improved grid and grid storage installations with its defense procurements.<ref>{{USPL|111|67}}</ref><ref>{{USC|50|4502}}</ref>

The [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] provided substantially larger [[fossil fuel subsidies|subsidies to fossil fuel]]s than to renewables in the 2002–2008 period. Subsidies to [[fossil fuels]] totaled approximately $72 billion over the study period, a direct cost to taxpayers. Subsidies for renewable fuels, totaled $29 billion over the same period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elistore.org/Data/products/d19_07.pdf |title=Estimating U.S. Government Subsidies to Energy Sources: 2002–2008|publisher= [[Environmental Law Institute]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117072837/http://www.elistore.org/Data/products/d19_07.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2013 }}</ref>

In some cases, the US used energy policy to pursue other international goals. [[Richard Heinberg]] claimed that a declassified [[CIA]] document showed that the US used oil prices as leverage against the economy of the [[Soviet Union]] by working with Saudi Arabia during the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan administration]] to keep oil prices low, thus decreasing the value of the USSR's petroleum export industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portlandpeakoil.org/node/1116|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103830/http://www.portlandpeakoil.org/node/1116|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-04|title=The Challenges Facing the Intelligence Community Regarding Global Oil Depletion|last=Erwin|first=Jerry|date=2006-10-09|publisher=Portland Peak Oil|access-date=2009-04-29}}</ref>

The 2005 [[Energy Policy Act of 2005|Energy Policy Act]] (EPA) addressed (1) energy efficiency; (2) renewable energy; (3) oil and gas; (4) coal; (5) tribal energy; (6) nuclear matters; (7) vehicles and motor fuels, including ethanol; (8) hydrogen; (9) electricity; (10) energy tax incentives; (11) hydropower and geothermal energy; and (12) climate change technology.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2013 |title=Summary of the Energy Policy Act |url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-energy-policy-act |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=EPA.gov}}</ref> The Act also started the Department of Energy's [[Loan Guarantee]] Program.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007]] provided funding to help improve building codes, and outlawed the sale of [[incandescent light bulbs]], in favor of fluorescents and [[Light-emitting diode|LEDs]].<ref name="EISA" /> It also includes funding to increase [[photovoltaics]], and a [[solar air conditioning]] program, created the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant, and set the CAFE standard to 35 mpg by 2020.

In February 2009, the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act]] was passed, with an initial projection of $45 billion in funding levels going to energy. $11 billion went to the Weatherization Assistance Program, the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant, and the State Energy Program, $11 billion went to federal buildings and vehicles, $8 billion went to research and development programs, $2.4 billion went to new technology and facility development projects, $14 billion went to the electric grid, and $21 billion was projected to go to tax credits for renewable energy and electric vehicles, among others.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R40412|title=Energy Provisions in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act|date=March 12, 2009|publisher=Congressional Research Service|number=R40412|access-date=October 25, 2019|author=Fred Sissine, Anthony Andrews, Peter Folger, Stan Mark Kaplan, Daniel Morgan, Brent D. Yacobucci}}</ref> Due in part to the design of the tax credits, the final amount of energy spending and incentives reached over $90 billion, funded 180 advanced manufacturing projects, and created more than 900,000 job-years.<ref name="whitehouse.gov 2016">{{cite web | title=FACT SHEET: The Recovery Act Made The Largest Single Investment In Clean Energy In History, Driving The Deployment Of Clean Energy, Promoting Energy Efficiency, And Supporting Manufacturing | website=whitehouse.gov | date=February 25, 2016 | url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/02/25/fact-sheet-recovery-act-made-largest-single-investment-clean-energy| access-date=October 25, 2023}}</ref>

In December 2009, the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] announced the Green Patent Pilot Program.<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-05-21 |title=USPTO Expands Green Technology Pilot Program to More Inventions |url=http://www.uspto.gov/news/pr/2010/10_21.jsp |access-date=2012-07-12 |publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]]}}</ref> The program was initiated to accelerate the examination of patent applications relating to certain green technologies, including the energy sector.<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-05-22 |title=Emerging Energy and Intellectual Property – The Often Unappreciated Risks and Hurdles of Government Regulations and Standard Setting Organizations |url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/emerging-energy-and-intellectual-property-often-unappreciated-risks-and-hurdles-gove |access-date=2012-07-10 |work=The National Law Review |publisher=[[Husch Blackwell]]}}</ref> The pilot program was initially designed to accommodate 3,000 applications related to certain green technology categories, and the program was originally set to expire on December 8, 2010. In May 2010, the USPTO announced that it would expand the pilot program.<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-11-10 |title=USPTO Extends Deadline to Participate in Green Technology Pilot Program by One Year |url=http://www.uspto.gov/news/pr/2010/10_55.jsp. |access-date=2012-07-12 |publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]]}}</ref>

In 2016, federal government energy-specific subsidies and support for renewables, fossil fuels, and nuclear energy amounted to $6,682 million, $489 million and $365 million, respectively.<ref>{{DoE|article=Direct Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy in Fiscal Year 2016|url=https://www.eia.gov/analysis/requests/subsidy/}}</ref>

On June 1, 2017, then-President [[Donald Trump]] announced that the U.S. would cease participation in the [[Paris Agreement|2015 Paris Agreement]] on [[climate change mitigation]] agreed to under the President [[Barack Obama]] administration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/336011-pro-paris-agreement-protesters-arrive-outside-white-house|title=Pro-Paris agreement protesters flock to White House|last=Beavers|first=Olivia|date=2017-06-01|website=The Hill|language=en|access-date=2019-05-08}}</ref> On November 3, 2020, incoming President [[Joe Biden]] announced that the U.S. would resume its participation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/01/21/us-re-joins-paris-climate-agreement-as-biden-signs-executive-order-13941697/|title=United States rejoins Paris climate agreement as Biden signs executive order|last=Parsons|first=Jeff|date=2020-01-21|website=Metro|language=en|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref>

The [[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) predicted that the reduction in energy consumption in 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]] would take many years to recover.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/AEO_Narrative_2021.pdf|title=Annual Energy Outlook 2021|access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> The US imported much of its oil for many decades but in 2020 became a net exporter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oil imports and exports - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/oil-and-petroleum-products/imports-and-exports.php |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref>

In December 2020, Trump signed the [[Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021]], which contained the Energy Act of 2020, the first major revision package to U.S. energy policy in over a decade. The bill contains increased incentives for energy efficiency particularly in federal government buildings, improved funding for weatherization assistance, standards to phase out the use of [[hydrofluorocarbons]], plans to rebuild the nation's energy research sector including fossil fuel research, and $7 billion in demonstration projects for carbon capture and storage.<ref name="U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources 2020">{{cite web | title=ICYMI: What They're Saying About the Energy Act of 2020 | website=U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources | date=December 29, 2020 | url=https://www.energy.senate.gov/2020/12/icymi-what-they-re-saying-about-the-energy-act-of-2020 | access-date=April 14, 2023}}</ref><ref name="EESI 2020">{{cite web | last=Bresette | first=Daniel | title=The Energy Act of 2020 is a Step in the Right Direction, But More Comprehensive Climate Action is Still Needed - Press Release | website=EESI | date=December 22, 2020 | url=https://www.eesi.org/press-releases/view/the-energy-act-of-2020-is-a-step-in-the-right-direction-but-more-comprehensive-climate-action-is-still-needed | access-date=April 14, 2023}}</ref><ref name="IEA 2022">{{cite web | title=Energy Act of 2020 (CCUS provisions) – Policies | website=IEA | date=March 10, 2022 | url=https://www.iea.org/policies/13192-energy-act-of-2020-ccus-provisions | access-date=April 14, 2023}}</ref>

Under President Joe Biden, one-third of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve was tapped to reduce energy prices during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=DOE Announces Notice of Sale of Additional Crude Oil From the Strategic Petroleum Reserve |url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-announces-notice-sale-additional-crude-oil-strategic-petroleum-reserve |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> He also invoked the Defense Production Act to boost manufacturing of [[solar cell]]s and other renewable energy generators, [[fuel cell]]s and other electricity-dependent clean fuel equipment, [[building insulation]], [[heat pump]]s, critical [[power grid]] infrastructure, and [[electric vehicle]] [[Electric battery|batteries]].<ref name="Energy.gov DPA announcement 2022">{{cite web | title=President Biden Invokes Defense Production Act to Accelerate Domestic Manufacturing of Clean Energy | website=Energy.gov | date=June 6, 2022 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/president-biden-invokes-defense-production-act-accelerate-domestic-manufacturing-clean | access-date=November 24, 2022}}</ref><ref name="The White House DPA 2022">{{cite web | author=The White House | title=FACT SHEET: President Biden Takes Bold Executive Action to Spur Domestic Clean Energy Manufacturing | website=The White House | date=June 6, 2022 | url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/06/fact-sheet-president-biden-takes-bold-executive-action-to-spur-domestic-clean-energy-manufacturing/ | access-date=November 24, 2022}}</ref>

Biden also signed the [[Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act]] to invest $73 billion in the energy sector.<ref name="npr.org">{{cite news |last1=Sprunt |first1=Barbara |title=Here's What's Included In The Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/06/24/1009923468/heres-whats-included-in-the-infrastructure-deal-that-biden-struck-with-senators |access-date=25 March 2023|agency=NPR |date=10 August 2021}}</ref> $11 billion of that amount will be invested in power grid infrastructure, with the first selected recipients for $3.46 billion of the funds announced in October 2023, the largest such investment in the grid since the [[Recovery Act]].<ref name="GRIP 2023">{{cite web | title=Grid Resilience and Innovation Partnerships (GRIP) Program | website=Energy.gov | date=October 24, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/gdo/grid-resilience-and-innovation-partnerships-grip-program | access-date=October 25, 2023}}</ref> (In November 2022 the Biden administration announced $550 million would be distributed from a grant program for clean energy generators for low-income and minority communities, created by the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act and last funded by the [[Recovery Act]].<ref name="National League of Cities 2021">{{cite web | title=What You Need to Know About the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant | website=National League of Cities | date=December 3, 2021 | url=https://www.nlc.org/article/2021/12/03/what-you-need-to-know-the-energy-efficiency-and-conservation-block-grant/ | access-date=October 25, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Energy.gov IIJA EECBG announcement 2022">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $550 Million in Clean Energy Funding to Benefit and Lower Costs for More than 250 Million Americans | website=Energy.gov | date=November 22, 2022 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-550-million-clean-energy-funding-benefit-and-lower | access-date=November 24, 2022}}</ref>) $6 billion of the former amount will go to [[nuclear power in the United States|domestic nuclear power]]. From the $73 billion, the IIJA invests $45 billion in [[innovation]] and [[industrial policy]] for key emerging technologies in energy; $430 million<ref name="Energy.gov IDP announcement 2023">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $6 Billion To Drastically Reduce Industrial Emissions and Create Healthier Communities | website=Energy.gov | date=March 8, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-6-billion-drastically-reduce-industrial-emissions | access-date=June 14, 2023}}</ref>–21 billion in new demonstration projects at the DOE; and nearly $24 billion in onshoring, [[supply chain resilience]], and bolstering competitive advantages in energy, divided into an $8.6 billion investment in [[carbon capture and storage]], $3 billion in battery material reprocessing, $3 billion in [[battery recycling]], $1 billion in [[rare-earth mineral]]s stockpiling, and $8 billion in new research hubs for [[green hydrogen]].<ref name="Higman 2021">{{cite journal | last=Higman | first=Morgan | title=The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act Will Do More to Reach 2050 Climate Targets than Those of 2030 | website=Center for Strategic and International Studies | date=August 18, 2021 | url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/infrastructure-investment-and-jobs-act-will-do-more-reach-2050-climate-targets-those-2030 | access-date=November 24, 2022}}</ref> $4.7 billion will go to plugging [[orphan well]]s abandoned by oil and gas companies.<ref name="Interior Department press release 2021">{{cite web | title=Interior Department Releases Implementation Guidance to States on Infrastructure Law Efforts to Address Legacy Pollution | website=U.S. Department of the Interior | date=December 17, 2021 | url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-department-releases-implementation-guidance-states-infrastructure-law-efforts | access-date=December 30, 2022 | archive-date=December 30, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230095138/https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-department-releases-implementation-guidance-states-infrastructure-law-efforts | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EESI 2021">{{cite web | last=Bertrand | first=Savannah | title=Plugging Orphaned Oil and Gas Wells Provides Climate and Jobs Benefits - Article | website=EESI | date=August 12, 2021 | url=https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/plugging-orphaned-oil-and-gas-wells-provides-climate-and-jobs-benefits | access-date=December 30, 2022 | archive-date=December 30, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230095139/https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/plugging-orphaned-oil-and-gas-wells-provides-climate-and-jobs-benefits | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Center for American Progress 2022">{{cite web|last1=Hoffman|first1=Elisia|last2=Jurich|first2=Kirsten|last3=Argento-McCurdy|first3=Hannah|last4=Chyung|first4=Chris|last5=Ricketts|first5=Sam|title=How States Can Lead on Reducing Harms From Methane|website=Center for American Progress|date=November 18, 2022|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/how-states-can-lead-on-reducing-harms-from-methane/|access-date=December 30, 2022|archive-date=December 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230095135/https://www.americanprogress.org/article/how-states-can-lead-on-reducing-harms-from-methane/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2022, Biden signed the [[CHIPS and Science Act]] to boost DOE and [[National Science Foundation]] research activities by $174 billion<ref name="CSIS Science Act 2022">{{cite journal | last1=Shivakumar | first1=Sujai | last2=Arcuri | first2=Gregory|last3=Uno|first3=Hideki|last4=Glanz|first4=Benjamin | title=A Look at the Science-Related Portions of CHIPS+ | website=Center for Strategic and International Studies | date=August 11, 2022 | url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/look-science-related-portions-chips | access-date=November 24, 2022}}</ref> and the [[Inflation Reduction Act]] to create assistance programs for [[utility cooperative]]s<ref name="Lechleitner 2022">{{cite web | last=Lechleitner | first=Liz | title=Electric and agricultural co-op leaders respond to passage of Inflation Reduction Act | website=NCBA CLUSA | date=August 23, 2022 | url=https://ncbaclusa.coop/blog/electric-and-agricultural-co-op-leaders-respond-to-passage-of-inflation-reduction-act/ | access-date=November 24, 2022}}</ref> and a $27 billion [[green bank]],<ref name="Prospect 2023"/> including $6 billion to lower the cost of solar power in low-income communities and $7 billion to capitalize smaller green banks,<ref name="US EPA 2022">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Seeks Public Input on Inflation Reduction Act's Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund | website=US EPA | date=October 21, 2022 | url=https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/biden-harris-administration-seeks-public-input-inflation-reduction-acts-greenhouse-gas | access-date=November 24, 2022}}</ref> and appropriate $270–663 billion in clean energy and energy efficiency tax credits,<ref name="Reuters IRS 2022">{{cite web | last1=Gardner |first1=Timothy| first2=David |last2=Shepardson | title=U.S. seeks input on climate law's $270 billion in tax breaks | website=Reuters | date=October 5, 2022 | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/us-seeks-public-input-climate-laws-270-billion-tax-breaks-2022-10-05/ | access-date=November 24, 2022}}</ref><ref name="CRFB">{{Cite web |title=CBO Scores IRA with $238 Billion of Deficit Reduction |url=https://www.crfb.org/blogs/cbo-scores-ira-238-billion-deficit-reduction |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tax Foundation">{{Cite web |last1=McBride|first1=William|last2=Bunn|first2=Daniel|date=2023-06-07 |title=Repealing Inflation Reduction Act's Energy Credits Would Raise $663 Billion, JCT Projects |url=https://taxfoundation.org/inflation-reduction-act-green-energy-tax-credits-analysis/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Tax Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> including at least $158 billion for investments in clean energy, and $36 billion for [[home energy upgrades from public utilities]].<ref name="DOE/OP-0018">{{cite report|title=The Inflation Reduction Act Drives Significant Emissions Reductions and Positions America to Reach Our Climate Goals|url=https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-08/8.18%20InflationReductionAct_Factsheet_Final.pdf|publisher=United States Department of Energy Office of Policy|date=August 2022}}</ref><ref name="Hank Green infographic">{{Cite AV media|people=Green, Hank|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qw5zzrOpo2s&t=650s|date=August 12, 2022|access-date=November 24, 2022|publisher=Vlogbrothers|type=YouTube video|location=Missoula, Montana|title=The Biggest Climate Bill of Your Life - But What does it DO?|time=10 minutes 50 seconds}}</ref><ref name="dem_sum">{{cite web |date=August 11, 2022 |title=Summary: The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 |url=https://www.democrats.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/inflation_reduction_act_one_page_summary.pdf |access-date=November 24, 2022 |publisher=Senate Democratic Leadership}} Estimates from the [[United States Congressional Joint Committee on Taxation]] or [[Congressional Budget Office]], depending on the number.</ref> The Biden administration itself claimed that {{as of|2023|November|lc=y|df=US}}, the IIJA, CaSA, and IRA together catalyzed over $614 billion in private investment (including $231 billion in electronics, $142 billion in electric vehicles and batteries, and $133 billion in clean energy generators) and over $302.4 billion in public infrastructure spending (including $22.7 billion in energy aside from tax credits in the IRA).<ref name="Invest.gov 2023">{{cite web | title=Investing In America | website=The White House | date=September 26, 2023 | url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/invest/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107045420/https://www.whitehouse.gov/invest/ |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |access-date=November 7, 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2023|11|30}}

== Department of Energy ==
{{Main|21st-century fossil fuel regulations in the United States|United States Department of Energy}}

The Energy Department's mission statement is "to ensure America's security and prosperity by addressing its energy, environmental and nuclear challenges through transformative science and technology solutions."<ref name="Energy.gov">{{cite web |title=Mission |url=https://www.energy.gov/mission |access-date=January 2, 2023 |website=Energy.gov}}</ref>

{{As of|2023|01}}, its elaboration of the mission statement is as follows:
* "Catalyze timely, material, and efficient transformation of the nation's energy system and secure US leadership in clean energy technologies.
* "Maintain a vibrant US effort in science and engineering as a cornerstone of our economic prosperity with clear leadership in strategic areas.
* "Enhance nuclear security through defense, nonproliferation, and environmental efforts.
* "Establish an operational and adaptable framework that combines the best wisdom of all Department stakeholders to maximize mission success."<ref name="Energy.gov" />

== Import policies ==
{{See also|Mandatory Oil Import Quota Program|1973 oil crisis|United States energy independence}}
[[File:US Net Energy Imports.png|thumb|The trend of net energy imports into the United States (US Energy Information Administration).]]

===Petroleum===
[[File:Oil imports by country.webp|thumb|300px|United States oil product imports by country]]
The US bans energy imports from countries such as Russia (because of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=The White |date=2022-03-08 |title=FACT SHEET: United States Bans Imports of Russian Oil, Liquefied Natural Gas, and Coal |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/03/08/fact-sheet-united-states-bans-imports-of-russian-oil-liquefied-natural-gas-and-coal/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weekly U.S. Imports from Venezuela of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels per Day) |url=https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=W_EPC0_IM0_NUS-NVE_MBBLD&f=W |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref> The US limits exports of oil from [[Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallace |first=Paul |date=June 5, 2022 |title=US May Allow More Iran Oil to Flow Even Without Deal, Says Vitol |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-05/us-may-allow-more-iran-oil-to-flow-even-without-deal-says-vitol |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> The US imports energy from multiple countries, led by Canada, although it is a net exporter.

== Export ==
{{expand section|date=November 2022}}
In 1975, the United States implemented a crude oil export ban, which limited most of the crude oil exports to other countries. It came two years after an [[OPEC]] oil embargo that banned oil sales to the U.S. had sent gas prices skyrocketing. Newspaper photographs of long lines of cars outside of gas stations became a common and worrisome image.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Egan |first=Matt |date=2016-01-29 |title=After 40-year ban, U.S. starts exporting crude oil |url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/01/29/investing/us-oil-exports-begin/index.html |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=CNNMoney}}</ref>[[United States Congress|Congress]] voted in 2015 to repeal a 40-year ban on exporting U.S. crude oil. Since that year, crude exports have skyrocketed nearly 600% to 3.2 million barrels per day in 2020, according to data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Stephanie |last2=Renshaw |first2=Jarrett |last3=Kelly |first3=Stephanie |date=2021-12-09 |title=White House not weighing oil export ban, source says, as lawmakers urge higher domestic {{as written|oup|ut [sic]}} |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/bipartisan-group-warns-biden-not-halt-us-oil-exports-letter-2021-12-09/ |access-date=2023-03-19}}</ref>

== Strategic petroleum reserve ==
{{expand section|date=November 2022}}
The United States [[Strategic Petroleum Reserve (United States)|Strategic Petroleum Reserve]] stores as much as 600M barrels of oil.<ref name=":1" />{{update inline|date=November 2022}}

== Energy consumption ==

{{Excerpt|Energy in the United_States#Final energy consumption}}

==Sources==
[[File:Gulf Offshore Platform.jpg|thumb|right|An offshore [[oil platform]]]]Energy in the United States came mostly from [[fossil fuel]]s in 2021: 36% originated from [[petroleum]], 32% from [[natural gas]], and 11% from [[coal]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained - consumption and production - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref> [[Renewable energy]] supplied the rest: [[hydropower]], [[biomass]], [[Wind power|wind]], [[Geothermal energy in the United States|geothermal]], and [[Solar power|solar]] supplied 12%, while [[Nuclear power|nuclear]] supplied 8%.<ref name=":9" />{{Image frame
 |width = 220
 |align = right
 |pos = top
 |content =<div style="background-color: #F9F9F9; font-size: 0.85em; text-align: left; padding: 8px 0; margin: 0;">
 {{#invoke:Chart
  |pie chart
  |radius = 110
  |slices = 
    ( 11.4  : Coal        : #050404 : [[Coal in India]] )
    ( 2.5  : Hydro : #4189f4 : [[Hydroelectric power in India]] )
    ( 0.209   : Geothermal : #000090 )
    ( 2.74  : Wind Power  : #66ccff )
    ( 1.04  : Solar  : #ffff57 : [[Solar power in India]] )
    ( 4.98  : Biomass     : #009a39 )
    ( 8.46   : Nuclear     : #de2821 : [[Nuclear power in India]] )
    ( 32.1  : Natural Gas         : #a6b41c)
    ( 36.7     : Oil      : #ad1cb4)
      |units suffix = Quad
|percent = true
  }}</div>
 |caption='''{{big|100.2 [[Quad (unit)|Quad]]: The primary sources of US energy in 2019.}}'''<ref name="visu">{{cite web |date=6 May 2020 |title=Visualizing America's Energy Use, in One Giant Chart |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-americas-energy-use-in-one-giant-chart/ |access-date=7 May 2020 |publisher=Visual Capitalist}}</ref>}}

== Utilities ==
{{expand section|date=November 2022}}
In the U.S., utilities are regulated at the federal level by the [[Federal Energy Regulatory Commission]]. in each state, a [[Public utilities commission|public utility commission]] (PUC) regulates electricity, gas, and other forms of power.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-03/documents/background_paper.pdf An Overview of PUC s for State Environment and Energy Officials]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.</ref>

States began deregulating electricity systems in the 1990s as a way to promote competition and lower costs. Transmission lines and distribution services are still provided by local utility companies. Wholesale markets were created to determine power plant investments and allow utilities to acquire power for customers. Those wholesale markets are operated by regional transmission organizations (RTOs).<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Electricity Markets 101 |url=https://www.rff.org/publications/explainers/us-electricity-markets-101/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Resources for the Future |language=en-US}}</ref>

Deregulation led to the creation of independent energy suppliers and allowed customers to choose their electric supplier.

==Energy efficiency==
{{Main|Efficient energy use}}Opportunities for increased energy are available across the economy, including buildings/appliances, transportation, and manufacturing. Some opportunities require new technology. Others require behavior change by individuals or at the community level or above.

Building-related [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency innovation]] takes many forms, including improvements in water heaters; refrigerators and freezers; building control technologies heating, ventilation, and cooling (HVAC); adaptive windows; building codes; and lighting.<ref name="kam">{{cite web|url=http://rael.berkeley.edu/files/2007/Kammen_House-GovReform-11-8-07.pdf |title=Opportunities for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref>

Energy-efficient technologies may allow superior performance (e.g. higher quality lighting, heating and cooling with greater controls, or improved reliability of service through greater ability of utilities to respond to time of peak demand).<ref name="kam" />

More efficient vehicles save on fuel purchases, emit fewer pollutants, improve health and save on medical costs.<ref name=kam/>

Heat engines are only 20% efficient at converting oil into work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Improving IC Engine Efficiency |url=http://courses.washington.edu/me341/oct22v2.htm |access-date=2012-03-30 |publisher=Courses.washington.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Carnot Cycle |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/carnot.html |access-date=2012-03-30 |publisher=Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu}}</ref>

==Energy budget, initiatives and incentives==
{{Main|List of United States Energy Acts}}
{{See also|Energy subsidies in the United States}}
Most energy policy incentives are financial. Examples of these include tax breaks, tax reductions, tax exemptions, rebates, loans and subsidies.

The [[Energy Policy Act of 2005]], [[Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007]], [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008]], and the [[Inflation Reduction Act]] all provided such incentives.

===Tax incentives===
{{See also|Tax credit#Renewable Energy/Investment Tax Credit (ITC)}}
The US [[Tax credit|Production Tax Credit]] (PTC) reduces the [[Income tax in the United States|federal income taxes]] of qualified owners of renewable energy projects based on grid-connected output. The Investment Tax Credit (ITC) reduces federal income taxes for qualified tax-payers based on capital investment in renewable energy projects. The Advanced Energy Manufacturing Tax Credit (MTC) awards tax credits to selected domestic manufacturing facilities that support clean energy development.<ref>[http://pdf.wri.org/bottom_line_renewable_energy_tax_credits_10-2010.pdf The Bottom Line on Renewable Energy Tax Credits.] World Resources Institute</ref>

===Loan guarantees===
The Department of Energy's [[Loan Guarantee]] Program guarantees financing up to 80% of a qualifying project's cost.<ref name=":0">[http://www.acore.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/ACORE_USonly_Q_REVIEW_low411.pdf U.S. Renewable Energy Quarterly Report, October 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001030046/http://www.acore.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/ACORE_USonly_Q_REVIEW_low411.pdf |date=October 1, 2011 }} American Council On Renewable Energy</ref>

===Renewable energy===
{{multiple image
| align             = center
| direction         = horizontal
| total_width       = 600
| image1            = Shepherds Flat Wind Farm 2011.jpg
| caption1          = The [[Shepherds Flat Wind Farm]] is an 845 [[megawatt]] (MW) wind farm in the U.S. state of [[Oregon]].
| image2            = 02-09-15 First Solar Desert Sunlight Solar Farm (15863210084).jpg
| caption2          = The 550 MW [[Desert Sunlight Solar Farm]] in California
| image3            = Ivanpah Solar Power Facility (2).jpg
| caption3          = The 392 MW [[Ivanpah Solar Power Facility]] in California: The facility's three towers
| image4            = Parabolic trough solar thermal electric power plant 1.jpg
| caption4          = Parabolic trough power station for electricity production, near the town of Kramer Junction in California's [[San Joaquin Valley]]
}}
[[File:TeslaRoadster-front.jpg|thumb|[[Tesla Roadster (2008)]] uses [[Li-Ion|lithium ion]] batteries to achieve {{convert|220|mi|abbr=on}} per charge, while also capable of going 0–60 in under 4 seconds.]]In the United States, the share of renewable energy in electricity generation has grown to 21% (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renewables became the second-most prevalent U.S. electricity source in 2020 - Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=48896 |access-date=2021-11-24 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref> Oil use is expected to decline in the US owing to the increasing efficiency of the vehicle fleet and replacement of crude oil by natural gas as a feedstock for the petrochemical sector. One forecast is that the rapid uptake of electric vehicles will reduce oil demand drastically, to the point where it is 80% lower in 2050 compared with today.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNV GL's Energy Transition Outlook 2018 |url=http://eto.dnvgl.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123224842/https://eto.dnv.com/2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=17 October 2018 |website=eto.dnvgl.com |language=en}}</ref>

A [[Renewable Portfolio Standard]] (RPS) is a state/local mandate that requires electricity providers to supply a minimum amount of power from renewable sources, usually defined as a percentage of total energy production.<ref>[http://www.acore.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/ACORE_USonly_Q_REVIEW_low411.pdf U.S. Renewable Energy Quarterly Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001030046/http://www.acore.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/ACORE_USonly_Q_REVIEW_low411.pdf|date=October 1, 2011}} American Council on Renewable Energy, October 2010. Retrieved 2011-04-12.</ref>

===Biofuels===
The federal government offers many programs to support the development and implementation of biofuel-based replacements for fossil fuels.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Alternative Fuels Data Center: Ethanol Laws and Incentives in Federal |url=https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/laws/ETH?state=US |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=afdc.energy.gov |language=en}}</ref>

Landowners and operators who establish, produce, and deliver biofuel crops may qualify for partial reimbursement of startup costs as well as annual payments.<ref name=":2" />

Loan guarantees help finance development, construction, and retrofitting of commercial-scale biorefineries. Grants aid building demonstration scale biorefineries and scaling up of existing biorfineries. Loan guarantees and grants support the purchase of pumps that dispense ethanol-including fuels.<ref name=":2" />

Production support helps makers expand output.<ref name=":2" />

Tax credits support the purchase of fueling equipment (gas pumps) for specific fuels including some biofuels.<ref name=":2" />

Education grants support training the public about biodiesel.<ref name=":2" />

Research, development, and demonstration grants support feedstock development and biofuel development.<ref name=":2" />

Grants support research, demonstration, and deployment projects to replace buses and other petroleum-fueled vehicles with biofuel or other alternative fuel-based vehicles including necessary fueling infrastructure.<ref name=":2" />

===Producer subsidies===
The 2005 Energy Policy Act offered incentives including billions in tax reductions for nuclear power, fossil fuel production, [[clean coal technology|clean coal technologies]], renewable electricity, and conservation and efficiency improvements.<ref>[[Energy Policy Act of 2005]]</ref>

=== Federal leases ===
The US leases federal land to private firms for energy production. The volume of leases has varied by presidential administration. During the first 19 months of the [[Joe Biden]] administration, 130k acres were leased, compared to 4M under the [[Donald Trump]] administration, 7M under the Obama administration, and 13M under the [[George W. Bush]] administration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=DeBarros |first=Timothy Puko and Anthony |date=2022-09-04 |title=Federal Oil Leases Slow to a Trickle Under Biden |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/federal-oil-leases-slow-to-a-trickle-under-biden-11662230816 |access-date=2022-11-09 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

===Net metering===
{{excerpt|Net metering in the United States}}

==Electricity transmission and distribution==
{{Main|North American power transmission grid}}

[[File:UnitedStatesPowerGrid.jpg|thumb|The US power transmission grid consists of about {{convert|300,000|km|abbr=on}} of lines operated by approximately 500 companies. The [[North American Electric Reliability Corporation]] (NERC) oversees all of them.]]
[[Electric power transmission]] results in energy loss, through [[electrical resistance]], [[heat]] generation, [[electromagnetic induction]] and less-than-perfect [[electrical insulation]].<ref>
{{cite web
 |url=http://climatetechnology.gov/library/2003/tech-options/tech-options-1-3-2.pdf 
 |title=Transmission and distribution technologies 
 |access-date=2008-01-18 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216021420/http://climatetechnology.gov/library/2003/tech-options/tech-options-1-3-2.pdf 
 |archive-date=February 16, 2008 
 |df=mdy 
}}</ref> Electric transmission (production to consumer) loses over 23% of the energy due to generation, transmission, and distribution.<ref>{{cite web |last=Preston |first=John L. |date=October 1994 |title=Comparability of Supply- and Consumption-Derived Estimates of Manufacturing Energy Consumption |url=http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/features/preston1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710132142/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/features/preston1.pdf |archive-date=July 10, 2007 |access-date=July 6, 2007 |publisher=[[US Department of Energy]] |quote=Table 7: Total energy: 29,568.0 trillion Btu, Loss: 7,014.1 trillion Btu |df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 1995, long distance transission losses were estimated at 7.2% of the power transported.<ref>{{cite web
 |title       = Technology Options for the Near and Long Term
 |publisher   = [[US Climate Change Technology Program]]
 |date        = August 2005
 |access-date  = 2008-10-05
 |url         = http://climatetechnology.gov/library/2005/tech-options/tor2005-132.pdf
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080916014452/http://climatetechnology.gov/library/2005/tech-options/tor2005-132.pdf
 |archive-date = September 16, 2008
 |df          = mdy-all
}}</ref> Reducing transmission distances reduces these losses. Of five units of energy going into typical large fossil fuel power plants, only about one unit reaches the consumer in a usable form.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ferc.gov/EventCalendar/Files/20070216090203-2-14-07MediaB.pdf |title=Electric System Losses to Inefficiency |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref>

A similar situation exists in natural gas transport, which requires compressor stations along pipelines that use energy to keep the gas moving. Gas liquefaction/cooling/regasification in the [[Liquefied natural gas|liquified natural gas]] supply chain uses a substantial amount of energy.

[[Distributed generation]] and [[V2G|distributed storage]] are a means of reducing total and transmission losses as well as reducing costs for electricity consumers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/03/20/power-to-the-people-michigan-tech-researchers-say-distributed-renewables-save-utility-customers-money/|title=Power To The People! Michigan Tech Researchers Say Distributed Renewables Save Utility Customers Money|date=2019-03-20|website=CleanTechnica|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prehoda|first1=Emily|last2=Pearce|first2=Joshua M.|last3=Schelly|first3=Chelsea|date=2019|title=Policies to Overcome Barriers for Renewable Energy Distributed Generation: A Case Study of Utility Structure and Regulatory Regimes in Michigan|journal=Energies|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=674|doi=10.3390/en12040674|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gil|first1=Hugo A.|last2=Joos|first2=Geza|date=2008|title=Models for Quantifying the Economic Benefits of Distributed Generation|journal=IEEE Transactions on Power Systems|volume=23|issue=2|pages=327–335|doi=10.1109/TPWRS.2008.920718|bibcode=2008ITPSy..23..327G|s2cid=35217322|issn=0885-8950}}</ref>

In October 2023, the Biden administration announced the largest major investments in the grid since the [[Recovery Act]] in 2009.<ref name="St. John 2023">{{cite web |last=St. John|first=Jeff| title=The US just made its biggest-ever investment in the grid | website=Canary Media | date=October 18, 2023 | url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/transmission/the-us-just-made-its-biggest-ever-investment-in-the-grid?sfmc_id=4421411&skey_id=37459db0b811beac514b731eaa909ee0b7e90bff2b7183d6beabe65806527bc2 | access-date=October 24, 2023}}</ref><ref name="GRIP announcement 2023">{{cite web | title=Grid Resilience and Innovation Partnerships (GRIP) Program | website=Energy.gov | date=October 24, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/gdo/grid-resilience-and-innovation-partnerships-grip-program | access-date=October 24, 2023}}</ref> The DOE announced the results of a mandated triennial study that, for the first time in its history, included anticipation of future grid transmission needs. The DOE also announced the first three recipients of a new $2.5 billion loan program it called the Transmission Facilitation Program, created to provide funding to help build up the interstate power grid. They are the 1.2-gigawatt Twin States Clean Energy Link between Quebec, New Hampshire and Vermont, the 1.5-gigawatt Cross-Tie Transmission Line between Utah and Nevada; and the 1-gigawatt Southline Transmission Project between Arizona and New Mexico.<ref name="Canary Media transmission loans 2023">{{cite web | title=Three big transmission projects win $1.3B in DOE loans | website=Canary Media | date=October 30, 2023 | url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/transmission/three-big-transmission-projects-win-1-3b-in-doe-loans| access-date=October 31, 2023}}</ref>

The [[Federal Energy Regulatory Commission]] (FERC) is the primary regulatory agency of electric power transmission and wholesale electricity sales within the United States. FERC was originally established by Congress in 1920 as the Federal Power Commission and has since undergone multiple name and responsibility modifications. Electric power distribution and the retail sale of power is under state jurisdiction.

=== Order No. 888 ===
Order No.&nbsp;888 was adopted by FERC on April 24, 1996. It was "designed to remove impediments to competition in the wholesale bulk power marketplace and to bring more efficient, lower cost power to the Nation's electricity consumers. The legal and policy cornerstone of these rules is to remedy undue discrimination in access to the monopoly owned transmission wires that control whether and to whom electricity can be transported in interstate commerce."<ref name="Docket No. RM95-8-000">{{cite web|title=Order No. 888|url=https://www.ferc.gov/legal/maj-ord-reg/land-docs/rm95-8-00w.txt|publisher=United States of America Federal Energy Regulatory Commission}}</ref> The Order required all public utilities that own, control, or operate facilities used for transmitting electric energy in interstate commerce, to have open access, non-discriminatory transmission tariffs. These tariffs allow any electricity generator to utilize existing power lines to transmit the power that they generate. The Order also permits public utilities to recover the costs associated with providing their power lines as an open access service.<ref name="Docket No. RM95-8-000" /><ref name="Order No. 888">{{cite web|last1=Order No. 888|title=Promoting Wholesale Competition Through Open Access Non-discriminatory Transmission Services by Public Utilities; Recovery of Stranded Costs by Public Utilities and Transmitting Utilities|first1=FERC|url=https://www.ferc.gov/legal/maj-ord-reg/land-docs/order888.asp|access-date=December 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219014712/https://www.ferc.gov/legal/maj-ord-reg/land-docs/order888.asp|archive-date=December 19, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Energy Policy Act of 2005 ===
The [[Energy Policy Act of 2005]] (EPAct) expanded federal authority to regulate power transmission. EPAct gave FERC significant new responsibilities, including enforcement of electric transmission reliability standards and the establishment of rate incentives to encourage investment in electricity transmission.<ref>{{cite book|title=Energy Policy Act of 2005 Fact Sheet|date=8 August 2006|publisher=FERC Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.ferc.gov/legal/fed-sta/epact-fact-sheet.pdf|access-date=December 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220231111/https://ferc.gov/legal/fed-sta/epact-fact-sheet.pdf|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Historically, local governments exercised authority over the grid and maintained significant disincentives to actions that would benefit states other than their own. Localities with cheap electricity have a disincentive to encourage making [[interstate commerce]] in electricity trading easier, since other regions would be able to compete for that energy and drive up rates. For example, some regulators in Maine refused to address congestion problems because the congestion protects Maine rates.<ref name="ncep2">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Matthew H. |last2=Sedano |first2=Richard P. |title=Electricity transmission : a primer |date=2004| publisher=National Council on Electricity Policy |location=Denver, Colorado |isbn=1-58024-352-5 |page=32 (page&nbsp;41 in .pdf) |url=http://www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia/primer.pdf |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730010635/http://www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia/primer.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2009 }}</ref>

Local constituencies can block or slow permitting by pointing to visual impacts, environmental, and health concerns. In the US, generation is growing four times faster than transmission, but transmission upgrades require the coordination of multiple jurisdictions, complex permitting, and cooperation between a significant portion of the many companies that collectively own the grid. The US national security interest in improving transmission was reflected in the EPAct which gave the Department of Energy the authority to approve transmission if states refused to act.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Wald | first = Matthew | title = Wind Energy Bumps into Power Grid's Limits | date=27 August 2008 | page=A1 | access-date=12 December 2008 | journal=[[The New York Times]] | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/27/business/27grid.html?_r=2&ref=business&oref=slogin}}</ref>

=== 2022 Inflation Reduction Act ===
The Inflation Reduction Act of the Biden administration has fast-tracked transmission projects by the purchase of $30 billion dollar wholesale electric contracts with budding transmission projects and publishing a national transmission needs report.<ref>U. S. Department of Energy.  [https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-10/National_Transmission_Needs_Study_2023.pdf U.S. Dept. of Energy website] (October 2023). National
Transmission Needs Study. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</ref> The U.S. transmission grid capacity would have to triple in order to meet the global target of [[Net zero emissions|net zero carbon emissions]] according to a Princeton University study.<ref>Peter Behr. (25 December 2023). "One Southwest power project’s 17-year odyssey shows the hurdles to Biden’s climate agenda". [https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/25/biden-climate-agenda-hurdles-00126109 Politico website] Retrieved 25 December 2023.</ref><ref>Princeton University. Net-Zero America. (29 October 2021). Final Report Summary: Net-Zero America:
Potential Pathways, Infrastructure, and Impacts. [https://netzeroamerica.princeton.edu/img/Princeton%20NZA%20FINAL%20REPORT%20SUMMARY%20(29Oct2021).pdf Princeton University website] Retrieved 25 December 2023.</ref>

==Greenhouse gas emissions==
{{See also|Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States|Kyoto Protocol}}
[[File:20210626 Variwide chart of greenhouse gas emissions per capita by country.svg|thumb|upright=1.35 |Though China has the greatest total annual greenhouse gas emissions, the U.S. exceeds China in ''per capita'' emissions.<ref name=GlobalCarbonAtlas_Territorial_MtCO2>● {{cite web |title=Territorial (MtCO2) |url=http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions |website=GlobalCarbonAtlas.org |access-date=30 December 2021 }} (choose "Chart view"; use download link) <br />● Data for 2020 is also presented in {{cite news |last1=Popovich |first1=Nadja |last2=Plumer |first2=Brad |title=Who Has The Most Historical Responsibility for Climate Change? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/11/12/climate/cop26-emissions-compensation.html |work=The New York Times |date=November 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229053102/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/11/12/climate/cop26-emissions-compensation.html |archive-date=December 29, 2021 |url-status=live }}<br />● Source for country populations: {{cite web |title=List of the populations of the world's countries, dependencies, and territories |url=https://www.britannica.com/print/article/2156538 |website=britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica }}</ref>]]
[[File:CO2 per capita per country.png |thumb |upright=1.35 |[[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|CO<sub>2</sub> emission per capita]] per year per country]]
While the United States has cumulatively emitted the most greenhouse gases of any country, it represents a declining fraction of ongoing emissions, long superseded by China.<ref>Raupach, M.R. et al. (2007). [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/0700609104v1.pdf "Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO<sub>2</sub> emissions"]. ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]''. '''104''' (24): 10288–10293.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China now no. 1 in CO<sup>2</sup> emissions; USA in second position |url=http://www.mnp.nl/en/dossiers/Climatechange/moreinfo/Chinanowno1inCO2emissionsUSAinsecondposition.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701125851/http://www.mnp.nl/en/dossiers/Climatechange/moreinfo/Chinanowno1inCO2emissionsUSAinsecondposition.html |archive-date=July 1, 2007 |work=[[Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency]]}}</ref> Since its peak in 1973, per capita US emissions have declined by 40%, resulting from improved technology, the shift in economic activity from manufacturing to services, changing consumer preferences and government policy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2022 |title=CO₂ Data Explorer |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/co2 |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>

State and local government have launched initiatives. Cities in 50 states endorsed the Kyoto protocol.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/mayor/climate/quotes.htm#mayors |title=US Climate Protection Agreement Home Page |access-date=2006-11-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060930053611/http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/mayor/climate/quotes.htm#mayors <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2006-09-30}}</ref> Northeastern US states established the [[Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative]] (RGGI),<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rggi.org/ |title=Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative| access-date=2006-11-07}}</ref> a state-level emissions [[cap and trade]] program.

On February 16, 2007, the United States, together with leaders from [[Canada]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Russia]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Brazil]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[India]], [[Mexico]] and [[South Africa]] agreed in principle on the outline of a successor to the Kyoto Protocol known as the [[G8+5|Washington Declaration]]. They envisaged a global cap-and-trade system that would apply to both industrialized nations and [[developing country|developing countries]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6364663.stm |title=Politicians sign new climate pact|work=BBC News |date=2007-02-16 |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://environment.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,2014683,00.html |title=Guardian Unlimited: Global leaders reach climate change agreement |publisher=Environment.guardian.co.uk |date= 2007-02-16|access-date=2012-03-30 |location=London}}</ref> The system did not come to pass.

[[Arjun Makhijani]] argued that in order to limit global warming to 2&nbsp;°C, the world would need to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 85% and the US by 95%.<ref>Makhijani pg. 3</ref><ref>Makhijani, Arjun ''Carbon-Free and Nuclear-Free, A Roadmap for U.S. Energy Policy'' 2007 {{ISBN|978-1-57143-173-8}}</ref><ref>Makhijani Fig. 5-5, 5-8</ref> He developed a model by which such changes could occur. Effective delivered energy is modeled to increase from about 75 Quadrillion Btu in 2005 to about 125 Quadrillion in 2050,<ref>Makhijani Fig. 5-7</ref> but due to efficiency increases, the actual energy input increases from about 99 Quadrillion Btu in 2005 to about 103 Quadrillion in 2010 and then to decrease to about 77 Quadrillion in 2050.<ref>Makhijani Fig. 5-8</ref> Petroleum use is assumed to increase until 2010 and then linearly decrease to zero by 2050. The roadmap calls for nuclear power to decrease to zero, with the reduction also beginning in 2010.<ref>Makhijani Fig. 5-5</ref>

[[Joseph Romm]] called for the rapid deployment of existing technologies to decrease carbon emissions. He argued that "If we are to have confidence in our ability to stabilize carbon dioxide levels below 450 p.p.m. emissions must average less than [5 billion metric tons of carbon] per year over the century. This means accelerating the deployment of the 11 wedges so they begin to take effect in 2015 and are completely operational in much less time than originally modeled by [[Robert H. Socolow|Socolow]] and [[Stephen W. Pacala|Pacala]]."<ref>[http://www.nature.com/climate/2008/0807/full/climate.2008.59.html Romm, Joseph.  "Cleaning up on carbon"], June 19, 2008</ref>

In 2012, the [[National Renewable Energy Laboratory]] assessed the technical potential for renewable electricity for each of the 50 states, and concluded that each state had the technical potential for renewable electricity, mostly from solar and wind, that could exceed its current electricity consumption. The report cautions: "Note that as a technical potential, rather than economic or market potential, these estimates do not consider availability of transmission infrastructure, costs, reliability or time-of-dispatch, current or future electricity loads, or relevant policies."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrel.gov/gis/re_potential.html |title=Renewable Energy Technical Potential |publisher=National Renewable Energy Laboratory |access-date=2012-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915115931/http://www.nrel.gov/gis/re_potential.html |archive-date=September 15, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}, p.2.</ref>

In 2022, the EPA received funding for a [[green bank]] called the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund to drive down carbon dioxide emissions, as part of the [[Inflation Reduction Act]], the largest decarbonization incentives package in U.S. history.<ref name="Prospect 2023">{{cite web | last=Harris | first=Lee | title=Green Capital Feuds With Local Lenders Over National Climate Bank | website=The American Prospect | date=January 19, 2023 | url=https://prospect.org/environment/2023-01-19-green-capital-national-climate-bank/ | access-date=April 14, 2023}}</ref><ref name="US EPA 2022"/> The Fund will award $14 billion to a select few green banks nationwide for a broad variety of decarbonization investments, $6 billion to green banks in low-income and historically disadvantaged communities for similar investments, and $7 billion to state and local energy funds for [[Distributed generation|decentralized]] [[solar power]] in communities with no financing alternatives.<ref name="EESI 2022">{{cite web | last=Yañez-Barnuevo| first=Miguel | title=New Climate Law Jumpstarts Clean Energy Financing - Article | website=EESI | date=12 September 2022 | url=https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/new-climate-law-jumpstarts-clean-energy-financing | access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="EPA About Page 2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/greenhouse-gas-reduction-fund/about-greenhouse-gas-reduction-fund|title=About the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund|website=United States Environmental Protection Agency|date=June 5, 2023|access-date=June 13, 2023}}</ref> The EPA set the deadline to apply for the first two award initiatives at October 12, 2023<ref name="US EPA July 14 2023">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Launches Historic $20 Billion in Grant Competitions to Create National Clean Financing Network as Part of Investing in America Agenda | website=US EPA | date=July 14, 2023 | url=https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/biden-harris-administration-launches-historic-20-billion-grant-competitions-create | access-date=August 14, 2023}}</ref> and the latter initiative at September 26, 2023.<ref name="US EPA June 28 2023">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Launches $7 Billion Solar for All Grant Competition to Fund Residential Solar Programs that Lower Energy Costs for Families and Advance Environmental Justice Through Investing in America Agenda | website=US EPA | date=June 28, 2023 | url=https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/biden-harris-administration-launches-7-billion-solar-all-grant-competition-fund | access-date=August 14, 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Politics|Energy|United States}}
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[United States hydrogen policy]]
* [[2000s energy crisis]]
* [[Carbon tax]]
* [[Carter Doctrine]]
* [[Climate change policy of the United States]]
* [[Economics of new nuclear power plants]]
* [[Electricity sector of the United States]]
* [[Emissions trading]]
* ''[[Energy and American Society: Thirteen Myths]]''
* [[Energy in the United States]]
* [[Energy law]]
* [[Energy policy of the Obama administration]]
* [[Energy policy of the Soviet Union]]
* [[List of United States energy acts]]
* [[List of U.S. states by electricity production from renewable sources]]
* [[United States House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming]]
* [[United States House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis]]
* [[United States Secretary of Energy]]
* [[World energy consumption]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Matto Mildenberger&nbsp;& [[Leah C. Stokes]] (2021). [https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190861360.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190861360-e-36 "The Energy Politics of North America"]. ''The Oxford Handbook of Energy Politics''.
*[https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42374.pdf Oil and Natural Gas Industry Tax Issues in the FY2014 Budget Proposal] [[Congressional Research Service]]

==External links==
* [https://www.energy.gov/ US Department of Energy]
* [http://www.eia.doe.gov/ Energy Information Administration]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20080626185457/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=US Official Energy Statistics from the US government]
** [http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/brochure/electricity/electricity.html Residential Electricity Prices]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070509070700/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?navid=ENERGY&navtype=MS USDA energy]
* [http://www.usea.org/ United States Energy Association] (USEA)
* [http://www.nationmaster.com/country/us-united-states/Energy-energy US energy stats]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070626070214/http://lawweb.colorado.edu/eesi/ ISEA] – ''Database of U.S. International Energy Agreements''
* [http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia826.html Retail sales of electricity and associated revenue by end-use sectors through June 2007] ([[Energy Information Administration]])
* [http://www.iea.org/w/bookshop/add.aspx?id=333 International Energy Agency 2007 Review of US Energy Policies]

{{United States policy}}
{{Energy in the United States}}
{{United States topics}}
{{World topic|Energy policy of|noredlinks=yes|title=Energy policy by country}}
{{Authority control}}

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