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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Study of traditional medicine practiced in ethnic groups}}
{{Medical anthropology}}

'''Ethnomedicine''' is a study or comparison of the [[traditional medicine]] based on bioactive compounds in plants and animals and practiced by various [[ethnic group]]s, especially those with little access to western medicines, e.g., [[indigenous peoples]].  The word ''ethnomedicine'' is sometimes used as a [[synonym]] for ''traditional medicine''.<ref name="Acharya 2008 p440">Acharya, Deepak and Shrivastava Anshu: ''Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices''. Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur / India 2008, {{ISBN|978-81-7910-252-7}}, p. 440.</ref> 

Ethnomedical research is [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]]; in its study of traditional medicines, it applies the methods of [[ethnobotany]] and [[medical anthropology]]. Often, the medicine traditions it studies are preserved only by [[oral tradition]].<ref name="Acharya 2008 p440"/> In addition to plants, some of these traditions constitute significant [[Human interactions with insects|interactions with insects]] on the Indian Subcontinent,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mozhui |first1=Lobeno |last2=Kakati |first2=L. N. |last3=Meyer-Rochow |first3=Victor Benno |date=2021-03-22 |title=Entomotherapy: a study of medicinal insects of seven ethnic groups in Nagaland, North-East India |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=17 |doi=10.1186/s13002-021-00444-1 |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=7986042 |pmid=33752694 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilsanand |first1=V |last2=Varghese |first2=P |last3=Rajitha |first3=P |date=October 2007 |title=Therapeutics of insects and insect products in South Indian traditional medicine |url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/1001 |journal=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge |language=en-US |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=563–568 |issn=0972-5938}}</ref> in [[Human interactions with insects in Africa|Africa]], or elsewhere around the globe.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Scientific ethnomedical studies constitute either [[Anthropology|anthropological research]] or [[drug discovery]] research. Anthropological studies examine the cultural perception and context of a traditional medicine. Ethnomedicine has been used as a starting point in drug discovery, specifically those using [[Reverse pharmacology|reverse pharmacological]] techniques.  

==Ethnopharmacology==
{{medref|section|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Opium poppy.jpg|thumb|The opium poppy ''[[Papaver somniferum]]'', used in [[traditional medicine]] for millennia, is the source of the [[alkaloids]] [[Opium]], [[morphine]], [[codeine]] and [[heroin]].]]

Ethnopharmacology is a related field which studies ethnic groups and their use of plant compounds. It is linked to [[pharmacognosy]], [[phytotherapy]] (study of [[medicinal plant]]s) use and [[ethnobotany]], as this is a source of [[lead compound]]s for [[drug discovery]].<ref name="medicalanthropology">{{cite book | title=Medical Anthropology: Contemporary Theory and Method | chapter=Ethnopharmacology: The Conjunction of Medical Ethnography and the Biology of Therapeutic Action | pages=132–133, 151 | year=1996 | publisher = Praeger Publishers | location=Westport, Connecticut |author1=Thomas M. Johnson |author2=Carolyn F. Sargent }}</ref> Emphasis has long been on [[traditional medicine]]s, although the approach also has proven useful to the study of [[Pharmaceutical drug|modern pharmaceuticals]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1007/s10787-015-0232-5| pmid=26002695| pmc=4508364|title = A history of the term "DMARD"| journal=Inflammopharmacology| volume=23| issue=4| pages=163–171|year = 2015|last1 = Buer|first1 = Jonas Kure}}</ref><ref name="Buer_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Buer JK | title = Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID' | journal = Inflammopharmacology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 263–7 | date = Oct 2014 | pmid = 25064056 | doi = 10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2 | hdl = 10852/45403 | s2cid = 16777111 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> 

It involves studies of the:
# identification and ethnotaxonomy (cognitive categorisation) of the (eventual) natural material, from which the candidate compound will be produced
# traditional preparation of the pharmaceutical forms
# bio-evaluation of the possible pharmacological action of such preparations (ethnopharmacology)
# their potential for clinical effectiveness
# socio-medical aspects implied in the uses of these compounds ([[medical anthropology]]).

==See also==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
*[[Ayurveda]]
*[[Ethnobotany]]
*[[Herbalism]]
*[[Pharmacognosy]]
*[[Shamanism]]
*[[Traditional medicine]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Roberta |last2=Balick |first2=Michael J. |year=2001 |title=Ethnomedicine: Ancient Wisdom for Contemporary Healing |journal=Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=28–30 |pmid=11347282 |url=http://www.nybg.org/files/scientists/mbalick/Ethnomedicine_Ancient%20Wisdom%20for%20Contemporary%20Healing.pdf |access-date=12 June 2013}}
* [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1j49n6b2/ Fábrega, Horacio, Jr. Evolution of Sickness and Healing. Berkeley:  University of California Press, 1997.] Access Apr. 2015
*{{cite book |last=Willem |first=Jean-Pierre |author-link=Jean-Pierre Willem |title=L'Ethnomédecine, une alliance entre science et tradition |trans-title=Ethnomedicine: An Alliance Between Science and Tradition |language=fr |year=2006 |publisher=Jouvence & Biocontact |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-88353-472-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Willem |first=Jean-Pierre |author-link=Jean-Pierre Willem |title=Mémoires d'un médecin aux pieds nus |trans-title=Memoires of a Barefoot Doctor |language=fr |year=2009 |publisher=[[Éditions Albin Michel]] |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-226-18987-5}}
{{Ethnobiology}}
{{Traditional Medicine}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ethnomedicine}}
[[Category:Ethnobiology]]
[[Category:Medical anthropology]]
[[Category:Traditional medicine]]

[[fr:Ethnomédecine]]
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