Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Ferdinand VII

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{{short description|King of Spain, 1808 and 1813–1833}}
{{More footnotes|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Ferdinand VII
| succession   = [[King of Spain]]
| image        = Fernando VII - Vicente López.jpg
| caption      = Portrait by [[Vicente López Portaña]], {{circa|1814–15}}
| moretext     = ([[List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown|more...]])
| reign        = 19 March 1808 – 6 May 1808
| reign-type   = 1st reign
| predecessor  = [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]]
| successor    = [[Joseph Bonaparte|Joseph I]] or [[Napoleon I]]
| reign1       = 11 December 1813 – 29 September 1833
| reign-type1  = 2nd reign
| predecessor1 = Joseph I
| successor1   = [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]]

| reg-type     = {{nowrap|[[List of prime ministers of Spain|Prime ministers]]}}
| regent       = {{List collapsed|title={{nobold|''See list''}}|bullets=on|[[Víctor Damián Sáez]]<br />(1823–1823)
| [[Carlos Martínez de Irujo, 1st Marquess of Casa Irujo|The Marquess of Casa Irujo]]<br />(1823–1823)
| [[Narciso Heredia, Count of Ofalia|The Count of Ofalia]]<br />(1823-1824)
| [[Francisco Cea Bermúdez]]<br />(1824-1825)
| [[Pedro de Alcántara Álvarez de Toledo, 13th Duke of the Infantado|The Duke of the Infantado]]<br/>(1825-1826)
| [[Manuel González Salmón]]<br/>(1826-1832)
| [[:es:Antonio de Saavedra y Jofré|The Count of la Alcudia]]<br/>(1833-1833)}}
| spouses      = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|[[Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily]]|10 October 1802|21 May 1806|end=died}}
*{{marriage|[[Maria Isabel of Portugal]]|29 September 1816|26 December 1818|end=died}}
*{{marriage|[[Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony]]|20 October 1819|18 May 1829|end=died}}
*{{marriage|[[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies]]|11 December 1829}}
}}
| issue        = [[Isabella II of Spain]]<br />[[Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier]]
| issue-link   = #Issue
| issue-pipe   = more...
| full name    = {{lang-es|Fernando Francisco de Paula Domingo Vincente Ferrer Antonio José Joaquín Pascual Diego Juan Nepomuceno Januario Francisco Javier Rafael Miguel Gabriel Calisto Cayetano Fausto Luis Raimundo Gregorio Lorenzo Jerónimo de Borbón y Borbón-Parma}}
| house        = [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]]
| father       = [[Charles IV of Spain]]
| mother       = [[Maria Luisa of Parma]]
| birth_date   = 14 October 1784
| birth_place  = [[El Escorial]], [[Enlightenment Spain|Spain]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1833|9|29|1784|10|14|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Madrid]], [[History of Spain (1814–73)|Spain]]
| burial_place = [[El Escorial]]
| religion     = [[Roman Catholicism]]
| signature    = Ferdinand VII of Spain signature.svg
}}
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'''Ferdinand VII''' ({{lang-es|Fernando VII}}; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was [[Monarchy of Spain|King of Spain]] during the early 19th century. He reigned briefly in 1808 and then again from 1813 to his death in 1833. Before 1813 he was known as ''[[wiktionary:deseado|el Deseado]]'' (the Desired), and after, as ''[[wiktionary:rey|el Rey]] [[wiktionary:felón|Felón]]'' (the Felon/Criminal King).

Born in Madrid at [[El Escorial]], Ferdinand was [[heir apparent]] to the Spanish throne in his youth. Following the 1808 [[Tumult of Aranjuez]], he ascended the throne. That year [[Napoleon]] overthrew him; he linked his monarchy to counter-revolution and reactionary policies that produced a deep rift in Spain between his forces on the right and liberals on the left. Back in power in December 1813, he re-established the absolutist monarchy and rejected the [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|liberal constitution of 1812]]. A revolt in 1820 led by [[Rafael del Riego]] forced him to restore the constitution, starting the [[Trienio Liberal|Liberal Triennium]], a three-year period of liberal rule. In 1823 the [[Congress of Verona]] authorized a successful [[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis|French intervention]], restoring him to absolute power for the second time. He suppressed the liberal press from 1814 to 1833, jailing many of its editors and writers.

Under his rule, [[Spanish American wars of independence|Spain lost]] nearly all of its [[Colonial Spanish America|American possessions]], and the country entered into a [[First Carlist War|large-scale civil war]] upon his death. His political legacy has remained contested since his death; some historians regard him as incompetent, despotic, and short-sighted.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhbF_08VHY0C&q=Ferdinand+VII++++legacy|title=Royal Splendor in the Enlightenment: Charles IV of Spain, Patron and Collector|date=2010|publisher=Meadows Museum, SMU|isbn=9788471204394|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sevilla|first=Fred|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZotkAAAAMAAJ&q=Ferdinand+VII++++legacy|title=Francisco Balagtas and the Roots of Filipino Nationalism: Life and Times of the Great Filipino Poet and His Legacy of Literary Excellence and Political Activism|date=1997|publisher=Trademark Publishing Corporation|isbn=9789719185802|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Fernando de Borbón, príncipe de Asturias.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Young Ferdinand as [[Prince of Asturias]], 1800]]
[[File:8 reales Ferdinand VII - 1810.png|thumb|left|250px|[[Silver coin]]: 8 reales [[New Spain]] with a portrait of King Fernando VII, 1810<ref>Year: 1808–1811; Weight: 27,02 gram; Composition: Silver – 90,3%; Diameter: 38,5 mm – https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces11524.html</ref>]]
[[File:8 reales Ferdinand VII - Bolivia 1823.png|thumb|left|250px|[[Silver coin]]: 8 reales [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]] with a portrait of King Fernando VII, 1823 <ref>Year: 1808–1825; Weight: 27,02 gram; Composition: Silver – 89,6%; Diameter: 38,5 mm – https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces26230.html</ref>]]
Ferdinand was the eldest surviving son of [[Charles IV of Spain]] and [[Maria Luisa of Parma]]. Ferdinand was born in the palace of [[El Escorial]] near [[Madrid]]. In his youth Ferdinand occupied the position of an heir apparent who was excluded from any participation in government by his parents and their favourite advisor and Prime Minister, [[Manuel Godoy]]. National discontent with the government produced a rebellion in 1805.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=267}} In October 1807, Ferdinand was arrested for his complicity in the [[El Escorial Conspiracy]] in which the rebels aimed at securing foreign support from the French Emperor [[Napoleon]]. When the conspiracy was discovered, Ferdinand submitted to his parents.

==First reign and abdication==
[[File:Royal Monogram of King Fernando VII of Spain.svg|thumb|160px|Royal Monogram]]
[[File:Constitucion Cadiz 1812.png|thumb|left|200px|[[Spanish Constitution of 1812|Constitution of 1812]]]]

Following a [[Tumult of Aranjuez|popular riot at Aranjuez]] Charles IV abdicated in March 1808.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=267}} Ferdinand ascended the throne and turned to Napoleon for support. He abdicated on 6 May 1808, and thereafter Napoleon kept Ferdinand under guard in France for six years at the [[Château de Valençay]].<ref>{{harvnb|Carr|1982|pages= 79–85}}</ref> Historian [[Charles Oman]] records that the choice of Valençay was a practical joke by Napoleon on his former foreign minister [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Talleyrand]], the owner of the château, for his lack of interest in Spanish affairs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Oman |first=Charles|author-link=Charles Oman|year=1902 |title=A History of the Peninsular War |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.278497/2015.278497.A-History#page/n79/mode/2up|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=56}}</ref>

While the upper echelons of the Spanish government accepted his abdication and Napoleon's choice of his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte]] as king of Spain, the Spanish people did not. Uprisings broke out throughout the country, marking the beginning of the [[Peninsular War]].{{sfn|Clarke|1906|pages=12-13}} Provincial [[Junta (Peninsular War)|juntas]] were established to control regions in opposition to the new French king.  After the [[Battle of Bailén]] proved that the Spanish could resist the French, the [[Council of Castile]] reversed itself and declared null and void the abdications of Bayonne on 11 August 1808. On 24 August, Ferdinand VII was proclaimed king of Spain again, and negotiations between the council and the provincial juntas for the establishment of a Supreme Central Junta were completed. On 14 January 1809 the British government acknowledged Ferdinand VII as king of Spain.<ref>{{harvnb|Carr|1982| pages= 85-90}}</ref>

==Second reign==
===Restoration===
{{seealso|History of Spain (1810–1873)#Reaction (1814–1820)}}
Five years later after experiencing serious setbacks on many fronts, Napoleon agreed on 11 December 1813 to acknowledge Ferdinand VII as king of Spain, and signed the [[Treaty of Valençay]] so that the king could return to Spain. The Spanish people, blaming the policies of the Francophiles (''afrancesados'') for causing the Napoleonic occupation and the Peninsular War by allying Spain too closely to France, at first welcomed ''Fernando''.{{sfn|Clarke|1906|p=32}} Ferdinand soon found that in the intervening years a new world had been born of foreign invasion and domestic revolution.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=267}} In his name Spain fought for its independence and in his name as well [[wiktionary:junta|''juntas'']] had governed Spanish America. Spain was no longer the absolute monarchy he had relinquished six years earlier. Instead he was now asked to rule under the liberal [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|Constitution of 1812]]. Before being allowed onto Spanish soil, Ferdinand had to guarantee the liberals that he would govern on the basis of the constitution, but only gave lukewarm indications he would do so.<ref>{{harvnb|Carr|1982| pages= 105–119}}</ref>

On 24 March the French handed him over to the Spanish Army in [[Girona]], and thus began his procession towards Madrid.<ref>{{cite book |last=Artola |first= Miguel |title=La España de Fernando VII |location= Madrid |publisher= Espasa |year=1999 |page= 405 |isbn=8423997421}}</ref> During this process and in the following months, he was encouraged by conservatives and the Church hierarchy to reject the constitution. On 4 May he ordered its abolition, and on 10 May had the liberal leaders responsible for the constitution arrested. Ferdinand justified his actions by claiming that the constitution had been made by a [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] illegally assembled in his absence, without his consent and without the traditional form. (It had met as a unicameral body, instead of in three chambers representing the [[Estates of the realm|three estates]]: the clergy, the nobility and the cities.){{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Ferdinand initially promised to convene a traditional Cortes, but never did so, thereby reasserting the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] doctrine that sovereign authority resided in his person only.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=267}}
[[File:Francisco Goya - Portrait of Ferdinand VII of Spain in his robes of state (1815) - Prado.jpg|thumb|Francisco Goya – Portrait of Ferdinand VII of Spain in his robes of state (1815) – Prado]]
Meanwhile, the [[Spanish American wars of independence|wars of independence]] had broken out in the Americas, and although many of the republican rebels were divided and [[Royalist (Spanish American independence)|royalist]] sentiment was strong in many areas, the [[Spanish treasure fleet]]s – carrying tax revenues from the Spanish Empire – were interrupted. Spain was all but bankrupt.

Ferdinand's restored autocracy was guided by a small ''[[camarilla]]'' of his favorites, although his government seemed unstable. Whimsical and ferocious by turns, he changed his ministers every few months. "The king," wrote [[Friedrich von Gentz]] in 1814, "himself enters the houses of his prime ministers, arrests them, and hands them over to their cruel enemies;" and again, on 14 January 1815, "the king has so debased himself that he has become no more than the leading police agent and prison warden of his country."{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=267}}

The king did recognize the efforts of foreign powers on his behalf. As the head of the Spanish [[Order of the Golden Fleece]], Ferdinand made the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]], head of the [[British Army|British forces]] on [[Peninsular War|the peninsula]], the first [[Protestant]] member of the order.

During the aftermath of the [[Mexican War of Independence]], the general of the [[Army of the Three Guarantees]], [[Agustín de Iturbide]], and Jefe Superior [[Juan O'Donojú]], signed the [[Treaty of Córdoba]], which concluded the war of independence and established the [[First Mexican Empire]]. The imperial constitution contemplated that the monarch would be "a Spanish prince," and Iturbide and O'Donojú intended to offer the Mexican Imperial Crown to Ferdinand VII himself to rule Mexico in [[personal union]] with Spain. However, Ferdinand, refusing to recognize Mexican independence or be bound by a constitution, decreed that the Mexican constitution was "void", declined the Mexican crown, and stated that no European prince could accede to the Mexican throne.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milenio.com/cultura/por-que-firmaron-iturbide-y-o-donoju-los-tratados-de-cordoba|title=¿Por qué firmaron Iturbide y O'Donojú los Tratados de Córdoba?|website=www.milenio.com|date=24 August 2017 |access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref> The imperial crown was consequently given to Iturbide himself, but the Mexican Empire collapsed and was replaced by the [[First Mexican Republic]] a few years later.

===Revolt===
{{seealso|Trienio Liberal}}
[[File:Fernando VII a caballo.jpg|thumb|Equestrian portrait of Ferdinand by [[José de Madrazo y Agudo]], 1821]]

[[File:Entrada triomfal de Ferran VII a València, 1815, Miquel Parra.jpg|thumb|300px|left|''Triumphal welcome of Ferdinand at [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]], 1815'']]

There were several ''[[pronunciamiento]]s'', or military uprisings, during the king's second reign. The first came in in September 1814, three months after the end of the [[Peninsular War]], and was led by General [[Francisco Espoz y Mina|Espoz y Mina]] in Pamplona. [[Juan Díaz Porlier]] revolted at La Coruña in the following year. General [[Luis de Lacy|Luis Lacy]] led an uprising in Barcelona in 1817, and General [[Juan Van Halen]] did the same in Valencia in 1818.<ref name=ricketts>Ricketts, Monica (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=x24sDwAAQBAJ&dq=fontana+de+oro+spain&pg=PA175 ''Who Should Rule?: Men of Arms, the Republic of Letters, and the Fall of the Spanish Empire'', p. 175. Oxford University Press.] ''Google Books''. Retrieved 7 March 2023.</ref> In 1820 [[Rafael del Riego]] undertook the most successful ''pronunciamiento'', leading to the [[Trienio Liberal]].

In 1820 a revolt broke out in favor of the [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|Constitution of 1812]], beginning with a mutiny of the troops under Riego. The king was quickly taken prisoner. Ferdinand had restored the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] upon his return, but now they had become identified with repression and absolutism among the liberals, who attacked them: twenty-five Jesuits were slain in Madrid in 1822. For the rest of the 19th century, liberal political regimes expelled the Jesuits, and authoritarian regimes reinstated them.

In the spring of 1823, the restored Bourbon French [[King Louis XVIII of France]] [[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis|invaded Spain]], "invoking the God of [[Louis IX of France|St. Louis]], for the sake of preserving the throne of Spain to a fellow descendant of [[Henry IV of France]], and of reconciling that fine kingdom with Europe." In May 1823 the revolutionary party moved Ferdinand to [[Cádiz]], where he continued to make promises of constitutional amendment until he was free.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=268}}

When Ferdinand was freed after the [[Battle of Trocadero]] and the fall of Cádiz, reprisals followed. The [[Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême|Duc d'Angoulême]] made known his protest against Ferdinand's actions by refusing the Spanish decorations Ferdinand offered him for his military services.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=268}}

During his last years, Ferdinand's political appointments became more stable.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=268}} The last ten years of his reign (sometimes referred to as the [[Ominous Decade]]) saw the restoration of absolutism, the re-establishment of traditional university programs and the suppression of any opposition, both by the Liberal Party and by the reactionary revolt (known as "[[War of the Aggrieved|War of the ''Agraviados'']]") which broke out in 1827 in [[Catalonia]] and other regions.

===Death and succession crisis===
In May 1830, Ferdinand VII published the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1830|Pragmatic Sanction]], again allowing daughters to succeed to the Spanish throne as well as sons. This decree had originally been approved by the [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] in 1789, but it had never been officially promulgated. On 10 October 1830, Ferdinand's wife gave birth to a daughter, [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella]], who thereupon displaced her uncle, Carlos, in the line of succession.{{sfn|Clarke|1906|pages=82-83}} After Ferdinand's death, Carlos revolted and said he was the legitimate king. Needing support, Maria Christina, as regent for her daughter, turned to the liberals.{{sfn|Clarke|1906|p=91}} She issued a decree of amnesty on 23 October 1833. Liberals who had been in exile returned and dominated Spanish politics for decades, leading to the [[Carlist Wars]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=A. W. |last1=Ward|first2= G.P. |last2=Gooch|author-link2 = G. P. Gooch|title=The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy 1783–1919|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdo8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA186|date=1970|edition=reprint|publisher=CUP |pages=186–187}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=John Van der Kiste|title=Divided Kingdom: The Spanish Monarchy from Isabel to Juan Carlos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDc7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT6|year=2011|publisher=History Press Limited|pages=6–9|isbn=9780752470832}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Ferdinand VII's reign is typically criticized by historians, even in his own country. Historian [[Stanley G. Payne]] wrote that Ferdinand was "in many ways the basest king in Spanish history. Cowardly, selfish, grasping, suspicious, and vengeful, D. Fernando seemed almost incapable of any perception of the commonwealth."<ref>{{harvnb|Payne|1973|p=  428}}</ref>

==Marriages==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
[[File:King Ferdinand VII and Queen Maria Christina of Spain.jpg|thumb|upright|Ferdinand VII and María Cristina by [[Luis de la Cruz y Ríos]] (1832)]]
Ferdinand VII married four times as his first three wives died. In 1802, he married his first cousin [[Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily]] (1784–1806), daughter of [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]] and [[Marie Caroline of Austria]]. Her two pregnancies in 1804 and 1805 ended in [[miscarriage]]s.

In 1816, Ferdinand married [[avuncular marriage|his niece]] [[Maria Isabel of Portugal]] (1797–1818), daughter of his older sister [[Carlota Joaquina of Spain|Carlota Joaquina]] and [[John VI of Portugal]]. They had a daughter who  lived only five months, and a stillborn daughter.

On 20 October 1819, in [[Madrid]], Ferdinand married Princess [[Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony]] (1803–1829), daughter of [[Maximilian, Prince of Saxony]], and [[Caroline of Parma]]. They had no children.

Lastly, on 27 May 1829, Ferdinand married another niece, [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies]] (1806–1878), daughter of his younger sister [[Maria Isabella of Spain]] and [[Francis I of the Two Sicilies]], who was his first cousin and the brother of his first wife. They had two surviving daughters, [[Isabella II of Spain|the older of whom]] succeeded Ferdinand upon his death.

==Issue==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Birth !! Death !! Burial !! Notes
|-
| colspan=5|'''By [[Maria Isabel of Portugal]] (1797–1818)'''
|-
| Infanta María Luisa Isabel || 21 August 1817<br>[[Madrid]] || 9 January 1818<br>[[Madrid]] || [[El Escorial]] || 
|-
| Infanta María Luisa Isabel || colspan=2 style="text=align:center" | 26 December 1818<br>[[Madrid]] || [[El Escorial]] || Stillborn; Maria Isabel died as a result of her birth.
|-
| colspan=5|'''By [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies]] (1806–1878)'''
|-
| [[Isabella II of Spain|Infanta María Isabel Luisa]] || 10 October 1830<br>[[Madrid]] || 10 April 1904<br>[[Paris]] || [[El Escorial]] || [[Prince of Asturias|Princess of Asturias]] 1830–1833, [[List of Spanish monarchs|Queen of Spain]] 1833–1868. Married [[Francis, Duke of Cádiz]], had issue.
|-
| [[Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier|Infanta María Luisa Fernanda]] || 30 January 1832<br>[[Madrid]] || 2 February 1897<br>[[Seville]] || [[El Escorial]] || Married [[Antoine, Duke of Montpensier]], had issue.
|-
|}

==Honours==
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{Flagicon image|Bandera de España 1760-1785.svg}} [[Enlightenment in Spain|Spain]]:
** [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Knight of the Golden Fleece]], ''14 October 1784''<ref>{{citation |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5305253598&view=1up&seq=7|title=Caballeros Existentes en la Insignie Orden del Toison de Oro|date=1796|journal=Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid|access-date=17 March 2020|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5305253598&view=1up&seq=46 40]|language=es|last1=Guerra|first1=Francisco}}</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]], ''1784''<ref>{{citation |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5305253598&view=1up&seq=7|title=Caballeros Grandes Cruces Existentes en la Real y Distinguida Orden Española de Carlos Tercero|date=1796|journal=Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid|access-date=17 March 2020|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5305253598&view=1up&seq=48 42]|language=es|last1=Guerra|first1=Francisco}}</ref>
** Founder and Grand Master of the [[Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand|Military Order of St. Ferdinand]], ''31 August 1811''
** Founder and Grand Master of the [[Royal and Military Order of Saint Hermenegild|Military Order of St. Hermengild]], ''28 November 1814''
** Founder and Grand Master of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]], ''24 March 1815''<ref>{{citation |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5325545189&view=1up&seq=3|title=Caballeros Grandes Cruces Existentes en la Real Orden Americana de Isabel la Catolica|date=1819|journal=Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid|access-date=17 March 2020|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5325545189&view=1up&seq=54 52]|language=es|last1=Guerra|first1=Francisco}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Portugal (1750).svg}} [[History of Portugal (1777–1834)|Kingdom of Portugal]]: Grand Cross of the [[Sash of the Three Orders]], ''1796''<ref name="Trigueiros">{{citation|last1=Trigueiros|first1=António Miguel|year=1999|title=D. João VI e o seu Tempo|language=pt|url=http://www.conteudos.easysite.com.pt/files/48/ficheiros/emblematica/Catalogo_DJooVI_eoseu_Tempo_Emblematica.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203113/http://www.conteudos.easysite.com.pt/files/48/ficheiros/emblematica/Catalogo_DJooVI_eoseu_Tempo_Emblematica.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|page=232|location=Ajuda National Palace, Lisbon|publisher=Portuguese Commission on Discoveries|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Bragança|first1=José Vicente de|date=2014|title=A Banda de Grã-Cruz das Três Ordens Militares|url=https://www.academia.edu/8899017|publisher=Encontro Europeu de Associações de Falerística|page=26|language=pt}}</ref>
* [[France]]:
** {{flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg}} [[First French Empire|French Empire]]: [[Legion of Honour|Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour]], ''1806/07''<ref>{{cite book| author = M. & B. Wattel. | title = Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers |location= Paris |date = 2009 |publisher= Archives & Culture | page = 446 | isbn = 978-2350771359| ref = M. et B. Wattel}}</ref>
** {{flagicon image|Pavillon royal de France.svg}} [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Kingdom of France]]: [[Order of the Holy Spirit|Knight of the Holy Spirit]], ''1814''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Teulet|first1=Alexandre|date=1863|title=Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'à son extinction (1578–1830)|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k122126/f373.item.zoom|language=fr|trans-title=Chronological list of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578–1830)|journal=Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de France |number=2 |page=113 |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg}} [[Kingdom of Prussia]]: [[Order of the Black Eagle|Knight of the Black Eagle]], ''3 June 1814''<ref>''Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler'' (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10362193?page=27 p. 17]</ref>
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}: [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]], ''10 August 1814''<ref>{{cite book |last=Shaw |first= WM. A. |year=1906 |title=The Knights of England |volume=I |location=London |publisher=Sherratt and Hughes|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n139/mode/2up |page= 51}}</ref>
* {{flag|Russian Empire}}:<ref>{{cite book|title=Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ|year=1817|publisher=l'Académie Imp. des Sciences|pages=62, 76}}</ref>
** [[Order of St. Andrew|Knight of St. Andrew]], ''23 May 1815''
** [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky|Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky]], ''23 May 1815''
* {{flag|Denmark}}: [[Order of the Elephant|Knight of the Elephant]], ''29 August 1818''<ref name="Berlien1846">{{cite book|author=Johann Heinrich Friedrich Berlien|title=Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter: eine historische Abhandlung über die ersten Spuren dieses Ordens und dessen fernere Entwicklung bis zu seiner gegenwärtigen Gestalt, und nächstdem ein Material zur Personalhistorie, nach den Quellen des Königlichen Geheimen-Staatsarchivs und des Königlichen Ordenskapitelsarchivs zu Kopenhagen|url=https://archive.org/details/derelephantenor00berlgoog|year=1846|publisher=Gedruckt in der Berlingschen Officin|pages=[https://archive.org/details/derelephantenor00berlgoog/page/n192/mode/2up 155]–156}}</ref>
* {{flag|Austrian Empire}}: [[Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary|Grand Cross of St. Stephen]], ''1825''<ref>[http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm "A Szent István Rend tagjai"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|date=22 December 2010}}</ref>
* {{flag|Two Sicilies}}:<ref>{{cite book|title=Almanacco della real casa e corte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrgBAAAAYAAJ|year=1825|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qrgBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118 118], [https://books.google.com/books?id=qrgBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA121 121]}}</ref>
** [[Order of Saint Januarius|Knight of St. Januarius]]
** [[Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit|Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit]]
}}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=<ref>{{cite book|title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans| trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA9|year=1768|publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel|location=Bourdeaux|language=fr|pages=9<!--father's side-->, 96<!--mother's side-->}}</ref>
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Ferdinand VII of Spain'''
|2= 2. [[Charles IV of Spain]]
|3= 3. [[Maria Luisa of Parma]]
|4= 4. [[Charles III of Spain]]
|5= 5. [[Maria Amalia of Saxony]]
|6= 6. [[Philip, Duke of Parma]]
|7= 7. [[Louise Élisabeth of France]]
|8= 8. [[Philip V of Spain]]
|9= 9. [[Elisabeth Farnese]]
|10= 10. [[Augustus III of Poland]]
|11= 11. [[Maria Josepha of Austria]]
|12= 12. [[Philip V of Spain]] (= 8)
|13= 13. [[Elisabeth Farnese]] (= 9)
|14= 14. [[Louis XV of France]]
|15= 15. [[Marie Leszczyńska]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
*{{cite book|last= Carr |first= Raymond |title=Spain, 1808–1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/spain1808197502edcarr |publisher=Clarendon Press |edition=Second|year=1982}}
*{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Henry Butler |title=Modern Spain, 1815–1898 |year=1906 |pages=1–92 |url=https://archive.org/details/modernspain00clargoog}}
* {{EB1911 |wstitle=Ferdinand VII. of Spain |volume=10 |pages=267–268}}
*{{cite book|last=Payne |first=Stanley G. |title=History of Spain and Portugal |url=https://libro.uca.edu/payne2/payne19.pdf|volume=2 |year=1973 |pages=415–436}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Fehrenbach |first1=Charles Wentz |title=Moderados and Exaltados: The Liberal Opposition to Ferdinand VII, 1814–1823 |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |date=1970 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=52–69 |doi=10.1215/00182168-50.1.52|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Woodward |first1=Margaret L. |title=The Spanish Army and the Loss of America, 1810–1824 |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |date=1968 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=586–607 |doi=10.2307/2510900|jstor=2510900 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://historiaantiqua.byethost8.com/paginas/antiguoregimen.htm#FernandoVII Historiaantiqua.] Fernando VII at Historia Antiqua {{in lang|es}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Bourbon]]|14 October|1784|29 September|1833|[[Capetian dynasty]]}}
{{s-reg}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Spanish monarchs|King of Spain]]|years=1808}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joseph Bonaparte|Joseph]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Joseph}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Spanish monarchs|King of Spain]]|years=1813–1833}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]]}}
{{s-reg|es}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles IV of Spain|Charles (IV)]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Asturias]]|years=1788–1808}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella (II)]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Monarchs of Spain}}
{{Navarrese monarchs}}
{{Princes of Asturias}}
{{Infantes of Spain}}
{{Napoleonic Wars}}
{{Viceroys of New Spain}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferdinand 07}}
[[Category:Ferdinand VII of Spain| ]]
[[Category:1784 births]]
[[Category:1833 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Spanish monarchs]]
[[Category:19th-century Navarrese monarchs]]
[[Category:Nobility from Madrid]]
[[Category:Princes of Asturias]]
[[Category:House of Bourbon (Spain)]]
[[Category:Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial]]
[[Category:19th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:19th century in Spain]]
[[Category:Spanish captain generals]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of Isabella the Catholic]]
[[Category:Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic]]
[[Category:Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegild]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegild]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of Calatrava]]
[[Category:Knights of Calatrava]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of Santiago]]
[[Category:Knights of Santiago]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of Alcántara]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of Alcántara]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of Montesa]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of Montesa]]
[[Category:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)|3]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz|3]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword|3]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
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